Understanding Infrastructure Challenges Due to Transition to Mixed Land Use in Metropolitan Cities

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Understanding Infrastructure Challenges Due to Transition to Mixed Land Use in Metropolitan Cities

Bhupendra Dev Singh1 , Arundhatee Mishra2 , Vaibhav Kulshrestha3

1Student of Master, Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Abstract - This researchexplores the challenges associated with the transition to mixed land use in India’s rapidly urbanizing metropolitan cities. As cities evolve to integrate residential, commercial, and institutional functions within shared spaces, significant pressure is placed on existing infrastructure systems such as water supply, electricity, transportation, and waste management. Using a mixedmethods approach involving literature reviews, case studies from Lucknow and Jaipur, and geospatial analysis, this researchidentifies criticalgaps inregulatoryframeworksand infrastructure capacity. It emphasizes the needfor integrated planning, sustainable infrastructure,communityengagement, andadaptivezoningpolicies toensure balanced,resilient,and environmentally sustainable urban development.

Key Words: Mixed Land Use, Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transition,Metropolitan

1.INTRODUCTION

India’srapidurbanizationhasledtotheriseofmixed-use developments(MUDs),whereresidential,commercial,and sometimes industrial uses coexist. These developments improve economic vibrancy, walkability, and reduce commute distances but also strain existing infrastructure likeroads,watersupply,andsewagesystems.Inmanycities, outdatedinfrastructurecannotsupportsuchhigh-density, multi-functionaluse.UrbanpoliciessuchastheSmartCities MissionandTODPolicyrecognizethevalueofmixedland use.However,weakregulatoryframeworksoftenundermine theireffectiveness.Analyzingorganicallydevelopedmixedusepatternsisessentialtoguidemoresustainable,efficient, andwell-regulatedurbandevelopmentacrossIndia.

1.1

Need of the study

Mixed-usedevelopmentoffersbenefitslikecompacturban form, walkability, and social cohesion, but these are not guaranteed.Withoutproperregulationsandplanning,such transitions can create significant infrastructure and governancechallengesinmetropolitancities.

 No comprehensive studies exist on infrastructure challenges arising from land-use conversion to mixeduse.

 Many mixed-use transitions occur organically, lacking proper planning or adherence to urban norms, leads to infrastructure strain and inefficiencies

1.2 Aim

Thisstudyaimstounderstandthechallengesforthephysical infrastructureduetotransitiontomixedlanduseinIndia’s metropolitancitiesthroughliteraturestudyandcasestudies.

1.3 Objectives

 Tounderstandthedynamicsofspatialpatternsdue toconversionoflandusetomixedlanduse.

 To study the relationship and understand the impactofmixedlanduseonphysicalinfrastructure.

 To identify relevant parameters and benchmarks for assessing infrastructure strain in mixed-use areasthroughliteraturestudy.

 To explore best practices and policies concerning physical infrastructure in mixed-use through literatureandcasestudies.

1.4 Scope & Limitations

 Focuses on municipal areas within selected metropolitan cities in India, specifically where mixed-usetransitionsareprominent.

 Thestudywillfocusontheadequatenessofphysical infrastructureinmixedlanduseareas.

 StudywillfocusonWater,PowerandSolidWaste.

 Transportationinfrastructureisnotincludedinthis study.

 Social and economic impacts are not part of the study.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

 Different characteristics of cities may limit the generalizationoffindings.

1.5 Methodology

The methodology is a mixed-methods approach that combines both qualitative techniques (such as literature review, case study analysis) and quantitative-geospatial methods(GIS).

2. BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1 Definitions of Metropolitan Cities & Mixed use

 UnitedNations(UN):Ametropolitancityisalarge urbanarea withover1millionpeople,markedby strong economic, social, and infrastructural integration.

 IndianCensus(2011):Definesmetropolitancitiesas urbanareaswithpopulationsexceeding1million, oftenpartoflarger,interconnectedagglomerations.

