Smart Farming IoT Technology

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Smart Farming IoT Technology

MADDUKURI PUJITHA1 , RAMIREDDY SWATHI2,M.SARASWATHI3 , LELLA NAVEEN KUMAR4 , K.MANI PURNA CHANDRA 5

1Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

3Assistant Professor & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

5Student & AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ***

Abstract -

Theexponential growthofthe globalpopulationand the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices havehighlightedtheneedfor intelligentandefficientfarming systems. This project, titled “Smart Farming using IoT Technology”, presents a practical and scalable approach to automating agricultural monitoring using sensor-based IoT devices.Thesystemleverages aDHT11sensorfortemperature andhumidity detectionandasoilmoisturesensortoassessthe water content of the soil in real-time. These readings are continuously analyzed by a microcontroller, which intelligentlycontrolsawater pumpthrougharelaymoduleto ensure optimal irrigation.

By integrating basic Internet of Things (IoT) principles, the system reduces the need for human intervention, improves resource management, and supports precision agriculture. When the soil moisture falls below a defined threshold, the relay is triggered to activate the irrigation mechanism, ensuring that plants receive adequate water without manual oversight. Simultaneously, ambient temperature and humidity data are captured, which can be used for further environmental analysis or crop-specific adjustments.

The implementation provides a low-cost yet highly efficient model suitable for small to medium-scale farms. It also offers potential for future expansion, including wireless data logging, remote control through mobile or web applications,andintegrationwithweatherpredictionservices for predictive irrigation. The system aligns with modern agricultural innovations aimed at maximizing yield, conserving water, and promoting sustainable practices through automation and intelligent control.

Thiswork demonstratesthecapabilityofembeddedsystemsin revolutionizing traditional farming by enabling data-driven decisions and real-time monitoring. The proposed system is ideal foreducational,research,andfield-levelimplementation, and serves as a foundational block for more advanced smart agriculture ecosystems.

Keywords: SmartFarming,IoT,SoilMoistureSensor,DHT11, Automation, Precision Agriculture, Embedded Systems, Microcontroller, Environmental Monitoring, Temperature Sensor, Humidity Sensor, Smart Irrigation, Relay Control, Sustainable Agriculture, Sensor-based Farming, Agricultural Technology, Real-time Monitoring, Arduino, Water Conservation, Agricultural Automation

1.INTRODUCTION

Agricultureisthecornerstoneofanyeconomy,especially in developing countries where a significant portion of the populationdependsonitforlivelihood.Inrecentdecades, theagriculturalsectorhasfacedseveralchallenges,including increasingpopulation,climatevariability,resourcescarcity, andtheneedforsustainablefarmingmethods.Toaddress theseissues,theintegrationoftechnology particularlythe InternetofThings(IoT) hasemergedasatransformative solution. Smart farming using IoT technology isonesuch innovationthathasthepotentialtorevolutionizetraditional farming practices by enabling precision, automation, and real-timemonitoring.

The term Smart Farming refers to the application of modernInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT) intoagriculturetoenhancethequalityandquantityofcrops while reducing waste and optimizing the use of resources suchaswater,fertilizer,andenergy.WhenIoTisembedded into this domain, it allows for real-time data collection, intelligentdecision-making,andremotecontroloverfarming operations. IoT-based agriculture systems can monitor environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, soil moisture,andmoretoautomateessentialprocesses,suchas irrigation.

This project, “Smart Farming using IoT Technology,” presents a prototype that leverages two fundamental sensors a soil moisture sensor anda DHT11 sensor (for temperatureandhumidity) alongsidea microcontroller anda relay-controlled irrigation system.Theprimarygoal ofthesystemistointelligentlymanageirrigation,ensuring that crops receive sufficient water when needed without overuse. This not only conserves water but also supports healthiercropgrowth.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Theneedforprecisionagricultureismorecriticaltoday thaneverbefore.Climatechangehasmadeweatherpatterns unpredictable,resultingineitherdroughtsorflooding.Overirrigationwasteswaterandcandegradesoilquality,while under-irrigation stresses plants and reduces yield. Therefore,havingasystemthatautomaticallyevaluatessoil moisture and decides whether irrigation is necessary becomes highly valuable. By using a moisture threshold, thisprojectensureswaterisonlyusedwhenthesoildries belowanoptimallevel.

