International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 11 | Nov 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Green Hydrogen: Sustainable Energy Future Yash Pal1 Dr. Meenal1 Preeti Bhandari2 1 Assistant professor, department of physics, Shri Khushal Das University, Rajasthan 2Research scholar, Department of Life sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Punjab
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Abstract
The transition toward sustainable energy remains one of the most pressing challenges of the modern era. Among various clean energy options, green hydrogen—produced through the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources—stands out as a viable alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This paper investigates the potential of green hydrogen across key sectors such as transportation, industrial manufacturing, electricity generation, and heating, highlighting its significance in lowering emissions from traditionally carbon-intensive domains. The discussion further reviews global policy initiatives and implementation strategies from regions including the European Union, Australia, Japan, the United States, and Canada, all of which are advancing the green hydrogen agenda. Major obstacles hindering widespread adoption include technological immaturity, limited infrastructure, high production costs, regulatory complexities, and societal acceptance. To fully harness the benefits of green hydrogen, this study recommends enhancing research and innovation, expanding infrastructure networks, reducing production and distribution costs, and establishing cohesive policy and regulatory support systems. Strengthening collaboration among governments, industries, and academic institutions will be critical in accelerating progress. Overcoming these barriers can position green hydrogen as a foundational pillar of the global clean energy transition, paving the way toward comprehensive decarbonization. Keywords: Green hydrogen, Sustainable energy, Decarbonization.
I. INTRODUCTION The global energy landscape is undergoing significant pressure due to the decline of fossil fuel resources, the rise in greenhouse gas emissions, and the growing demand for environmentally sustainable energy solutions. Addressing these challenges requires innovative pathways to facilitate a transition toward a low-carbon and energy-secure future. Among emerging solutions, hydrogen has gained prominence as a versatile and clean energy carrier capable of transforming conventional energy systems. It can be applied across multiple sectors—ranging from transportation and power generation to industrial operations—and produces only water as its byproduct, ensuring minimal environmental impact. Within various hydrogen production techniques, green hydrogen stands out as the most sustainable form, produced through the electrolysis of water powered by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. This carbon-free process aligns seamlessly with global decarbonization and climate mitigation objectives. This paper provides an overview of the technological progress, challenges, and prospects associated with green hydrogen. It further discusses its integration into current energy infrastructures and evaluates its potential contribution toward achieving a sustainable and resilient energy future.
II. GREEN HYDROGEN “Green hydrogen” refers to hydrogen produced via water electrolysis powered entirely by renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, or hydropower—which results in zero direct greenhouse gas emissions. By contrast: “Grey hydrogen” is derived from natural gas (primarily methane) through steam-methane reforming, which emits substantial CO₂ because the emissions are released into the atmosphere. “Blue hydrogen” uses the same basic process as grey hydrogen but adds carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to capture and store the CO₂ emissions, thereby reducing—but not eliminating—its carbon footprint. “Turquoise hydrogen” is produced through methane pyrolysis, a process that thermally decomposes methane to yield hydrogen and solid carbon instead of carbon dioxide. Since carbon is obtained in solid form rather than as CO₂ gas, this method offers the potential for reduced emissions. However, it remains an emerging technology, and its overall environmental impact depends on how the solid carbon by-product and energy requirements are managed.
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