 DavidRhind(1980):Mixedlandusereferstotwoor morefunctionscoexistingonthesamelandparcelin variouscombinations.

 URDPFI Guidelines (2014): Defines it as the integration of residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional uses within a single structure or area.

2.2 Evolution of mixed-use

Theconceptofmixed-usedevelopmentdatesbacktoancient civilizations like Greece, China, and India, where cities naturally integrated residential, commercial, and public spaces. In medieval India, caste- and occupation-based towns fostered self-sufficient, mixed-use neighborhoods. ThiscontinueduntiltheIndustrialEraintroducedmodern planning, promoting strict land-use separation through

zoninglaws.Rapidurbanizationandsocio-economicshiftsin Indianmetrosrevivedinterestinmixed-usemodels.Cities likeLucknowhistoricallyfeaturedmultifunctionalhubssuch asHazratganjandChowksurroundedbyresidentialzones. Today, urban policies increasingly embrace mixed-use developmentforitssustainability,efficiency,andabilityto createvibrant,walkablecommunities.

2.3 Typologies of mixed land use

Themixedlandusetypologycanbeofsixtypes:

Fig -2:Typologiesofmixedlanduse

 Single-UseArea–Purelyresidential,withnonearby non-residentialuses;includedforcontrast.

 Shared-Mix–Residentialandnon-residentialuses onthesamepropertyinseparatebuildings.

 Vertical-Mix–Differentfunctionsonseparatefloors ofasinglebuilding.

 Horizontal-Mix–Adjacentplotswithdifferentland uses,creatingdiversityatalargerscale.

 Neighbourhood-Mix – Non-residential uses integrated within residential areas for walkable access.

 Time-Mix–Samespaceusedfordifferentfunctions atdifferenttimes.

Types 2 (Shared-Mix) and 3 (Vertical-Mix) together form mixed-use plots, where different functions one being residential coexistwithinthesamebuildingorplot.These can vary based on the type of housing, nature of nonresidential use, and the residential-to-commercial ratio. Factorslikepopulationdensity,built-uparea,andplotsize also influence the planning and functionality of such developments.

2.4 Applicability of the typology at geographical scales

The classifications at different geographical levels are detailedasfollows:

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

-3:Typologyatgeographicalscales

 At the individual apartment level, shared-mix occurs when a room is used for both living and work, like a painting studio. Time-mix refers to spaces serving different purposes at different times e.g.,craftingbyday,sleepingbynight.

 Atthebuildinglevel,vertical-mixincludesretailon thegroundfloorandresidencesabove.Shared-mix involves home-based businesses like tailoring or tutoring.Time-mixincludesbuildings repurposed temporarily,likeschoolsusedassheltersatnight. Resident-onlyspaces(e.g.,parkingorclubhouses) areexcluded.

 At the plot level, shared-mix is the coexistence of separate residential and commercial buildings. Vertical-mixinvolvesmixed-usewithinstructures. Horizontal-mix refers to adjacent but differently used plots. Time-mix follows building-level principles.

 At the street or block level, different mix types (shared,vertical,horizontal)maycoexist.Time-mix isnaturallyembeddedduetochangingusepatterns, soit'snottreatedseparately.

 Attheneighbourhoodlevel,aneighbourhoodmay includebothresidentialandnon-residentialuses.If services are within walking distance, it forms a neighbourhood-mix.Thedegreeofmixingismore meaningfulthanasimplemixed/unmixedlabel.

 At the city level, a single mixed-use typology is ineffective. Instead, analyzing the spread and intensity of mixed-use across neighbourhoods is moreusefulforurbanplanning.

TheshifttomixedlanduseinIndiaisinfluencedbysocioeconomicchanges,infrastructure,andpolicy.Understanding thesedriversiscrucialforsustainableurbandevelopment.

2.5 Factors Affecting Transition to Mixed Land Use in India

1. Urbanization&PopulationGrowth

 Rapidurbangrowthincreasesdemandforcompact landuse.

