VEHICLE SAFETY SUITE
Mrs. S. S. Kolhe1 , Gosavi Maithilee Atul2, Gomase Gayatri Bhaskar3, Gore Deepti Dattatray4
1 Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering
2,3,4 Research Scholars, Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering
1,2,3,4 Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner, A.Nagar, MH
Abstract This paper presents the design and implementation of a comprehensive Vehicle Safety Suite aimed at enhancing passenger safety in public transportation systems. The proposed system integrates multiplesensorsandcontrolmechanismstomonitorcritical parameters such as engine temperature, fire occurrence, vehicle speed, and emergency exit access. Central to the system is the ESP32 microcontroller, which enables realtime data processing, wireless communication, and autonomous response execution. In the event of abnormalitiessuchasoverheating,fire,oroverspeeding,the system activates appropriate safety protocols including alarms, SMS alerts via GSM, GPS-based location tracking, automatic fire suppression, and emergency door control. A stable power supply with voltage regulation and battery backup ensures continuous operation even during power failures. The system also includes a user interface for monitoring and manual control, as well as event logging for post-incident analysis. The replacement of the Atmega 328P with the ESP32 results in improved efficiency, reduced hardware complexity, and better scalability. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s ability to provide timely responses, increase situational awareness, and enhance overall safety, making it a viable solution for deployment in modernintelligenttransportationinfrastructures.
Keywords- Vehicle Safety, ESP32 Microcontroller, Fire Detection,Real-TimeMonitoring,EmergencyResponse
I. INTRODUCTION
Rapidurbanizationandexponentialgrowthinvehicular traffic have led to persistent traffic congestion and a corresponding rise in accidents within public transportationsystems worldwide [1].Ensuring passenger safetyinsuchenvironmentsisparamount,necessitatingthe development of advanced vehicle safety solutions that can monitor,detect,andrespondtohazardsinrealtime[2],[3].
Conventional safety mechanisms often rely on manual intervention or simplistic alert systems, which may delay critical responses during emergencies such as fires, engine overheating,oroverspeeding[4],[5].
To address these challenges, the Vehicle Safety Suite integrates multiple sensors and intelligent control units to provide comprehensive safety management tailored for public transport vehicles [6]. Central to this system is the ESP32 microcontroller, which offers enhanced processing power alongside embedded Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules, enablingseamlessdatacollection,real-timeprocessing,and wireless communication [7], [8]. Compared to legacy
controllers such as the Atmega 328P, the ESP32 reduces system complexity by eliminating the need for additional communication modules and supports scalable safety features[9],[10].
Key safety parameters monitored by the suite include engine temperature, vehicle speed, and fire detection through dedicated sensors [11]. Engine temperature monitoring is crucial to prevent overheating, which can cause mechanical failure or fire hazards, while the fire sensor detects smoke or flames inside the cabin to trigger immediate countermeasures [12], [13].Additionally, speed encoders ensure the vehicle maintains safe operating speeds,reducingaccidentriskslinkedtooverspeeding[14].
The Vehicle Safety Suite is designed to provide autonomous safety responses. Upon detecting unsafe conditions, it activates audible alarms via buzzers, automatically deploys fire suppression mechanisms, and unlocks emergency exits through servo motor control for rapid evacuation [15], [16]. Furthermore, an emergency exit switch allows passengers to manually trigger safety protocols, sending alerts and opening exits to facilitate promptevacuation[17].
Location tracking and communication capabilities are vitalcomponentsofthesystem.TheintegratedGPSmodule provides real-time location data, while the GSM module transmits emergency alerts and coordinates to designated contacts or control centers, enabling swift emergency response [18], [19]. Additionally, the ESP32’s Wi-Fi functionalitysupportsremotemonitoringofvehiclestatus, allowing fleet operators and safety personnel to oversee vehiclehealthandrespondproactively[20].
