URC 1996 98 Law by UR Scholarship Repository

University of Richmond Bull et in Volume XCVIll February 1997, Number 1

USPS 652-160

Second-class postage paid by University of Richmond, Virgini a 23173 . Published by the University of Richmond four times a year: on ce in February, once in April, once in Ju ne and once in August.

Non-Discrimination Policy

The University of Richmond do es not discriminate on the basis of se x , religion, age, handicap, race, col or or national origin. Any inquiries re garding the University's policies in the se areas should be directed to the Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, University of Richmond , Virginia 23173 . Telephone: (804) 289-8032 .

Disclaimer

The contents of this bulletin re p resent the most current information available at the time of publication. Ho w ever, during the period of time cov ered by this bulletin, it is reasonable to expect changes to be made with resp e ct to this information without prior noti ce. Thus, the provisions of this bulletin are not to be regarded as an irrevocable con tract between the University (or an y of its colleges or schools) and the stu dent.

UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND SCHOOLOF LAW

R:!Cfuv!OND

ACADEMICCALENDAR,1996-97

SUMMER SESSION 1996

Apr. 17-Apr. 28 ........... Touchtone Registration period

Apr. 29-May 21, Mon.-Tues ... Late registration , Registrar 's Office

ACADEMIC CALENDARS

4 • Academic Calendars

May 20, Mon. ......... Three-and eight-week classes begin

June 7, Fri .... Three-week session last clay of classes

June 8, Sat.

Jun e 8, Sat.

Three-week session examination s

Three-week session ends

July 5, Fri. .. .... Eight-week session last day of classes

July 8-12, Mon.-Fri. Eight-week session examination s

Jul y 12, Fri. .. .... Eight-week sess ion ends

Aug. 21, Wed ......................... Summer Diploma Dat e

SUMMER PROGRAM ABROAD

July 7-Aug. 10

July 6-Aug. 10

.... Cambridge University , England ................... Caracas , Venezuela

(Co ur se offerings are taught b y Un ive rs ity o f Ric hm o nd law faculty, Cami ,ridge U ni vers ity la w fac ulty. and Ve n ezue la n la w faculty.)

FALL SEMESTER 1996

Aug. 21, Wed.

Late March ...

Aug. 26 , Mon.

Sept. 1, Sun ............... .

Sept. 2 , Mon.

Sept. 2, Mon.

Sept. 8, Sun ..

Sept. 13, Fri.

Oct. 11, Fri.

Oct. 16, Wed.

.... Orientation (n ew students)

.. Registration

..... Classes b eg in , 8:30 a.m .

..... No -fee acid/ drop period e nd s

Fee acid/ drop p e riod b eg ins

..... Labor Da y (classes m eet)

.... Acid p e riod and audit option ends No-record drop period e nds , 5:00 p.111.

..... Last clay for third-year s tud e nts to file for degree

. Last clay to withdraw from class

..... Fall Break begins after las t class- years 1 and 3 only.

.... Classes Resume

Oct. 21-Nov. 3, Mon.-Wecl ..... Spring te rm regi stration for conti nuing

Nov. 26, Tues

Dec. 2, Mon ..

Dec. 6 , Fri .....

Dec. 7-8 , Sat.-Sun.

Dec. 9-20, Mon.-Fri.

Dec. 20, Fri.

SPRING SEMESTER 1997

students

.. Thanksgiving holidays b eg in after classes

Classes res ume

..... Last clay of class es

Study per iod

. Fall term examinations

Fall term ends

Jan. 13, Mon. ........... Registration for new and re-ent ering students

Jan. 13, Mon.

Jan. 19, Sun.

..... Classes begin

... o-fee acid/ drop period ends

Jan. 19, Sun. ....... ... ..... Acid per iod and aud it option end s

Jan. 20 , Mon. .. ... Fee acid/ drop period begins

Jan. 31, Fri. . ........... .. .... No-record drop period ends, 5:00 p.rn.

Feb 28, Fri. . ........... Last clay to withd raw from class

Mar. 7, Fri..... ........... Spring vacation begins after last class

Mar. 17, Mon ........... .. .......... .. Classes resume

Apr.25 Fri. .. Last clay of classes

Apr.26-27, Sat.-Sun. Study period

Apr.28-\1ay 9, Mon.-Fri ......... Sp rin g term ex aminations

May9, Fri. . Spring term e nds

~lay10. Sat. . Law School Spring Commencement ~lay11. Sun. .. Un iversity Baccalaur ea te Service

ACADEMICCALENDAR, 1997-98

SUMME R SESSION 1997

TheSummer School Ca lendar for 1997 wi ll b e announced during th e fall 1996term.

FALLSEMESTER 1997

Aug.20. We d. .................. Orientation ( n ew students) lateMarch.. .. .... Reg istration

Aug.25. Mon............... .. Classes begin

Aug.31.Sun. No- fee aclcl / clrop period ends

Sept.1. \ Ion .............. ........... Fee a clcl / clrop p e riod b eg ins

Sept.1, -vlo n. ............. Labor Day (classes m eet)

Sep t. 7. Sun. . .. ... Acid p e riod and audit op tion e nd s

Sept.12. Fri. .. No- reco rd drop period e nds , 5:00 p.m.

Sept.12, Fri. Last clay for third-y ea r students to file for d eg ree

Oct. 10. Fri. . ................. Las t clay to w ithdraw from clas s

Oct.10, Fri. ...... Fall Break b eg ins after last cla ss- years 1 and 3 o nl y.

Oct. 16, Wed. . Classes Res um e

Oct.20-28,Mon.-Tues. Spring te rm reg istrati o n for continuing students

\ov. 25 Tues. Thank sg ivin g h o lidays begin after class es

Dec.1, Mon ................. ...... Classes res ume

Dec.5, Fri .. Last clay of clas ses

Dec.6--. Sat.-Sun. ... .. .. Study p e riod

Dec.8-19, Mon -Fri. .. .. Fa ll term examinations

Dec.19. Fri. .... Fall term e nd s SPRINGSEMESTER 1998

Jan.12.Mon.

Registration for new and re- e ntering students

Jan . 12,Mo n. ... Class s begin

Jan.18. Sun. .................. No-fee aclcl / clrop period e nds

Jan.19, \Io n. .. ....... Fee add / drop period begins

Jan . 25, Sun. .. ......... Acid p e riod and a udit opt ion ends

Jan.30,Fri .. No-record drop p e riod ends , 5:00 p.m.

Feb.27, Fri. ................ Last clay to withdraw from class

liar. 6,Fri. .. . ... Spring vacation begins after last class .liar.16. Mon. ........ .. .... .. Classes resum e

Apr.24, Fri. .... . ....... Last clay of classes

Apr.25-26, Sat.-Sun ............... Study period

Apr.27-May 8, Mon .-Fri. ....... Spring term exam inations ~8fu S · cl

\lay9: Sa~.:::::::: :::::::..... :: L~;n:c~~:; ;;ri~g Commencement .llano, Sun......... ... University Baccalaureate Service

*Each term the Registrar publishes a detailed academ ic calendar to inform the University co nu1rnn ity of time schedu les and deadlines. Dates shown h e re are s ubject to change .

Academic Calendars • 5

9 THE TC. WILLIAMS SCHOOLOF LAW

History

The Un ivers ity o f Richm o nd o rig in a te d 101830 an d a d ecade la te r was ch a rte re d asRichmo nd College, an in stituti o n o f libera l ans an d sc ie n ces . Th e Law Sch oo l was establishe d w ithin th e co lle g e in 1870 . In 1890the famil y o f th e late T C. Willia m s , i·ho had bee n a d evo te d a nd va lu e d

tru stee , d o nat e d $25,000 as th e nucl e u s of an e nd ow m ent for th e Law Sch oo l. In recog nition o f this g ift, th e sch oo l was n a m e d The TC William s Sch oo l o f Law . At va rio u s tim es th e sch oo l ha s rece ive d furth e r ge n ero u s g ifts fro m m e mb e rs o f Mr. William s ' fa mil y. A sub s ta ntial g ift ca m e th ro u g h a be qu es t fro m TC. Willia m s , Jr.

Th e law School • 13

who, like his father , was long a trustee of Richmond College, and for 20 years was the chairman of the Executive Committee of th e Board of Trustees. The largest of these gifts was received in 1952 by bequest from A. D. Williams, another son of T.C. Williams.

In 1976, George E. Allen, Jr. , Ashby B. Allen, and Wilbur C. Allen provided the initial endowment for the school 's first chair, the George E. Allen Chair. They and other members of the Allen family have added to this endowment fund in recent years.

The T.C. Williams School of Law is an integral part of the University of Richmond. The University Senate, on which sit representatives of all the faculties , provides for intercollegiate cooperation. Ultimate authority is vested in th e Board of Trustees and the president of the University. The degrees in law are conferred by the corporation of the University of Richmond. While possessing a proud tradition , the Law School continues to keep pace with the changing methods of legal education in order to prepare its graduates for the practice of law in today 's society.

Accreditation

The Law School is fully accredited by the recognized standardizing agencies in the United States. It is a member of the Association of American Law Schools; it is on the approved lists of the American Bar Association and the Virginia State Board of Bar Examiners; and its Juris Doctor degree is fully accredited by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Although each state has its own requirements for admission to the bar, a law degree from the Law School qualifies the holder to seek admission to the bar of any state in the nation.

The University of Richmond is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Location

The University of Richmond campus consists of 350 acres located about six miles west of the center of the city of Richmond, Virginia . The Law School building , of Collegiate Gothic architecture, was originally opened in 1954; it was enlarged in 1972 and 1981. In 1991 the building wa s significantly expanded, renovated , an d refurbished. The Law School buildin g p rovides modern and technically equipp e d classrooms, seminar rooms , a law lib rary, a courtroom, faculty offices and stu dy, administrative offices , student loun ges, and offices for the Law Review and n u merous other student organizations.

Richmond, the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, is where the \ 1rginia General Assembly holds its annual sessions and the Supreme Court of Virginia sits.The Federal District Comt for the Eastern District of Virginia and the United States Coult of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit also hold regular terms here. In addition , the State Corporation Commission, the In du strial Commission, and many federal adm inistrative agencies hold hearings in th e city. Washington , D.C. , where the United States Supreme Court sits, is only abou t a twohour drive away. Thus, students find, in addition to the formal law school program , unsurpassed opportunities for ob servation of the legal process at work in varic 1s legislative , judicial , and administrativ e depa11ments of the local, state, and fed eral governn1ents.

Purpose of the University

The University of Richmond is an independent, privately-endowed institution of higher education that provides a comprehensive academic program for men a11cl women. It offers the intimacy o f a small university and the diverse educati onal opportunities that derive from und ergraduate degree programs in the liberal arts 111 d sci-

ences , tn business, and in leadership studies , as w e ll as graduate and professional programs in law , business, and se lected areasof the ar ts and sciences. The University alsoprovides a variety of credit and continuin g e ducation programs to the large r commun ity. Relate d to th e Baptist General Association of Virginia , the University affi1111s its com mitm e nt to serve individuals of allfaiths and persuasion s, without regard to race, sex, age, di sab ility, or national origin.

T1.1eeducation al objectives of the University are:

- ro cultivate in st udents the interest , capacity, and skills ne cessa 1y for indep e ndent inte llec tu a l inquiry and life-long learning

- to con vey to s tudent s a repr ese ntativ e po1tion of that body of knowl e dge that has accu mulated and endured through thehisto 1y of cultures

- to enco urage and aid students in the d evelopm e nt of basic b e liefs , values, and attitude s

- toassist student s in selecting and preparingfor ca reers and for study in graduate andpro fessional schools

- to foster in students p e rsonal habits that contribute to health and physical fitness

Inorder to achieve these objectives, the University is committed to:

• aneducational environment conducive to thedevelopment of the whole person intellectually, socially, spiritually, physically , and n ora lly

· an academic setting that guarantees and enc urages freedom of thought , expression . and association

· an un dergraduate curriculum that requires mastery of essential intellectual tools, understanding of basic aspects of human culture, extensive knowledge of at least one area of study, and physical exercise

- a faculty dedicated primarily to excellent teaching and dialogue with students , while remaining actively engaged in scholarly, scientific, and a1tisticcreativity

- a dive rse , largely full-time and residential student body that participates in a broad rang e of University activities

- the essen tial resources for learning , such as libraries , laboratories , studios, computers, and audiovisual facilities and materials

- oppo1tunities for social commitment a nd publi c service , int erns hips, travel and study abroad, and other appropriate learning experiences outside the campus

- a program of varied social, spiritual, and physical activities th a t provid e occasions for growth , fun, and fellowship

- an administration that preserves and enhanc es the University's environment and resources, and that represents the institution to the broader community it serves.

Method of Instruction

The educational program of the Law School is designed to equip its graduates to render the highest quality of legal services , while instilling a sense of professional responsibility. Students are trained in the analysis and solution of legal problems by the application of logical reasoning. The course of study is not designed to teach legal mies , but rather to provide a foundation for the application and analysis of the law and the development of professional skills. The traditional case method of instruction is used in many courses. However, clinical education and courses devoted to various professional skills are increasingly prominent. The full-time faculty is augmented by a number of adjunct faculty members , lawyers and judges, who offer courses in their areas of expertise. An excellent faculty offers a curriculum that is well balanced in theoretical and practical courses and carefully selected to prepar e the graduate for the successful practice of law.

Students

T h e Law Sch oo l is ra th e r s m a ll. Eac h year's e nt e ring class co n s is ts o f a b o ut 160 stu d e nt s, and th e e ntir e stud e nt b o d y is approx imate ly 460. T hi s size foste rs close pe rsona l co n tac t b etwee n facul ty a nd stud e nt s and a welco m e a ir o f co lleg ia lity a m o n g all membe rs o f th e law sc h oo l co mmunit y . The stud e nt -fa c ulty ra tio is a pp rox im a te ly 20 to 1.

The law st ud e n ts co m e fr om a w id e range of und ergra du a te ins tituti o n s, academ ic ma jo rs a nd backgro und s . A s iza bl e n u mbe r of stu de nt s h ave bee n invo lve d in ot h er e n deavors betwee n grad u a tin g from co llege a n d e nt e rin g law schoo l. T h ey bring to th e stu de nt body, th e classroom , and u ltima te ly th e p ro fess io n , pe rspect ives d ifferent from th ose of recen t co llege grad u ates. In rece n t yea rs , 50 pe rce nt o f th e e n ter ing stu de nt s h ave bee n wome n and about 20 pe rce n t a re membe rs o f min o rity gro u ps . T his d ive rs ity en h a n ces th e e n v ironme nt in wh ich th e lea rnin g expe rie n ce takes p lace.

Th e first-yea r class is di v ided in to two sect ions of abo u t 80 s tud e nt s eac h , a n d th e stu de n ts h ave th e ir firs t-yea r s u bsta nti ve classes w ith th e same sec tio n . Th e Lawye ring Skills co ur se is ta ug h t in s m a ll sect io n s of 16 stu de nt s . Class s izes in th e seco nd a n d thi rd yea r va ry acco rd in g to co ur se se lectio n. Man y upp e r-leve l cl asses a re quit e sma ll.

Library

Th e William Tay lor Mu se Law Librar y, n a me d in m e m o 1y o f a form e r d ea n o f th e Law Sch oo l, is h o u se d in th e Law Sch oo l buildin g In 1991th e libra1y was gr e atly exp and e d through th e con stru ction of a n ew w ing and ex te n sive re novati o n , res ulting in a spa ciou s library facility. It cont a in s a m a in rea din g ro o m and four leve ls of sh e lf s p ace.

Stud e nt s ar e ass igne d indi v idual ca rre ls, fo r th e thr ee yea r s th ey ar e in re sid e n ce.

Th ese ca rre ls ar e w ire d so th at the library d a ta b ases and Law Sch oo l comp ut er netwo rk ca n b e accesse d fro m th e carrels. The libraty co llec tio n pro vid es b road coverage o f An g lo-Am e rica n law and intern ational law, includin g publi s h e d op ini on s of all s ta te a n d fe d e ra l a pp e lla te co u rts, and the re p o rts o n British a nd Can a di an cou rts and in te rn a tio n a l tribun a ls . It contain s the federa l a nd sta te co n s tituti o n s and statutes, a nd co mp a ra b le m a te rial from Great Brita in and Can a d a Th e r e a lso is an excellent co llec ti o n o f lega l pe ri od ical s, treatises, loose- leaf se rvices, di ges ts, an d enc ycloped ias an d o th e r researc h a ids. The briefs and reco rds of cases dec id e d by th e Virginia Su p r e m e Co urt a lso a re ava ilabl e, as are a u d io an d v ideo casse ttes on a wide range of lega l s u bjects . Briefs a n d recor ds of cases dec ide d by th e U ni ted Stat e s Supreme Co urt a n d leg is la tive m a ter ia ls re garding rece nt federa l s tat u tes are contain ed on micro fich e.

T h e lib ra ry co n ta in s two com puter-ass is ted lega l r esea r ch systems , LEXISand WESTLAW . First-year stu dents are trainee\ in th e u se o f th ese sys te m s as p art of their Lawye ring Skills co ur se . In additi on, the lib ra 1y prov ides access to a w id e range of law- r e lated data bases in clu din g NEXIS , DIALOG, an d VU-TEXT

Career Services

Th e Car ee r Se rv ices O ffice o f the Law Sch oo l ass ists a ll stud e nt s seekin g perman e nt , s umm e r , o r part-tim e emp loyment. Sta ffe d b y a full -tim e dir ecto r , the office pro v id es a w id e ra n ge o f servic es , including g e n e ral e mpl oy m e nt info rmation and ca r ee r co un se lin g It a lso sc h e d ule s onca mpu s int e r views for rec ruit ers from pnva te firm s; fe d e ra l, state, and loc al governm e nt s; judi cia l cle rk ship s; co rpo rate legal d e partm e nt s; a cc ountin g firms ; an d the military . Since not all e mpl oye rs are ableto inte rview s tud e nt s o n campu s , the Careei Se rvices Office a id s stud e nt s in ap plying for

16 • Tb e L a w Scboo l

tl1ese po sitions by fo1warding th e ir res umes tothe emp loy e rs.

