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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Review on Evaluation of Seismic Response in Steel Beam–Concrete Column Framed Buildings Using ETABS

Pathan Irshad Khan A Naseer Khan1 , Prof. S.S. Manal2

1M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, (CSMSS)Chh.Shahu College of Engineering Chh.Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India

2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, (CSMSS)Chh.Shahu College of Engineering Chh.Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India

Abstract - In structural engineering, the pursuit of innovative solutions that balance performance,efficiency,and sustainability continues to evolve. Within the context of highrise construction, hybrid structural systems have gained attention for their potential to combine the strengths of different materials. One promisingapproachistheintegration of steel beams with concrete columns, leveraging the advantages of both materials to form a unifiedandadaptable high-rise structure. This study investigates the seismic performance of a G+20 multistorey building using the Response Spectrum Method and Linear Time History Analysis based on the Bhuj earthquake. Four structural models were developed for comparison. Model 1 represents a conventional RCC frame, serving as a baseline. In Model 2, internal RC beams (between shear walls and columns) are replaced with steel beams. Model 3 involves the substitution of external RC beams (between peripheral columns) with steel beams. In Model 4, all RC beams throughout the structure are replaced with steel beams. Key parameters such as storey stiffness, storey displacement,storeydrift,storeyshear,andoverturning moment were evaluated across the models. The results indicate that substituting RC beams with steel significantly enhances structural stiffness, leading to noticeablereductions in storey displacement, drift, base shear, and overturning moment. Additionally, the higher strength-to-weight ratio of steel contributes to a substantial decrease in the overall dead load of the structure.

Key Words: SeismicAnalysis,Steelbeam,concretecolumn, Response Spectrum Method, Multi-story Buildings, ComparativeAnalysis.

1.INTRODUCTION

The rise of urbanization has directed in an era where towering skyscrapers dominate city skylines, symbolizing humanprogressandachievement.High-risebuildingshave become representative of modern architectural prowess, reshaping urban landscapes and accommodating the growingglobalpopulation.However,theconstructionand engineering challenges associated with erecting these colossalstructuresareequallyformidable.Theveryessence ofahigh-risebuilding'sdesignrevolvesaroundoptimizing

space,functionality,andefficiencywithinaconfinedvertical footprint.Thetallerabuildingclimbs,themorepronounced thechallengesbecome,rangingfromwindandseismicforces to vertical transportation logistics and environmental considerations. Traditional construction materials and methods, while effective, often necessitate substantial resources and exhibit limitations in addressing these challenges.Itiswithinthecontextofthesechallengesthat innovativestructuralsolutionsemergeasessentialcatalysts forhigh-risebuildingevolution.Asbuildingsstrivetotouch theskywhileadheringtostringentsafety,sustainability,and economic requirements, the spotlight turns to new paradigms in structural engineering. In the realm of structural engineering, the quest for innovative solutions thatharmonizeperformance,efficiency,andsustainability remains an ongoing pursuit. As the demands placed upon our built environment become increasingly diverse and complex, traditional construction methods and materials often fall short in meeting the evolving needs of modern society. It is within this context that the concept of steelconcretehybridstructuresemergesasacompellingavenue for exploration and advancement. The inherent strengths and weaknesses of steel and concrete have long been acknowledgedintheconstructionindustry.Steelpossesses exceptionaltensilestrength,enablingittobearsignificant loadsacrossextendedspans.Conversely,concreteexcelsin compressive strength and durability, providing resilience against environmental and fire-related challenges. The convergence of these attributes opens up a world of possibilities for combining these materials in ways that transcend their individual limitations. 1 Standing at the intersection of tradition and innovation, the investigation intosteel-concretehybridstructuresexceedsthedomainof academicpursuit,evolvingintoapragmaticresponsetothe contemporary challenges of our time. The pursuit of this knowledge bears the potential to revolutionize the conceptualization, design, and construction of structures, driving humanity towards a future wherein the built environmentseamlesslyintegrateswiththenaturalworld, all the while catering to the demands of an adaptable and evolvingsociety.Throughthisreport,weaimtoshedlighton the principles, benefits, and challenges of steel-concrete hybrid structures, contributing to the collective pool of

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

knowledge that drives the evolution of structural engineering. In the dynamic landscape of high-rise construction, the pursuit of innovative solutions that combineefficiency,strength,andsustainabilityhasledtothe explorationofhybridstructuralsystems.Onesuchintriguing approach is the integration of steel beams and concrete columns,wheretheuniquepropertiesofeachmaterialare harnessed to create a cohesive and versatile high-rise structure.Thisfusionoffersthepotentialtooptimizeloadbearing capacities, enhance architectural freedom, and addressthechallengesinherenttotallbuildings.