 Land scarcity in metros promotes space optimizationviamixed-use.

2. EconomicShifts

 Informal businesses thrive in shared residentialcommercialspaces.

 Mixed-use supports local economies and reduces longcommutes.

3. ChangingDemographics&Lifestyles

 Youngworkforceprefersvibrant,walkableareas.

 Dual-incomefamiliesseekintegratedliving,work, andleisurespaces.

4. Policy&Governance

 Smart Cities and TOD policies promote compact, mixed-usegrowth.

 RevisedMasterPlans(e.g.,Delhi2021,Jaipur2025) supportmixed-usezoning.

 Liberalzoningallowscommercialusesinresidential areas.

5. Historical&OrganicEvolution

 CitieslikeVaranasiandLucknowgrewwithmixedusecores.

 Lackofstrictzoningallowednatural transitionto MLU.

6. InfrastructurePressures

 Urban sprawl raises commuting stress; MLU improvesconnectivityandreducestravel.

7. RegulatoryGaps

 Weakenforcementenablesunauthorizedland-use mixing.

 Inadequate planning leads to organic mixed-use development.

8. Technological&CulturalTrends

 Rise of e-commerce and remote work promotes flexiblelanduse.

 Home-based businesses are culturally ingrained, encouragingnaturalMLU.

2.6 Mixed Land Use Policy in International Cities

1. Atlanta,USA

 Zoning: Mostly segregated; 50% land for lowdensitysingle-familyhomes.

 MixedUse:Only5.5%land zonedmixed-use near commercialareas;excludesindustrialuse.

2. Amsterdam,Netherlands

 Scenario: Widespread mixed-use blending residentialwithnon-basicsectors.

 Challenges:RisingrentsduetotourismandshorttermrentalslikeAirbnb.

 Response:Limitsonhotelpermitsandbookingto protectresidentqualityoflife.

3. Berlin,Germany

 Scenario:Manyresidentialareasaremixed-useby design.

 City Centers: Special zones where mixed-use is compulsory.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

 Response: Local plans manage noise, require minimum residential space, and control rent inflation.

2.7 Mixed Land Use Policy in Indian Cities

1. Ahmedabad

 Zoning:Relaxed;residentialzonesallowmostnonindustrialuses.

 Response: No official mixed-use zones, but MLU commonduetoregulationstiedtoroadwidths.

2. Pune

 Zoning:Basedon roadwidth,notdwellingtypes; detailedpermitteduses.

 Response: Non-residential uses often emerge informally, especially in central areas. Infrastructureremainsunchanged,affectingquality oflife.

3. New Delhi

 Traditional MLU:Pre-existingverticalmixed-use inoldcity.

 Master Plan 2021:Formalmixed-useallowedwith road-widthandcolonytypeguidelines.

 Response:Over300streetsproposedasmixed-use; commercial conversion allowed with fees, but balancinginterestsisstillachallenge.

2.8 Infrastructure and its Indicators

1. Water

Water infrastructure supports residential, industrial, and agricultural needs, sourced from groundwater, surface water,andrainwaterharvesting.Urbanpopulationgrowth leadstoshortages,unevendistribution,andcontamination. Sustainablewateruse,conservation,andreuseareessential.

 ResidentialDemand:135litres/person/day

 UsageBreakdown(NBC2016):

o Bathing (55 L), Toilet flushing (30 L), Clotheswashing(20L),others(30L)

o 90%becomeswastewater

 Non-ResidentialDemand(NBC2016):

o Hotels: 180 L/p/d, Offices: 45 L/p/d, Schools:45L/p/d,Restaurants:70L/seat

2. Electricity

Electricitypowersallsectorsbutfacesstrainduetourban growthandrisingdeviceuse.Traditionalsourcesdominate, thoughrenewablesareincreasing.Gridoverload,losses,and renewableintegrationremainchallenges.