Similarly, understanding temperature and humidity is crucialfordeterminingplanthealthandmanagingdiseases andpests.The DHT11 sensor providesbothtemperature and humidity readings, which can be further utilized to automategreenhouseconditions,forecastpestoutbreaks,or suggestfertilizationschedules.

The hardware implementation issimpleyet effective. The microcontroller reads analog values from the soil moisturesensoranddigitalvaluesfromtheDHT11sensor. Whenthemoistureleveldropsbelowapredefinedthreshold (e.g., 600 in analog units), the controller activates a relay connectedtoawaterpumporvalve,therebyirrigatingthe soil.Therelayactsasaswitch,allowinglow-powersignals from the microcontroller to control high-power electrical devices.Oncethemoisturelevelissufficient,theirrigationis stopped.

The software side of this system involves collecting sensordata,applyinglogicalconditionstoassessthestatus of the soil, and controlling outputs accordingly. This continuousloopenablesreal-timemonitoringanddynamic control. The project also includes serial output, which displaysreadingssuchasmoisturelevels,temperature,and humiditytotheuserfordebuggingorloggingpurposes.

This project is particularly beneficial for regions with waterscarcity,asithelpsreduceunnecessarywaterusage. By automating irrigation, farmers can avoid human error, increase efficiency, and reduce labor costs. Moreover, this prototypecanbeextendedtoincludeIoTplatformssuchas ThingSpeak, Blynk, or Firebase, where data can be visualized on dashboards, alerts can be sent to mobile devices,andsystemscanbecontrolledremotely.

The impact of IoT in agriculture goes far beyond just irrigation. IoT systems are now used for livestock monitoring,cropdiseasedetection,fertilizeroptimization, greenhouseautomation,andyieldprediction.Withtherise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), these systems are becoming smarter learning from historical data to make more accurate predictions and decisions.Whilethisprojectdoesnotcurrentlyincorporate AI, it forms a solid foundation upon which more complex smartfarmingsystemscanbebuilt.

Inadditiontowatermanagement,suchasystemcouldbe adapted to include sensors for pH levels, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) to assess soil fertility. Integration with GPS and weather APIs would allow for location-basedclimateadaptation.Thesedevelopmentsare part of the broader vision of Agriculture 4.0, the fourth agriculturalrevolutiondrivenbyautomationanddata.

Smart farming projects are essential in the context of climate change,whereweatheruncertaintiescanseverely affectcropproductivity.Byusingtechnologytomonitorand control critical farming parameters, farmers gain a higher degreeofcontrolovertheirfields,leadingtoincreasedfood security.Small-scalefarmerscanparticularlybenefitfrom theselow-costIoTsolutions,whichcanbepoweredbysolar energyandrequireminimalmaintenance.

Additionally, this project supports the objectives of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), especially Goal 2: Zero Hunger, and Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production. By enabling efficient use of resources and increasing agricultural productivity, such technologies make agriculture more sustainableandresilient

Intermsof educational value,thisprojectservesasan excellentlearningplatformforstudentsandenthusiaststo explore embedded systems, sensor integration, real-time systems, and IoT fundamentals. The hands-on experience with microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and basic automationlogichelpsbridgethegapbetweentheoretical knowledgeandreal-worldapplications.

Froma research perspective,thisworkcontributesto the ongoing efforts to simplify and scale agricultural automationusingIoT.Themodulardesignallowsforeasy upgradesandexperimentation.Forinstance,datacollected overtimecanbestoredandanalyzedtoimproveirrigation efficiency.Futureenhancementscouldincludemobileapp interfaces, voice-controlled systems using platforms like GoogleAssistant,andintegrationwithLoRaorGSMmodules forremotefarmswithoutWi-Fi.

Toconclude,thisprojectexemplifiesthepowerof IoT in revolutionizing agriculture, especially in resourceconstrained environments. It provides an effective, affordable, and scalable solution to traditional farming challenges. With appropriate customization, it can be tailoredtovariouscrops,soiltypes,andclimaticconditions. Theprojectnotonlycontributestosmarteragriculturebut also serves as a stepping stone toward building comprehensivesmartecosystemsthatcombinetechnology, sustainability,andefficiencyinfarming.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. ESP32 Development Board (e.g., ESP32 DevKit V1)

 Actsasthemainmicrocontrollerunit(MCU).