2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Thespecificobjectivesoftheresearchare:

1.Tostudytheseismicbehaviourofmulti-storeyedbuilding with steel beam-concrete column HYBRID structure by ResponsespectrummethodandTimehistorymethod.

2.Tocomparestoreystiffness,storeydisplacement,storey drift,storeyshearandoverturningmomentofbothbuildings usingETABSsoftware.

3. LITERATURES REVIEW

S Morino (2014), studiedthesituationofhybridstructure development, design and construction in recent times and details of several selected hybrid structural systems are discussedlikesteelreinforcedconcretestructure,concrete filled tubular column system, reinforced concrete column, steelbeamstructuralsystemandhybridwallsystem.After thestudytheresearcherreachedtheconclusionthatconcrete filledtubularcolumn,reinforcedconcretecolumnandsteel beam element hybrid structure have attained a sufficient level of application in buildings. However, smooth stress transferisevenachallengingworkduetolackofknowledge inconnectionofelementinhybridstructure.[1]

Shahrooz et. al. (2014), provided a comprehensive exploration of design considerations pertaining to hybrid structures featuring reinforced concretecentral core walls combinedwithperimetersteelframes.Itdelvesintoarange of design possibilities, including the utilization of steel or steel-concrete composite coupling beams and their associated connections to core walls, as well as the connections between outrigger beams and core walls. The studyalsointroducespracticaldesignguidelines,whichare assessed based on prior experimental data from tests conductedbytheauthors.Byadheringtotherecommended design methodologies outlined in this paper, it becomes feasibletoachievedesirablecyclicbehaviorwithregardto bothstrengthandenergydissipationcharacteristicsinsuch hybridstructures.[2]

Qing-Sheng Yang et. al. (2015), representedtheinterfacial stressesofFRP-RChybridbeamsbyanalyticalmethods.An

approximatemodelofthehybridbeamwasdevelopedanda closed-formsolutionforinterfacialshearstresswasderived out.Thenthefiniteelementcalculationswerecarriedoutfor validation of the analytical solution. The 8 comparisons between present solution and other ones in existing literatures were also performed. It is shown that the analyticalsolutionfortheinterfacialshearstressisagreed well with the corresponding finite element result. He concludedthattheinterfacialstressesinFRP-RChybridbeam byanalyticalmethod.Thenumericalexamplesshowthatthe analyticalandnumericalresultshavegoodagreements.The comparisonsofpresentsolutionandothersarecarriedout. Presentsolutioncanbeusedtopredicttheinterfacialstress andfailureandtoconsidertheparametriceffectsoftheFRPRChybridbeams.[3]

Jiang Jun et al. (2015), presented the seismic design ofa superhigh-risehybridstructureonabackgroundofproject byusinglinearelasticanalysisandnonlinearelasto-plastic analysis. The hybrid structure consists of concrete shear walls, steel reinforced concrete (SRC) columns, concretefilledsquaresteeltubular(CFSST)columns,SRCbeamsand steel beams. Firstly, comparing steel structure and hybrid structureonseismicbehaviorandconstructioncost. Then, two structural design programs are utilized for elastic response spectrum analysis combined with elastic timehistoryanalysis,andtheresultsoftwoprogramsarequite close.Thirdly,staticnonlinearanalysis(pushoveranalysis) anddynamicnonlinearanalysis(elasto-plastictime-history analysis)areperformedtoevaluatetheseismicperformance ofthehybridstructure.Moreover,theimportantparts,such asstrengthenedpartatbottomandhotellobbyatmiddle,are analyzedcarefullytoensurethekeycolumnsareinelastic stateunderfortifiableearthquake.Conclusioncanbedrawn that the super high-rise hybrid structure achieves the earthquakeperformanceobjective,andtheseismicdesignof thebuildingcansatisfytheinspectionduetoout-of-codes.He introducedthedesignprocedureofasuperhigh-risehybrid structure. Elastic analysis including response spectrum methodandelastictime-historyanalysisincludingstaticand dynamic procedures are conducted. There are some conclusionshedrawnfromthestudy.Theresultsofelastic response spectra analyses calculated by two structural programsshowthecorrectnessofthecalculatingmodel.And theresultsofelastictime-historyarebasicallyidenticalwith that of response. Nonlinear elasto-plastic analyses under fortifiableandsevereearthquakeareperformedtoindicate thebehaviorofstructure.Theresultsshowthatthehybrid structure has well seismic performance and achieves the performanceobjective.[4]