 ResidentialSEC:1–3kWh/m²/month

 CommercialSEC:5–16kWh/m²/month

 Insight:Commercialbuildingsuse~3×moreenergy thanresidentialones

3. Solid Waste

Wastegenerationislinkedtopopulationandconsumption trends. Major issues include poor segregation, inadequate collection, and overloaded landfills. Key solutions include waste-to-energy, composting, recycling, and public awareness.

 TypesofWaste:

o Residential, Commercial, Biomedical, Construction&Demolition,Hazardous

 PerCapitaWasteGeneration:0.20–0.60kg/dayin majorcities

2.9 Relationship Between Mixed Land Use and Physical Infrastructure

Mixed-usedevelopmentcombinesresidential,commercial, industrial,andrecreationalfunctionswithinasharedurban space. While it promotes walkability, reduces travel time, and fosters dynamic, vibrant communities, it also places considerable stress on physical infrastructure. The integrationofmultiplelandusesleadstohigherandmore varied water demand, as both residential and commercial users rely on the same supply systems. Electricity infrastructure is similarly affected, with fluctuating loads throughout the day challenging grid stability. Mixed-use zones generate diverse types of waste, making collection, segregation, and disposal more complex. Additionally, infrastructure operates almost continuously commercial activityduringthedayandresidentialneedsatnightleave little room for maintenance. Transport systems face congestionduetooverlappingpeakperiodsandoftenlack adequateparking.Compoundingtheseissuesistheabsence of clear infrastructure benchmarks in planning processes, leading to mismatches between supply and demand. Addressing these challenges requires integrated infrastructureplanningtailoredtotheuniquedemands of mixed-useenvironments.

2.10 Parameters for Assessing Infrastructure Pressure in Mixed-Use Areas

Theseparametersaretailoredtoevaluatethepressureon infrastructure and guide interventions for sustainable mixed-usedevelopment.

Type

Parameter

Water WaterDemand &Supply

Continuityof Supply

WaterQuality

Rainwater

Harvesting

Description

Compareexistingdemand withsupplytoidentify deficits

Assessfrequencyand durationofwater availability

Evaluatewaterquality againstnationalstandards

%ofbuildingsequipped withrainwaterharvesting systems

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Electricity PowerOutage Frequency

Energy

Consumption Trends

VoltageStability

UseofSolar Panels

Solid Waste DailyWaste Generation

Waste

Composition

Measurethenumberand durationofpoweroutages

Trackaveragemonthlyor annualelectricityusage

Recordfrequency/severity ofvoltagefluctuations

%ofbuildingsusingsolar orotherrenewableenergy sources

Percapitadailywaste produced

Categorizewaste(organic, plastic,metal,etc.)

Collection Coverage Proportionofareacovered bywastecollectionservices

Frequencyof Collection Frequencyand%oftotal wastecollectedona regularbasis

3. LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY

The literature review comprehensively examines existing studies related to mixed land use (MLU), with a focus on infrastructureimplications, policyframeworks,andurban development patterns in both Indian and international contexts. Key findings from notableresearchindicate that while MLU promotes economic activity, walkability, and urbanvibrancy,italsobringschallengeslikeincreasedstrain on physical infrastructure particularly water, electricity, andsolidwastesystems.

Studies like Bindal & Talwar (2021) and Mahajan (2018) exploredtheenvironmentalandinfrastructuralimpactsof MLUinDelhi,highlightingissuessuchaspollution,traffic, and the privatization of public space. These works emphasizedtheneedforneed-basedinfrastructureplanning andbetterregulatorymechanisms.

ResearchfromPune(Joharapurkar&Anagal,2022)offered user-centricinsights,showinghowresidents,shopkeepers, and visitors perceive MLU’s convenience but also its downsides like noise and lack of parking. Ghosh & Raval (2020)categorizedvarioustypologiesofMLUandevaluated theirapplicabilityacrossgeographicscales,pointingtoagap in integrating unplanned developments into formal regulations.