Pri, <tte practice attrac ts approx im a te ly 60 percent of th e s tud e nt s in each g rad uatingclass Those not ente rin g private practice arc e mployed in judi c ia l clerksh ip s, corporate lega l departments, federal, sta te, and lo cal governmen ts (includi n ob prosec 1to rial positions) , lega l serv ices programs, and th e militaty.

Programs

Clinic al Programs

The Law Sch oo l prov id es a comp re h e nsive,integrated clinical ed u cat ion program, combining sim ul at ion clinical placements and Law Sch oo l oper~ted ( "in-h ouse") !iv~ client r ' p re se nt ation clinics.

Simulati

on Based Courses

All students are r equired to take t h e unique, two-yea r Lawyering Skills. The Lawyering Skills requirement is uniqu e in severalrespects. Traditionally law sc h oo ls require a first-year co urse on legal research , writing, and ana lys is. The traditional courses focus is on the sk ills of writing, research , a nd appellate a dvo cacy. While theseare impo 1tant skills , they by no means represen t th e on ly, or eve n th e most often used, lawyer ing sk ills. By expand in g to a two-year Lawyering Skills co ur se , the Law School is ab le to teac h a wider range of lawyer;ng sk ills including int e rvi ewi n g , counseling, negotiation, pretrial motion practic,, pretr ia l discove1y (e.g. , deposition skills), tria l practice, and appellate practice. A s unpo rtantly , th e new co urs e train s the studen,s mo r e adeq u a te ly in r esea rch and writing sk ills, s in ce each o f th e additional skillar, ts has a writing co mpon e nt.

In add ition to Lawye ring Skills the Law Scho_o l offers a rich variety of u~p e r-leve l elective simulation-based co urses includino advanc d c "' ourses m mter v 1ew m g and counselmg, negoti at ion, and trial pract ice.

Other specialized s imulation-ba sed clinical co urs es includ e Alternate D ispute Reso lution , Labor Arbitration , Environmental Dispute Resolution, and Co ntra ct Draftino o· Letter grades are awa rd ed for work in the sim ulat ion-based clinical co ur ses

In-house Clinics

The Law School h ouses three law Clinics in wh ich stude nt s , und er the s up e rvis ion of Law School fac ulty , represent r ea l clients. Th e Clinics h ave th ei r ow n faciliti es w ithin th e Law School that include video tape capab ility, st ud e nt carre ls, an int e rview room , and a class / confere nc e room.

The Mental Disabilities Law Clini c focuses o n r epresentat io n of youths w ith mental disabilities . A majority of cases involve representing ch ildr e n and parents seek ing appropriate spec ia l educat ion a nd comm uni ty-based se rvices as mandated by both federal and sta te law . Students also represent youth w ith mental disabilities in crimina l maners as well as civ il maners su ch as act in g as guardian-ad-litem for foster ca re review matters. In the Workers Protectio n a nd Advocacy Clinic students re present workers and former workers in g rieva n ce h ea ring s a nd proceedings to determine en titlement to disability a nd o ther benefits. Issues includ e rights und e r s tate emp loyee grievance procedures, e ligibility for benefits ba se d o n impaired ability to work , and e ntitlemen t to otl1er benefits and se rvices In tl1e Youtl1Advocacy Clinic, students h and le va rio u s types of cases , a ll represe ntin g th e inte rests of young people. In the m ajority of cases, students rep rese nt juven iles c harg ed with crimes or se rv e as guardian-ad-litem in th e dispo s ition of cr imin al matter s. Stud en ts also represent youth in school exp ul s ion cases.

The in-hous e Clini cs enrich the acad em ic life of th e ir p a rticipant s by allowin g th e m to r ep resent clients from initial client int e1view through resolution of the client's problem, whether th a t b e dr a fting

a docum e nt , settling a dispute or litigating a law suit. As part of th e Law School's integra ted sk ills pro g ram , th e Clinics build upon and reinfor ce wo rk don e in th e simulati o n-based course as well as traditional co urs ewo rk. In addi tion to advanced s kill s training , th e clinica l se tting provides st ud e nt s with a n op portunit y to app ly th ese s kills in real life s itu ations. The Clini cs a lso allow the student to question some o f the assumptions and defic ie n cies in the practi ce of law generally, as we ll as in th e specific co nt ex t of th e Clinic 's work. Finall y , the Clini cs focus o n issues of professionalism and professional responsibility in pr epa rin g stud e nt s to become members of th e bar.

Students e nroll in th e in-hou se Clini cs for six credi t hour s. Cred it hours ea rn ed in these Clinics a re not includ ed within the six-hour limitatio n on non-classroom work. Letter gr ad es a re awarded for work in the in-h o u se Clinics . Pre ference may be g iven to students w h o are e lig ible for their thirdyear practice ce rtificate .

Clinical Placement Program

The Clinical Placement Prog ram places se lected s tud en ts with jud ges and public service attorneys in both the civil and criminal areas. Third-year practice ce 1tificat ion is required for all criminal placements and selected civ il and judi cia l placements. Students work in placements under th e s up ervision of expe rienc ed attorneys and the Director of the Clinical Placement Pro g ram .

Successful completion o f any of th ese placements req uire s m eet ing the req uir ements o f th e placement , including four hour s of fie ld wo rk for each hour of cred it; act ive participation in a weekly two-hour seminar, daily journ a l e ntri es reflecting on the Clinical ex peri e n ce, and bi-w ee kl y meetin gs between th e s tud e nt and Clinical prof essor. Students can pa1ticipate in all of thes e programs and can enroll in a n y for four , five, or six credits. Grades in the Clini-

cal Externship Progr am are awar ded on a Pa ss/ Fail ba s is. Th e cre dit hour s earned are not includ ed in th e six h o urs of no n-law work w hi ch ca n be co unt ed tow ard meeting th e 86 hours required for graduation. How ever, no more th an a total of twelve credit hour s in th e Clinical Place ment Program a nd the in-hou se Clini cs (see above) may be app lie d toward the JD. d egree requirements. (See page 28 )

The programs a re more compl ettl y desc rib e d in the Directory of Clinical Programs w hi ch ca n be obta in ed from the Director , Clinica l Place m ent Progra m.

Moot Court

The Law School provides an extensive moot court program through w h ich stud en ts develop th eir research, brief-,, riting, and appe llate advocacy sk ills Stud ents participate in the voluntary Carrico Competition a nd Barnett Compe titi on , thro ugh w hi ch teams o f thr ee students ea ch are selected to represent th e school in the ational Moot Cornt Competit ion an d other interschool competi ti ons. Stu d e nts also may participate in various spec ialized competitions s u ch as lab or , patent , an d internatio n al law. The m oot co u1 t progr am is admini ste r ed by th e Moot Cou 1t Board which is compr ise d o f second-and third -year stud e nt s se lecte d on th e basis of th eir perform a n ce in th e various compet ition s.

Client Counseling and Nego

ti atio n

In addition to p ossess ing advo cacy skills, a n attorney ought to be abl e to counsel clients su ccess fully and to n egotiate on th e ir behalf. Th e Law Scho o l's cu rr culum offers co ur ses de s ign ed to develo p '10th of th ese sk ills . To complement th es e c Jurses, the Client Counse!ino Board ad ministers voluntary intramural :'nd inters ch ool client counseling and neg ot iation com pet itions through which th e s tud e nt s ar e able to practi ce these essential skills. Among these

is the Law School 's own invitational , intersch o ol competition , the Robert R. Merhige, Jr. National Environmental Negotiation Co mpetition.

Cooper ative Program with MCV/VCU Department of He alth Administration

A coo pe rative program offered by the Law School and the Department of Health Administra tion at Medical College of Virginia, Virg inia Commonwealth University (MCV N CU) enables law students to take selected g raduat e courses offered by the Departme nt of Health Administration. By so doing, law students can enhance their knowledge of the h ea lth care indust1y. A listof ap proved courses is maintained by theDean's Office and should b e consulted before re gistering at MCV/ VCU. Thes e courses are graded at MCV/ VCU, but credit forthem is accepted at the Law School on a pass,fa il basis The hours are subject to thediscretion of th e Associat e Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree - Law/Health

Administrati on: The d e livery of h e alth care servicespos es so me of th e most critical social, economic, and moral issues of our time. Lawyers re pres e nting individuals or health care providers confront myriad regulato1y systems an d issues fairly unique to this area;hea lth care policy makers and administrators are likewise concerned with the effective o p e ration of entities within these regulatory confines and with the utility of thesesyste m s .

The dual degre e program leads to th e awardof th e Juris Doctor and Master of Health Administration degrees. The program integra tes these two professional curncula Pa1ticipants are thus provided with the necessa 1y expertise either to represent client s effectively within the health care indust1yo r to function as policy makers or administrators who appreciate fully the legal enviro nment within which their pro-

grams operate. App licants for this program are required to meet the admission standards of both the Law School and the Department of Health Administration.

For information regarding admission to the Department of Health Administration, contact:

M.H.A. Program Director

Department of Health Administration

Virginia Commonwealth University

MCV Campus , P. 0. Box 203

Richmond , VA 23298

When this four-year program is successfully completed , the Master of Health Administration is awarded by Virginia Commonwealth University and the JD. by the University of Richmond.

Cooperative Program with the MCV/VCU School of Social Work

The cooperative program offered by the Law School and the School of Social Work of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) is designed to prepare students for professional practice in areas that can benefit from the knowledge and skills drawn from both fields. Recent legislation , expanding public concerns and continual alterations and extensions of the concept of th e public welfare, have given social workers ' e fforts in social planning and programs for social change a new importance and priority . Knowledge of the law gives focus to their efforts. At the same time, lawyers seeking better ways to deal with human aspects of legal disputes and minimize social costs are turning to the social worker for guidance and assistance . These conditions have made interdisciplinary cooperation between lawyers and social workers normal procedure in many instances , and the two professions are giving increased attention to the interests they share.

Th e cooperative program allows law students to register for courses offered by th e School of Social Work at VCU which are

approved by the Law School faculty . A list of these courses is maintained by the Dean 's Office and shou ld be co n sult ed before registering at VCU. These co ur ses are graded at VCU, but cred it for th em is accepted at th e Law Schoo l on a pass / fail basis. The h ou rs are s ubj ect to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academ ic Affairs).

Dual Degree - Law/Social Work: The dual degree program is designed to provide its graduates with two degrees-Juris Doctor and Master of Socia l Work-attesting to competency in both law and soc ial work. This competency is applicable to areas of practice drawing upon know ledge and skills from each of these fields. It is expected that this program will bring together persons sens itive to both the lega l and human elements in social and personal dysfunctions. Also , this program w ill bring together two fields that ca ll for certain similar as well as different kinds of knowledg e and skills directed toward resolving human prob lems . Th is effort to integrate education in law and socia l wo rk wi ll draw on the contributions each can make to a professional base for practice in both fields.

A student who is accepted int o the dual degree program wi ll be permitted to count one semester's work in the Law School toward meeting th e graduation requirements in the Schoo l of Soc ial Work at VCU, and one semester's work in the VCU Schoo l of Social Work w ill be counted toward m ee ting the graduation requirements of the Law Schoo l. This wi ll enab le pa1ticipants in the dual degree program to comp le te the requirements for the JD. and th e M.S.W. in four years. Applicants for this program are required to meet adm ission s tand a rd s of both the Law Sch oo l and the VCU Sch oo l of Social Work. For in fo rm at io n on adm ission to the Schoo l of Social Work , contact : Director of Admissions

School of Social Work

Virginia Commonwealt h University Richmond, VA 23284

Cooperative Program with th e VCU Department of Urban Stu di es and Planning

A coope rative program offere d )Y the Law Sch oo l a nd the Department of Urban Stud ies and Planning at Virginia Commonwea lth Un ivers ity (VCU) offers law students the opport uni ty to take se lected graduate courses offered by the Departme nt of Urban Stud ies and Planning in ord er to enhance their understanding of that discipline and its interaction w ith the law . A list of approved courses is maintained by the Dean's Office and shou ld be consu lted before registering at VCU. These courses are graded at VCU, but cred it for them is accepted at the Law Sch oo l on a pass / fail b asis. The hours are sub ject to the discr etion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree -Law /Ur ban Stu di es and Planning: The professions of plan ning and law address the concerns of social and economic equ ity through the institutions which help shape the direction of urb an change. While lawyers often are concerned with tl1e impact of legis lation and judicial decisions on groups and indi v idu a ls , p lann ers concentrate on soc ia l, eco nomic , and po litical impacts of land u se with the aid of legal strategies to g uid e community grm vth and d eve lopment.

The Master of Urban and Regional Planning and Juris Doctor dual degr ee program integrates these two professional curricula to provide the necessary expe1tise to apply lega l and planning ana lysis to the resolution of urb an and regional policy issues and problems. Some areas of coope ration includ e the development and enfor cement of land u se and orowt h mana oement controls, b b env ironmen ta l protection strategi es, housing and comm uni ty developm ent , and numerous h ea lth and we lfare pro grams. The dual degree is a four-year progr am of stud)' designed to eq uip grad u ates for a vanety of professional positions includi n g staff 01 leg is lat ive co mmitt ees, governm ent agen-

cies and co mmissions, private consulting, neighbo rhood advocacy , directorships of planning an d relat ed agencies, and exe cutiveor lega l aids to e lec te d officials. Applicantsfor th is program a re requir ed to meet the admiss ion standards of both the Law School an d th e Depa1tment of Urban Studiesand Planning at VCU. For information on admiss ion to the Department of Urban Studies a nd Planning, co ntact:

Chai1; Depa11m e nt of Urban Studies a }l(lP lanning

Viq~ini a Commonwealth University 812 West Franklin Street Richm ond, VA 23284

When the four-year program is su ccessfully completed , the Master of Urban Studies and Regional Planning d eg r ee is awarded by Virginia Co mmonw ea lth Unil'ersit), a nd the JD by the University of Richmon d.

Cooper ative Program with theUR School of Business

A coo pera tive program with The RichardS. Reynolds Graduate School of The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business e nables stude nts to e nroll in selected co urses offered in that school , on a space available basis. Admission to these co urs es re quires theapprova l of th e graduate program director.~tudents are thereby able to broad e n their backgro unds in areas of busin ess and finance A list of approved courses is maintained by the Dean 's Office and should be consulted before r eg istration. Credit for thesecours es will b e included in th e ma x imumrn1mber of semester hours which may betaken ea ch semester without payment of additiona l tuition.

These courses are graded at the business school, but credit for them is accepted at theLav., School on a pass / fail basis. The hoursare subject to the discretion of the Associate Dean (Academic Affairs).

Dual Degree -Law/Business Administration:

The University offers a dual degree program designed to provide its graduates with two degrees-JD. and M.B.A. This program reflects th e interrelationships betwe e n law and business management. Its graduates are provided complementary facility in both of these fie lds. They will be better able to function as managers be ca us e of their familiarity with the legal fram ewo rk within which business must operate. Alternativ e ly , as attorneys , they can better serve the needs of business clients b eca us e of their appreciation of the busin ess milieu.

Students accepted into this program will be permitted to co unt 12 semester hours of work in the Law School toward satisfaction of the degree req uirements of th e M.B.A. program , and 12 semester hours of work in th e M.B A. program toward satisfaction of th e degree requirements of th e Law School. Accordingly, successful participants will be able to complete th e req uirements for both degrees in four years. Applicants for this program must meet the admission standards of the Law School and the Graduate Business School. For information on the M.B.A. program , contact: Director, MB.A. Program

The Richard S. R ey nolds Graduate School

The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business University of Richmond , VA 23173

Individual Dual Degree Programs

In addition to th e dual degree programs describ e d here , individually tailored programs can be created to meet special needs and interests of pa1ticular students. For example, in the pa s t programs hav e been approv e d in biology and in histo1y. Interested students should contact the Law School Dean 's Office.

Advising for Dual Degree Programs

Upon admi ss io n to du a l degr ee program s, eve 1y stud e nt will b e assi g n e d an a d v iso r in both sc hool s to h e lp plan co ur ses o f s tud y th a t w ill includ e a ll r eq uire m e nt s , plu s e lec tive co ur se s th a t will b es t se rve indiv idu a l stud e nt int e res ts

Graduate Courses

Law stud e nt s are p e rmitte d to reg iste r for se lec te d co ur ses o ffe re d b y th e Uni ve rs ity o f Richm o nd G r a duat e Sch o ol th a t a r e id e ntifi e d on th e Law Sc h o ol ' s lis t of co ur ses approv e d fo r tra n sfe r cre dit to th e Law Sch oo l. In a dditi o n to th e lis t o f co ur ses maint a in e d in th e D e an 's O ffice, stu de nt s m ay see k a pproval fro m th e Assoc ia te D ea n fo r Aca d e mi c Affa irs fo r th e tran sfe r o f cre dit fo r g radu ate co ur sewo rk compl e te d , whil e e nroll e d in Law Sch oo l, th at is sh ow n to pro v id e co mp a rab le o pp o rtuniti es to e nh a n ce th e law sc h oo l e duca tio n a l progr a m o f th e s p ec ific s tud e nt. Appro va l must b e s o ught p rior to e nr o llment in th e parti cul a r co ur se Th ese h o urs are likew ise subj ec t to th e di screti o n o f th e Asso ciate De an (Academi c Affairs).

