this is
your book
ch unit
f ea The opening pages o
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Reading We read about the contributions of women in the development of the sciences, and discover some of the difficulties they had to overcome.
We speak about the different issues that will be learnt about throughout the unit.
Speaking quality most important curiosity is the a young age For Ada Yonath, 2 says that from a scientist. She her. necessary to be ng she saw around to explain everythi she was curious a scientist to Discuss with a partner: nt qualities for importa most a) What are the
The Organisation of the human BODY
have? ? any of these qualities other b) Do you have those needed in different from c) Are these qualities subject areas? and encouraged qualities be inspired would you change d) How can these education? What within scientific within science classes?
s by nature
Ada Yonath. Curiou
I And believe me, , you must be curious. years old, I tried To be a scientist was five curious! When I arm! have always been nt and broke my of our apartme to find out the height m, Israel born in Jerusale Yonath and I was so I had to work My name is Ada money, much never had I babysat, in 1939. My family private classes, to study: I gave me a lot to be able hard, but it gave ry lab... It was I cleaned the chemist in secret, so I can’t to learn and research the opportunity . I complain. er was amazing as a research le: impossib Starting my career seemed that in something they was interested like and how ribosomes looked DNA discovering what for decoding the es are responsible proteins. But worked. Ribosom build to them and using know. instructions in cells structure? We didn’t their was what exactly crystals involves creating technique that that I specialise in a The problem was them using x-rays. We and observing extremely easily. we made broke the ribosome crystals one day, we found ng crystals until, that we spent years destroyi strong enough ribosome crystals a way to make e in detail. structur their ry, could observe Prize in Chemist me the 2009 Nobel won y much discover matter This While prizes don’t be used among other awards. discovery can proud that my to me, I’m really and develop new ribosomes of bacteria s. to attack the against infection winning the fight antibiotics to keep so work about having to Ada complain 1 a) Why won’t was younger? hard when she es do? b) What do Ribosom ribosome crystals difficult to observe c) Why was it using x-rays?
The audios of each unit’s content are available at www.anayaeducacion.es
Speaking
I think the most important quality of a scientist is to be patient.
We could encourage patience by doing morea experiments that last longer amount of time.
Writing An interview ture y of how to manufac Yonath’s discover other inventions 3 Similar to Ada there are many
e crystals, stronger ribosom nding of the human improve our understa and write that have helped n or technique medical inventio (s). body. Choose any with their inventor an imaginary interview Include: to solve they were trying it took ➜ What problem n and how long ed their inventio ➜ How they develop them to discover ➜ What it allowed the process How they felt about
GE BANK GE BANK LANGUA LANGUA BANK GE NK GE BANK GE BA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA BANK 29 GE BANK GE NK GE BANK GE BA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA BANK NK BA GE NK GE UAGE BA LANGUA LANGUA ➜
LANG
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Writing We write a variety of different styles and types of text about a subject matter in the unit. By practising different styles of writing, we will improve the writing skills we need to do well in our studies. Focus on English Do you think Biology and Geology and English have anything in common? Discover how language, biology and geology are linked so you can learn them together.
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 2.3 The cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the part of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane.
The cytoplasm is formed from a thick, aqueous liquid called cytosol. Cytosol contains different substances and cell organelles. Cytosol is composed of 70-80 % water and 30-20 % other substances that are dissolved or suspended* within it. These substances include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, mineral salts and ions. It is where many of the cell’s vital chemical reactions take place.
2.4 Cell organelles
F ocus on English The phrase to be suspended in something is a technical phrase meaning that something floats within liquid or air without moving. A similar meaning for to suspend is something that is attached to a high place so that it hangs down. Alternatively to suspend can also be used to mean to stop someone from going to school or work for a short time, especially if they have broken the rules.
5.3 The internal environment One characteristic of multicellular organisms, like human beings, is that most of their cells are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that they cannot exchange substances (gases, nutrients, waste, etc.) with it, as unicellular organisms do. To solve this problem, they have developed an internal environment.
The internal environment is the fluid that bathes all the organism’s cells. It is connected to the external environment by the blood. Cells take the nutrients and oxygen they need from the internal environment, and discharge the waste they produce into it.
Cell organelles are structures that are immersed in the cytoplasm and perform specific functions, like organs.
Non-membranous organelles
Homeostasis is all the physiological processes that keep the internal environment stable. The organism achieves this balance thanks to its different organs and systems. This process of regulation prevents changes in the internal environment that would be fatal for cells.
ORGANISM
Blood
Ribosomes are small particles that synthesise proteins. They can either be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or scattered around the cytoplasm.
2
the
it
The What If What would happen to our bodies if the internal environment didn’t exist? Learn how to apply this thinker’s key at anayaeducacion.es.
Technology
REATE The human body and its systems often offer inspiration to robotics designers. Use one of the systems of the human body as inspiration to design a plan for a sensor system.
CO2
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Working with pictures
Waste Urine and sweat
Look at the diagram showing how the internal environment works. Based on this diagram, write a description of how food, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste are exchanged between the internal environment and the external environment.
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The icons included with some activities indicate the keys to the project.
cells
O2
Waste The cytoskeleton is a network of fibres that holds the organelles in place and gives the cell its shape. It also plays a part in cell movements (it forms cilia and flagella).
for
b) It provides thermal insulation.
Tissue cells
Internal environment
Look at the photo of the cell. What cell structure is coloured green? Describe what you can see in the photo.
a) It acts as a vehicle substance exchange.
C
Food
Nutrients
Nutrients
Working with pictures
does the internal environment perform?
c) It protects surrounds.
External environment
Centrioles are two fibre-based cylinders that direct the movement of the cytoskeleton and the chromosomes during cell division.
Understand, think, search... 1 Which of the following functions
Homeostasis
There are two types of organelles: non-membranous organelles and membranous organelles.
Working with pictures Develop your abilities to observe and interpret pictures.
Create
Unit 1
2 THE HUMAN CELL
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Understand, think, search...
In this section we create a crosscurricular project that joins Biology and Geology with other subjects. Have you ever thought that Biology and Geology could be joined with visual arts to improve your creative skills? Visual aids to support your understanding of the contents.
Activities that expand on the contents and inspire curiosity about scientific investigation.
KEY
PROJECT
SDG
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SDG Commitment Discover the Sustainable Development Goals and be an active part of our commitment to make a more equal and liveable world.
Developing thinking Work on strategies for thinking: reflect on the content you are learning, generate ideas, organise them, debate them, explain them…
Cooperative learning Get involved in your learning and participate in the group’s learning; you will find that cooperating improves performance and harmony in the class.
Emotional education Get to know yourself; identify the situations that bring up complicated emotions and manage them with constructive, self-affirming experiences.
