International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 09 | Sep 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Dual-Source Powertrain Strategies in Hybrid Mobility: Structural and Performance Comparison of Series and Parallel Hybrid Architectures with Insights into Plug-in Hybrids and Conventional EVs Mr. Akshay R. Khadse 1, Mr. Akash V. Katode2 1Assistant Professor, Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Technology and Research, Amravati, Maharashtra, India 2Deputy Manager, Myra Academy Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Abstract - Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in
(ICE) vehicles. Several categories of EV technologies currently exist, including Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). Each category offers unique advantages in terms of efficiency, sustainability, and emissions reduction, yet challenges remain that affect their practicality and adoption on a global scale. Despite their promise, battery-based EVs still face critical limitations that restrict widespread use. Among the most pressing issues are long charging times, limited driving ranges, high battery costs, and inadequate charging infrastructure in many regions. Users often experience sudden and unanticipated battery drain during journeys, creating concerns about being stranded without charging options—commonly referred to as range anxiety. Furthermore, frequent fast-charging cycles accelerate battery degradation, reducing efficiency and long-term reliability. These factors collectively pose barriers to consumer confidence and slow the global transition to full electric mobility.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as transitional technologies bridging the gap between conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles and fully Electric Vehicles (EVs). By combining electric propulsion with combustion engines, they offer enhanced efficiency, reduced emissions, and extended driving ranges. Among HEVs and PHEVs, the two dominant architectures series and parallel hybrids feature distinct structural designs and operational strategies that significantly influence performance outcomes. This study provides a comparative analysis of series and parallel architectures, focusing on energy conversion efficiency, power distribution, fuel economy, and adaptability to different driving conditions. The structural characteristics of each configuration are examined to underline their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability in real-world applications. Furthermore, the work extends the analysis by comparing HEVs and PHEVs with traditional EVs, evaluating key parameters such as acceleration, driving range, energy consumption, and environmental impact. While EVs excel with zero tailpipe emissions and simplified powertrains, HEVs and PHEVs mitigate range anxiety through dual power sources and, in the case of PHEVs, provide the advantage of external charging to extend electric-only operation. The comparative evaluation highlights trade-offs among efficiency, system complexity, cost, and sustainability. By integrating structural and performance perspectives, this article offers a comprehensive understanding of hybrid architectures relative to traditional EVs. The findings aim to inform researchers, engineers, and policymakers on future directions in sustainable vehicle development, supporting the evolution toward cleaner and more efficient transportation systems.
Nevertheless, the demand for electric and hybrid mobility continues to grow worldwide, fueled by stricter emission norms, government incentives, and increasing environmental awareness. Countries across Europe, North America, and Asia have announced ambitious electrification targets, while leading automotive manufacturers are heavily investing in hybrid and electric technologies. In this context, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have emerged as practical solutions that combine the benefits of electric propulsion with the reliability of conventional fuel-based systems. Unlike conventional HEVs, PHEVs allow external charging, enabling longer electric-only driving ranges while still retaining an internal combustion engine for extended trips. This dualsource powertrain not only mitigates range anxiety but also enhances fuel economy, reduces emissions, and provides greater adaptability across varying driving conditions. Hence, PHEVs serve as a critical bridge technology during the global transition toward fully electrified mobility.
Key Words: Electric Vehicle, Hybrid E-Vehicle, Series PHEVs, Parallel EHEVs, PHEVs, Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
1.INTRODUCTION The transportation sector is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, minimize dependence on fossil fuels, and develop sustainable mobility solutions. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained global attention as a cleaner alternative to conventional Internal Combustion Engine
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Central to PHEVs are the architectural strategies used in their design, primarily the series and parallel hybrid architectures. In a series PHEV, the internal combustion
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