Th ese co ur ses ar e grad e d at th e G ra duate Sch oo l but cre dit for th e m is acce pt e d at th e La w School o n a p ass / fail b as is

Summer Session

Th e summ e r sess ion consi sts of an e ightwee k te rm and a thr ee -w ee k shott te rm o n ca mpu s a t th e Univ e rsity o f Richm o nd , a

five -w ee k te rm at Emm anu e l College, Cambridg e Uni ve rsity, Eng land , a n d a five-week program in Cara cas, Ve ne zue la. The course o f in s tru c tion in th e summ er sessions a bro a d is o ffe re d jo intly b y th e University o f Richm o nd law fa cult y as we ll as Cambrid ge Unive rs ity a nd Ve ne zuelan law faculty

Atte nd a n ce at two e ig ht -we ek summer sess io n s, during whi ch a t least 10 semester h o urs a re co mpl e te d s u ccess fully , countsas o n e full res id e n ce se m es te r and ena bles a s tud e nt to co mpl e te th e d egr ee req uirem e nts at th e e ncl of th e fall ter m of the third yea r. Atte nd a n ce a t th e thr ee-w eek term a lo n e res ults in th e acc ru a l of h o urs only, and n o t o f res id e n ce cre dit. Atten dance at th e thr ee -wee k te rm a nd th e Cambridge p rog r a m is th e e qui va le nt of on e eightwee k sess io n .

Inf o rm atio n re lating to th ese courses, tuitio n , and o th e r d eta ils m ay b e obtained up o n r eq u es t fro m :

D ean 's Offi ce

The T C. Willia m s Sc h oo l of LaU' Uni ve rs ity of Ri ch mon d, VA 231 73

Special Program

Robert R. Merhige, Jr. Cent er fo r Environmental Studies

Thi s Cent e r , es ta blis h e d in 1985, honors o n e of th e Law Sch oo l's promi ne n t alumni, Unit e d Sta tes Di s tri c t Jud ge Robe rt R. Me rhig e , Jr. Th e Ce nt e r s p o n sor s research, lec tur es, a nd di sc u ss io ns regard ing major e nvironm e nt a l law iss u es .

ADMISSION

Pre-Law Education

While no patticular subjects are pre-requisite fo r admission to the U niv e rsity of Richmo nd Law School, prosp ec tiv e students are urged to pur s ue a course of s tudy covering va rious ph ases of human ex perience . The law student must be able to draw froma broad base of knowledge. The following a re recomm e nded as desirable prelawcon ce ntrations: English, history , political scie nce, philosophy , sociology, psycholo.t,ry,eco nomic s, acco unting , and mathematics

Admis sion Process

The Law School generally accepts applications o nly for full-tim e study. However, on a ve1y se lectiv e basi s, students may be allowe d to study part-time Whil e the majority of e ntering students begin th e ir studies in the fall, a small number of first-year students matriculate in the preceding s ummerterm.

Base d upon past experience, the Law School e x pects to co nsider numerous applicants for every position available in the entering class. A substantial majority of these a p plicants will clearly demonstrate the ability to complet e our Law School programan d would qualify for admission by anyabso lute standard. However , because ofthe relatively few positions available , the selection process involves a comparison of qualifica tions . Admission is based on the LawScho ol Admission Committee's evaluation of the individual 's relative promise of success in the study of law at this schoo l, andits a ssess ment of the applicant 's fitness tobecome a member of the legal profession.

The two most important considerations in making this evaluation are undergraduateacade mic work and the Law School Acllllission Tes t score (LSAT). The committee

also considers an applicant's leadership pot e ntial, extra c urricular activities , recomm e ndations , employment experience, maturity , motivation and character. The policy governing admission to the Law Schoo l provides equal e ducational oppo1tunity to qualified applicants without regard to race , color, religion , national origin, sex, disability , or age.

Application

Applicants for ad mission as Juris Doctor Q.D.) candidates must complete th e application form and must be at least 18 years of age by the elate of matriculation. In addition , they must have an official transcript sent directly from th e registrar of an approv e d college or university showing the elate of graduation.

Application materials can be obtained on re quest from th e Admissions Office. Th ese materials contain an explanation of th e admission process and instructions for completion of the application materia ls. The address is:

The Admissions Office

The TC. Williams School of Law University of Richmond , VA 23173 (804)289-8189

Summer Entry Program

Under this program , law school is begun in th e summer preceding the usua l fall entry Norma lly scheduled co u rsework in th e following semesters p lus another e ightweek summer session allows the comp letion of degree requirements in December of the third year. The bar examination may then be taken the fo llowing February. App licants who wish to be considered for th is program should state their interest on the admission application.

Law Honors Program

Students adm itted to the a rts and sc iences undergraduate program of the Un iversity of Richmond and who have an S.A.T. score of 1300 or above with placement in the top 10% of their high schoo l graduating class are cons idered for admission s imult aneous ly to the Law Schoo l. They must begin law school stud ies upon comp letion of their undergraduate work. Their admission to the Law Schoo l is conditioned on the comp letion of their undergraduate work w ith a cumu lative grade point average of at least 3.4 and th eir meeting the character standards app licab le to all applicants to the Law Schoo l.

Admission by Performance Program

This program is designed for se lected Law Schoo l app licants who do not meet the Law Schoo l's standards for regular adm ission. Students adm itted into the program take two Law Sch oo l courses during the summer sess ion Participants' performance

in th ese co ur ses is eva luated accor ding to the same grading standards as are app lied to first-year law st ud ents. Those p e,forming at the prescribed leve l w ill be adni ttecl into the first-year class. For further inf lrmation regarding th is program , cont act: The Adniissions Office

The TC. Williams School qf Lau · University of Richmond, VA 23r1 (804)289-8189

Advanced Standing

The Law Schoo l genera lly adm it with advanced stand ing a few transfer stl dents from other law schoo ls. Such stud ents must have comp leted the first year of lav. school with a strong record at a school o n the approved list of th e American Bar Assouat ion No advanced stand in g cred it will be given for work comp leted in another lav. school unl ess it was comp leted with at least the g rade of C, o r its equ ivalent, and 1~ compatible with the curriculum of this Law Schoo l.

ACADEMICREGULATIONS

Gradin g System and Reports

Thefollowing grades with grade point values are in e ffect in the University:

t Not used in T he T.C. Williams Schoo l o f Law.

Other grades which may be given are: Pwhich shows credit ha s be e n earned in a pass/fa il co urs e . Sand U indi ca te satisfactory or unsatisfa c tory p e rformanc e in a pass/no -cre dit co urse. Windicates that the student w ithdr ew from a course without academic p e nalty . Marks indicating failure , andcounted as such in the grade point average , are F, M (w ithdr ew from a course witha failing average) a nd V (fa ilure because of excess ive absences). The X indicatesthat the grade has not be e n received fromthe instructor.

Zs h o ws that th e course was audited. A student a uditing a course is expected to meetc11l re quir e ments for the co urse , excep t the final examination or papers. No grade or hour credit is ea rned for audited course.~ .

I and Y grades mean that coursework hasnot bee n completed by th e end of the term.The I grade provisionally counts as a failing grade . It is given when the reasons forthe incomplete involve stud e nt culpability , bu t the instructor and Associate Dean determinethat an Fis not warranted. The work ts to be made up by the student's graduation date or at such earlier time as specifi e d by the instructor and Associate Dean.If the work is not made up during thisgrace period , the !wi ll be conve1ted to anF The Y grade , which does not count asa failing grade, is given when the instruc-

tor and Associate Dean determine that the reasons for th e incomp lete do not warrant an I grade. In any case , it is the student's responsibility to complete the co u rsework for a course in which an I or Y has been assigned.

Performance in the Clinical Placement Program is evaluated on a pass / fail basis. Performance in the In-house Clinics (Menta l Disabilities Law Clinic, Workers Protection and Advocacy Clinic, and the Youth Advocacy Clinic) is evaluated using the letter-grade scale above

Grades for courses taken under the various cooperative programs are recorded by the Law School as a pass if, based on the above grading scale , a grade of C (2.0) or better is earned; otherwise they will be recorded as a failure.

Th e grade point average is determined by dividing th e total numb e r of grade points ea rned by the total number of academic hours attempted in T.C. Williams ' courses that have grades to which grade point values are assigned. Each of th ese totals is accumulated term by term .

If a failed course is repeated , the grade ea rned in th e repeat a nd the failure are both included in the grade point average When th e final grade for a course in which an !was given is recorded , the occurrence w ill b e shown on the permanent record, and the grade point average will be recomputed to remov e the effect of the I and to include the final grade. For purposes of computing grade point averages, the credit hours earned for work recorded on a pass / fail basis are not included in the hours attempted , if a pass is received . The credit hours for any such work recorded as a failure are included in the hours attempted Consequently the credit hours for work recorded as a pass have no effect on the

grade point average, but a failure in s u ch work would adversely affect the grade point average.

Note: A cumulat ive grade point average of at least 2.00 is required for graduation.

Students admitted with advanced standing must consu lt the Associate Dean to determine the manner by which their cumulative grade point average wi ll be ca lculated for class standing purposes.

Students may review their status and progress with the Associate Dean or in the Office of the University Registrar. Grade reports are sent to the student after the close of each term.

Registration and Attendance

Students sha ll register according to the instructions which are provided for each term. A student will not be permitted to attend class until his or her name has been entered on the official roster of that class by the University Registrar and arrangements satisfactory to the Univers ity have been made for that term 's fees.

A student may reg ister late , add courses, or opt for audit status in a course through the tenth class day of the semester provided that the specified approvals are obtained and fees , if any, are paid.

Sanctions may be impos ed , including imposition of a failing grade, in a ca se v here v iolat ion is noted.

Scholarship

At the encl of the second seme ster (one year) of law study:

- A student who fails to attain a cu mulative grade point ave rage of at le ast 1.50 sha ll be required to withdraw from the Law School.

- A student whose cumu lative grad e point average is at least 1.50 but less th an 1.70 sha ll be required to withdraw from the Law Schoo l for one year.

At the end of the fou1th and ea c 1 subsequent semester of law study:

- A student who fails to attain a cumulative grade point average of at le:,~t1.85 shall be required to withdraw frcm the Law Schoo l.

Conditions

Any student who has failed to attain the requisite cumulative grade point a\e rage w ill be required to withdraw immediately from the Law Schoo l, even thou gh he or she has enrolled in the next sem ester's courses (including summer session courses).

A student may withdraw from courses without academic record through the fifteenth class day of the semester. Withdrawals after this time will be shown on the academic record , and the student must present an adequate reason , receive the approval of the Associate Dean, and follow any specified administrative procedures including the payment of fees , if any .

Second- or third-year students may not register for more than 18 semester hours in any semester without spec ia l permission of the Associate Dean.

Regular class attendance is expected and required. Enforcement of this policy is the responsibility of each faculty member.

Grades earned in courses tak en during summer session are not included in calculating the necessa1y grade point ave rage for the year or semester immediatel y preceding the summer session

The point at which a pa1t-time student must attain the requisite grade po int average sha ll be the time at which he o r she has completed the substantial equival e nl of the second semester of study and the substantial equ ivalent of the fowth and succeeding semeste rs of study. Such stud e nts will be notified in advance by the Associate Dean of the times at which the stated cumulative grade point averages mu st be met.

A student who has been req u ired to withdraw u ncler the 1.50 or 1.85 criteria

statec..a bove will not be readmitted to the Law~chool w ith advanced standing In the rare eve nt of readmission, it is as an enteringfirst-year student with no credit for prior work Neverthe less , the prior work wi ll contin ue to be shown on the permanent academ ic record, but the g rad e point average \\ ill include on ly the coursework attempted after readmission.

Note: A failed first-year course must be rerakenin the semester in which the course isnext o ffered.

Exa · ations

UrJess announced othetwise by th instructo r, the length of an exam ination w ill be one hour for each semeste r hour of credit carried by the course. A student who find s tha t he or she will be unavoidably prevente d from taking an examination at thetiP1e scheduled may receive permission to take the examination at a later date if such act is communicated to the Dean' or Asso n ate D e an before the time at which the exa mination is scheduled. Un less excused by the Dean or Assoc iate Dean, a student who fails to take an examination in a course for wh ich he or she has registered \\'illrece ive a grade of Fin that course.

Hono r System

All students, upon matriculation , become me mbers of the Student Bar Association and agree to abide by and support the Law Sch oo l Honor System. The Honor System is administered by the students through a Grie vance Committee and an Honor Court in accordance with procedures set forth in the Honor Court Constitution . The Canons o f Student Ethics provide that lying , cheatmg, or stea lin g under any circumstanc<:re la ting to one 's status as a law studentare offenses against the Honor System. An individual 's status as a member of the Stude n t Bar Association is conditioned upon h is or her adherence to the Honor System. The resulting atmosphere of per-

sonal int eg rity and trust is highly appropriate to a school preparing individu als for th e honorable profession of law

Standards of Conduct

The University of Richmond cons iders cu ltivation of se lf-discipline and resolution of issues through processes of reason to be of primaty impottance in the educational process and essential to the development of responsible citizens. All members of the University community are expected to conduct themselves , both within the University and elsewhere, in such a manner as to be a credit to themselves and to the Univers ity of Richmond. Moreover , they have a responsib ility for comp lying with local, state, and federal laws , and with all published University policies and regulations. In a community of learning, individual or group conduct that is unlawful , that disrupts or interferes with the educational processes , that causes destruction of propetty , or otherwise infringes upon the rights of others or of the University itself , cannot be tolerated.

The Trustees of the University of Richmond have authorized a Policy Statement on Standards of Conduct , Penalties, and Disciplinaty Procedures to guide the conduct of students and their guests. This statement sets forth those standards of conduct which the University of Richmond deems essentia l for fulfilling its educational mission. Any person who v iolates the standards of conduct and regulations of the Un iversity of Richmond sha ll be sub ject to disciplinary action and, if need be , legal action. Disciplinary action may range from reprimand / disciplinaty warning up to and including dismissal or expulsion from the University. Penalties will be imposed after proper determination has been made in accordance w ith established disciplinary procedures of the University , with fair procedures observed and with appropriate appeal procedures available, as outl ined in

the Policy Statement and any a pprov ed revisions thereof.

A copy of this Policy Statement and / o r any officially approve d rev is ions thereof are readily ava ilab le to eac h stud e nt w h o matriculates. All members of the Un ive rs ity comm unity sho uld familiarize thems e lves with this Policy Statement and revisions , and with any ot h er offic ia l publications , handbooks, or anno un cements issu ed from time to time by the Unive rsity of llichmond or by indiv idu a l co lleges and schoo ls o f the Un iversity

Right to Privacy

The University of llichmoncl has an affirmative obligation to provide order and discipline and thereby promote an environment consistent with the educat iona l process. In fulfilling that ob ligation, the University su bscribes to the principle of providing eve1y member of the Univers ity community with the maximum practicab le degree of privacy. Any exam ination of possessions on camp us or entry of campus living quar ters, offices, o r locke rs sha ll be in accordance w ith the law and Univers ity policy.

In a dditi on, st ud ents must comp lete at least s ix full res id ence semesters me r at least 90 ca lendar weeks. A full residence semester is defined as a 15-week p eno d in which a student is enro lled for at least 10 semes t e r hours and passes at least 9 of those h o ur s This residence requir ement is based on American Bar Associat ion accreditation sta nd ards.

Students intending to attend sum mer sessions in order to comp lete their degree requirements at the encl of the fall term of their third year, shou ld consu lt the Associate Dean to determine if they will have the necessary credit hours and resid e nce semesters by that time.

All academ ic requirements for the Juris Doctor degree must be completed \\i d1in five ca lendar years.

Curriculum Requiremen ts

The 86 semester hours nec es san for graduation must include the su ccessful comp let ion of the following cour ses and requirements.

Required Courses

36 semester hours:

Civil Procedure

Simila rly, in regard to student academic and personnel records , the Un iversity observes the procedures and requirements of The Family Educat iona l llights and Privacy Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-380) as amended. This act genera lly prohibits the unauthorized release of confidentia l inform at ion abo ut individual students; however , directo1y information may u sua lly be released. Furth er inform ation conce rnin g thi s act is available from the Office of the Un ive rs ity Registrar.

Academic Requirements

The Juri s Doctor degree requires the successfu l comp le tion of at least 86 semester hours of acceptab le work and a c umulative grade point average of at least 2.00.

Constitutional Law

Contracts

Crimina l Law

Environme ntal Law

Lawyering Skills I , II , III , and IV

Professional Responsibility

Property

Torts

Note: The required course, Prof essional Responsibility , and the elective cour se. Evidence , must be sat isfactori ly compl eted by the encl of the second year if the student w ishes to qualify und er the Third-year Practice Rule. Students may obta in a Th ird-year Practice certificate after they ha ve completed fo ur semesters and courses in Proced ur e, Evidence , and Professi o nal Re-

sponsib ility. This certificate allows a s tudent to appea r in some courts und e r the supe1v ision of a lice n se d attorney .

Writin g Requirement

During the third year o f law scho o l , the student must com pl e te sa tisfactorily a substantial pape r which re quire s in-d e pth research and rigo ro u s a n a lys is of a specific area of law , a nd ev id e n ces a so phi st icate d knowledge of the law including larg e r issues of impact of th e law on var iou s parts of socie ty, and future dir ec tio n s th e law may take . This req uireme nt m ay be fulfiJle d byan in depe nd e nt r esea rch paper m ee ting these goa ls, a paper pr e p a red for a seminar course designated as a pprov ed for this requireme nt , o r by publi ca tion o f an article inthe jo urn a l of a n American Bar Association acc redited law sc ho o l. The Law School's sch e dul e of classes , which is published e ac h yea r , w ill note th e sem inar courses through which this req uir e m e nt can be satisfied.

Electiv e Coursework

Sufficient e lect ive co urses mu st b e taken to bring the total cr ed it earned to at leas t 86seme ster h o ur s.

A stu dent is permitted to co unt a m aximum of 6 semes ter h o ur s of spec ific n o nlaw schoo l cl assroo m cr e dit towa rd th e elective hours. Includ ed in thi s 6-hour limit are moo t co urt , client co uns e ling and n egotiatio n co mp e tition s , a nd law rev iew . Also no te, eac h of these programs or co mpetitions h ave cred it hour limita tions.