 Providesbuilt-inWiFiandBluetoothcapabilities.

 Controlstherelayandcollectsdatafromsensors.

2. Soil Moisture Sensor (Analog Type)

 Measuresthemoisturecontentinthesoil.

 Connects to an analog input pin (e.g., A0) of the ESP32.

 Helps determine when to activate the irrigation system

3. DHT11 Sensor (Temperature and Humidity Sensor)

 Monitorstheambienttemperatureandhumidity.

 Connected to a digital pin (e.g., GPIO 2) on the ESP32.

 Provides environmental data for smart decisionmaking.

4. 5V Relay Module (1-channel or 2-channel)

 Used to control high-power devices like water pumps.

 InterfacedwiththeESP32throughadigitaloutput pin(e.g.,GPIO5).

 Actsasaswitchtoturnirrigationonoroffbasedon soilmoisture.

5. Water Pump or Solenoid Valve (Optional for automation)

 Connectedthroughtherelaymodule.

 Controlsthewatersupplytotheplants

6. Power Supply (5V – 9V USB Adapter or BatteryPack)

 TopowertheESP32andsensorsreliably.

 Canalsousearegulated5Vsourceforthesensors.

7. Breadboard and Jumper Wires

 Formakingtemporaryandsecureconnections.

 Usefulforprototypingandtestingthecircuit.

8. USB Cable (MicroUSBorType-C based onyourESP32 board)

 ForuploadingthecodefromtheArduinoIDE.

 Also used for serial monitoring and powering the boardduringtesting.

3. HARDWARE CONNECTIONS

4. CODE

#include<DHT11.h>

#definesensorA0 #definerelay5

DHT11dht11(2); inttemp=0;

voidsetup(){ Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(sensor,INPUT); pinMode(relay,OUTPUT); Serial.println("systemisinitialized"); delay(500); }

voidmoisture(){ temp=analogRead(sensor); //Serial.print("analogvalueis:"); //Serial.println(temp); Serial.println(""); //Serial.println(""); //Serial.println(""); //delay(500); if(temp>600){ digitalWrite(relay,HIGH);

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

//Serial.println("relayishigh"); delay(500);

} elseif(temp<=600){ digitalWrite(relay,LOW); //Serial.println("relayisLOW"); delay(500);

voidhumidity(){ inttemperature=0; inthumidity=0;

//Attempttoreadthetemperatureandhumidityvalues fromtheDHT11sensor. intresult=dht11.readTemperatureHumidity(temperature, humidity); if(result==0){ Serial.print("Temperature:"); Serial.print(temperature); Serial.print("°C\tHumidity:"); Serial.print(humidity); Serial.println("%");

}else{

//Printerrormessagebasedontheerrorcode. Serial.println(DHT11::getErrorString(result)); } }

voidloop(){ //Serial.println("loopisstarted"); moisture(); humidity();

} 5. Implementation

The implementation of the Smart Farming IoT Technology project revolves around the integration of environmental sensing components with an ESP32 microcontrollertoenableintelligentirrigationmanagement. Theentiresystemisdesignedtooperateautonomouslyby continuously monitoring soil moisture, temperature, and humiditylevelsandsubsequentlycontrollingwaterdelivery tocropsusingarelay-controlledpumporvalvesystem.

Thecoreoftheimplementationisthe ESP32 development board, selected for its robust performance, built-in Wi-Fi capability,andmultipleGPIOpins.Thisboardservesasthe central processing unit for acquiring sensor data and executingcontrollogic.Twoessentialsensorsareinterfaced with the ESP32: a soil moisture sensor and a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor

The soil moisture sensor provides analog readings representingthevolumetricwatercontentofthesoil.This valueiscapturedthroughananaloginputpinontheESP32 (suchasGPIO36/A0).Thesystemevaluateswhetherthesoil moisturefallsbelowapredefinedthreshold(inthiscase,a digitalvalueof600).Ifthesoilisdeterminedtobedry,the ESP32activatesa relay module viaadigitaloutputpin(e.g., GPIO5), which in turn powers a connected water pumpor solenoidvalve.Ifthemoisturecontentissufficient,therelay isdeactivated,conservingbothenergyandwaterresources. Simultaneously,the DHT11 sensor isinterfacedviaadigital pin(GPIO2)tocollectambient temperature and humidity data.Thisinformationisperiodicallyreadanddisplayedvia theserialmonitor.Thesereadingsprovidevaluableinsights into the surrounding environment, aiding future decisionmaking and data logging when expanded into a cloudintegratedsystem.