Power reliabilityiscritical for uninterruptedoperation, particularly during vehicle power failures or emergencies [21]. The system employs a Lithium-Polymer (Li-Po) batterywithadedicatedchargingcircuittomaintainpower backup [22]. Voltage regulation and protection circuits, including LM7805 regulators and diode configurations, ensurestablevoltagesupply,preventdamagefromvoltage spikes, and protect against reverse polarity, safeguarding thesensitiveelectronics[23],[24].
In summary, the Vehicle Safety Suite presents a robust, multi-layered safety solution designed to enhance passenger protection, reduce accident risks, and improve emergency responsiveness in public transportation. By
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leveraging modern microcontroller capabilities, sensor integration, and wireless communication, this system represents a significant advancement in vehicle safety technology[25],[26].
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Increasing vehicle-related accidents and delayed emergency responses highlight the urgent need for an integrated,real-timevehiclesafetysystemthatcanmonitor critical parameters and automate safety actions to protect passengersandreducerisks[1],[3].
III. OBJECTIVE
1. Todesignareal-timemonitoringsystemforcritical vehicleparameters.
2. To implement automated safety responses for fire andoverheatingincidents.
3. To enable emergency communication via GSM alerts.
4. To provide GPS-based vehicle tracking during emergencies.
5. To enhance passenger safety with automated emergencyexitcontrols.
IV. LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Title: Real-Time Vehicle Safety Monitoring System Using IoT
Authors: S.Kumar,R.Gupta,andP.Singh
Journal: International Journal of Advanced ResearchinComputerScience,2020
Observations:
This paper presents an IoT-based vehicle safety monitoringsystemthattracksenginetemperature, speed, and fuel levels in real-time. It uses sensors interfacedwithamicrocontrollertosendalertsvia GSM and cloud services. The system showed improved response times in detecting vehicle anomalies but lacked an automatic fire suppression feature. The study emphasized the importance of real-time data transmission for accidentprevention[1].
2. Title: Design and Implementation of an Embedded Fire Detection and Suppression System for Vehicles
Authors: M.A.Khan,N.Ahmed
Journal: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2019
Observations:
This work focuses on integrating fire detection with an automatic extinguisher in vehicles. Using smokesensorsandflamedetectorsinterfacedwith an ARM Cortex microcontroller, the system
effectively detects fire hazards and activates suppression mechanisms automatically. Experimental results demonstrated significant reduction in fire damage and improved passenger safety.However,thestudydidnotincorporateGPS trackingoremergencycommunication[2].
3. Title: A Comprehensive Safety System for Public Transport Vehicles Using ESP32 Microcontroller
Authors: L.Zhao,J.Wang,andK.Lee
Journal: Journal of Transportation Safety & Security,2021
Observations:
This research utilizes the ESP32 microcontroller for a multi-sensor vehicle safety system that monitors speed, engine health, and passenger safety. The built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth of ESP32 enabled seamless data transfer to remote servers. The system also allowed remote monitoring via a mobile app, enhancing fleet management. The paper highlights the ESP32’s advantage over traditional microcontrollers for integrated safety solutions[3].
4. Title: GPS and GSM Based Vehicle Tracking and Alert System
Authors: P.RoyandS.Das
Journal: International Journal of Computer Applications,2018
Observations:
This paper describes a vehicle tracking system combining GPS and GSM modules to provide location-based alerts. It sends SMS notifications duringemergenciessuchasaccidentsortheft.The system was tested on a fleet of vehicles and showed reliable tracking and quick alert dispatch. However, the system’s safety functions were limited to tracking and alerting without onboard sensorintegration[4].
5. Title: Emergency Exit Automation and Passenger Safety in Public Transport Vehicles
Authors: A.R.Patel,S.Desai
Journal: IEEEAccess,2022
Observations:
The study explores the design of automated emergency exits controlled by sensor inputs and user commands. It uses servo motors for door actuation and integrates emergency switches accessible to passengers. The system was evaluated in a bus prototype, showing improved evacuation times during emergency drills. The authorsrecommendedintegratingthissystemwith other vehicle safety modules for comprehensive protection[5].
