International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT ON FINE
AGGREGATE WITH STEEL SLAG AND CEMENT WITH SILICA FUME, GLASS
POWDER AND NATURAL ADMIXTURE (NEEM GUM).
Dr.M.G.L.Annaamalai1,V.Ramkumar2,Dr.R.Prabhu3,C.Ranjani4,M.Mugesh5
Head of the Department,VSA Group of Institutions, Salem-10, Tamil Nadu, India.
Assistant Professor, VSA Group of Institutions, Salem-10, Tamil Nadu, India. 3
Principal, VSA Group of Institutions, Salem-10, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Student, B.E. Civil EngineeringVSA Group of Institutions, Salem-10, Tamil Nadu, India.
5 Student B.E. Civil Engineering, VSA Group of Institutions, Salem-10, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract-River Sandis acurrentproblemfaced by the construction industry in the present day. Hence there is a need to identify suitable alternatives to natural river sand as fine aggregateinconcrete tocater thefuturedemand of fine aggregate. Steel slag a waste product obtained from steel is identified as a potential replacement to river sand. Steel slag is an industrialby-productofsteelindustry.Itpossesses the problem of disposal as waste and is of environmental concern. The results were compared with conventional concrete property can be maintained with advanced natural admixtures such as steel slag powder as partial replacement of cement 0 to 40%. Experiments were conducted to determine the compressive strength; split tensile strength of concrete with various percentages of steel slag aggregate. Two naturally derived gums namely Neem gum (NG) have been tested for their anti-corrosionpotential againstthesteelreinforcedinconcreteNaClmedia at different time interval. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength have alsobeenimproved ontheintroductionofgum to the concrete. The inhibitive mechanism of the gums against reinforced steel corrosion in concrete in 3.5% NaCl media has also been proposed.
Key words- Concrete, Steel Slag Powder, Compressive Strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural Strength, Neem gum
1.INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most widely used constructionmaterialsitisusuallyassociatedwith Portland cement as the main component for making concrete. The demand for concrete as a construction material is on the increase. On the
other hand, the climate change due to global warming, one of the greatest environmental issues has become a major concern during the last decade. The cement industry is responsible for about 6% of all Co2 emissions, because the production of one ton of Portland cement emits approximately one ton of Co2 into the atmosphere. Many efforts are being made in order to reduce the use of Portland cement in concrete. In this research work, the fine aggregate is replaced by the steel slag, and cement with silica fume and glass powder and natural admixture by 0%,10%,20%,30%,40% in M30 grade concrete. There are many materials like fly ash, furnace slag, foundry sand and silica fume etc.
The paper presents the study of compressive strength and split tensile strength of M30 conventional concrete by replacing the 0% to 40%ofsteelslagwasadded,testswereconducted on concrete cubes and cylinder to study compressive and split tensile strengths. The resultsarecomparedwiththenormalmix
Natural gums viz., WG, guar gum, NG, gum Arabic Karroo etc., are used as a viscosityenhancing admixture in various types of concrete structure.Khayatetal.,havereportedtheeffectof WG-super plasticizer blends on cement grouts properties were reported the comparative and valuable information of rheological properties of WG and xanthan gum in aqueous media Mbugua er al., reported the influence of gum Arabic karrooonwaterreducingprocessconcretemortar. hence, in order to develop gums as affordable natural admixtures with a view to enhance viscosity and improve ant-corrosive concrete structures.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
2.SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
2.1 Objective
The objective of the project is to investigate the development of concrete strength using the investigation is also aimed at finding out the optimum grade of concrete for superior strength while using silica fume, steel slag, glass powder andneemgum
To evaluate the utility of silica fume & glass powder and neem gum incorporatingofcementinconcrete
Theeffectofaddingsteelslagtoconcrete toimprovethepropertiesofconcrete.
Thebenefitsofadditionsilicafumeareto minimize the risk of the Environmental Pollution
To study and compare the performance of conventional concrete and silica fume & steel slag, glass powder, neem gum concrete.
To study the strength and workability of silica fume and steel slag concrete, through an experimental investigation
2.2 SCOPE
To evaluate the recyclability of steel slag, neem gum as a pozzolana as partial replacement of cement and waste glass powder, silica fume as partial replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete.
To achieve 28 days characteristic compressivestrength.