The relay module functions as an electrically operated switch, allowing the low-voltage control signal from the ESP32 to safely operate higher-voltage irrigation systems. Safetyandefficiencyareachievedbyseparatingthecontrol logicfrompower-handlingcomponents.

The logic for soil moisture and environmental condition monitoringisimplementedwithintheloop()functionofthe code.Itcallstwomainfunctions:moisture()andhumidity(). Thesefunctionsensurereal-timemonitoring,rapiddecisionmaking,andresponsiveactuation.

Fromasoftwarestandpoint,theprogramiswrittenin C++ using the Arduino IDE, which is well-suited for ESP32 development. The DHT11.h library is used to facilitate communicationwiththetemperatureandhumiditysensor. Serial outputisusedtomonitorthesystemstatus,making debuggingandfieldtestingstraightforward.

Thearchitectureismodularandscalable.Additionalfeatures suchaswirelessdatatransmissiontothecloud(viaWi-Fi), mobilenotifications,orintegrationwithweatherAPIscanbe addedwithoutextensiverewiringorreprogramming.

In conclusion, the implementation effectively combines simpleyetimpactfulhardwarewithclean,efficientcodeto buildanautomatedirrigationsystem.Itsupportssustainable agriculturebyreducingmanuallabor,conservingwater,and ensuringcropsreceiveadequatemoisturebasedonreal-time environmentalconditions.

International Research

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1.Thereal-timeimplementationoftheSmartFarmingIoT Technology project begins with its deployment in an agricultural environment where constant monitoring and timelyirrigationdecisionsarecritical.Theprojectiscentered aroundtheESP32microcontroller,apowerfulandenergyefficientdevicewithintegratedWi-FiandmultipleGPIOpins, making it suitable for smart agricultural systems. Once deployed in the field, the ESP32 is connected to a soil moisturesensorandaDHT11sensor,bothofwhichserveas theprimarydatacollectiontools.Thesoilmoisturesensoris insertedintothesoilneartherootzoneofthecrops,whereit continuously monitors the water content of the soil. It providesanalogvoltagesignalstotheESP32,whichconverts themintodigitalreadingstoassesswhetherthesoiliswet, optimal,ordry.TheDHT11sensor,mountedinaweatherprotected enclosure nearby, collects ambient temperature andhumiditydatafromthesurroundingatmosphere.

When the system is powered on, the ESP32 initializes the sensors and relay, establishing the baseline conditions. Duringoperation,itcontinuouslysamplesreadingsfromboth sensors.Inreal-time,theESP32evaluatestheanalogvalue from the soil moisture sensor, which typically ranges between0(verywet)to1023(verydry).Whenthemoisture readingexceedsapresetthreshold,indicatingthesoilisdry (inthisimplementation,above600),theESP32activatesthe relay module. The relay, connected to a water pump or solenoidvalve,thenswitchesontheirrigationmechanism, allowing water to be delivered directly to the crops. This continuesuntilthesensordetectsthatmoisturehasreturned toacceptablelevels,uponwhichtheESP32deactivatesthe relay,thusturningoffthepump.Thison-demandirrigation ensurescropsreceivewateronlywhennecessary,reducing overwatering,waterwaste,andassociatedenergycosts.

Simultaneously,theESP32readsdatafromtheDHT11sensor every few seconds. This sensor provides valuable environmental metrics suchas temperatureand humidity, bothofwhicharecrucialindeterminingcrophealthandsoil evaporationrates.Thetemperatureandhumidityreadings are displayed via the serial monitor and can be used for future integration with data analytics platforms or cloudbaseddashboards.Theseinsightscanbebeneficialtofarmers who want to analyze trends, adjust crop management strategies, or schedule irrigation in sync with upcoming weatherconditions.Inpracticaldeployment,thesystemcan beplacedindifferentzonesofafarm,allowingforlocalized irrigation decisions. For instance, in large fields, multiple ESP32 units can be installed with individual sensors to manage different sectors independently. This modular approachensuresthateachareareceivesirrigationbasedon its specific needs, leading to uniform crop growth and efficientresourceusage.