Gradu ation Policies

Grad u ation

with Honors

Atthe e ncl of law school study , s tud e nts who attain in the rang e of the following cumulative g ra d e point ave rages are eligible tograd uate with th e designated hon o rs: 375 and above , sum ma cum laude-, 3.50to 374,magna cum laude-, 3.25 to 3.49, cu m laude.

Filing of Application

To graduate , a student must file a d eg ree a ppli cat ion a nd comply with the graduation attendance polic y . Degr ee applications must b e filed in th e Office of the University Reg is trar by th e seco nd Friday in Septe mb e r for an anticipated co mpletion by the com ing mid-y ea r , spring , or s umm e r g raduati o n.

Attendance at Commencement

Dipl o ma s are awarded in person exce pt by th e decision of th e Unive rsity not to do so. An individual who ex p ec ts to rece ive a diploma in th e sp ring co mm e nc e m e nt may request absentia sta tu s b y ex plaining in writing th e very unu s ual c ircum s tance which pr eve nt s parti cipation in th e cere mon y. This request must b e rece ive d by th e Univ e rsity Reg istra r no la te r th a n e ight working clays before the ceremony. The Reg ist ra r will notify th e indi v idual of the status granted by the University. Unless approv ed as absentia , a n individual who do es n o t p artic ipat e in th e ce re mon y will not rece ive th e diploma. Also oth e r sanctions may be invok ed, including th e w ithholding of the degree itse lf or its certification The diplom a may be rece ive d a nd any sancti o n s removed provided th e candidate re files the d eg ree application for a subsequent g ra duati o n and follows appropriate g raduati on poli cy .

Summer and mid-year d eg rees are conferred as of th e elate sp ec ifie d in th e University ca lend a r. Summer diploma s are mailed to tho se qualifi e d ; mid-ye ar diplomas are g iven in th e spring commencement ce rem o n y

Encumbrances

Th e d eo re e will not be conferred unless b the student's obligations to th e Univ e rsity a re satisfactorily res o lve d. These obligations include financi al and administrative m a tter s s u ch as, but n ot limite d to, delinqu e nt paym e nt s, parking fine s, or overdue libra1y b oo ks.

FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

Fees for the 1996-97 academic year

General

9-19

Housing ( in Law res ide n ce h a ll)

Telecom Fee

Bas ic te le ph

(does not include mont

Meal Plans Me al s are serve d Mo nday t hr ough Frid ay, thr ee mea ls a clay; Satur day a nd Sunday, b run c h a n d d inn er.

19 Me al Plan - All 19 m e al s a wee k

14 Mea l Pla n -An y 14 m ea ls a week

10 Mea l Pla n -An y 10 m ea ls a wee k

5 Mea l Plan -An y 5 m ea ls a wee k

A ll mea l p lan s a re based, b u dgeted , a nd served w i th in the

Other Fees

Ho urs ove r 19 o r less th a n 9 in a

Pe r se m es ter h o ur ..

Ca m p u s ve hicl e pe rmit

Acade mi c Rega lia (a t third yea r) .. .... .... ..........

Reg is tr a tio n , c h a n ge: pe r t ra n sact io n

Re gis trati o n , la te ( p aya bl e b e

Ge n e ral Fee Pay me n t, late fee w ill b e assesse d u p to Optional Fees

Cabl e Te lev is io n

Ca bl e Ch a nn e l 1

Cabl e Ch a nn e l 2

Stud e nt Hea lth Se rv ice

Sin g le Se m es te r Co ntr ac t

... $40

$40

Sin g le stud ent s not li v in g o n cam p u s m ay pay thi s fee, fo r w hi

attenti on and Stud ent H ea lth Cen te r pri v il eges Stud e n ts n o t un de r a mea l p lan w ith th e Uni vers ity di n in g hall will be c harged fo r m eals w hil e in th e Stud en t Health Ce nte r. T he serv ices of t h e U ni ve rsit y p h ysician are available o nl y in th e Stu de n t H ea lth Cent er.

In fo rm ati o n abo ut a stud e nt acci d ent a nd sic kn ess in sur an ce po li cy is ava ilabl e fr o m th e Co ntr oll er, 202 Mary land H all , (804)289-8 150

~ Reg ardle ss o f th e Uni ve rs ity sc h o ol in w hi c h a co ur se is ta k e n , th e s tud e nt p ays th e tuiti on and fees o f th e sc h oo l t o w hi ch h e o r s h e ha s b ee n a dmitt e d a n d w hi c h is co n s id e re d th e sc h oo l of record. Any s p e cial fee a sso ciat e d w ith a p a rti c ular c our se, s u c h a s a la bor a to ry fee, is c h a rged based on reg is trati o n in th e co ur se

~ Th e Uni ve rs ity re se rve s th e right to in cr eas e th e fees lis t e d h e r e in a nd th e c har ges for ro o m and board if c ondition s should m a ke s uch chan g e s n ecess ar y o r ad v is abl e Th e c han ges w ill be a nn ounced as far in a d van ce a s feas ible.

~ Fees and charg es w ill in crea se for th e 1997-9 8 s ch o ol ye ar a nd will b e a nnoun ce d a s so o n as possible.

Pay m ents

Fees are payable at the Office of Stud e nt Accoun ts, o ne-half on the first Monday in August an d one-half on the first Monday in Decem be r. Students e ntering for the second semes ter pay one-half of the regular charges

No diploma is granted or credit given for the session's work until all charges have been satisfacto rily settled

. Stude nt s who fail to complete registration for the fall sem es ter by the close of busmess on the day before the first day of fallclasse s will be charged a late registrationfee of up to $50. Students who fail to make satisfacto1y arrangements for their fall semester fees by the close of business on th f e 1rst day of fall classes will be charged a late p aym e nt fee of up to $50. A late reg1stration fee of $50 will be charged nmently enrolled students who fail to complete reg1strati o n for the spring semester by the close of business on the registration day

specified for students continuing in the spring. A $50 late fee also is payable by new and readmitted students who fail to complete registration for the spring semester by the close of business on the first day of spring classes Students who fail to make satisfacto1y arrangements for their spring semester fees by the clos e of business on the first day of spring classes will be charged a late payment fee of up to $50.

Deferred Payments

The University does not offer a deferred payment plan , and all accounts must be paid in full each semester as indicated earlier in this section

However , in recognition of the substantial interest in deferred payments , the University has arranged to make available the services of Knight College Resource Group, Tuition Manag e ment Systems, and Academic Management Systems. These three firms represent one of several sound alterFinancial Affairs• 3 1

natives for financing a student's education. Information is mailed to students from these companies in April.

Many students may pr e fer to arrange financing through th e ir local banks or other so ur ces; but if ther e is inter est in Knight College Reso ur ce Group , Tuition Management Systems , or Academic Management Services , further information is avai lable upon requ es t from the University 's Office of Student Accounts.

Students are urg e d to complete whatever arrangements they choose ea rly , so that their accounts with th e University may be settled in a timely manner.

Advance Payments

Two hundr ed fifty dollars ($250) of th e General Fee must b e paid in advance b y all

Continuing and Readmitted Students

new students. Thi s advance paym ent must b e made upon acceptance of adm ission and will be cre dit e d on th e first semester account of th e student , but is not refundable if th e student fails to matri culate.

Refund Policy

Students are matri culat ed by sem ester. If a st ud e nt withdraws from cla sse s or is dropped from th e University for wh atever ca us e, a refund of fees for a fall or soring semester s h a ll b e mad e in accordan ce with th e Univ e rsity 's refund policy , bas ed on the following schedule. This sc hedul e is prorat e d for summer te rms. Refunds are made first to any financial program the student may b e r ece iving , th e n to any Unive rsity un se ttled account, a nd then to th e student.

Withdrawal b efo re classes b eg in .....................

Withdrawal during first week of classes .......... .

Withdrawal during second week of cla sses ....

Withdrawal during third week of classes .............

Withdrawal during fourth we e k of clas ses .... . .

Withdrawal during fifth week of classes ........

Withdrawal during sixth week of classes ...... ....... .

Withdrawal after sixth week of classes .... .

Entering and Transfer Students

As required by Public Law (668.22)

Withdrawal before classes b eg in ... ........... .. .... .....

Withdrawal during first week of classes .. ........ .....

Withdrawal during second week of classes ....... ..

Withdrawal during third week of classes ...... ......

Withdrawal during fou1th week of classes ...........

Withdrawal during fifth week of classes .. ..

Withdrawal during sixth week of class es .............

Withdrawal during seventh week of classes .

Withdrawal during e ighth we e k of classes ......

Withdrawa l during ninth week of class es ........

Withdrawal during tenth we e k of classes .... .. ..

Withdrawal after tenth week of classes . ... ... ..

General Fee and Room Refund

No n e

General Fee and RoomRefund

Bo ard Refund

100°1~ Prorated Pro rated Pro rated Prorated Prorated Prorated None Bo ard Refund 100% Prorated Pro rated Prorated Prorated Prorated Prorated Prorated Prorated Prorated Pro rated 0

Appe als Process

The University of llichmond has an appeals process for students and parents who belie,e individua l circumstances warrant exceptions from published policy. All appeals m ust be in writing and directed to Anne Ma rie Hellman , Assistant Controller , Box R University of llichmond, VA 23173

Room and Board

Roo ms in the Law residence hall are available to single studen ts upon app lication to the Director of Admissions of the Law'ichoo l, accompan ied b y check payable to Univ e rsity of Richmond in th e amount of $250. Returning students must reserve a room on or before th e preceding May 1: new student s must apply for a room upon accep tance by the school. Availabilityof roo ms is limite d. Prefer e nce is given to entering students not from the area.

The depos it will be a credit toward other fees if w ritten notice re leasing the room is received by July 1. If a student occup ies the room, the $250 room d e posit wi ll be credited to h is or her account.

The roo ms are furnished. Each student provides his or her own pillow bed line ns towels, an d blankets. ' '

The c harg e for room covers medical care by the University Student Health Center, but does not cover the cost of medicines, expenses at a hospital , or the services ofan, add itional physician or nurse.

Lav. stu d e nts are not required to participate in th e board plan. However , if you would like to participate in a board plan,

please contact the Office of Food & Auxilia1y Services, Room 330 of the Tyler Haynes Commons for ass istanc e. The board plans available are:

- 19 Meal Plan - All meals served weekly under the 19 meal plan schedu le

- 14 Meal Plan - Any 14 meals per week under 19 meal plan schedule

- 10 Meal Plan - Any 10 meals per week under 19 meal plan schedule

- 5 Meal Plan - Any 5 meals per week under 19 meal plan schedule

Meals under all meal plans are served during the clays and times stated in the calendar for the School of Alts and Sciences , the Jepson School of Leadership Studies and the undergraduate schoo l of The E. Claiborne Robins School of Business. The ID/ meal card is nontransferable.

Books

The books , supplies , and necessary study aids for the first year, if purchased new , will cost about $400. Second-hand books are available at lower cost. All books may be secured at reasonab le prices through the Unive rsity Bookstore.

1996 Summer Session

General Fee ........................... ......... $4,000

Part-time students matriculating for less than 5 semester hours per term:

Tuition fee, per semester hour ..... $800

FINANCIALAID

Stud e nt aid at th e Univ e r s ity o f Richm o nd is awa rded w ith o ut rega rd to race , co lor , re lig io n , n atio n al o rig in , sex , h a ndicap , o r age . Seve ra l fo rm s of finan cia l a id a r e ava ila bl e t o law stud e nt s . T h e Law Sch oo l m e rit sch o la rship p rogra m is administ e r ed throu g h th e Law Sc h oo l ; n ee dbased gra nt s and loa n s are ad m iniste re d b y th e Uni ve rsity's Fin an cia l Aid O ffice. Sch o larshi ps and g ra nt s are awa rd e d to in co min g stu de n ts. Stu de nt s rece iv in g th e m fo r the first yea r m ay rece ive th e m aga in fo r th e seco n d a nd third y ea r. It is unlik e ly th a t oth e r stud en ts w ill rece ive th e m for th e secon d o r third yea r.

Law School Scholarship Awards

Th e Law Sch oo l awa rd s a limite d numbe r o f sc h o lars hip gra n ts o n th e bas is of ch arac te r , leade rsh ip , sc h o las tic atta inm e nt , a nd ca p ac ity for law s tud y. Ap p lica ti o n fo rm s may b e o bt a in e d from:

D irector of Adm issions

Tbe T C. Willia m s Sch ool q/L aw University of R ichm on d , VA 23 1 73

Endowed Law Scholarships

The E. Ballard Baker Scholarship

Esta bli s h e d b y a lumn i a n d fri e nd s in memo ry o f Jud ge E. Ba llard Ba k e r , an a lum nu s of Richm o nd College a nd th e Law Sch oo l w h o was a w id e ly respec te d juri st a nd th e first Chi e f Jud ge o f th e Co urt o f Ap pea ls o f Virg in ia

The Mary Russell and James H. Barnett, Jr. Memorial Scholarship

Alumn i a nd frie n ds o f Ma1y Russe ll a n d

J a m es H . Ba rn e tt , Jr. h ave fun de d thi s sch o la rsh ip in th e ir m e m o 1y. Mr. Barn e tt was a d istin gui sh e d teac h e r a n d sc h o la r w h o served th e Law Sch oo l fo r n ea rly hal f a ce ntrny.

The W. Richard Broaddus, Jr . Scholarship

Esta b lis h e d as a r es ult of a ge nero us b e qu es t b y W Rich a rd Broaddu s, Jr., a m e m be r o f th e Class o f 1921.

The Thomas P . Bryan,Jr. Memorial Scho l arship

Esta blish e d b y th e W indsor Foun dation in m emo r y of Th o m as P . Bryan , on e of its tru stees, and a m e mb e r o f th e Class of 1947

The Cantor and Cantor Sch ol arshi p En dowed by th e Ric hm ond firm of Cant o r a n d Cant o r.

The Fred A. Crowder Memorial Scholarship

Establish ed by Mrs Fred A. Crow der and da u g ht e rs . Mr. Crow d e r was a me mber of th e Class o f 1949.

The John N. Dalton Memorial Scholarship

Esta blish ed by th e Uni ve rsity's Board of Tru stees in m e m ory of th e ir for mer colleag u e , J o hn N . Da lto n , w h o served as the Go v e rn o r of Virg inia .

The Carle E. Davis Scholar shi p

Esta bli sh ed by hi s friends in h ono r of Carle E . Dav is, a lo n g- tim e m emb er of the Law Sch oo l faculty, Secre tary of the Cniversity Boa rd o f Tru stees, alum n u s , an d promin e n t a tto rn ey .

The M. Ray Doubles Scholar s hip

Esta b lis h e d in h o n o r of M. Ray Doubles, fo rm e r d ea n a nd facu lty memb er of The T.C. W illiam s Sch oo l of Law, who faithfully se rved th e Law Schoo l as an able administra to r a nd p ro min e nt sc h o la r , and spent m a n y yea rs as a res p ec te d jurist.

The Thomas A. Edmonds Sch o larship Esta blish ed b y m e mb e rs of the Alumni Assoc ia tio n a nd o th e rs in h o n or of Thomas A . Ed m o nd s , a fo rm e r Dea n o f the LalV Sch oo l.

The William Meade Fletcher Memo ria l Scholarship

Established by James W. Fletcher in memory of his father , William Mea d e Fletche r, a uthor of th e hi gh ly r es p ec ted treatise o n co rpor a te law , Cyclopedia of th e Law of Private Corpo rat io n s.

The Barry N. Frank Scholarship

Established by Mrs. Honey H Frank in honor of her so n Bany, a member of th e Class of 1977

The Warren B. "Chip" French III Schola rs hip

Established by the Student Bar Association in me mory of Warren B. "Chip " French Ill, a member of th e Class of 1981.

The Virg il R. Goode and Mildred E. Goode Scholarship

Establish ed in 1993 through the estate of Mildred E. Goode , for students demonstrating financial need

The Charles T. Gray Scholarship

Established by the Hon. Frederick T. Gray in memory of hi s brother.

The Edwa rd W. Hudgins Memorial Scholar s hip

Establish ed in 1976 by Edward M. Hudgms in memory of hi s father , an a lumnus of the Law School and a trust ee of th e University of Richmond , who was Chi e f Justice o f the Supreme Court of Virginia, 1947-58.

The Nin a R. Kestin Scholarship

Established by h e r family , colleagues , and friends in memory of Nina R. "Ricki " Kestin, a respected m e mb e r of the Law School faculty , 1976-89.

The Harry L. Lantz Scholarship

Establish ed by Hany L. Lantz , a memb e r of the Class of 1943

The Law School Class of 1958 Scholarship

Established by members of the Class of 1958.

Life Insurance Company of Virginia Scholarship

Established in 1972, this scholarship is provided through th e ben evo lence of the Life Insurance Company of Virginia.

The Mary Corling McCrea Scholarship

Established by the McCrea Foundation in memory of its benefactor, Mary Carling McCrea.

The McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe Scholarship

An annua l scholarship award is made p oss ible through an e ndo w m e nt given b y th e Rich mond law firm of McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boothe.

The William T. Muse Memorial Scholarship

Established in memory of William T. Muse, a distinguished memb er of the law faculty a nd dean for 24 years.

The Elis Olsson Memorial Foundation Scholarship

Established to assist worthy students to obtain their lega l e du cat ion.

The Thomas P. Parsley Memorial Scholarship

Established by his w ife in memory of Thomas P. Parsley, a member of tl1e Class of 1929.

The E.R. Patterson Scholarship

Established by E.R. Patt erson , founder and {armer president of Richmond Tire & Rubb e r Co.

The Theodora A. Randolph Scholarship

Established b y Mrs. Randolph to assist w01thy students in th e pursuit of tl1e ir legal education.

The James D. Rowe Memorial Scholarship

Established by his friends in memory of James D. Rowe, a member of the Class of 1955.

The Charles E. Schelin Scholarship

Established by Mrs. Charl es E. Schelin in memory of her husband , a m e mb e r of th e Class of 1972.

The Sheppard Endowment Scholarship

Established by an anonymous alumnus and the Lawre n ce B. Sheppard Foundation.

