APPENDIX
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Urban heat island effect As urban areas develop, changes occur in their landscape. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere. On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry, exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and pavement, to temperatures 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air1, while shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings—remain close to air temperatures. Surface urban heat islands are typically present day and night, but tend to be strongest during the day when the sun is shining.[85]
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Place identity Each space and place is a source of identity and identifies the groups that locate in there. A space should have one identity and one structure for residents. Lynch simply identifies the place identity as: being unique from other places. His base for this identification is having a separate essence. According to Harold Prohansky‟s theory: “place identity is a part of human‟s individual sub construction and is the outcome of his/her general cognitions about the physical universe which he/she lives in (Proshansky, 1976). It can be said: a part of everyone‟s existential character which makes his/her personal identity; is a place that he/she knows his/her self with and introduces to others. Norberg Schulz in addition declared: identification also consists of aperture and being open to environment character; which in the past was narrated as “spirit of place”. This spirit of place is followed by “sense of place” which Fritz Steele in the book “sense of place” mentions some of physical features in perception and sensation, such as “dimension of place, degree of enclosure, contrast, scale, color, smell and visual diversity”. He knows sense of place a total phenomenon with constructional values which becomes possible in context of perception and directing in space.[86]