From an installation perspective, all components are poweredbyastableDCpowersupply,typicallyderivedfrom solarpanelsorrechargeablebatteriesforoff-gridoperation. TheESP32isprogrammedusingtheArduinoIDE,andonce uploaded,itoperatesautonomously.Farmerscanconnecta mobile device or laptop via USB or Wi-Fi to view sensor readingsinreal-time.Inmoreadvancedconfigurations,the ESP32 can be configured to transmit data wirelessly to a cloudserverusingMQTTorHTTPprotocols.Thisallowsrealtimemonitoringviamobileapplicationsorwebinterfaces.In its current form, the system already provides a fully functional closed-loop irrigation control system. Future enhancementscanincludeGSMorLoRamodulesforremote areas with no Wi-Fi access, integration of rain sensors to further optimize irrigation, and automatic logging of environmentaldataforpredictiveanalytics.

Onthefield,thesystemismountedonawaterproofcasingor inside a control box to protect the electronics from harsh environmental conditions such as rain, dust, and insects. Wires from the sensors and relay are enclosed in flexible

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

conduits to prevent damage. The soil moisture sensor is calibratedaccordingtothetypeofsoil(e.g.,sandy,clayey,or loamy) to ensure accurate readings. Similarly, the relay is connectedtoarobustpowerlinethatcontrolsawaterpump capableofcoveringtheirrigationarea.Inpractice,whenthe farmerobservesthatcropsarebeginningtowiltorthesoilis visibly dry, they can verify that the system responds immediatelytotheincreasedmoisturethreshold.Thesystem autonomously turns on the pump without any manual intervention.Assoonasthemoisturelevelreachesoptimum levels,thesystemcutsoffthewatersupply,therebyavoiding excessirrigation.

During field tests, the system demonstrated consistent performanceinrespondingtorapidchangesinsoilmoisture. Forinstance,duringahotafternoonwhenevaporationrates werehigh,thesystemdetectedamoisturedropandactivated thepumptoreplenishsoilmoisture.Conversely,duringthe earlymorninghourswhenhumiditywashigherandsoilwas alreadymoist,thesystempreventedunnecessarywatering, showcasing its intelligence and responsiveness. Such a system is highly beneficial for remote agricultural regions where farmers may not be present to manually manage irrigation.

Real-timeimplementationalsorevealsthesystem'spotential to support sustainable farming practices. It reduces dependencyonguessworkandmanuallabor,particularlyfor smallholderfarmerswholackaccesstomodernequipment. By ensuring water is delivered only when necessary, it contributestowaterconservation anincreasinglycritical need in regions facing water scarcity. Moreover, by maintaining optimal soil conditions, it helps improve crop yieldsandoverallfarmproductivity.Thecollecteddatacan be used to establish irrigation patterns and schedule fertigationcyclesforenhancedgrowth.Thetemperatureand humidityreadingsfromtheDHT11sensoralsoprovidean added layer of environmental awareness. For example, duringexcessivelyhotperiods,thesystemcanbeadaptedto increase irrigation frequency, or during periods of high humidity,itcanavoidirrigationtopreventfungalgrowthand overhydration. This adaptability makes it a future-ready solution that can evolve with AI and machine learning integration.

Inconclusion,thereal-timeimplementationofthisIoT-based SmartFarmingsystemprovesitspracticality,scalability,and effectiveness in transforming traditional farming into an intelligent,automated,andsustainableagriculturaloperation. Itempowersfarmerswithreal-timedata,precisioncontrol, and peace of mind while minimizing water waste and maximizingcrophealth.Thesimplicityofitscomponentsand theopen-sourcenatureofthesoftwaremakeitanaccessible solutionforbothruralandtechnologicallyadvancedsettings, therebymakingasignificantcontributiontotheglobalpush towardsmartagriculture.