International perspectives drawn from cities like Amsterdam,Atlanta,andBerlin demonstratethateffective MLUrequiresbalancingflexibilitywithregulatorycontrol. For instance, Amsterdam’s compact mixed-use approach faces challenges from tourism, while Berlin focuses on maintainingabalancethroughzoningstandards. In sum, the literature emphasizes that successful implementationofMLUrequires:

 Communityparticipation,

 Adaptivezoninglaws,

 Context-specificinfrastructureplanning,

 Integrationofunregulatedtransitionsintoofficial policy.

ThereviewrevealsthatwhileMLUisagloballyembraced planning model, Indian cities face unique implementation challenges due to informal development patterns, weak enforcement, and infrastructure stress thereby necessitating a holistic, location-sensitive planning framework.

4.CITY OVERVIEW

4.1

Case of Lucknow

UrbanProfile:

Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, is a historically significantcitywithagrowingurbanpopulation.Itliesalong theGomtiRiver,withhigherpopulationdensityinthesouth andnewerresidentialexpansioninthenorth.Thecityhas experienced substantial spatial and demographic growth overthepastdecades.

GrowthTrendsaspertheMasterPlans:

 1991:159.26sq.km.area|Population:~16.2lakh

 2021:414.34sq.km.area|Population:~44.4lakh

 2031(Projected):1035.74sq.km.area|Population: ~65lakh

Thisrepresentsagrowthof550%inareaandover300%in populationbetween1991andthe2031projection.

MixedLandUseTrends:

The evolution of mixed land use (MLU) in Lucknow highlightsadramaticexpansion:

 2001:47hectares(0.2%ofland)

 2021:110hectares(0.27%)

 2031(Projected):1,090hectares(1.05%)

Thisreflectsanearly891%increaseinmixed-uselandfrom 2021 to 2031, indicating the rising importance of multifunctional landuseinthecity’splanningframework. Additionally,30%ofroadnetworkshaveadjacentmixed-use zones,indicatinghighspatialintegration.

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HousingDistributionbyUse:

According to the 2011 Census and City Development Plan (CDP)2040:

 81%ofpropertiesareresidential

 19% fall under commercial, industrial, and institutionaluse

GapsandObservations:

The Lucknow Master Plan 2021 acknowledges mixed-use development but lacks detailed guidelines on permissible activities in residential zones, especially regarding conditions like road width and built area. This regulatory ambiguity may lead to inconsistent implementation and unplannedgrowth.

4.2 Case of Jaipur

UrbanProfile:

Jaipur,thecapitalofRajasthanandIndia'sfirstplannedcity, is known for its structured growth and architectural heritage.Itservesasahubforthestate’ssocio-economicand political activities. The city has experienced rapid urban expansion with a projected annual population growth of 5.3%.

GrowthTrends

 1991:102.26sq.km.|Population:~15.18lakh

 2011:308.3sq.km.|Population:~36.02lakh

 2025 (Projected): 945.34 sq.km. | Population: ~64.95lakh

Fig -5:ExistingPlan2009, Jaipur

Thisrepresentsnearlya9-foldincreaseinareafrom1971to 2025andover4-foldpopulationgrowthsince1991. MixedLandUseTrends:

 2009:1,978hectares(7.05%oftotalarea)

 2011(Proposed):1,034hectares(3.35%)

 2025 (Proposed): 2,958 hectares (3.13% of total area)

Approximately7%ofproposedmixed-useareaslieadjacent to road networks, showing planned integration with transportcorridors.

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Fig -6:MasterPlan2025,Jaipur

PolicyFramework:

AspertheJaipurMasterDevelopmentPlan(MDP)2025:

 Only one mixed-use activity is allowed per residentialplot(e.g.,shoporprofessionalservice).

 Mixed-use developments require building permissionsandannualpermitrenewals.

