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Appendix
APPENDIX
● Urban heat island effect
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As urban areas develop, changes occur in their landscape. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape.
Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere. On a hot, sunny summer day, the sun can heat dry, exposed urban surfaces, such as roofs and pavement, to temperatures 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air1, while shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings—remain close to air temperatures. Surface urban heat islands are typically present day and night, but tend to be strongest during the day when the sun is shining.
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● Place identity
Each space and place is a source of identity and identifies the groups that locate in there. A space should have one identity and one structure for residents. Lynch simply identifies the place identity as: being unique from other places. His base for this identification is having a separate essence.
According to Harold Prohansky ‟ s theory: “place identity is a part of human
‟ s individual sub construction and is the outcome of his/her general cognitions about the physical universe which he/she lives in (Proshansky, 1976). It can be said: a part of everyone ‟ s existential character which makes his/her personal identity; is a place that he/she knows his/her self with and introduces to others.
Norberg Schulz in addition declared: identification also consists of aperture and being open to environment character; which in the past was narrated as “spirit of place” . This spirit of place is followed by “sense of place” which Fritz Steele in the book “sense of place” mentions some of physical features in perception and sensation, such as “dimension of place, degree of enclosure, contrast, scale, color, smell and visual diversity” . He knows sense of place a total phenomenon with constructional values which becomes possible in context of perception and directing in space.
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● The ‘third’ place
Third places is a term coined by sociologist Ray Oldenburg and refers to places where people spend time between home (‘first’ place) and work (‘second’ place). They are locations where we exchange ideas, have a good time, and build relationships.
Third places have a number of important community-building attributes. Depending on their location, social classes and backgrounds can be “leveled-out” in ways that are unfortunately rare these days, with people feeling they are treated as social equals. Informal conversation is the main activity and most important linking function. One commentator refers to third places as the “living room” of society.
Many city planning efforts to reinvigorate metropolitan neighborhoods now include specific steps to create third places, especially public spaces, to try and break down social siloes.
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● Dematerialization
Dematerialization can be defined as a reduction of materials and/or energy use in existing products, or creating products or services to minimize negative environmental impact without compromising the ability of present and future generations to meet their own needs.
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● Sustainable material
Sustainable materials are materials used throughout our consumer and industrial economy that can be produced in required volumes without depleting non-renewable resources and without disrupting the established steady-state equilibrium of the environment and key natural resource systems. Such materials vary enormously and may range from bio-based polymers derived from polysaccharides, or highly recyclable materials such as glass that can be reprocessed an indefinite number of times without requiring additional mineral resources.
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● The Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation
The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation are ten basic principles created to help preserve the distinctive character of a historic building and its site, while allowing for reasonable change to meet new needs. Rehabilitation projects must meet the following Standards to qualify as “certified rehabilitations” eligible for the 20 percent rehabilitation tax credit. The Standards apply to both the exterior and the interior of historic buildings and include related landscape features as well as additions and new construction. It should be noted that the Standards are interpreted with economic and technical feasibility issues considered on a case-by-case basis.
The Standards, outlined by National Park Service, Heritage Preservation Services, are as follows:
1. A property shall be used for its historic purpose or be placed in a new use that requires minimal change to the defining characteristics of the building and its site and environment.
2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and preserved. The removal of historic materials or alteration of features and spaces that characterize a property shall be avoided.
3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or architectural elements from other buildings, shall not be undertaken.
4. Most properties change over time; those changes that have acquired historic significance in their own right shall be retained and preserved.
5. Distinctive features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a historic property shall be preserved.
6. Deteriorated historic features shall be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design, color, texture, and other visual qualities and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features shall be substantiated by documentary, physical, or pictorial evidence.
7. Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be undertaken using the gentlest means possible.
8. Significant archeological resources affected by a project shall be protected and preserved. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken.
9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction shall not destroy historic materials that characterize the property. The new work shall be differentiated from the old and shall be compatible with the massing, size, scale, and architectural features to protect the historic integrity of the property and its environment.
10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.
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● TOD
According to TOD.org, the official website for transit oriented development,
“Transit Oriented Development is the exciting fast growing trend in creating vibrant, livable, sustainable communities. Also known as TOD, it's the creation of compact, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around high quality train systems. This makes it possible to live a lower-stress life without complete dependence on a car for mobility and survival.
Transit oriented development is regional planning, city revitalization, suburban renewal, and walkable neighborhoods combined. TOD is rapidly sweeping the nation with the creation of exciting people places in city after city. The public has embraced the concept across the nation as the most desirable places to live, work, and play. Real estate developers have quickly followed to meet the high demand for quality urban places served by rail systems.
Transit oriented development is also a major solution to the serious and growing problems of climate change and global energy security by creating dense, walkable communities that greatly reduce the need for driving and energy consumption. This type of living arrangement can reduce driving by up to 85%.
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● Ghost schools
As stated in the December 2015 version of the State Of Education In Sindh: A Budgetary Analysis report, a ghost school can be defined as, “an infrastructure built for school purposes which now houses animals in courtyards and classrooms. These schools today are residences, stables or offices of private or official departments, including those of the police and Rangers. Teachers continue to draw salaries, while the buildings remain occupied by those other than students.
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