8. ADVANTAGES

i. EfficientWaterUsage–Automaticallyirrigatesonly whennecessary,reducingwaterwaste.

2. Low Power Consumption – Utilizes ESP32 which is highlyenergy-efficient,suitableforbatteryorsolarpoweredsetups.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

3. Cost-Effective Solution – Uses affordable componentslikeDHT11andsoilmoisturesensors.

4. Autonomous Operation – Runs without human intervention,reducinglabordependency.

5. Real-Time Monitoring – Provides live data on temperature,humidity,andsoilmoisturelevels.

6. Precision Farming – Ensures crops receive exact waterrequirements,improvingyield.

7. Simple Installation – Easy to set up with basic wiringandprogrammingknowledge.

8. Adaptable System – Can be modified for various cropsandsoiltypes.

9. Reduced Human Error – Automated decisions minimizemistakesinirrigationtiming.

10. Improved Crop Health – Maintains ideal soil moistureandatmosphericconditionsforplants.

11. Scalability–Canbeexpandedwithmoresensorsor ESP32unitsforlargerfarms.

12. Wireless Capability – ESP32 allows for Wi-Fi connectivity,enablingremotemonitoring.

13. SupportsSustainableFarming–Promotesefficient resourceuse,aidingenvironmentalconservation.

14. DataLoggingPotential–Canbeextendedtorecord sensordataforlong-termanalysis.

15. Remote Accessibility – Future integration with cloud services or apps enables control from anywhere.

16. CustomizableThresholds–Soilmoisturelevelscan beeasilyadjustedpercroprequirements.

17. Reduces Over-Irrigation – Prevents waterlogging androotdiseases.

18. EarlyProblemDetection–Changesinsensorvalues cansignalsystemorcropissues.

19. CompatiblewithOtherSensors–Canincluderain sensors,lightsensors,orpHsensors.

20. Boosts Farmer Productivity – Allows farmers to focusonothertasksratherthanmanualirrigation.

21. Weather-AwareIrrigation–Canbecombinedwith weatherforecastsforsmarterdecisions.

22. HelpsinResourcePlanning–Real-timedataassists inefficientplanningofwaterandelectricityusage.

23. Cloud Integration Ready – Easy to push data to platformslikeThingSpeak,Blynk,etc.

24. MinimalMaintenance–Requiresverylittleupkeep onceinstalledproperly.

25. EducationalTool–Idealfortrainingstudentsand farmersinmodernagriculturetechniques.

26. EarlyAdoptionofSmartAgriculture–Encourages digitaltransformationintraditionalfarming.

27. PortableandCompact–Smallformfactorsuitable forgreenhousesandsmall-scalefarms.

28. EnhancedDecision-Making–Reliabledatahelpsin scientificdecision-makingforcropcycles.

29. Less Soil Erosion – Controlled watering prevents excessivesoilmovement.

30. Environmentally Friendly – Reduces water usage and energy consumption, supporting eco-friendly practices.

8. CONCLUSION

Theevolutionofagriculturethroughtheintegration of smart technologies marks a significant milestone in modernfarming.TheproposedSmartFarmingsystemusing IoT technology comprising ESP32, DHT11 sensor, and a soilmoisturesensor offersanintelligent,automated,and data-driven approach to traditional agricultural practices. Thisprojectaimstoimproveproductivity,optimizeresource utilization, and reduce the manual labor required in managing crops, thereby addressing some of the major challengesfacedbyfarmersintoday’sworld.

Through the implementation of sensors that monitor temperature, humidity, and soil moisture in real-time, the system ensures that water is supplied only when the soil requiresit.Thispreciseirrigationnotonlyconserveswater butalsoenhancescrophealthbyavoidingover-wateringor under-watering.TheESP32microcontrolleractsastheheart ofthesystem,processingdataandcontrollingoutputssuch asrelaysforwaterpumpsbasedonpresetthresholds.This results in a closed-loop control system that operates autonomously without the need for constant human supervision.

One of the critical contributions of this project lies in its potential to support small and medium-scale farmers. By usingaffordablecomponentsandsimplelogic,thesystemis cost-effective, accessible, and easy to maintain. Moreover, with the future possibility of integrating wireless data transmission and cloud-based analytics, the scope of this project extends beyond automation to include predictive farmingandreal-timeremotemonitoring.

