International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Review on concrete structural wall with openings Jaseela C A1, P R Sreemahadevan Pillai 2 1MTech
Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, Kerala, India Department of Civil Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, Kerala, India
2Professer,
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Abstract – The growth of reinforced concrete building is
increasing day by day, especially the mid and high rise building. So the importance of structural wall also increases. Normally, buildings are subject to vertical loads and horizontal forces like wind and earthquake loads. The vertical loads that transferred to the structural concrete walls can be eccentric. This can be due to the imperfections in construction, uneven loading conditions and truss elements which is supported on corbel placed on the wall and temporary loading during operation and/or maintenance. Openings are frequently provided in walls to meet the current functional, architectural and / or mechanical requirements of buildings. Requirements typically includes the provision of doors and windows or the services like air-conditioning and ventilation ducts. These openings are source of weakness and depending on their size and orientation they influence adversely the load carrying capacity of the member. Many studies can be seen in the literature for RC walls with and without. So here, in this paper the behavior of the structural concrete walls with opening are reviewed.
Figure 1. Behaviour of vertically loaded wall panels (J.H. Doh, Y.C. Loo and S. Fragomeni 2010)
Key Words: Concrete structural wall, opening characteristics, slenderness ratio, aspect ratio, layered finite element method.
Many researchers have worked on behavior of RC wall panel with openings with different aspect ratio, area ratio, position, size and loading conditions and researchers also tried to develop formulae which account effect of location and sizes of openings some of which are reviewed here. But none came to conclusion regarding the optimal size of the openings and the size of the opening at which the structural behavior of the RC wall changes to RC frame. Here the behavior of concrete wall under axial load is discussed.
1.INTRODUCTION
2. PARAMETERS INFLUENCES THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
Structural concrete walls are important structural elements in mid and high-rise buildings which effectively transfer vertical and horizontal forces acting on the building to the foundation. Wall is a vertical load bearing member, whose breadth is more than four times its thickness. If the percentage compression of steel is less than 0.4% and the it is provided in single layer centrally in a wall then, it is regarded as plain concrete wall / structural concrete wall. With the increase in tilt-up construction, the importance of concrete walls also increases.
2.1 Slenderness ratio The load carrying capacity of structural concrete walls depends on its slenderness ratio. Their design is similar to the design of design of masonry walls and is lesser of the following two ratios: (a) Ratio of effective height along vertical direction and thickness = He/t (b) Ratio of effective length along the horizontal direction and thickness = Le/t. Where He is the effective height and t the thickness and Effective length of plain walls is Le.
Literature shows that the most of the experimental studies are focused on the behaviour of solid concrete walls compared to one with opening. The most relevant research has focused on one-way (OW) action walls (panels restrained only along their top and bottom edges than two way (TW) action panels (walls or panels restrained along three or four sides).
Š 2017, IRJET
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Impact Factor value: 5.181
As per IS 456, when the slenderness ratio is equal to or more than 12, walls are considered slender. And according to BS 8110, walls are slender when this ratio exceeds 15 for a braced wall and 10 for unbraced wall. Slender walls will have a lower ultimate strength. Influence of slenderness
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