International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Advanced Database Security: Mitigating Cyber Threats and Access Control Mechanisms Mohd Adeel Ahtram1, Deepshikha2 1Master of Technology, Computer Science and Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology,
Lucknow, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------sensitive to a large level and therefore, organizations are Abstract - With cyber risks against the data
relying on both relational and NoSQL database systems in conjunction with data sets. Modern databases are intwined with maintenance of efficiency as well as strategy: the Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and realtime transaction logs are only some prominent examples. Nevertheless, this vulnerability renders them one of the targets of cyber enemies. Advanced and persistent threats are overwhelming the perimeter firewalls and other traditional security mechanisms, including the perimeter firewalls and the static authentication mechanism. The active and decentralized environment created by contemporary infrastructures, including hybrid clouds, IoT devices, and edge computing platforms, calls for the transformation of the database security paradigm that is stuck in old-fashioned models. The study is driven by the fact that the protection of databases consumption has to be urgently redesigned to be in line with the nowadays complex threat environment and regulative requirements.
infrastructures becoming highly advanced, the classic database security mechanisms including firewalls, static encryption, and the use of role-based access control (RBAC) in the dynamic, cloud-native environment have shown to be ineffective. This study overcomes the weaknesses of legacy models as it comes up with an idea to build an enhanced security model comprising Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) and blockchain-based auditability, Zero-Trust Architecture (ZTA), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based anomaly detection. The research commences with the analysis of the dynamic threat environment, that is to say, the Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), attacks using AI, and quantum computing risks. The practice of comparative analysis of the modern models of access control shows that flexible, contextual, and scale-able practices are required in terms of policies. Validity of the proposed framework is tested on real life healthcare and financial industry such that the experimental findings show that there was a 98 percent in threat detection, 72 percent decrease unauthorized access, and improvement in compliance with the GDPR and HIPAA regulations. The blockchain offers uneditable audit tracks, whereas AI models grab and react to the threats on the fly, minimizing false positives by 40 % more. The deployment on hybrid and cloud consists of demonstrating the usage of the framework in contemporary systems. The current study will help to promote both the theory and practice of database security, as it proposes the use of the proactive multi-layered approach to the problem of securing the sensitive information.
1.2 Escalating Threats to Modern Databases The cyberattacks have of late increased not only in number but in complexity where hackers attack at the head of enterprise database systems. APTs, ransomware, heavily automated offensives, AI to the attackers, and the weaknesses in the supply chain have become major issues to traditional defenses. Cases such as SolarWinds hack of 2020 and Equifax data breach of 2017 highlight how software vulnerabilities and poor internal configuration can be used by the attackers to acquire unauthorized access into the important databases. Also, cloud-native architecture has increased the threat landscape, which reduces the use of remote monitoring and regulating access to an environment that is decentralized. In addition to that, the insider threats which are either deliberately carried out or resulting in human error, are increasingly popular and as a result cause a significant number of data breaches. This changing threat necessitates the need to adopt a smarter, flexible and a layered strategy to database security.
Key Words: Database Security, Access Control, ABAC, Blockchain, Zero Trust, AI in Security, Cyber Threats, Compliance.
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Motivation In the modern world being highly digitally connected, databases have become the base unit in storing processing and retrieving information all over the key branches where information plays an important role like healthcare, finance, e-commerce as well as government operations. With the fast rate of digital transformation, data sources are growing in volume and dynamism whilst becoming
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