The J. Westwood Smithers Scholarship

Established by his family a nd frie nds in memory of J. Westwood Smithers, a lon gtime m e mb e r of th e Law School faculty .

The Harold F. Snead Memorial Scholarship

Established in m e mory of Harold F. Snead , th e fo rm e r Chief Ju stice of th e Supreme Coutt of Virginia and a m embe r o f the Class of 1929.

The Beecher E. Stallard Scholarship

Established to h o nor Beecher E . Stallard, a 1931 graduate of the T.C. Williams School of Law and former m e mb e r of th e Virginia House of Delegates.

The Sturgill & Sturgill Scholarship

Endowed by th e firm of Sturgill & Sturgill, No rton , Virginia, to ass ist student s from so uthw es t Virginia.

Jean Morris Tarpley Scholarship

Established by th e Class of 1957 as a twenty-fifth reunion gift in honor of J ean Morris Tarpley, the Law School 's Director of Admissions.

The Elizabeth N. Tompkins Memorial Scholarship

Established by W es thampton College alumnae in m e mor y of Elizabeth N. Tompkins to be awarded to an e nt er ing law student who is a graduate of Westhampton College.

The Virginia District Court Ju dges ' Scholarship

Established by th e Law School' s alumni who a re Virginia District Coutt jud ge . The Williams Law Scholarshi p s

Awarded to e nt e rin g o r return ing stud e nt s o f unu sual ability.

The Willard I. Walker Schola rs hi p

Established by st ud en ts , a lu m ni, and fri e nd s in memory of Jud ge W illard I. Walker , a prominent member of th e Richmond bench , and an in struc tor of tnal advocacy at th e Law Scho o l.

Young Lawyers Section of the Richmond Bar Associatio n Scholarship

Established b y th e Young Lawyers Section o f the Richmond Bar Assoc iation to aid stud e nt s from Richmond a nd the surrot mding co unti es.

Annually Funded Scholarship s Scholarship awards a re m ade from funds annually provided by the follo wi ng law fo111s , co rporation s , gro up s, and individuals

Edward D. Barnes , Ch este rfie ld , Va .

Barnes & Barnes, Chath am, NJ

Bremner, Baber & J a nu s, Richm on d , Va

Christi a n , Barton, Epp s, Brent & Chap pell, Ric hmond , Va.

Davis, Davis & D av is, Rocky Moun t, Va.

Florance, Gordon & Brown , Richmond, Va.

Gentry , Locke , Rakes & Moore , Roanok e , Va.

Gillespie , Hart , Altize r & Whitesell , Tazewell, Va.

Melineze V . Godbee Memorial Scholarship

Hirschl e r , Fleischer, Weinberg, Cox x Alle n , Richmond , Va.

Hunton & Williams, Richmond , Va.

Kaufma n & Canoles, orfolk , Va.

Law 'ich oo l Assoc iat ion , Richmond, Va.

McCau l, Martin , Evans & Cook , Rich mond , Va.

McGuire, Woods, Batt le & Boothe, Rich mond , Va.

Moody, Strople & Kloeppel , Ltd , Portsmouth, Va.

Morr1s & Morris , Richmond , Va

0 utte '1, Barrett , Burr & Sharrett, Empo ria , Va.

Parker. Po llard & Brown, Richmond, Va.

Pretlow, Eason & Pretlow, Suffolk, Va.

Tuck & Conne lly Professional Associates, InL , Ric hmond , Va.

Tuck. Dillard , Nelson & Dillard

Virgir ,a Circ uit Court Judges

Willi; •1 s , Mulle n , Christian & Dobbins , R1L11mo nd , Va.

Ebb H W illiams III , Martinsville , Va .

Need-Base d Financial Aid

App licants for need-based financial aid must ·om plete both the Free Application for Fed e ral Student Aid (FAFSA) and the Univer sity of Richmond 's Financial Aid Supp 1cme ntal Application. Prospective students ( including transfers) shou ld mail the FAFSA by mid-Februa1y to ensure receipt at the ·1pplication processor no later than the Fe x uary 25 deadline date.

Spec ific information r egar ding programs. e ligib ility , and applicat ion procedures an be obtained from:

Fina n cial Aid Office

Bri net Memorial Hall Uni ·ersityofRichmond , VA 23173 (SC4)2 89-8438

Grants

The University of Richmond awa rd s g rants, w ithin ava ilab le resources, to law students who can demonstrate s ub stant ial need. In addition, the Virgin ia Tuition Grant (TAG) program provides aid to Virgin ia residents attend in g private sc hools in Virginia.

Loans

Loan programs are available through a vari ty of sources to help students finance their law schoo l ed u cation. Private so ur ces include the Law Access Loans and Law Student Loans Loan programs from federal sou rces includ e the Perkins Loan and th e Stafford Loan. Applications for these loa n s typi c ally require the completion of the FAFSA plus separate loan applications.

Veterans Benefits

Students eligible to receive educationa l benefits under Veterans Readjustment Acts, or other laws for veterans , active service persons , children , wives or widows of deceased o r disabled veterans, must s ubmit applications to the Veterans Administrat ion (VA) prior to registration. Ce1tificates of e ligibility received from the VA must be presented to the Veterans Administration Coordinator in the Registra r 's Office.

STUDENT ACTIVITIES

The Law Review

The University of Richmond Law Review is a legal periodical published four times a year by a student staff under general supervision of a board and a faculty advisor. With some emphasis on Virginia law , the Law Review presents the results of scientific study and scholarly investigation of practical lega l problems of current interest to the profession. Atticles are written by law professors, judges, and practicing lawy e rs. Notes and comments on recent decisions and statutes are prepared by students. Membership on the Law Review is one of the highest honors attainable by a student. This work affords students valuable training in research , analysis, and self-expression . In the opinion of many , this experience provides some of the best training the school has to offer.

McNeill Law Society

The McNeil! Law Society is named in memory of Walter Scott McNeil!, beloved professor in th e school from 1905 to 1930.

Membership is limited to stud en ts who rank in the top ten percent of their class.

Student Bar Association

The Student Bar Association is the Law School 's student government. This organization promotes and fosters many extracurricular activities. The Student Bar Association consists of a president , vice pr esident, secretary, and treasurer who are elected by th e e ntir e student body. The Studen t Council, the decision-making body of the Student Bar Association, is composed of these officers and two circuit repres en tatives from each class in the Law School. The Student Bar Association is designed to assist law students in a variety of ways. It sponsors various activities and projects , including first-year orientation, a speak er's program, and other social events throughout the year.

Other Student Organizati o n s

There are numerous other stud ent organizations . The Moot Court Board and Client Counseling and Negotiation Board administer the competitions des cribe d on page 18.

Two professional legal frat e rnities , Phi Alph . De lta a nd Phi Delta Phi , sponsor a variety of programs on subjects of prof essional inte res t. The legal fraternities occasionally host ce1ta in soc ial events. In addition, ,t t h e Law School there is a chapter of The Black Law Student Association (BALSI\); a Women 's Law Students Association; t'1e Jewish Law Students Association; a Multi-Ethnic Law Students Association (MLSA); c h apte rs of th e National Lawy e rs Guild 'md the Federalist Society; a Health CareL1w Foru m ; Environmental Law Society;the Virg inia Trial Lawye rs Association; Christian Lega l Society ; and a Public Int e rest La · Assoc iation (P ILA) .

Awards

TheCh arles T. Norman Medal is given annually to th e best all-around law graduate as d ete rmined by th e law faculty.

TheJ. We stwood Smithers Medal was establishe d in honor of Professor Emeritus J.Westw ood Smither who re tir e d in 1979 after 1'lore than 40 yea rs of se rvi ce to the Univers ity of Richmond Law School. Th e Smithers Medal honors the member of the graduuting class who has the high es t cumulative , 5ra de point average.

TheWilli am S. Cudlipp,Jr. Medal , established m honor of Prof esso r Emeritus William S. Cud lipp , Jr. , is awarded to the st udent \ h o has the high st cumulative grade point avera ge at the e nd of the second year of la" sc hoo l.

The 1\-ic hie Company Prize , a copy of the Cod e o f Virginia , is present e d annually to the s eco nd-year student who has attained the highest scholastic average durmg the first year of law school.

The Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction (CALl) awards ce1tificates to th e students in each class whom the faculty d ee m to have mad e the most significant co ntributi o n to legal scholarship.

The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Company , Bancroft-Whitney Company awards credit vouchers a nd cettificates of such awar d s to the students ea rning the high es t grades in specified law school courses .

The International Academy of Trial Lawyers Student Advocacy Award is awarded annually to th e se nior law st udent who has distinguished himself or h erse lf in th e field of tria l adv oc acy.

The William T. Muse Torts Award was established by the Student Bar Association in h o nor of William T. Muse, former dean of th e Law School. This award is given to th e first-yea r s tudent re ce iving th e highest grad e in tort s.

The Virginia Trial Lawyers Association Advocacy Award is a cash priz e which is given to a student who has distinguished him se lf or h e rself in courses having a significant litigation orientation .

The National Association of Women Lawyers Award is given by the faculty for academic potential and achievement in the advancement of women in society.

The Kestin Memorial Prize is occasionally awarded by the faculty at commencement to a graduate who has made an extraordinary contribution to the school. The priz e is named in memory of Professor Nina R. ("Ricki") Kestin , who was a tax professor at the school from 1976until her untim e ly death in 1989.

CURRICULUM

First-Year Courses

The follow ing cour ses totaling 30 sem es te r hours are pr esc rib e d:

Civil Pro ce dure. (515) Intr o du cti o n , w ith e mph asis on federal l aw, to rul es gove rnin g juri sdi c ti o n , ve nu e , service if process, pl ea din gs , j o in de r , di scove ry , summaiy adjud icati o n , tri al , ju dg m e nt s, dir ec t and co llateral attack on j ud g m e nt s, a pp e ll ate pro ce dur e, an d choice if law i n c iv il liti ga ti o n 4 sem. brs.

Constitutional Law. (503) Introdu c ti o n to co n sti t utional pro bl em s, in cl udin g pr o bl e m s re l atin g to th e defini ng and rai sin g o f co nstituti o nal qu esti o n s; th e federal system ; and an in tro du ct io n to judi c i al prot ection o f ,ndiv id u al li be r t ies. Emph asis o n p arts of th e Constituti o n m os t fr equ e ntl y in vo lved in liti gati o n. 4 se111.b1x

Contrac ts. (513) Bas i c e l e m e nt s o f co n t r act l aw. Stress ,n the ag r ee m e nt p rocess , i .e. , o ff e r and acceptance, co n sid e rati o n , a n d sub stitut es fo r co n sideration A v o ida n ce o f co ntr ac tual o bli ga ti o n s , co nditions. p e rfo rm a n ce a nd br eac h of co ntr ac t s a r e examini d as ar e d isc h ar ge of co ntr ac tu a l d uti es a n d remed es T hird - p a rt y be n e fi c i ari es , ass i g nm e n ts, and ill ega l co ntr ac t s m ay b e exa min e d. Th e U niform C,i m me r c i a l Co d e a nd t h e Res tate m e nt e mphasizcJ t hro u g h o ut. 4 sem. brs

Criminal Law. (506) Sour ces o f c rimin al l aw ; co nstitutiona l lim ita t io ns o n po w e r to c reate and d e fin e crimes: ·lem e nts o f c rim es; co ndu c t , m e nt al state , causation: ·pec ifi c o ff e nses, in cl udin g h o mi c ides , sex o ffenses, larceny , and o th e r p ro p ert y o ff e n ses; d ef en ses of mistakes, infan cy, compul si o n , int ox ica tion , in sanity; attemp t ; so li c it at io n ; co nspir acy; accesso ,ys hip 3 sem hrs.

Environ m ental Law. (520) Us in g e n v ironm e n ta l lawas the v ehi cle, an intr o du c tion to th e d y nami cs o f regulatn,y and statutm y law Co n sid e rs th e ways in which Yario us l ega l in sti tuti o n s - leg islat ur es, administrative .ige nc i es, and th e co urt s - r esp o nd to e n v ironmental issu es 3 sem. br s.

Lawyerin g Skills 1-11.(517-518) Inn ova ti ve p rog ram introd11<ng fir st-and seco nd -yea r law stud ent s to essential h , y erin g skill s includin g lega l an alys is, w ritin g, research inte rv iewing , coun sel i ng, n ego tiation , dr afttng, anc: r ial and app ella te ad vo cacy 2-2 sem b rs.

Property. ( 516) Introdu cti o n to p ro p e rty laws, w ith emphasis o n th e con ce pt s o f tit.le and p ossession o f personal an d real prop e rty ; finder s a nd bailm e nt s;

ri g ht s and rem edi es o f the p ossessor ; don ati ve tran sacti o ns; ri g ht s o f th e b o na fid e pur cha ser ; hi st o ri ca l b ackgro und o f real pr o p erty law; estates in la nd ; conc urr ent ow nership ; co n veya nc in g a nd futur e int erests aft e r th e Statut e o f Uses; Statut e o f Fraud s; co ntract s, d ee d s a nd m o rtgages in th e sale o f land ; reco rd ation an d titl e exa min ati o n ; cove n ant s, easem ent s, and lice n ses in t h e use o f la nd. 4sem . hrs

Torts. (514) Liabili ty for p e rso n al injuri es and injuri es to pr o p e rt y . In cl ud es an al ys is o f va ri o us int e nti o nal to rt th eo ri es, t he co n ce pt s o f n eg li ge n ce and stri ct li abili ty, and th e pri v il eges and def en ses w hich ma y appl y to ac ti o ns brou g ht i n tort. M ay includ e tr ea tm en t o f o ne o r m o re spec ial o r em e rg in g areas su c h as pr o du cts li ab ilit y, mi srep resent ati o n , pri vacy , d efa m ati o n , mi suse of l egal pr oce dur es, o r interf eren ce w ith ad v anta geo u s rel ati o n ship s 4 se m. brs.

Required Upper-Level Courses

Th e following upper-level courses totaling 6 se m es te r hours are pr esc ribed:

Lawyering Skills ill-IV. (598-599) Co ntinu ati o n o f th e inn ova ti ve pr og ram b egun in th e fir st ye ar , intr odu c in g stud ent s to essenti a l lawye ring skill s includin g lega l anal ys is, w ritin g , researc h , int erv iew in g , co unselin g , n ego ti ati o n , d raftin g, and trial and a pp ell ate ad vocacy . Lawye rin g Skill s III -I V mu st b e tak en durin g th e seco nd yea r. 2- 2 sem. br s Professional Responsibility. (605) Ethi c al stand ard s o f th e l egal p ro fessi o n , including judi c ial e thi cs and un authori zed pra c ti ce 2 sem . brs

In addition to thes e courses , students mu s t s u c cessfully compl e te a writing requir e m e nt as stated on page 29 The cours e s through which this requir e ment can b e satisfie d are includ e d in th e following lis t. The notation Meets third-year writing requirement appears after the description of some of thes e courses. Other cour se s will occasionally b e structur e d in a format so as to meet th e re quirem e nt. The list of courses offered, published e ach year by the Law School , indicates all the courses offered that y e ar through which this requir e ment can b e satisfied.

Second-or Third-Year Elective Courses

Administrative Law. (607) Surv ey o f th e natur e, purp ose a nd fun ctio n s o f fe d e ra l a nd s ta te a dmini str a tive age nci es . Cove rag e includ es an a nal ysis o f p roce dur es a nd pr ac tices b efo re s uc h age n c ies , e n fo rcem e nt o f a ge n cy d ec is io n s, judi c ia l rev iew a nd co ntr o l o f age n cy use o f gove rnm e nt a l p owe r. 2-3 sem. h rs.

Admiralty. (608) Law o f m a ritim e co mm e rce, o f s hip s, sea m e n , a nd ca rgo . An intr o du ctio n to th e spec ia l fe d e ra l sys te m o f admiral ty pra c tice, fo llowe d b y exa min a tio n o f th e laws gove rnin g m a rine tra n spo rta tio n , oce an polluti o n , a nd indu s tria l acc id e nt s to c rew me mb e rs a nd h a rbo r wo rke rs 3 sem . h rs.

Advanced Constitutional Law. (609) Indi v idu a l rig hts, pa rtic ul a rly iss ues in th e First , Thirtee nth , a nd Fift ee nth Am e ndm e nt s n o t cove re d in th e bas ic co ur se. T o pi cs includ e reap p o rtio nm e nt , re lig io n , o bsce nity , go ve rnm e nt inves tiga tio n , th e right to kn ow, co mm e rc ia l s p eec h , libe l, a nd ina d e qu ac ies in th e Supr e m e Co urt to prot ec t rig ht s 3 sem. hrs .

Advanced Family Law Seminar. (703) Thr o ug h th e m e dium of h yp o th e tical clie nt s, se lec te d family law iss ues, fro m co u rts hip th ro u g h di vorce , w ill b e a n alyze d in d e ta il. Ro le pla ying a nd gu es t lect ur e rs w ill b e utili ze d. Submi ss io n o f a s ub s ta ntia l resea rc h p ap e r a nd o ral pr ese nt a tio n a re re quir e d. 2 sem. h rs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Advanced Real Estate Transactions. (611) Su rveys

m o d e rn re al es tat e tra n sac tio n s , s u c h as co nd o minium s , coo p e ra tives, s al es a nd lease b ac k s, lease ho ld m o rtg a ges, FHA a nd VA fina n c ing, tax co n se qu e n ces, titl e in s ur a n ce, co n s tru c tio n loa n ag ree m e nt s, a nd s ho ppin g ce nt e r leases . 3 sem. hrs.

Advanced Torts. (659) Cove rs o n e o r m o re s p ec ia lize d to pi cs th a t ca nn o t b e cove re d in th e b as ic T o rts co ur se . Th e to pi cs includ e injuri es to trad e re la tio ns, like torti o u s inte rfe re n ce w ith co ntra ctu a l rig ht s , misa ppropri a tio n o f tra d e sec re ts, a nd unfair co mp e titio n o r inte rfe re n ce w ith dignita1y inte res ts s u c h as d e fama tion, pri vacy, o r publi c ity rig ht s 2 sem . hrs .