Hajehpour et. al. (2021), studied the design of hybrid structure with cross laminated timber (CLT). Moderately ductilemomentresistingframesarecommonforlateralload resist,butbecomeuneconomicalforhighrisestructuredue tolargemembersectionstosatisfythedriftrequirement.In

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

theresearch,3hybridbuildings8storey,12storeyand16 storey tall for seismicity of Vancouver, Canada and their performance was with benchmark steel moment frame buildings. Ductile connections were used to join the CLT panel and steel frame. Non-linear static and time history analyseswerecarriedouttoevaluatethestructure’sseismic performance.Withthisstudytheresearcherconcludedthat the stiffness of hybrid structure was increased and modal periodofstructurewerereduced.Theuseofsteelinhybrid structure was also reduced as compared to steel moment frames.[5]

CONCLUSIONS

1. Hybrid structural systems combining steel and concretehaveemergedasapromisingsolutionto meettheincreasingdemandsofstrength,flexibility, andsustainabilityinhigh-riseconstruction.

2. Various studies have shown that steel-concrete hybrid structures can provide better seismic performanceduetothecomplementaryproperties of steel (tensile strength) and concrete (compressivestrengthanddurability).

3. Researchhashighlightedthe advantages ofhybrid components such as steel beams, concrete-filled tubes,andreinforcedconcretecolumnsinresisting lateral loads and improving overall structural behavior.

4. Literature emphasizes the importance of connection detailing,aseffectiveloadtransferand seismic performance of hybrid systems depend largely on the behavior of joints and interfaces betweenmaterials.

5. Analytical and numerical studies on hybrid elements (e.g., FRP-RC beams, CLT-steel frames) confirm that such combinations can reduce interfacial stresses and provide better energy dissipationduringseismicevents.

6. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and performancebasedevaluationsinreviewedpaperssupportthat hybridstructuresachievedesiredductility,stiffness, andsafetycriteriaunderseismicloading.

REFERENCES

1) S. Morino, “Recent developments in hybrid structures in Japan-research, design and construction”,EngineeringStructures,Volume 20,pp:336-346,Elsevier(Scopus)2014.

2) BahramMShahrooz,BingnianGong,Gokhan Tunc, Jeremy T Deason, “An overview of

reinforced concrete core wall-steel frame hybrid structure”, Progress in Structural EngineeringandMaterials,Volume3,Issue2, pp:149-158,2014.

3) Qing-Sheng Yang, Yun Cui, Lian-Hua Ma, “Analytical and numerical investigation of interfacialstressinFRP-RChybridstructures”, Engineering, Science, Construction and Operations in Challenging, Earth and Space, pp:1-8,ASCE2015.

4) Jiang Jun, You Bing, Hu Ming, Hao Jiping Li Yangcheng, “Seismic design of a super highrisehybridstructure”,14thWorldConference onEarthquakeEngineering,2015.

5) Maria Antonietta Aiello, “Structural PerformancesofConcreteBeamswithHybrid „Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Steel Reinforcements”, ASCE, Volume 10, pp 133140,2015.

6) Lei Pang, “Design Propositions for Hybrid FRP-SteelReinforcedConcreteBeams”,ASCE, Volume10,pp180-189,2015.

7) Ze-liang Yao, Fa-ning Dang, Guo-liang Bai, “Seismicresponseanalysisonasteel-concrete hybrid structure”, Tenth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals,pp:3001-3007,ASCE2016.

8) M.A.Bezabeh,S.Tesfamariam,M.Popovski,K. Goda, S. F. Stiemer, “Seismic base shear modification factors for timber-steel hybrid structure:Collapseriskassessmentapproach”, JournalofStructuralEngineering,Volume143, Issue10,ASCE2017.

9) MohammadHamidElmy,“Staticandseismic behaviours of innovative hybrid steel reinforcedconcretebridge”,Elsevier(Scopus), Volume138,pp701-713,2017.

10) AndréPlumier,“AnAnalyticalDesignMethod for Steel-Concrete Hybrid Walls”, Elsevier (Scopus),Volume9,pp185-199,2017.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

BIOGRAPHIES

PathanIrshadKhanANaseerKhan

M.Tech Student Department Of CivilEngineering,At(CSMSS)Chh. Shahu College Of Engineering ChhatraptiSambhajinagar431001.