International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 05 | May 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
NON-LINEAR BAHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF T-BEAM BRIDGE GIRDER AT DIFFERENT SPAN LEVELS Shirish Hanmant Kadam1, P. J. Salunke2 1PG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Mission’s College of Engineering and Technology
(MGMCET), Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2Head of Department, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and
Technology (MGMCET), Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract – The non-linear behavior of reinforced concrete
linear modelling techniques. Bridge design and analysis in India are governed by the Indian Roads Congress (IRC) loading standards. Among these, the IRC Class AA Tracked Vehicle Loading and Class 70R Wheeled Loading are the most critical for evaluating the performance of highway.
T-Beam bridge girders plays a critical role in the accurate assessment of their load-carrying capacity and failure mechanisms. This study investigates the non-linear response of T-Beam bridge girders under different live loads condition specified in the Indian Road Congress (IRC) codes, particularly the class AA tracked vehicle and Class 70R wheeled loadings. Through finite element modeling and non-linear static analysis, the structural response is evaluated in terms of moment-curvature relationships, crack propagation, stress redistribution and ultimate capacity. Emphasis is placed on material and geometric non-linearity to simulate realistic structural behavior under service and ultimate loads. The analysis provides insight into the influence of loadings types on the failure modes and performance of bridge girders, aiding in enhanced design and safety evaluation procedures. Key Words: Non-linear analysis, T-beam bridge girder, IRC Class AA Tracked Loadings, IRC Class 70R Wheeled Loadings, Crack propagation, Load redistribution.
1.INTRODUCTION Fig.1: T-Beam Bridge Girders
T-Beam bridge girders are commonly adopted superstructure type in reinforced concrete bridge design due to their structural efficiency, constructability and economic feasibility. These beams are characterized by monolithic integration of slab and beams resulting in improved stiffness and strength. However, traditional linear analysis methods often fail to capture the true behavior of such systems under extreme loadings or failure conditions. Thus, the non-linear behaviour analysis of T-beam bridge girders has become essential for accurate prediction of structural response, particularly in the context of ultimate strength, crack propagation, plastic hinge formation, and failure modes.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ANALYSIS Nonlinear behavior analysis plays a crucial role in assessing the structural response of T-beam bridge girders, especially when subjected to complex loading conditions at varying span levels. T-beam girders, widely used in bridge construction for their composite behavior and structural efficiency, exhibit significant nonlinear characteristics under load, including cracking, plastic deformations, and stiffness degradation. These effects are more pronounced at longer spans where flexural and shear demands increase. At shorter spans, local failures and early cracking are the dominant concerns, necessitating detailed nonlinear modeling to capture the true behavior and ensure safety and serviceability under operational and extreme events.
Non-linear analysis incorporates both material and geometric nonlinearity, which are crucial for understanding the inelastic behaviour of reinforced concrete under high stress or deformation. In practice, concrete exhibits nonlinear stress-strain characteristics beyond its proportional limit, especially under compression and tension, while steel reinforcement behaves plastically after yielding. These complex interactions between concrete and steel, as well as the redistribution of internal forces, demand robust non-
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The application of nonlinear analysis allows engineers to simulate real-world loading scenarios and predict performance beyond elastic limits. For example, studies involving dynamic or seismic loading on bridge girders
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