Advanced Trial Practice. (632) Re fin es a nd bui ld s o n th e s kill s cove re d in Tri a l Pra c t ice o r Lawye rin g

Skill s b y u s in g m o re co mpl ex c iv il a nd c rim in al probl e m s, a nd files d eve lop e d b y th e Na tio n a l Ins titut e for T ria l Ad vo ca cy for trainin g th e mo re exp e rie n ce d tri a l ad voc at e Sp ec ia l e mpha s is o n th e d ev e lopment of a c ase th e or y and th e c h oos m g of a n approp ria te c ase th e m e fo r th e m o re co mpl ex ca s e. Co ve r s u s e of d e monstrativ e ev iden ce, including photograph s, c hart s, w hit e b o ard s, ove rh ea d s, video s, and comput e r s imul a tion s Prerequi site: Lawye ring Skills III ( 598) 2-3 sem. hr s

Agency and Partnership. (612) Age n cy relations hip s; co ntra ctu a l liabilit y of prin c ipal s (di sclos ed and undi sclose d ), age nt s a nd third p a rties; a uth orit) :ind ratifica tion ; te rmin ation o f age ncy; to rt liability in maste r-se rva n t re lat io n s hip s; p a rtn e rs hi p: c rea tion , r ghts a nd duti es o f partn e rs , di sso lution of p a rtn e rs hips: ficluc ia 1y d u ties o f age nts. 2 sem . hrs.

Alternate Dispute Resolution. (610) D eve lop ment o f s kills in ce rta in d is pu te reso lutio n tec hni qu e• includ ing n ego tia tio n , a rbitrati o n , m ed ia tio n , and minitria ls. En ro llme nt limite d . 2-3 sem. h rs.

AmericanJudicial Biography. (638) Exami ne, the lives o f p ro min e nt juri s ts to see h ow th ei r p ersonal ex p e rie n ces info rm e d th e ir ca ree rs as jurists an d their judi c ia l phil osop hies Am o ng th e incliv iclua ls studied a re H o lmes, Blac k , Fra nkfurt e r , Br a nd e is, Traynor, a n d Lea rn ed H a n el 2 sem. hrs. Meets thir d -year writing requirement.

American Legal History. (620) Top ics central to the d eve lo pm e nt o f Ame rica n law , fro m th e sevent eenth th ro ug h th e twe ntie th ce ntur y , inclu d ing recept ion of En g lis h law, evo lu tio n o f th e lega l pr o fess io n and lega l e du cat io n , sc hoo ls of histo rica l sc h o lars h ip. and o rig ins o f se lec ted lega l d oc trin es 2 sem. hrs

Antitrust. (613) Co nt ro l o f p riva te eco n o mic power in th e Unit ed Sta tes, foc u s ing o n th e law reg arding mo no p o lies , m erge rs, a nd res trict ive bu s ine ss ~ractices as reg ulat ed by th e Sh e rma n a nd Clayto n acts. So m e a tte nti o n to o th e r fede ra l a ntitru st legi sl 1tion s uc h as th e Fe d e ra l T ra cie Co mmi ss io n Act an d state a ntitru st e n fo rce m e nt. 3 se m . h rs.

Asian Legal Systems. (760) (Oj fe red irregularly ) In -dep th co n s id e ra ti o n of prin c ipl es co m mon to As ia n lega l sys te m s, p rin c ip a lly th ose of Kor ea and J a p a n , b u t a lso o f C hin a. Law m a kin g pr o cesses a nd judi c ia l in s t itu tio n s a re co n s id e r e d as a re_pnnc ipl es o f pu b lic a nd p rivate law. Also a tten uon is p a id to th e influ e n ce o f vari o u s As ia n c ul tu res and re lig io u s sys te m s o n th e ro le o f law a n d d evelopm e nt o f lega l pr in c ipl es 2 sem. hrs.

Bankruptcy. (704) Liquid a tio n a nd reo rgan ization pro cee din gs un de r th e fede ra l B a nkru p tcy Code 3 sem. h rs.

Bioethics. (717) Semin a r w ith primar y foc us on bio· e thi ca l lega l iss u es th a t co nfro nt soc iety to d ay. Among to pi cs to b e co n s ide re d: d is tin ctio n s , if a n y, between e thi ca l a nd le g a l iss u es; phi loso phi ca l m o d e ls for a:: lyz ing bioe thi ca l iss ues, mcluclmg cleo nt o logica l rn e ls (rul es a nd rig hts), th e o log ical m o d e ls (uu ht man, eco n o mic), a nd m o d e ls o f ca re; inform e d co nsent and a ut o n o m y ve rs u s utility debat e; ge n e tic e ng inee nng; s h o rtage s o f o rga n s uppl y ; te rmin a tio n o f life support qu a lity of life iss u es; b eg innin g ca re and infants: cosl iss u es includin g h ow mu c h to tr ea t , and the cost of te chn ~ logy ver s us oth e r soc ie tal va lues 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Bus ine ss Planning. (668) Tran sact io n a l co ur se a n alyz;.,g co rp o rate, tax, sec uriti es, finan ce, a ntitru st , a nd ace Ju nli n g aspects of s ig nifi ca nt corpo ra te eve nt s Tra·1sactio ns in w hi c h th ese iss u es are exa min e d include cor porate o rga ni za tio n s, finan c in gs, di stributions and reca pitulations , liquidati o n s, acq ui s itio n s and me rge rs. Enro llme nt limit ed Pr erequ is ite: Bas ic Tax, Co rpo ra tio n s (602) 2-3 sem hrs.

Chil dre n and the Law. (616) De ve lop m en t s in handli ng juv e nil e pr ob lems . Emphasi s o n pr ocedur:il ram ifica tion s of rece nt court a nd leg is lat ive attc •1pts to refo rm th e ju ve nil e justice sys tem , a nd emL ·ging iss u es in lega l e nfor cement of c hildr e n 's rig! ,s. 3 sem. hrs.

Civil Placement Program. (750) Pla ce m e nt s mad e in a va riety of lega l o ffices d ea lin g w ith c iv il matt e rs such as legal a id o rga ni za ti o n s a nd e n viro nm e ntal founda tio n s. Two h o ur classroom compo n ent required . G ra d e d pa ss- fail. See Director of Clini ca l Placeme nt Program for m ore d e ta ils. 4-6 sem. hrs.

Comm er cial Paper and Payment Systems. (618) La\\ re lating to negotiable in s trum e nt s, bank depo s its and co llectio ns, a nd e lectronic m o ney tran s fe rs, wit h emphas is o n An icles 3, 4 , and 4A o f the Unifo rm Commercial Code , th e Exped ite d Funds Availabilit y Act, and Regu lat io n CC. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Com pa rative Public Law of the U.S. and U.K. (694) (Offered o nl y in th e Cambr idge Uni ve rs ity PrograP1.)Examin es a nd co mpares underl y in g prin c ip les of cons titutiona l a n d ad mini strati ve law in t he U.S. a nd the L.K. 2 sem. hrs.

Compa rative Law. (714) Overv iew o f pr oced ura l and substa ntiv e prin c ipl es o f c iv il, Is la mi c and soc ialist lega l trad itio n s. Attent io n t o hi st o rica l underp innings o f traditio n s a nd to law making and jud ic ial institutions wit hin lega l sys tems as we ll as to the principles o f law. 2 se m. hrs.

Com pu ter Law. (759) Thi s cou rse deal s wit h iss ue s in the age o f cybe rs pa ce co n ce rnin g inte llec tual property rights, privacy in e lec tronic commun icat io ns, digital lefamation , and freedo m of speec h in e lec troni c tran• m iss ions 2 sem. hrs.

Confli ct of Laws. (621) Law re latin g to ac ts a nd transact io n s in wh ic h any operat ive fact occ ur s o utsid" th e state w here lega l proceedin gs are ins titut e d , or which invo lve ot her s ig nifica nt ex tras tate e leme nt s. The he o re tica l ba ses of co nfli ct of laws , includin g traditic•nal a nd mod e rn approac h es to c h o ice of law, ar e C0\'ere d. 3 sem. hrs.

Comp arative Constitutional Law. (727) Co n s ide rs various co n stitutiona l m o d e ls . Stud e nt s in team s w ill draft co mp le te co n st it uti o n s a nd se ts o f com m en ta1y. 2 sem. hrs.Meets third-year writing requirement . Cons truction Law. (617) Iss ue s p ec uliar to co n stru ction projec ts fro m th e p e rs p ec tive of th e va rio u s p a r-

ticipants, including d eve lope r, co ntr acto r, architect , a nd lender and o n disput e avo idance a nd reso lution techniques. Includ es ne go tiation and draf tin g of constru ctio n -related contrac ts. 2 sem. hrs.

Consumer Protection. (622) Survey of private and public law protection afforded co n sumers , beginning w ith an ana lysis of th e common law tort of deception and exte ndin g th rough most a re as o f public regulat ion, includin g those polic e d by the Federa l Tracie Comm iss ion Emph as is on app lication of fede ra l statut es s uch as the Consumer Cred it Protect ion Act and th , Magnuso n-Moss Warranty Act. Excludes product liab ility co n cepts. 3 sem. hrs.

Contract Drafting Seminar. (721) Course engages student s in tran sact ion ana lysis, including identifying clie nt (and third part y) objectives, parties· areas of agreeme nt or disagreement, and providing co n tingency planning in th e event of d isputes rega rding th e pa rties' rig ht s and duti es. Stud e nt s structure agreements, p lan for possible disputes, pre di ct h ow par ties behave, an d seek appropriat e clarity of language. Enro llment limited . 2 sem. hrs.

Contract Theory. (711) Ana lysis of lea din g traditional an d m o d ern th eo ries of co ntra ctual re lations hip s Exp loration of e ffect of th ese theories o n major co ntract rules s uc h as tho se rega rding cont ract fonnation , co n s truction of co ntra ct te rms , a nd remedies. 2 se m. hrs.Meets third-year writing requirement.

Corporate Finance. (689) Adva n ced corporate cou rse designed to d eve lop awareness of th e rang e of lega l iss u es invo lved in public and private fund ing of ac tivities of a cor por ation. Pre requi s ite: Corporations (602) 3 sem. hrs.

Corporate Reorganization. (705) Study of corporate mergers , acqu isitions, and reca p ita lization of insolve nt co rp oratio ns, including iss u es re lated to taxation, securi ties regu latio n , accounting, and credi to r's rig hts. Prerequisite: Corporatio n s (602) 2-3 sem. hrs.

Corporate Taxation . (623) Income taxation of co rpo ra tio n s and th e ir s h areho lders und e r th e Int e rn a l Reve nue Code. Top ics include classification of the bu s iness en tity, format io n of a corporation and tran sfer of p rope 1ty to an existing corporat io n , distributions , rede mptions , stock cliviclen ds, and liquid at io ns. Prerequisite: Fe d e ral Income Taxat io n. (60 1) 3 sem. hrs.

Corporations. (602) Organizat ion and promotion of co rp ora tio ns, di str ibu tion of power between manage rs a nd shareho lder s, fiduciar y ob ligat ions of manage rs to corpo ratio n and s hareho lde rs, and of shareholde rs a m ong th emse lves ; co ntrol o f insider trading and profit t ak in g, merger s , means o f protecting shareholder rig ht s th ro ug h derivative s uits and ap prai sa l remed ies, ca pit al structure, divid e nd s and ot h er co rporate distributions ; spec ial probl e ms of close co rp ora tio n s 4 sem. hrs.

C u rricu /um. • 43

Creditor's Rights. (624) Pr o bl e m s a nd re m e di es in d e b to r -c r edit o r r e l ati o n s hi p, w i t h e mph asi s o n r e m e di es ava il a bl e und e r stat e l aw. T op i cs inclu de e n fo r ce m e nt o f jud g m e n ts, ga rni shm e nt , a t tac hm e nt , exe mpti o n s, fr a udul e n t co n veya n ces , co mp os iti o n s, a nd assi g nm e nt s fo r t h e be n e fit o f c r e dito r s. 3 sem. brs.

Criminal Placement Program. (751) Pl ace m e nt s m ad e in va ri ety of l ega l o ffi ces dea lin g w i t h c rimin al m att e rs su ch as th e Co mm o n we alth Att o rn ey and t he Publi c D efend e r. T wo- h o ur cl assroo m co mp o ne nt req uir ed. G rad ed p ass-fail. See Dir ec t o r o f C lini ca l

Pla ce m e nt Prog ram fo r m o re d eta il s. 4-6 sem. brs

Criminal Procedure. (603) Imp o rtant pr ob le m s and cases in area o f clue p rocess o f law in crimin al p rosec uti o ns, in cl udin g th e to pi cs of arr est, search an d seizur e, e lec t ro ni c eavesd rop pin g , ri g ht to co un sel , p ol ice int er roga t i o ns and co nf essio ns, and fa ir tri al/ fr ee pr ess. 3 sem. brs.

Criminal Process. (625) Fed er al and V ir g ini a procedur es at vari o u s stages o f a crimin al p rosec uti o n , includin g ba il , pr e limin a,y h earin gs, indi ctm e nt s, di scove r y, sp eed y tri al , d o ubl e j eo p ardy, pl ea ba rga inin g, ju1y selecti o n , ve nu e , and juri sdi cti o n 2 se m . brs.

Disabilities Law Seminar. (706) (O ff e red irr eg ularl y ) Law and p o li cy issu es r el ated to assurin g ri g ht s o f p eo pl e w ith di sabiliti es, includin g fed e ral and state co n stituti o n al a nd st atut o r y p ro tect io ns. T o pi cs includ e t he Am e ri can s w ith Di sabiliti es A ct , D eve l opm e nt al Di sabiliti es Ac t , Th e Edu cati o n fo r Al l H andicapp ed o f Childr en Ac t , Secti o n 504 o f th e Re hab ilit ati o n A ct of 1973, Earl y Int e rventi o n Prog ram for Infant s a nd T o clcllers, h o u sin g, co mmuni ty serv i ces, e ntitl em ent s, vo tin g, famil y right s, and emp loy m ent. Enr o l lm ent limi ted 2 se m . b rs Meets third-year writing requirement.

Education Law. (627) Lega l issu es surr o undin g educati o n in g rad es K thr o ug h 12, inclu d in g co m p ul so ,y sch oo ling , u se of tax c redit s and o th er m ean s o f fin an cin g edu cati o n , re li g io n in th e sch oo l s, tex tb oo k rev iew , fr eed o m o f expr essio n i ssues, clue pro cess and di sciplin e, and co mp ete n cy rol e in edu cati o n. 2 sem. brs.

Elder Law. (619) Leg al i ssu es in ad v i sin g e ld e rl y client s, in c l udin g p o w e r s of attorn ey, li v in g w il l s, ad va n ce m edi ca l dir ec ti ves, int e r v ivos tru sts , U niform C u stodia l Tru st A ct , So c i a l Sec ur i t y, M e di c ar e a nd o th e r h ea lth - r e la te d m att e rs, Suppl e m e nt a l Sec urit y In co m e, M edi c a i d , plannin g t o avo id l oss o f asset s in th e eve nt o f l o n g- t e rm illn ess, a nd pr o bl e m s o f l ega l in co mp et e n cy Pr e req11is it e: Wil ls and Tru st s I. 2 se m. br s

Employee Benefits and Deferred Compensation. (630) ( Off ered irre g u l arl y.) Introdu ction to fed e ral tax and l ab o r laws re latin g to th e d esig n , o p erati o n , te rminati o n , and di stribut i on o f b en efit s fr o m qu al ifi ed and n o n - qualifi e d e mpl oyee we lfar e a nd be n e fit

pl an s, su c h as pr o fit -sh a rin g, m o n ey pur ch ase defin ed b en efit , e m p loyee stoc k b o nu s and stock ownership pl an s; a nd fed er al tax laws re lat i ng to stock opti o n a nd de fe rr ed co m pe nsatio n pl ans. 2 sem b rs.

Employment Discrimination Law. (628) An alysis o f th eo ri es und e rl y in g e mpl oy m e n t d i scrim i nation law. Examin atio n of the va ri o us statu tes p roh il iting di scrimin ati o n in e mpl oy m e nt , inclu d in g Titl e \di of t h e C i v il Rig h ts Act o f 1964 , Age D i scrimi nat ion in Empl oy m e nt Ac t , Am e ri ca n s w ith D isabilit i es Act, Civ il Rig ht s Ac t of 1866 , and t he judi c ial int erpr etn ion of th ose statut es. 3 se m. brs.

The Employment Relation. (629) A nal ys is of statuto ,y an d co mmo n l aw reg ul ati o n o f th e e m plo ymem re lati o nship , includin g emp l oye r testin g an d i nf ormat i o n ga th e rin g, wage a n d h o ur reg ul at i on, OSHA. wo rk e rs co mp e nsati o n , w ro n g ful di scharge and other co mm o n l aw acti o ns c h all e ngi ng di sc h arge , unempl oy m e n t co m pe n sati o n , and ERISA. Co n si derat ion of w hat ro le th e law sh o uld pl ay in va ri o us aspects of th e em pl oy m e n t re l at io n ship 3 sem. h rs.

Energy Law. (666) (O ff e red irr eg ul arl y.) Thi s course exa min es th e statut o 1y sche m es fo r d eve l op m en, and co ntr o l o f fossil an d n o n-foss i l fu e l alt e rn ati ves (includin g re newa bl e p owe r , en ergy effi ci en cy and ene rgy co nse1va ti o n) , reg ul ato ,y refo r m and comp etition in t he e lec tri c u t ili ty indu str y , an d th e imp act of enviro nm e nt a l , safety an d eco n o mi c regul at io n o n the ene rgy indu str y 2 sem. br s

Entertainment Law. (700) I ssues of l aw and policy aff ectin g th e e n te rta inm e nt indu st1y. 2 se m . hrs.