To study the compressive strength of silica fume, glass powder, steel slag concreteandconventionalconcrete
To carry out the comparative study of compressivestrengthofsilica fume,glass powder + steel slag concrete and conventionalconcrete.
To study the effect on workability, and strength properties of concrete mix with varying grades of concrete by replacing ofsand bysteelslag and cementbysilica fume
Tofind outoptimum grade ofconcrete at which the concrete yields superior mechanicalproperties.
To achieve better concrete composite andtoencouragetheuseofglasspowder and granite powder to overcome the environmental impact caused due to wastedisposalandoverdepletionofriver sand.
3. MATERIALS
Thischapterpresentthedetailsof materialsforconcreteandthemix designsforperformingtheexperimental study.
Thematerialstobeusedforthe experimentalstudyaredetailedasfollows
1. Cement
2. Fineaggregate
3. Coarseaggregate
4. Water
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net
5. Silicafume
6. Steelslag
7. Glasspowder
8. Neemgum
3.1 CEMENT
OrdinaryPortlandcement(OPC)53gradesin onelotwereproduced and stored in air tight container The cement used was fresh, used within three months of manufacture It should satisfy the requirements of IS10262 The property of cement is determined as per IS4031:1968
Table-1:TypicalcompositionofOPC
2395-0072
important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete is good gradation of aggregates Good grading implies that a sample fractions of aggregates in required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids. Samples of the well graded aggregate containing minimum voids require minimum paste to fill up the voids in the aggregates. Minimum paste means less quantity of cement and less water, which are further mean increased economy, lower shrinkage and greater durability
Table-2:Propertiesoffineaggregate
3.2 FINE AGGREGATE
Fineaggregateused in this investigation was mediumsandpropertiesofthefineaggregate used in the experimental work. Advantage of natural sand is that the particle is cubicalor rounded with smooth surface texture. The grading of natural fine aggregate is not always ideal. It depends on place to place. Being cubical, rounded and smooth textured it gives good workability Aggregates are the
3.3 COARSE AGGREGATE
Locally available in coarse aggregate having the maximumsize of10mm and 20mmwereused in the present work. Coarse aggregate is chemically stablematerialinconcrete
Table-3:Propertiesofcoarseaggregate
properties. The chemical and physical properties of steel slag were examined and are stated in Tables.ThespecificgravityofSSAwasfoundtobe 32,bulkdensity254
Table-4:ChemicalCompositionofsteelslag
3.4 SILICA FUME
Silica fume is considered as the most efficient micro filler for high performance concrete Its two-fold effects are reduction of w/c ratio and increases of hardened concrete. The silica fume used in this study was in the powder form and contained 95% Si O, 039% 2CAO,021% MgO, 011% KO, 015%NaO, 013% Al O, 40% FeO The properties of silica fume result in more efficientgel
Silica fume is a very fine non-crystalline sio2, is a by-productofferro-silica industry It is madeat a temperature of approximately 2000c its size is about 01um Compared to cement, the particle size of silica fume is 2 orders finer. It acts as excellent pore-filling material It can be used in proportions of 5- 10%ofcement content inamix Silica fumeof its extreme fineness and high silica content is a highly silica content is a highly effective pozzolanic material Silica fume reacts pozzolanicallywiththecalciumhydroxideduring the hydration of cement to form the stable cementitious compound calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)gel.
3.5 STEEL SLAG
Steel slag by product of steel manufacturing in concretemixes,eitherasareplacementforfineor coarse aggregate, or as a partial replacement for cement This practice offers environmental benefitsbyreducinglandfillwasteandconserving natural resource, while also potentially enhancing some concrete
Table-5:PhysicalPropertiesofsteelslag
3.6
GLASS POWDER
Glasspowdercanbeusedinconcreteasapartial replacement for aggregate, acting as a pozzolanic material that can enhance compressivestrength,improvedurability, andreducelandfillwaste.Foroptimalresults, fine particleispreferredtominimizetheriskofAlkaliSilicaReaction(ASR)andincrease
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
pozzolanicreactivity.Optimalreplacementlevels varybutoftenshowbenefitsupto20%to30% cementreplacement.
Table-6:Chemicalcompositionofwasteglass powder
4. MIX DESIGN
Themix shallbe designed toproducethegradeof concrete having the required workability and the characteristic strength. The properties are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement ratio is usuallyexpressedinmass.
