International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Frequency Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Scheme with Adaptive Optimal Threshold Tuning Collins Iyaminapu Iyoloma1, Tamunotonye Sotonye Ibanibo2, Solomon Malcolm Ekolama3. 1, 2 &3 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
---------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract This paper proposes a Frequency Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (FQAM) scheme that integrates adaptive optimal finetuning with a hybrid approach combining Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The FQAM scheme is identified as a power conservation scheme and MATLAB simulations considering Power Spectral Density (PSD) plots are performed in comparison with the QAM and Amplitude Binary Phase Shift Keying (ABPSK). The result clearly shows that FQAM will consume the least amount of power followed by ABPSK and hence FQAM is more power efficient.
Keywords: Frequency, Modulation, Power, PSD, Simulations I.
Introduction
Early mobile radio systems, which relied on antennas mounted on tall towers, offered excellent coverage but were limited in their ability to reuse frequencies across the entire network due to interference issues. As government regulatory bodies were unable to allocate enough spectrum to meet the rapidly growing demand for mobile services, the cellular concept emerged as a groundbreaking solution to address challenges related to user capacity and spectrum congestion. This concept enabled a substantial increase in capacity within a constrained spectrum allocation, without the need for significant technological breakthroughs. The cellular approach fundamentally shifted from using a single, large coverage area powered by high-power transmitters to deploying multiple smaller cells, each served by low-power transmitters covering a portion of the overall service area [1]. Cellular radio systems depend on the strategic and efficient allocation and reuse of channels throughout the coverage area [2]. Each base station is allocated a specific group of radio channels to serve a defined geographic region known as a “cell,” which offers localized radio coverage. The design of a cell focuses on ensuring reliable service for the most distant or weakest mobile users, typically located near the cell’s boundaries. The process of assigning and organizing these channel groups for all the base stations (BS) within the network is defined Frequency Reuse [3]. From analog systems to LTE, each generation of mobile technology has developed as a response to the shortcomings of the one before it. For example, the shift from to 3G from 2G was largely motivated by the growing demand for mobile internet access on consumer devices. While 3G did introduce data connectivity, it wasn’t until the emergence of 3.5G that users experienced a significant improvement. The combination of mobile broadband and smartphones delivered a far more advanced mobile internet experience, laying the foundation for today’s app-driven digital landscape. Mobile broadband has transformed everyday life—enabling everything from social media and email to video and music streaming, and even the remote control of home appliances. These innovations, supported by both telecom operators and third-party service providers, have profoundly enhanced the way people interact with the world around them [4]. As a result, the emerging fifth-generation (5G) wireless access networks—designed to offer seamless, high-speed data connectivity—are expected to rely heavily on a dense deployment of smaller-sized base stations. While this strategy supports improved data rates and capacity, it also introduces a major challenge: increased inter-cell interference (ICI) [5]. Furthermore, The rapid increase in connected devices, along with the emergence of data-intensive applications like Ultra-High-Definition (UHD) multimedia streaming, has substantially heightened the demand for greater cell capacity and higher end-user data rates [6].
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