EnvironmentaL Law: Coastal Zone Manag e ment Seminar . (673) Examin es t he co nfli cts in resour ·eall oc ati o n w ithin th e co astal zo ne. Enr o llm e nt li mited. 2se m b rs.

Environmental Law: Control of Water Reso urces. (601) Thi s class addr esses th e Fed e ral Water Polluti o n Co nt ro l A ct ( FWPCA)- it s stru ctur e, regul ations, am e ndm ent s, and eco n o mi c impli cati o ns. 2 se111.hrs.

Environmental Dispute Resolution. (72 4) This co ur se fo c uses o n th e u se o f al te rnati ve di sp u te resoluti o n (ADR ) tec hn i qu es, suc h as m edi at i o n , negotiated rul em akin g , and arbitr ati o n , in reso l v in g em ironm e nt al di sput es Rev iew o f p e rsp ectiv es o n d ispute reso luti o n. Emph asis is o n ADR ex p e ri e nce w i th proble m s arisi n g und er state a nd fed e ral statu tes govern· in g th e di sp osa l o f so lid and h azard o us wast e. such as recy clin g and sitin g o f was te di sp osa l faci l iti es. P1rrequi s ite: En v ir o nm ent al Law (520). Enr o llm ent limit ed. 2 se m b rs

Environmental Law: Implementing Public Policy. (715) Stud e nt s famili ari ze th e m sel ves \, itha m ajor fed e ral e nvironm e nt al statut e at vari o us st:1ges: p e rce i ve d publi c n ee d , ea rl y l eg i sl ati ve pr op osals. dr aftin g, e n actm e nt , regu l ati o n , imp l em ent ati o n judic ial int erpr et ati o n , and reauth o ri zati o n. 3 sem. /Jrs

Envir o nmental Law: Environmental Jurisprudence . (697) ont empor a,y e nvironm e ntal probl em s ant legal , po liti ca l , leg islativ e, and admini strativ e resp< 1ses to th e m , includin g th e l awye r 's rol e as policv ma k e r as o pp o sed to advo ca te or coun selor. The >I) an d und e rl y in g p o li cy o f th e syste m s fo r e nvironme nt al ri sk assessm e nt and balan c in g are co nside •d. Enr o llm ent limit ed. 2 se m brs .Meels lhirdy ea 1'w riling requirement.

Enviro nmental Law: Litigation and Practice. (671) Issues tr ea ted includ e co un selin g o f cli ent s in pen ti ng and reg ulat o ,y requir e m e nt s , pr ep arati o n for /orm al and inf o rmal age ncy pro ceedin g s, administrat, e hea rin g pra c ti ce and buildin g a reco rd , appeals of age n cy d ec isi o ns, probl e m s o f co mpli ance and enfo rce m ent b y administr ativ e and judi c ial action. 2s£'11 h rs.

Enviro nmental Law: Solid Waste and Toxic Materia l. (699) Foc u s primaril y o n tw o f ed e ral statt ·s- th e Reso ur ce Co n se r va ti o n a nd Reco v e r y Act RCRA) a nd th e Co mpr e h e n si ve En v ir o nm e ntal ,,espo n se , Co mp e n sa ti o n a nd Liabilit y A c t (Cl'! CLA), as we ll as l ea din g judi c i a l int e rpr e tations of th e ac ts In additi o n , co mpl e m e nt a ry stat e ht \\ L\a m in ed. 2 se m. br s.

Estate and Gift Taxation. (633) T axes imp ose d on t ·stam e nt a r y a nd int e r v ivas tr an sf e rs, intri cacies of th e gro ss es t a te , th e marital d e du c tion , prol lems o f j o int o wn e r s hip , g r a nt o r tru sts und e r subr art E o f th e Int e rn a l Re v e nu e Co d e, pr o bl em s in 1· lua t io n 2 se m br s.

Estate Planning. (634) Anal ys is o f assets for di sp ositio1 i n estate plannin g, estate pl an b y o p e rati o n o f la" ·evocabl e int e r viv as tru sts as an in strum ent in the t ;tate pl an , irr evoc abl e int e r v ivas tru sts as an instrument in the estat e plan , no n-tru st g ift s, di sp os ition of Ii i nsur a nce, e mpl oyee and soc ial security b enefits. he w ill as an in strum e nt in th e estate plan , marital dl'd ucti o n , use of p o wer s of app o intm e nt , c haritabk lispos iti o ns, m eth ods o f minimi zing in co m e and estat taxes w hil e acco mpli shin g d esir ed result s fo r obje, rs o f b o unt y, pr eparation of in strum e nts in vo lv ed in es te pl annin g Pre requi s ite: Estat e and Gift T ax ation 13) 2 se 111br s.

Evid, n e e. (599) Rul es o f admi ssibilit y o f evid e nce, including co nce pt s o f re levan cy, hearsay, dir ec t examin 1tion , c ro ss-e xamin ati o n , imp eac hm e nt , and privil, .ses 4 se m. brs.

Fam'ly Law. (707) Lega l probl e m s invol ve d in th e form: io n and di sso luti o n o f marri age, and w e lfar e of child r e n , including nonmarit a l and premarital agree •1ents , ill eg itima cy and p ate rnit y, marria ge, divorct and a nnulm e nt , m a rit a l supp o rt a nd p ro p e rt y rights .ibo rti o n , c ontra ce ption and artifi c ial c on ce ption. ntrafa mily tort s and d o m esti c v iol e n ce, adop-

ti o n , sp o usal and c hild supp o rt , c hild c usto d y, divisi o ns o f marit al prop e rt y, and sep arati o n ag reem ent s. 3 se m . b rs

Federal Income Taxation. (600) Basic pro v isio ns o f th e Int ern al Revenu e Cod e. i ncl udin g pr o bl ems co nce rnin g determinati o n o f g ross inco me, th e allow ance o f d ed ucti o ns and credit s, methods o f accountin g, defe rr a l and th e tim e va lu e o f m o ney, d ebt - fin ance d pro per ty tran sacti o ns, and co ncepts o f capit al ga in s and losses. 4se m. brs

Federal Jurisdiction. (636) Juri sdi cti o n o f th e federa l co un s ove r cases and co ntrove rsies w ithin limitati o ns o f th e " fed eral qu esti o n "; di ve rsity o f c iti zenship , am o unt in co ntr ove rsy, and rem ova l statu tes; fed eral judi c ial contro l ove r state ad mini strati ve and judi cial pro ceedin gs, in cl udin g dir ect federal rev iew. i njun cti o ns and ab stention , and hab eas co rpu s; and cho ice o f law in fed eral co urts 3 sem. brs.

Fiduciary Administration. (663) (Offe red irr egul arl y.) Cove rs pr o b ate admini strati o n and the d raftin g and admini strati o n o f tru sts 2 sem. brs.

First Amendment Law. (676) (O ff ered irr egu larl y.)

Foc uses o n th e sco p e o f fr eedo ms o f sp eech pr ess, reli g io n , and assembl y and the prot ecti o n th ey o ff er from gove rnm ent int erferen ce V iews o f th ese lib ertie s c ont e mp o ran eo us w ith ratifi cati o n o f th e First Am endm ent are exa min ed , as are th eo ri es co ntr ib utin g to sub sequ e nt d eve lo pm ent o f related Constitutional d oc trin e 2-3 se m. hrs.

Government Contracts. (639) Su1vey o f gove rnme nt p roc urem ent law , w ith emph asis o n uni que featur es of gove rnm ent contract s, rul es and practi ces relativ e to co ntracts betw een gove rnm ent and pri vate parties m eth o d s avail abl e to o bt ain legal reli ef in co nt ta~ t aw ard di sput es, lega l probl em s th at most frequ entl y ari se durin g p erfo rm ance o f gove rnm ent co ntracts 2 se m brs

Health Care Law. (680) Selected issues in th e health care d eli ve 1y system , in cl udin g health care pl annin g, certificat e of need pr ocedur es, Medi care-Medi caid reimbur sement , and malpr acti ce 2 se m brs.

Human Rights Seminar. (667) A ge neral intr o du ction to int ern ati o nal hum an rig hts. Issues cove red includ e natur e o f co ncept of human ri g hts, o ri g in and d eve lopm ent o f th e Int ernati o nal Bill o f Rig hts, th emati c pro cedur es av ailabl e fo r pr o tecti o n o f hum an right s in th e Unit ed Nati o ns, stand ards and meth o ds for int ern ati o nal fact findin g o n human ng hts, c ultural relativit y in hum an rig hts law, impl ement ati o n o f th e Int ern ati o nal Cove nants on Social , Econo mi c and Cultural Right s in th e Unit ed States, th e lnt er-Am en can Human Rights Process, and th e abilit y o f t he Urnted States to imp act hum an ri ghts in thir d wo rld co unt nes.

2 sem. brs Meets third-yea,. W1'iting ,-equirement.

Immigration Law. (758) Ex plor es th e phil os ophi ca l foundati o n s o f Immigr a tio n law, a dmi ss io n a nd excl us ion , d e p o lta tio n and re lie f fro m d e p o 1ta tio n , ref u gees a nd asy lum law 2 sem h rs.

Insurance Law . (640) Mea nin g o f ins ur a n ce a nd its his to rica l d eve lo pm e nt ; fra mewo rk o f ins ur a n ce indu st1y w ithin th e sco p e of gove rnm e nt reg ul a tio n ; ins ur a n ce co ntra c t inte rpr e ta tio n ; wa rra nti es , re pr ese nta tio ns, co n cea lme nt a nd exce pt io ns as app lie d to selec tio n a nd co nt1-olof ins u ra bl e risk s; wa ive r , es to ppe l, a nd refo rmat io n ; ind e mni ty a nd subro ga tio n ; selec te d pro b le m s w ith insurabl e inte res t in pr o p erty , lia bi lity, a nd life ins ur a n ce 3 sem. h rs

Intellectual Property. (641) In trod uctio n to th e law gove rnin g th e sec urin g a n d ex pl o ita tio n o f p rope rty a nd o th e r rig hts in ideas, as th ey m ay b e p rotecte d by p at e nts , co p yrig hts , trad e ma rks, a nd th e co mm o n law. 2 sem . h rs

International Business Clinic . (756) Stu de n ts , und e r s up e rvis io n o f fac ult y, wo rk in tea m s w ith MBA stu de nt s fro m va rio us grad u ate b us iness sc hoo ls , to co un se l ac tu a l b u siness cl ie nt s rega rdin g th e feas ib ility o f p ros p ec tive p la ns to ex p a n d th e pro du cts a nd se rvices o f th e cl ie nt into inte rn at io n a l m a rke ts. T he p rog ra m is o ffe red in co njun ct io n wi th th e Virg ini a

De p a rtme nt o f Eco n o mic D eve lo pm e nt , a nd g ives stud e n ts firs t-ha nd ex p e rie n ce in d ea ling w ith typi ca l inte rn a tio nal lega l pr o b le m s a nd ch a lle nges fac ing bu s in esses . See D irecto r CJ / Clin ical Placement Pr ag ram }o r mo re de tai ls. 4 sem. hrs

International Business Transactions. (642)

Pr o bl e m s in int e rn a tio n a l tra d e a nd in vest m e n t ; re gul a tio n o f int e rn a tio n a l tra d e b y n a tio n a l gove rnment s a nd internati o n a l age n c ies . Em p h as is o n la wye r's ro le in co un se ling firm s e nga ged in int e rn a tio n a l ac tiv ities. 3 se m . hrs.

International Law. (643) Bas ic prin c iples , inclu d ing so ur ces o f in te rn a tio n a l law , se ttleme nt o f int e rn atio n al dis put es , res p o n sibilities and immuniti es o f sove re ig n s ta tes, hum a n rig ht s, a nd th e m ac hin e 1y o f inte rn a tio nal law a nd jus tice. 3 sem. h rs

International Taxation. (685) (Offe re d irre gu la rly.)

Unite d Sta tes tax law re la tin g to fo re ig n inco m e a nd fore ig n tax p aye rs, incl uding tax a s p ec ts o f U.S co rp o ratio ns and indi vidu a ls d o ing bu s iness a br o ad , tax ation o f n o nr es id e nt alie n s and fore ig n corp o rati o n s, fo re ign tax c re dit s, and U S. tax tre ati es Emph as is o n inte rpr e ta tio n a nd a ppli cat io n o f U.S. inco m e tax rules w ith tax pl a nnin g o f tra n s n a tio n a l tran sact io n s also con s ide re d. 2 se m h rs

Interviewing and Counseling . (670) In -d e pth a nal ys is of pr e- trial law ye ring s kills u sing inte rdisc ip linary mat e ria ls Expl o res inte rp e rso na l re latio nship s, fo cu sin g on role o f att o rn ey in re la tio n to cl ient , th e le g a l syste m (includin g o th e r a tto rn eys) , a nd soc ie ty Class ro o m di sc uss io n , and d ev el o pm e nt of o wn s k ills through wee kly a udi o-a nd vide otap e d simul a tio n s Enr o llme nt limit e d. 2 se m h rs 46 • C urri cu l u m

Islam, Law and Society. (653) Foc us o n ba sic elem e n ts o f Is la mic juris prud e nce as a rticulate d by basic Is la mi c tex ts. In pr ese ntin g a nd di sc u ss ing th ese elem e nt s , a tte nti o n dr aw n to th e ric h di ve rs ity of interp re tati o ns o f th ese e le me n ts a nd th e ir coro llarie, that h ave bee n ge n e ra te d th ro ug h o ut th e ages. Some inte rpr e tatio ns as e mb o di ed in pr ese nt-d ay lega l sySTems w ill be c ritica lly eva lua te d in lig ht o f ce rta in co ncepts w ith w hic h stud e nt s a re fami lia r. 2 se m . h rs. Me ets third -year writing requirement.

Judicial Placement Program. (752) P lac eme nts ma d e in a va riety of jud ges ' o ffices , incl ud ing statt and fede ra l co urt s . Two- ho ur classroo m co m pon ent req uir ed. Gra d e d p ass- fa il. See Dir ecto r of Cli11ica/ Placement Pr og ra m /or mo re deta ils. 4-6 sem. hrs

Jurisprudence. (590) Int e n s ive s tud y o f selected sc h oo ls o f lega l phil oso ph y, incl u d ing a tten tion to a n a lyt ica l jurisp ru de n ce a nd p os itive law , th eones of ju stice , a nd socio log ica l ju risp rud e nce. 2 sem. hrs.

Labor Arbitration . (709) Exa min at io n of enfo rcem e nt o f co llect ive ba rga inin g ag ree m e n ts th rough g rieva n ce an d a rbitr a tio n pro cess , in cl ud ing arbitratio n p roce dur es , a rbitr at io n dec isio n s a nd judicial enfo rce me nt o f a rb itrat io n ag reeme n ts. Co nce nt rat1,mon deve lop m ent of a rb it rat io n sk ills. P art ic ip atio n in m ock a rb itra tio ns as bot h a d voca tes a nd a rbitrators, includin g pr e p a rin g for h e arin gs , pr ese nti ng cases, w ritin g post- h ea rin g b rie fs , a n d w ritin g arbi tration awa rds . Enr o llme n t limited. P re requisi te.- Lab or Law (644) or Pu b lic Secto r Lab o r Law (698). 2 sem. hrs.

Labor Law. (644) An a lys is of o rig in a nd scope of Natio na l Labo r Re la tio ns Act, a nd ro le o f th e National La b o r Re la tio ns Boa rd a nd th e co urt s in inte rpreting th e sta tut e Foc us o n right of e mpl oyees to organize uni o n s, c h o ice of ba rga inin g rep rese n ta tive, strikes a nd pi c ke tin g , a nd n ego tiat io n a nd e nfor ce ment of co llec tive b a rg ainin g ag ree me nt. 3 sem. h rs

Land Use Planning. (645) Gove rnm e nt co ntrol of u se o f la nd a n d e min e nt d o m a in. Zo nin g, sub divis io n co n t ro l, a nd urb a n re d eve lo pm e n t an d plannin g 3 sem. h rs.

Latin American Legal Systems. (720) (O ffered only in Ca racas.) In -de pth co ns ide ra tio n o f p rincip le: corn· m o n to man y La tin a nd So uth Am e rica n lega l systems . Law- makin g pr ocesses a nd in s tituti o n s a n d judicia l instituti o n s a re co n s ide re d as a re prin c iples o f public a nd pri va te law 2 se m h rs

Law and Medicine. (646) ( Off e re d irr eg ularly.)

To pi cs in cl ud e to rt lia b ility o f th e ph ys ic ian ; p rob· !e m s o f a b o rtio n , a rtifi c ial in se min a tion , vo lunta~s te riliza tion , and e uth a n as ia . 2 se m h1·s

Law Politics and Selected Topics in Co ns titu· tional Law. (604) Exa min a tio n o f se lec te d top icsin co nstituti o n a l law, u s ing a se minar fo rm a t. Precise to pi cs cove re d var y fro m yea r to yea r. 2 sem ImMeets third-year writing requirement.

La"' an d Psychiatry. (647) Seminar exa mining legal .sues int erfac in g m e ntal health and psychiatry. Toi s include c rit eri a for c iv il co mmitm ent, testam entary :1paci ty , co mp ete ncy to stand trial and the in sanity t. .fense, co nfid ent i ality , sexua l p sychopat h laws, righ to treat m e nt and ri g ht to refu se tr eatm ent , traumath neur os is, and predict i o n of dangerousness. Enroll ment limited. 2 se m hrs.Mee ts third-year writing re qu irement.

Law o f the European Community. (693) Surveys ins11tutions of th e EC, and exa min es sub stanti ve principiL o f EC l aw and their int egrat io n int o the lega l systemsof member co untri es. 2 sem. hrs.