4.1 Factor to be consider
The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete
The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete
Maximumnominalsizeofaggregate
The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage,crackingandcreep
3.7 NEEM GUM
Neem gum in concrete is a natural biopolymer additivefrom theneem gum treeused toenhance concrete’s properties. It acts as a water-reducing agent, improving workability, and a setting retardant,extendingfinalsettingtime Neemgum can also boost flexural and split tensile strengths and providessuperiorchlorideresistance Whileit has dual functionally as a green alternative to synthetic admixtures, adding too much can negatively affect compressive strength, so precise dosageiscrucial
38WATER
Thepotablewateravailableincollegecampuswas used for mixing and curing of concrete Water helps in dispersing the cement even, so that every particle of the aggregate is coated with it and brought into ultimate contact with the ingredients. It reacts chemically with cement and brings about setting and hardening of cement It lubricates the mix and compact properties. The quality of water was found to satisfy the requirementofIS456-2000.
The workability of concrete and maximumtemperatureofconcreteat the timeofplacing.
4 2 Casting and Curing
Themainobjectiveofthetestprogram is tostudy the strength characteristic of concrete with replacement of Silica Fume and Steel Slag. The main parameters were studies the compressive, splittensileandFlexuralstrength.
4.2.1 Casting of cubes
Initially the constituent’s materials were weighed and dry mixing was carried out for Cement, Fine aggregate,SilicaFume,Steelslag,NeemGum The was thoroughly mixed manually to get uniform color of mix The mixing was carried out for 3-5 minutes duration Then the mix poured in to the cube molds of size 150x150x150mm and then compactedmanuallyusingtamingrods.Cubesare prepared by using the mixes of M30 Grade namely conventional concrete and
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Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net
concrete made by replacing 10%,20%,30%,40% of Silica Fume, Steel slag, GlassPowder,NeemGum
4.2.2
Casting of cylinders
Initially the constituent materials were weighed and dry mixing was carried out for Cement, Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, Silica Fume, Steel Slag, Glass powder, Neem Gum This was thoroughly mixed manually to get uniform color ofmix Themixingwascarriedoutfor3-5minutes duration Then the mix poured in to the cylinder mold by layer by layer and each layer effectively compacted by the cylinder of 150mm Dia and 300mmheightwerecastedforeachdesignmixes.
4.2.3
Casting of RCC Beams
The concrete mixes were filled in the Beam Molds after laying the reinforcements with the require cover and compacted effectively by using damping rod. The beams dimensions 700x100x100mmwerecastedforeachdesign
4.2.4 Curing
The Cubes, Cylinders and Beams are De- molded after 1 day of casting and then kept in water for curing at normal temperature The concrete specimens are taken out from curing tank after 7days, 14days and 28days for testing. Curing is a procedure that is adopted to promote the hardening of concrete under condition of humidity and temperature which are conductive to the progressive and proper setting of the constituent cement They should be sent to the testing laboratory well packed in damp sand, damp sacks, or other suitable material so as to arrive there in a damp condition not less than 24 hours before the time of test Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and finished can still be a failure if improperly or inadequatelycured.
4.3.Testing Of Specimens
The following tests are conducted to the casted concretespecimens.
4.3.1
Compressive Strength Test: The tests
were carried out on 150x150x150mm size cube, The compressive test is the most common test conducted on the hardened concrete, partly becauseitiseasytestconductedontheandpartly because most of the desirable characteristic properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength The compressive test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical in the shape The specimen was placed between the steel plates of the compressive-testing machine The load is applied and the failure load in KN is observed from the dial gauge of the compressive Testing Machine The compressive test on cubes was conducted according to Indian Standard specifications. The compressive strength of the cube specimen is calculated using the following formula:CompressiveStrength,fc=P/A N/mm2
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
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Table-7: COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHVALUES
SN O Percent ageof Steel Slag& Neem gum& Glass Powder &Silica Fume
CHART-1: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4.3.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Adirectmeasurementofensuringtensilestrength of concrete is difficult. This is an indirect tensile test.Thespilttensilestrengthtestwascarriedout on the universal testing machine. The split tensile strength of the
cylinder specimen is calculated using the following formula: Split Tensile Strength, f= 2p/πDL N/mm2
Where,P=LoadatfailureinN
L=Lengthofthespecimeninmm
D=Diameterofthespecimeninmm
Table-8: SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH VAULES S.N O Percent ageof Steel Slag& Neem gum& Glass Powder &Silica Fume
CHART-2
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056 Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
4.3.3 Flexural Strength Test: Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bending strength or fracture strength a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a materials ability to resist deformation under load. The value of modulus of rupture depends on the dimension of the beam and type of loading. The loading is central or third-pointloading. Inthe third-pointthecritical crack may appear at any section, where the bending moment is maximum or the resistance is weak.Theflexuralstrengthrepresentsthehighest stress experienced with in material at terms of stress,here given the symbol calculated using the followingformula:
The flexural strength when a > 133 mm for100 mmspecimen,ffb=Pa/bD2
The flexural strength when a < 133 mm for100 mmspecimen,ffb=3Pa/bD2
b=measuredwidthofspecimeninmm
D=measureddepthinmmofthespecimenatthe pointoffailure.