Environmentalsustainabilityisalsoanessentialoutcomeof thissmartfarmingsolution.Withagriculturebeingamajor consumeroffreshwaterresourcesglobally,theefficientuse ofwaterenabledbythissystemcontributestoconservation efforts. By ensuring that irrigation happens only when necessary,itminimizesrunoff,reducesenergyconsumption, and protects the ecosystem from damage caused by overirrigationandsoilerosion.

Fromatechnicalperspective,thisprojectdemonstratesthe practical applicability of IoT in solving real-world agricultural problems. The use of ESP32 allows for scalability, wireless communication, and integration with variousdigitalplatforms.Themodulardesignofthesystem enables customization for different types of crops, soil conditions, and climatic regions, making it a universally adaptablesolution.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

In conclusion, the Smart Farming IoT system offers a promising solution for modernizing agriculture through automation and intelligent control. By bridging the gap betweentechnologyandtraditionalfarmingpractices,this system enhances crop yield, conserves resources, and empowersfarmerswithactionableinsights.Itreflectshow simple,affordable,andscalableinnovationscanbringabout asignificanttransformationintheagriculturalsector,paving the way for smart, sustainable, and efficient farming practices. As the world moves towards a more connected and data-driven future, such systems will be essential in ensuring food security, environmental sustainability, and economicgrowthintheagriculturaldomain.

REFERENCES

[1] A.Kamilaris,A.Kartakoullis,andF.X.Prenafeta-Boldú, “A review on the practice of big data analysis in agriculture,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.143,pp.23–37,2017.

[2] L.Jayaraman,A.Yavari,D.Georgakopoulos,A.Morshed, and Z. M. A. Bhuiyan, “Internet of Things platform for smartfarming:Experiencesandlessonslearnt,” Sensors, vol.16,no.11,p.1884,2016.

[3] J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, and M. Palaniswami, “Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions,” Future Generation Computer Systems,vol.29,no.7,pp.1645–1660,2013.

[4] M.R.PatilandP.R.Patil,“Soilmonitoringsystemusing Arduino microcontroller,” International Journal of ScienceandResearch(IJSR),vol.5,no.8,pp.1761–1764, 2016.

[5] S.R.Nandurkar,V.R.Thool,andR.C.Thool,“Designand development of precision agriculture system using wirelesssensornetwork,” IEEEInternationalConference on Automation, Control, Energy and Systems (ACES), 2014.

[6] K.Akkas,R.T.Tugcu,andM.F.Akgun,“Mobilecrowdsensing for smart agriculture: A review,” Ad Hoc Networks,vol.94,p.101943,2019.

[7] A. Rawal and V. G. Yadav, “IoT based smart farming systemforsmartagriculture,” International Journal of ScientificResearchinComputerScience,Engineeringand Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1015–1020,2019.

[8] A.S.M.Shihab,M.S.A.Rahman,andM.R.H.Mondol,“A smart farming system using sensors and Arduino microcontroller,” InternationalConferenceonComputer, Communication, Chemical, Material and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2),2018.

[9] T. V. Prasanth and M. K. Priya, “Smart agriculture monitoringsystemusingIoT,” International Journal of EngineeringResearch&Technology(IJERT),vol.7,no.5, pp.1–5,2018.

[10] ESP32 Official Documentation, Espressif Systems. [Online]. Available: https://docs.espressif.com/projects/espidf/en/latest/esp32/

[11] DHT11 Sensor Datasheet. [Online]. Available: https://components101.com/sensors/dht11temperature-sensor

[12] Arduino Documentation. [Online]. Available: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide

[13] K. L. Krishna and N. R. Shah, “IoT-based precision agricultureusingDHT11sensor,” International Journal ofEngineeringResearch&Technology(IJERT),vol.9,no. 5,pp.1054–1058,2020.

[14] A. Singh, R. P. Yadav, and A. Tiwari, “IoT based agriculture monitoring and smart irrigation system,” InternationalJournalofComputerApplications,vol.180, no.42,2018.

[15] S.P.MuleandP.D.Prasad,“Designandimplementation of smart irrigation system using IoT,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, vol.7,no.3,pp.20–26,2020