Legal Accounting. (649) Accounting tec hniqu es, incluc, 'lg analys i s of the income statement, balance sheet. cash now and related financial repo rts, including he prepa rat io n o f n o tes to fin anc i al state m ent s; also "Ix acco untin g, reports to stoc kh o ld e rs, and report to management. 2 sem. ln -s

Legal D rafting Seminar. (650) Analysis and m ethodolog y o f so und lega l drafting t ec hniqu es. Emphasis p1ay vary fr o m se m es t e r to se m est e r. Assignments incl ud e drafting o f contracts, se p ar ati o n agrc me nts , a rticl es o f in co rpor ati o n , l eases , w ill s and ru sts, and some liti ga ti o n documents. Enr o llment l imited. 2 sem. hrs.

Leg I History. (592) Development of l ega l institut ions using hi sto ri ca l p e r s pe c ti ve to h e lp und e rstar I r easo n s fo r a ppar e nt anomalies in o ur l ega l syst •n, suc h as distinctions betw ee n l aw and equit y c rime and tort, and to aid d ec i si o n s of l aw refo rn 2 sem. hrs.

Legal History Seminar. (712) Va ri ous topi cs of modern law are exp l o red in hi stori ca l perspective in ordl'r to understand nature o f the d eve lopm ent of law in g"ne ral and of so m e sp ec ifi c area in particular. 2 sem h rs. Meets third-year writing requirement.

Legis lat ion. (728) Ove,view of stat ut o Iy int e rpr etation nd creat i o n of public policy through l eg islat ion. Top ·s include procedures o f statut e c reati o n , role of inte ·st gro up s, va ri o u s co mp eting models o r theories of the leg isl at i ve pr ocess. In addition, co nsid erati on of doctrines and theories of int e rpr etin g statut es, including rules, presumptions, and ca no ns of int erpr etation. 2-3 se m. hr s.

Liberty , Morality, and the Constitution. (688) Examines co n ce pt s o f lib e ,ty and m o rality from hi sto rical and ph il osop hi ca l p e rsp ec tiv es, and in co nt ext of the Ip reme Co un 's sex discrimination, privacy, and econ,>mic lib ert y cases. 2 sem. hrs.

Local Government Law. (652) Legal impli cations of th<:fo rma ti o n a nd co ndu c t of va rious unit s o f local gove rnment , add r essing subj ec ts su c h as ann exatioD and in co rp o r a tion , muni c ip a l powers, gov-

e rnm e ntal immunit y, Secti o n 1983, and ta xa tion and finance. 2-3 sem. hrs.

Mental Disabilities Clinic. (755) Stud ent s, under sup e r v i sio n of full-time member o f the faculty, repr esent yout hs w ith mental disabilities. Ma j o rity of cases in vo l ve representing c hildr en a nd parents seek in g ap propri ate spec i al ed ucatio n and co mmunit y ba sed services as mand ated by b o th federal and state law. Stud en ts also represent yo uth with mental disabilities in cr imin al matters as we ll as c i v il m atte rs such as acti ng as g uardi an-ad- lit e m for foste r care review matters. 6 sem. h,-s.

Military Law. (683) Milita1y crim in al and administrati ve law w ith emphasis on the Uniform Code of Milita,y Justice and special procedures of couns manial. 2sem. hrs.

Negotiation. (672) In-depth anal ysis of theo ri es and tactics o f negotiation s. Fosters student's negot iatin g sk ill s through classroom discussions and simul ation s. 2 sem. hrs.

Partnership Taxation. (635) Nat ure and fo rm ati o n of a p a,tn ership ; taxation of pa,tnership in come ; transactions between relat ed parties; termin ation of pannership; sal e of pannership interest; distribution by pannership; sp ec ial basis adjustment; distribution to ret irin g o r deceased paItners. Also in cludes treatment of pass-through entiti es. Prerequisite: Federal Income T axation (600). 3 sem. h1-s.

Political and Civil Rights. (686) Examines personal , no n- co nstitutional federal rig ht s, including th ose relat ed to vo tin g, hou sin g, and handi cappe d persons. A lso co nsider s liti gat ion pr ocess for red ressin g civil ri g ht s viola ti ons by damage awa rd or co urt order, and system s for public rei mbur sement. 2 sem. hrs. Principles of Chinese Law. (614) (O ffered irregularl y ) Cour se offe rs basic exposit ion of principles of the Chinese l egal system, both substantive and proced ural. Parti c ul ar emphas is on those principles affecting business transactions in Chin a. 2 sem. h1-s.

Prisoner Litigation. (684) Consid ers p ri soner challenges in state and federal couns to convic ti on, sentences, and terms o f con fin ement. 2 sem. hrs.

Products Liability Law. (654) Law of defective products under theories of negli gence , stri ct li abilit y, mi srepr esentation and b reach o f wa rranty under Article 2 of the Un if o rm Commercia l Code. Covers defective m anufa c tur e, d esig n and marketing, limitations on product defectiveness , causation issues, affi rm ati ve defenses, damages, and transactions in cham of produ ct di stribution 2-3 sem. h1-s.

Public Sector Labor Law. (698) Examination of staturo,y and co nstituti o nal emp loy ment rights of public empl oyees in federal , state, and local government. Co ncentrati o n o n legal framework for umon orgam-

Cur ri culum. • 47

zation and coll ective bargaining right s of publi c emplo ye es. Co mparati ve anal ys is of v ari o u s appro ac hes to g ov ernm e nt e mpl o y ee rights , includin g an al ys is o f re l evant public poli cy issue s 3 se m.. hrs.

Regulation of Financial Institutions. (678) (Offe red irr egularl y.) State and fed eral reg ul ati o n o f co mm e rc ial b ank s, saving s and l o an assoc iati o n s (s toc k and mutual) , cr edit unions , and oth er financial in stituti o ns . Stud y o f reg ulating ag e n c ies, includin g th e Fed e ral ReseIve, Co ntroll er o f th e Curr en cy, Fed eral D e p os it In sur an ce Corporati o n , Fed e ral Sav ing s and Loan In suran ce Corporation , stat e bankin g co mmi ssi o n s, a nd h o w th ey reg ulat e f or m ati o n , o p e rati o n ( serv i ces and in ves tm e nt s). reo rg ani zati o n , and di ssolution o f finan c ial in stituti o ns. 2 sem hrs.

Remedies. (656) Co ut1-disp en sed legal and equitabl e re li e f awa rd ed t o p ro tect and co mp e n sate fo r in vasio n s, o r thr eate ned in v asio n s, o f va ri ety o f asseL5suc h as real pr o p e rt y, tan g ibl e p e rso n al prop e rt y, co ntr act right s and o th e r intan g ibl e prop e rt y, and to pr o tec t and co mp e nsate fo r p e rso n al h arm s. 3 se m brs.

Research. (696) Ind ep e nd e nt researc h o n appr ove d sel ec ted t o pi cs Topi c mu st b e appr ove d in writin g prior to reg i str ati o n b y th e A ssoc iate D ean and b y th e in stru c to r und e r w h ose 5up e r v i si o n th e resea r c h i s co ndu c ted. 1-3 sem b rs. Meets third-year writing requireme11t , at least 2 hours.

Sales and Leases. (675) Sales and leases o f pe rso nal p ro p ert y und er Articl es 2 and 2A o f th e U ni fo rm Co mm e rcia l Co d e, in cl udin g co ntr act formati o n and te rm s, warr anti es, and re m edi es. Stud e nt s w ho ha ve tak e n Sal es, Leases and Secur ed Tran sac ti o n s (722) ma y n ot e nr o ll in thi s co ur se. 3 sem . h rs.

Sales, Leases and Secured Transactions (722)

Co mm e r c i a l tran sac ti o n s in vo l v in g p e r so n a l p ro pe rt y und e r Arti c l es 2 , 2A , and 9 o f th e U ni fo rm

Co mm e r c i al Co d e, w ith foc u s o n wa rr a nti es, r e me di es, a nd finan c in g tran sac ti o n s Stud e nt s wh o hav e t a k e n Sal es and Le ases (675) m ay n o t e nr o ll in thi s co ur se 4 se m. hr s.

Selected Issues in Public International Law. ( 19) ( Off e red o nl y in Cambridg e ) Co n sid eration or ario u s di scr ete issu es o f publi c int e rnati o n al law, i n, l uclin g state h oo d , b o undari es, th e l aw o f war , juri sdi<"tion and stat e resp o n sibility , and th e ir re lati o n to municip al lmv. 2 sem hrs.

Selected Topics. (699) Th e Law Sc h oo l gen , ,ally o ff e rs at l east o n e co ur se th at m ay b e o ff e red onJ, one tim e T hese co ur ses are in an ar ea o f sp ec ial i nterest to a facult y m emb er. Oft e n thi s cour se is in con 1uncti o n w ith th e All e n Ch air whi c h p rov id es fo r brn ,sing fo ur o r fi ve di stin g ui sh ed v isit o rs to th e ca m pu s for a wee k at a tim e to co- teac h th e co ur se. D etail s ar, prov id ed in reg istr ati o n m ate ri als. D e p endin g o n pa, 1icul ar o ff e rin g, thi s co ur se may meet the thir d-year writing requirement. 2-3 sem . h rs.

Sport and Law. (690) Sur vey o f l aw r e l ati , g to p ro f ess i o n a l . co ll ege , a nd a m ate ur sp o rt s. I n, ,,des p ro fess i o n a l pl aye r co ntr ac t s and th e ir e nr orc c1bilit y thr o u g h a rbitrati o n a nd liti ga ti o n , ro l e of player age nt s in pr o fess i o nal s p o rt s , a ppli c ati o n o f :mtitru st l aws to pr o f ess i o n a l l eag u es a nd pl ayer rest ra ints , pl aye r di sc iplin e m ec h a ni sm s, ro l • or pl aye r assoc i at i o n s as l ab o r o r ga ni zati o n s i n collecti ve b a r ga inin g , a nd f e d e ral in co m e t axati< n or s p o rt s ac ti v iti es. Al so cove re d is r eg ul ati o n o f mat e ur athl e ti cs, in c ludin g Titl e IX, ro l e o f Ci\ \ as we ll as t o rt and c rimin a l la w i ssu es. 2se m . In State and Local Tax. (661) (O ff e r ed irr egu l:trly.l M ajor i ssu es ari s in g und e r prin c ipal fo rm s or state a nd l oc al ta xa ti o n : co rp o r at e fr a n c hi se a nd i n,o rne t axa ti o n , sa les , u se, gross r ece ipt s, p ro p ert ) perso n a l in co m e , a nd d ea th t axes . Fe d e r a l co 1 stiluti o nal limitati o n s o n stat e ta x ati o n a nd co 1gressi o n a l l eg i s l ati o n aff ec tin g stat e ta xa ti o n on 111terst at e co mm e r ce. 3 se m hr s.

Scientific Evidence. (657) T ec hni cal and l ega l asp ec ts o f scie ntifi c aid s in th e trial o f c i v il and c rimin al cases. Sc ie ntifi c ex pert s participat e as gu est l ectur e rs. 2se m. hrs

Securities Regulation. (658) Leg i sl ati o n a nd r eg ul ati o n a ff ec ting i ssuan ce a nd tradin g o f co rp orat e securiti es, esp e ci a ll y Sec uriti es A c t o f 1933, Sec uriti es Exc hang e A c t o f 1934 , and o th e r f e d e ral l eg i sl ati o n. 3 se m. hr s

Selected Problems in Private International Law. (681) Examin es v ariou s approa c he s to th e resolution of di sput es which ari se out o f int e rnation al co mm e rci al transa cti o n s 2 se m. hrs

48 • C urri c ulum

Taxation of Exempt Organizations. (615 ) (Offe red irr eg ul a rl y.) Exa min es hi sto ri ca l d eve lo pment. n atur e , fo rn1ati o n , cla ssifi cati o n , o p e rati o n , an d gore rn ance o f n o nprofit o rga ni zati o n s und er b ot h state and fed e ral l aw. Parti c ul ar e mph asis g iven tc state co rp o rate l aw a nd fed e ra l tax exe mpti o n isslws includin g statu s o f th e M o d el o n p ro fit Corp o ration Act: resp o n sibiliti es and liabiliti es o f dir ecto rs, o ffi cer ,. and vo lunt ee rs; finan c ial m anage m e nt ; diff e rence bet\wen fed er al in co m e tax tr ea tm e nt o f v ari o u s c hari ties and pri vate and pri vate fo undati o n s; publi c p o lic ) issues in vo l v in g co mm e rc ial , lobb y in g and o th e r pol itical acti v iti es; and con stituti o nal issues in v ol v in g no nprofit o rga ni zati o ns. 2 sem. hrs.

Tax Policy Seminar. (674) Ex amination ot eco· n o mi c, p o liti ca l, and soci al goa ls o f w e ll - d esigned tax syste m. Anal ys is o f sel ected topi cs in d esign of an in· co m e tax and co nsid e rati o n o f alt e rnati ve tax systems.

inclu,l ing co n sumption - ba sed tax. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-ye ar writing requirement.

TaxProce dure Seminar. (702) (Offered irregularly ) Explore s role of the Int e rnal Reve nu e Ser v ice (IR S) in cil'il ax co ll ec ti on process. Subjects to be covered include appl ication of suc h admini strative law principles as deleg ation, discretion, rule-making, inspections, confide ntial it y/ disclosure, due process, and judicial revic\\. Role of tax practitioner and his or her relationshi p to taxpayer a nd the IR S w ill a l so be explore d. 2 sem. hrs. Meets third-year writing req11ireme 11t.

Theory of the Modern Corporation. ( 605) Focuses on legal and econom ic issues co nfr on ted by th e co rporation in modern soc iety. Topics exami n ed va r y from \'ear to yea r , but may include an examinat io n of theoret ic al rationale of th e corpo rate model; a reel'alt,atio n of conceptual foundat i on of the co rp o ration as mode l for business organiza tion ; a nal ys is o f currL 1t corporate governance issues , including duties and responsibi liti es o f o ffi cers and directors, role o f instil, 1tional investors , and executive compensat ion; sharl'ho lder proposals ; exami nati o n of conseq uences of the d ivorce of co rp orate control from owne rsh ip ; responsibili ti es of corpora ti o n to its shar eho ld ers, labor. consumers , general public, and gove rnm ent; ro le of the co rporate l awye r , with focus o n eth ical issues; and respective roles of state and federal law. Prerequisite.·Corpora ti ons (602) 2 sem. hrs. Meets thirdyea r w riti ng requirement.

Urban Env ironmental Law. (757) Thi s co ur se examines how state and federal e n vironmental laws attempt to protect the urban e n v ironm ent. Topi cs includL "b rownfields·· (redeve lopment of abando n ed contaminated sit es in ci ti es), th e con trol o f stormwat er and com bined sewe r ove rfl ow pollution , the relationship of transporta ti on and air pollution, and '·urban environ mental justice. " Enrollment limit ed. 3 sem. hrs. Meets t hir d-year writing requireme11t. Virgin ia Procedure. (664) All aspects o f Vi rginia civil proce dure and practice , includin g o ut-of -co urt sett leme nts , arbitration, court system, juri sdi ct ion , process, appearances , ve nu e, p arti es, pl ea din g, discover,. juries, m o ti ons a nd incid e nt s o f trial , ve rdicts. ju dgments, m ot i o n s after judgment, appeals, enforce me nt of jud gme nt s, e tc. Builds o n fir st-yea r ci vil proc edure co ur se by g i v in g sp ecific Virginia solutions to general probl ems of procedure; ca n in turn be used as foundation for third-year co ur ses in tri al t act i cs and clinical co urs es inv o lving litigation in c ourt. 3 sem. brs.

White Collar Crime Seminar. (687) Examination of substantive federal criminal statut es involving fraud (mai l , wire , bank, or tax), racketee rin g, obst ru cti o n of ju stice, money laund ering , o r env ironm e ntal c rim e Other topics lik e conspiracy , corporate crimina l liability and Federal Sent enc in g G uid elin es are di scussed. Also considers substant ive and proced ur al issues relat ed to the grand jur y. 2 se111.brs.

Wills and Trusts I. (606) Intestate succession; protection of decedent ' s family; comm unity property; components, exec uti on, revocat ion, republication and revival of wills; wi ll co ntr acts; will substitutes; nature, use, creat ion, elements, ali enabil it y , and termination o f private trusts; introduction to charitable resulting, an d co nstructive trusts. 4sem. brs.

Wills and Trusts II. (637) Probate and contest of wi ll s; gra ntin g administrat ion in intestate estates; anc ill ar y administration; probate avoidance; qualificati on, selection, appo intm ent and removal of executors, administrators and trustees; rights, duties and liab iliti es of fiduciaries; rights of beneficiaries; assets of estates; management of estates; claims again st estates; int e rpr etat ion and construct ion of dispositive provisio ns in w ill s and tru sts; powers of appointment; distribution of decedents' estates; termination of tru sts: and The Rule Against Perpetuities. Pre-orcoreq11isite: Wills and Tru sts I (606). 4 sem hrs.

Womanist Theory and the Institution of Law. (701) Explores underpinnings of tr adit ion al legal anal ys is by const ru ctin g alt ern ati ve approaches for framing and exa mining legal problems. Language , principles , and techniques of traditional legal anal ysis exa min ed to see if they are universal, objective , and neutral. Co nsid ers whet her traditional legal analysis takes into accoun t real li ves of vast array of women, including those w i th disabilities, women of co lor, lesbians, the poor , and the illiterate. Enrollm ent limited. 3 sem. hrs.Meets third-year writing requirement.

Workers Protection and Advocacy Clinic. (726) Stud ents, under supervision of full-time member of th e faculty, represen t workers and former workers in gr ieva nce hearings and proceedings to determine entitl ement to disability and o th er benefits. 6 sem. brs.

Youth Advocacy Clinic. (753) Stud ents, und er sup er v ision of full -ti m e member of the faculty, handl e va ri o us types of cases, all representing int erests of young p eop le. In majority of cases, stud ents repr esent ju ven ile s c harged w ith crim es o r serve as g uardian -ad- Iit em in disposition of criminal matters. Students also rep resent yo uth in schoo l expu lsion cases. 6sem. brs.

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