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V. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Figure1:BlockDiagram
TheproposedVehicleSafetySuitesystemisdesignedto continuously monitor the vehicle’s critical safety parameters, detect potential hazards in real time, and automatically initiate preventive or corrective actions to ensure passengersafety. The system’sarchitecturecenters aroundtheESP32microcontroller,whichactsasthebrain, managing inputs from various sensors and controlling outputdevicesaccordingly.
1. Sensor Data Acquisition and Monitoring
The system incorporates multiple sensors strategically placed to collect vital information about the vehicle's operationalstatusandenvironment:
Engine Temperature Sensor: This sensor constantly measures the engine’s temperature. If the temperature crosses a predefined safety threshold indicating overheating, the ESP32 triggersanalertandactivatescoolingmechanisms ornotifiesthedrivertopreventenginedamageor firehazards.
Fire Sensor (Smoke/Flame Detection): Installed inthevehiclecabinandenginecompartments,the fire sensor detects smoke particles or flames. On detection, the system immediately sounds an audible alarm and prepares the fire suppression systemforactivation.
Speed Encoder: Thissensormonitorsthevehicle’s speed in real-time. If the vehicle exceeds the safe
speed limit, the system issues warnings to the driverandcanlogtheincidentforlateranalysis.
Emergency Exit Switch: This manual switch allows passengers to initiate an emergency evacuationprocedure.Whenpressed,itsignalsthe ESP32 to unlock or open emergency doors via servo motors and simultaneously sends an emergencyalertthroughtheGSMmodule.
2. Data Processing and Decision Making
TheESP32microcontrollercontinuouslypollsdatafrom these sensors. Using predefined thresholds and logical
conditions programmed into its firmware, it evaluates whether any parameters indicate a hazardous condition. Forexample:
If engine temperature > threshold → trigger coolingalert.
If fire sensor detects smoke/flame → initiate fire suppression.
Ifspeed>speedlimit→issueoverspeedwarning.
If emergency exit switch pressed → activate emergencyexit.
This real-time processing enables the system to act immediatelyupondetectingunsafeconditions.
3. Safety Actions and Alerts
Upon detecting any safety violation, the system performsmultiplecoordinatedactions:
Audible Alarm: A buzzer is activated to immediatelyalertthedriverandpassengersabout thehazard(fire,overheating,oroverspeeding).
Automatic Fire Suppression: If fire is detected, the system activates a fire extinguisher installed nearcriticalzones(e.g.,enginecompartment).The
Research
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extinguisher releases extinguishing agents to suppressflamesbeforetheyspread.
Emergency Exit Control: When the emergency exit switch is engaged, servo motors unlock or open emergency doors, facilitating rapid evacuation.
Remote Notification via GSM: Critical events prompttheESP32tosendSMSalertswithincident detailsandGPSlocationtoemergencycontactsora central monitoring center. This facilitates quick responsefromemergencyservices.
4. Location Tracking and Remote Monitoring
The integrated GPS module constantly tracks the vehicle’slocation.Thisdataissentalongwithalertstohelp responders locate the vehicle swiftly during emergencies. Additionally,theESP32’sWi-Ficapabilitiescanbeusedfor continuous remote monitoring through cloud platforms or mobile apps, allowing fleet operators to oversee vehicle healthandsafetystatusinrealtime.
5. Power Management
The entire system is powered by a reliable LithiumPolymer(Li-Po)batterywithanintegratedchargingcircuit. This ensures uninterrupted operation even when the vehicle’s main power supply is unavailable, especially criticalduringpoweroutagesoraccidents.
6. User Interface and Feedback
A simple onboard display provides real-time feedback to the driver, showing data such as engine temperature, current speed, GPS coordinates, and system status. It also allows manual override functions like disabling alarms or activating the fire extinguisher in case of false alarms or specialcircumstances.