a = distance of the crack from the nearer supportinmm
P = maximum load in N applied to the specimen.
Table-9: FLEXURAL STRENGTH VALUES
S.N
CHART-3: FLEXURALSTRENGTH
Strength Mpa
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength of concrete is the one of most important property of the hardened concrete. The concrete cubes were casted and tested accordance with the IS standard and 7,14 and 28 days. Compressive strength results of concrete. The highest compressive strength value is4012Mapwhichisobtainedat28daysforM30 grade by replacement of 10%,20%,30%, 40% glass powder, steel slag, silica fume, neem gum Curing periods for the various mixes. The compressivestrengthis graduallyincreased when the grade of concrete is increased. Maximum Compressive strength of cube is found to be 4012Mpasilica fume,foundrysand,replacedwith cementand fine aggregate with neem gum, glass powder
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respectively in concrete and it increased the compressive strength by 11% than conventional concrete.
5 2 SPLIT TENSILE STREMGTH
After curing of Cylinder specimen, they are placed in testing machine The load is applied on the cylinder specimens. The cylinder specimen is failed at ultimate load which is noted from dial gaugereading.Fromtheresult
Split tensile strength is most important property of the hardened concrete. The concrete cylinders were cast, cured and tested accordance withtheISstandardand7,14and 28 days split tensile strength result of concrete Based on the result, the highest split tensile strength value is 70Mpa (for M30) which is obtained at 28 days by replacement of 10%,20%,30%, 40% neem gum, steel slag, glass powder, silica fume. the split tensile strength of concrete for various mixes. Strength is increased 16.8%thantheconventionalconcrete.
5.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH
After curing of beam specimen,theyareplaced in testingmachinehavingamaximumcapacityof40 ton The load is applied on the beam specimens. The specimen is failed at ultimate load which is noted from dial gauge reading. From the result flexural strength is increased with respect to the grade of concrete when adding 10%,20%,30%,40% of steel slag, glass powder, silica fume, neem gum, when compared to the conventionalconcrete
Flexural strength is property of the hardened concrete The RCC Beams were casted, cured and testedaccordancewithISstandardand7, 14, and 28-days flexural strength result of concrete are listedintableVIII
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this project test results and the following conclusionhavebeendrawn.
1. The compressive strength of mixed glass powder,silicafume,steelslag,neemgum concrete was higher than the conventionalconcrete
2. Compressive strength increases with increasesof11%ofmixedmaterials.
3. Split tensile strength increases with increasesof168%ofmixedmaterials.
4. The flexural strength of mixed glass powder,silica fume,steelslag,neemgum concrete was higher than the conventionalconcrete.
5. Flexural strength increases with increasesof2%mixedmaterials.
REFERENCES
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[3] M S Shetty (2013) “Concrete Technology Theory and Practice “ , S Chand & CompanyPvt Ltd.
[4] Coduto. D.P(2002)” Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practice”, PrenticeallofIndiaPvt Ltd,NewDelhi
[5] IS 12269-1995, Specifications for 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement, Bureau of IndianStandard,NewDelhi
[6] National Building Code of India (NBC), 2005
[7] IS 650-1991, Standard sand for testing cement specification, Bureau of Indian Standard,NewDelhi
[8] IS:383-1970,Specificationforcoarseand fine aggregate from natural source for concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,India.
[9] IS 10262-1982, recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of IndianStandards,NewDelhi,India.