 Commercial uses must comply with road width standards, FAR (Floor Area Ratio), and height restrictions.

 Activities involving hazardous or polluting processesarestrictlyprohibited.

KeyObservations:

Althoughmixed-usedevelopmentisrecognizedinplanning documents, the focus is on controlled, formal implementation through building codes and zoning regulations.However,informalmixed-usegrowthpatterns alsopersistduetorapidurbanization.

4.3 Comparative Analysis of Mixed-Use Development in Lucknow and Jaipur

BothLucknowandJaipurexhibitdistinctpatternsofmixeduse development (MUD), shaped by different growth trajectoriesandplanningframeworks.



UrbanExpansion:Lucknow’sarea increased from 159.26 sq.km. (1991) to 1,035.74 sq.km. (2031), whileJaipurexpandedfrom40.46sq.km.(1971)to 945.34sq.km.(2025).

 Mixed-Use Growth: Jaipur had 7.05% of its land undermixeduseby2009,comparedtoLucknow’s projected1.05%by2031,reflectingJaipur'searlier integrationofMUDprinciples.

 InfrastructurePressure:InLucknow,30%ofroad networksareadjacenttomixed-useareas,leading togreaterstrain,whileJaipurreports7%,indicating relativelylowerbutgrowingimpact.

 PlanningGaps:Bothcitiesshowadisparitybetween proposed and actual MUD implementation, emphasizing the need for adaptive policies and infrastructureplanning.

Key Insight: While Jaipur reflects earlier and broader adoptionofmixed-usezoning,Lucknowisundergoingmore rapidtransformation,necessitatingstrongerregulatoryand infrastructureresponses.

5.CONCLUSION

The transition to mixed land use (MLU) in metropolitan cities presents a dual reality while it enhances urban vibrancy,economicactivity,andland-useefficiency,italso intensifiespressureoninfrastructuresystems.Thisstudy, focusing on Lucknow and Jaipur, reveals a critical gap between planned frameworks and organically evolving urbanforms,highlightingtheurgentneedforresponsiveand sustainableplanning.

Unregulated MLU leads to congestion, pollution, and infrastructure inefficiencies, exacerbated by weak enforcement mechanisms. The comparative analysis emphasizes the importance of integrating flexible zoning, improving service capacities, and adopting adaptive, location-specificpolicies.

Toaddressthesechallenges,thestudyrecommends:

 IntegratedPlanning:Developcomprehensive,cityspecific frameworks to align infrastructure with evolvingland-usepatterns.

 SustainableSolutions:Promotewaterconservation, waste management efficiency, and renewable energyintegration.

 Adaptive Governance: Implement flexible zoning andregularlyassessinfrastructureperformanceto respondtodynamicurbandemands.

 FutureResearch:Encouragemapping,fieldsurveys, andstakeholderengagementtobridgeknowledge gapsandguideeffectiveinterventions.

 Holistic Development: Balance the functional benefitsofMLUwithinfrastructureresilienceand community well-being for sustainable urban futures.

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By adopting this multi-dimensional approach, Indian metropolitan cities can better manage the shift toward mixed-usedevelopmentwhileensuringlivabilityandlongtermurbansustainability.

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BIOGRAPHIES

BhupendraDevSinghiscurrently pursuing a Master’s degree in UrbanandRegionalPlanningfrom the Faculty of Architecture, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Architecture from Ansal Technical Campus, affiliatedwiththesameuniversity, completedin2020

Pl.ArundhateeMishraisanurban planner and academician, currently Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Architecture & Planning,Lucknow.Sheearnedher Master’sinPlanningfromSPANew Delhi and is a member of the InstituteofTownPlanners,India.

Ar. Vaibhav Kulshrestha is an architect, urban planner, and academician currently Assistant Professor at the Faculty of ArchitectureandPlanning, AKTU, Lucknow. He holds a Master’s in UrbanandRuralPlanningfromIIT Roorkee and is a member of the InstituteofTownPlanners,India.