Additionally, the system logs all safety events with timestamps.Theselogshelpindiagnosingrecurringissues andimprovingthesystem’seffectivenessovertime.
VI. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Figure3:HardwareInterface
The Vehicle Safety Suite system was developed and tested under various simulated conditions to evaluate its effectiveness in detecting hazards and initiating safety protocols. The primary focus was on real-time monitoring accuracy, response time, and the reliability of automatic safetyactions.
During testing, the system successfully monitored criticalparameterssuchasenginetemperature,presenceof fire, vehicle speed, and emergency exit activation. The ESP32 microcontroller processed sensor inputs with minimal delay, triggering alarms and notifications almost instantaneouslywhenthresholdswerebreached.
The fire detection sensor accurately sensed smoke and flames in simulated fire scenarios, activating the buzzer alarm and fire suppression mechanism promptly. The emergencyexitswitchenabledquickunlockingofthedoor via servo motors, allowing safe evacuation. The GSM module reliably sent SMS alerts containing GPS location data to predefined emergency contacts, ensuring timely communicationduringincidents.
The system's Li-Po battery backup maintained continuous operation during simulated power failures, demonstrating robustness in emergency conditions. The onboard display providedclear, real-time data feedback to thedriver,enhancingsituationalawareness.
The following table summarizes key observations and responsetimesduringdifferenttestscenarios:
Figure2:CircuitDiagram
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Overspeed Detection Speed Encoder Buzzer alarm+ SMSalert
Emergency Exit Activation
Emergenc yExit Switch Door unlocked viaservo +SMS alert
120
Overspeed warning immediate, SMSsent reliably
180 Door unlocked swiftly, emergency notification sent
Power Failure Simulation Battery Backup Continuo us operation maintaine d N/A System remained operational without interruption
Discussion:
The results indicate that the proposed Vehicle Safety Suite effectively enhances safety through timely detection and response to multiple hazard conditions. The ESP32 microcontroller’s fast processing and integrated communication modules contribute significantly to reducingthereactiontime.Thisrapidresponsecapabilityis crucial in preventing accidents and minimizing damage or injury.
Furthermore, the integration of automatic fire suppression and emergency exit control demonstrates the system’s potential for autonomous safety management without relying solely on human intervention. The reliable GSM communication ensures that emergency responders receive vital information promptly, which can improve rescueandrecoveryoutcomes.
PowerbackupthroughtheLi-Pobatteryensuressystem availability even in adverse conditions, an important feature for safety-critical systems. The system’s modular designallowseasyadaptationforvariousvehicletypesand expansionwithadditionalsensorsifneeded.
In conclusion, the Vehicle Safety Suite provides a comprehensive safety solution that addresses multiple risks faced by modern vehicles, especially in public transportsettingswherepassengersafetyisparamount.
VII. CONCLUSION
The Vehicle Safety Suite project successfully demonstrates the integration of advanced sensor technologies and realtime processing to enhance vehicular safety comprehensively. By leveraging the capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller, the system efficiently monitors critical parameters such as engine temperature, fire detection, vehicle speed, and emergency exit status, responding instantly to potential hazards. The inclusion of automaticfiresuppression,audiblealarms,andemergency communication via GSM modules ensures timely
intervention and communication during emergencies, thereby significantly reducing the risk of accidents and improving passenger safety. The system’s reliable power management with Li-Po battery backup guarantees uninterrupted operation even during power failures, underscoring its robustness in critical situations. The results indicate that the proposed system not only improves safety response times but also facilitates remote monitoring,makingitascalableandadaptablesolutionfor modern public transportation vehicles. Overall, the Vehicle Safety Suite embodies a proactive approach to vehicle safety, promising to enhance passenger protection and instillgreaterconfidenceinpublictransitsystems.
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