International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 11 | Nov 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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P-Delta Analysis of Multi-Storey Building using ETABS Software Jayshri S. Sirsat1, Prof.D.M Pandit2. 1M-Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar,
Maharashtra, India.
2Second Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CSMSS Chh. Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.
Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract -The study on P-Delta Analysis of Multi-Storey Building Using ETABS Software provides an essential understanding of
second-order effects in tall structures subjected to axial and lateral loads. This review critically analyzes the original research, which evaluates the influence of P-Delta effects on parameters such as storey displacement, drift, base shear, and overturning moments, using ETABS modeling for a G+24 building with and without shear walls. The paper emphasizes that neglecting P-Delta effects in design can lead to unsafe approximations, particularly for high-rise structures where geometric nonlinearity significantly impacts performance. Findings demonstrate that while linear static analysis underestimates deformation, P-Delta analysis provides more realistic behavior by accounting for secondary moments and deflections. The inclusion of shear walls effectively mitigates lateral displacements and storey drift, confirming their role in enhancing structural stiffness. This review concludes that integrating P-Delta effects and shear wall optimization in design software like ETABS is crucial for accurate seismic and gravity load response analysis, ensuring both safety and serviceability of high-rise buildings. Key Words: P-Delta effect, Second-order analysis, Shear wall, ETABS, Structural stability, Storey drift, Non-linear behaviour.
1.INTRODUCTION In the structural design of high-rise buildings, accurate prediction of lateral and vertical responses under seismic and wind loads is vital to ensure both safety and serviceability. Conventional linear static analysis, commonly used in engineering practice, assumes a linear relationship between loads and deformations; however, this simplification neglects second-order effects such as the P-Delta effect, which can significantly influence the stability of tall and slender structures. The P-Delta phenomenon, caused by the interaction between vertical loads (P) and lateral displacements (Δ), results in additional moments and deformations that, if ignored, may lead to underestimated structural responses and potential instability during extreme loading conditions. The evolution of computational tools such as ETABS has made it possible to perform sophisticated nonlinear geometric analyses that capture these second-order effects more realistically. Several studies have examined the influence of the P-Delta effect on reinforced concrete (RCC) and steel frame structures, emphasizing that the impact becomes increasingly significant as building height and slenderness ratio increase. Researchers such as Saheban Ali & Ajay Singh (2023), Yash Katare & Anubhav Rai (2023), and Bhavanishankar & Patil (2021) have reported that ignoring P-Delta effects can result in substantial discrepancies in storey displacement, drift, and base shear compared to linear analyses. Moreover, the introduction of shear walls as lateral load-resisting elements has been found to considerably enhance the stiffness of structures, thereby mitigating P-Delta-induced instability. This review paper focuses on the comparative evaluation of multi-storey buildings analyzed with and without considering P-Delta effects, and further investigates the effectiveness of incorporating shear walls to counteract these effects. The study synthesizes findings from previous works that employed analytical software such as ETABS, STAAD.Pro, and SAP2000, under various seismic conditions as per IS 1893:2016 and IS 875 (Part III):1987. Emphasis is given to parameters including storey displacement, drift ratio, base shear, and overturning moment, as these directly influence the overall stability and ductility of high-rise buildings. By consolidating and analyzing previous research, this review aims to highlight the critical necessity of incorporating second-order analysis into the design of high-rise structures and the advantages of using shear walls for improved performance. The discussion underscores the importance of adopting P-Delta analysis as a standard practice in modern structural design, particularly for tall buildings in seismic zones, to ensure greater safety margins, cost-effectiveness, and resilience.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of the P-Delta effect has evolved as an essential consideration in the nonlinear analysis of high-rise structures. Earlier studies primarily focused on first-order linear analysis; however, as building heights and slenderness increased, researchers began to emphasize the need to include second-order geometric effects to accurately predict structural behavior under combined gravity and lateral loads.
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