Second -class postage paid by Un iversity of Richmond, Virginia 23173. Published by the University of Richm o n d four times a year: once in February , once in April, once inJune and once in August.
Non-Discrimination Policy
The University of Richmond d oes not discriminate on the basis of sex, religion , age, handicap , race , c olo r or national origin Any inquirie s regarding the University's policies in th ese areas should be directed to the Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, University of Richmond , Virgin ia 23 173. Telephone : (804) 289 -8032.
Disclaimer
The contents of this bulletin represent the most current information available at the time of publication . How ever, during the period of time cover ed by this bulletin , it is reasonable t o ex pect changes to be made with re sp ect to this information without prior not ice. Thus, the provisions of this bulletin are not to be regarded as an irrevocabl e contract between the University ( or any of its colleges) and the student.
UNIVERSilY OF RICHMOND
SCHOOL OF IAW
ACADEMIC CALENDARS
AcademicCalendar,1992-93*
SummerSession1992
Early Apr.-Apr. 24, Fri. .. ................. Registration period
Apr. 27-May 19, Mon.-Tues . .. ..
May 18, Mon ..................... ........ ....
June 5, Fri......................................
June 6, Sat. ............ .... .. .... ...............
June 6, Sat. .....................................
July 3, Fri..... ........ .................. ......
July 6-10, Mon.-Fri .........................
July 10, Fri ....... .............................
Apr. 22, Fri.................................... Last day of classes
Apr. 23-24, Sat.-Su n . ................ Reading period
Apr. 25-May 6, Mon.-Fri ................ Spring term examinations
May6, Fri .................. . .... .. Sp ring term ends
May 14, Sat. .............. .. .. .. ........ Law School Spring Commencement
May15, Sun . .................................. Uni vers ity Baccalaureate Service
• Eachterm the Registrar p ublish es a de tailed acad emic calendar to inform the Unive rsity community of time sched ules and dead lines Dates show n above are su bject to change .
DIRECTORY
Board of Trustees
Officers
Lewis T. Booker , JD., LLD. Rector
Austin Brockenbrough m, Vice Rector
Richard L. Morrill, Ph.D., LH.D., President
John A. Roush, Ph.D., Secretary
Louis W. Moelchert, Jr., M Acctcy , Assistant Secretary and Treasurer
Corporate Trustees
Terms Expire June 30, 1992
Austin Brockenbrough m , Manakin-Sabot, Va.
Martha A. Carpenter, M.D. , D.Sc. , Charlottesville, Va.
William B. Graham, Irvington , Va.
Melvin R. Harris, Springfield, Va.
Robert D. Kilpatrick, D.C.S., Crozier, Va.
W. Dortch Oldham , LLD. , Nashville, Tenn.
Warren M. Pace, Richmond , Va.
E. Claiborne Robins,Jr., LLD., Richmond , Va.
Marvin B. Settle, Jr., Virginia Beach , Va.
Carole M. Weinstein , Richmond , Va.
E. Carlton Wilton, Richmond , Va.
Terms Expire June 30, 1993
Floyd D. Gottwald,Jr. , D.C.S ., Richmond, Va.
John D. Gottwald, Richmond, Va.
Joseph A.Jennings , D.C.S. , Richmond , Va.
Thomas C. Leggett, D.C.S. , South Boston, Va.
Charles B. Nunn,Jr., D.Min. , Richmond , Va.
Alton F. Owen, Sr., Jarratt , Va.
Gilbert M. Rosenthal , Richmond , Va.
Carroll L. Saine , Richmond , Va
Charles W. Tysinger , Richmond , Va.
Terms Expire June 30, 1994
Lewis T. Booker, JD. , LLD. , Richmond , Va.
Paul R. Garber,Jr. , Ph .D. , Hayes, Va.
Ann Carol Marchant , Richmond, Va.
Richard L. Morrill , Ph.D. , LH.D. , Richmond, Va.
Corporate Trustees, continued
Susan Clarke Schaar , Richmond, Va.
Richard L. Sharp , Richmond , Va.
Thomas E. Stephenson , Tappahann ock, Va.
Henry F. Stern, Richmond, Va
William G. Thomas , LLB., Alexandri a, Va.
Robert S. Ukrop, Richmond , Va
Terms Expire June 30, 1995
Otis D. Coston,Jr. , McLean, Va
John R. Davis,Jr., Charlotte, N.C.
Peter James Flamming , Th .D , D.D ., Richmond , Va.
Elizabeth Cumbie Fogg , Fairfax , Va.
Robert L. Musick, Jr. , JD. , Richmond , Va.
Stanley F. Pauley , Richmond , Va
B. Franklin Skinner , D.C.S., Atlanta , Ga.
ElaineJ. Yeatts , Richmond , Va.
Trustees Emeriti t
Clarence E. Denoon,Jr. , Ph .D., D.Sc. (1995). Newtown, Pa.
Max H. Goodloe , (1993) , Richmond , Va.
L. HowardJenkins,Jr. , D.C.S (1994), Richmond , Va.
Robert C. King, Sr., (1995) , Richmon d, Va.
David P. Reynolds , D.C.S. (1995), Richmond , Va.
E. Claiborne Robins , LLD. (1995) , Richmond, Va.
Charles H. Ryland , LLB. , LLD. (1994), War.saw, Va.
Leroy Smith , M.D., D.Sc. (1993), Richmond , Va.
Frances A. Stallard , D Hum. (1995) , Richmond , Va.
F. Carlyle Tiller , D.C.S. (1995 ), Palm City, Fla.
C. Porter Vaughan, Jr. , D.C.S. (1995) , Richmond, Va.
Clinton Webb , D.C.S. (1992), Richmond, Va.
t Terms expire June 30 of year listed.
Directocy/ Administration
Administration
The University
Richard L Morrill, Ph D., LH D. President
E.Bruce Heilman, Ph.D., LLD., D .Hum. Chancellor
Georg e M. Modlin, Ph.D. , LLD. Chancellor Emeritus
Zeddie P. Bowen, M.A., Ph.D. VicePresident and Provost
LeonardS. Goldberg, M A., Ph.D. VicePresident, Student A.ffairs
LouisW. Moelche rt, Jr. , M.Acctcy. VicePresident, Business and Finance and Treasurer
H. Gerald Quigg, B.A. VicePresident, UniversityRelations
John A. Rous h , M.Ed. , Ph.D. VicePresident for Planning and Executive Assistant to the President
DavidD. Burhans , Th M. , Th D. Chaplainto the University
Charles S. Boone Directorof Athletics
Judithlin Hunt , M.LS. , M.A. UniversityLibrarian
Carolyns. Casey , M.H ActingUniversityRegistrar
University Deans
Max C. Graeber , M.A., Ph D. Dean, UniversityCollege
Joseph D. Harbaugh, LLB. , LLM. Dean, Tbe T C. WilliamsSchool of Law
Patricia C. Harwood, M.A., Ed.D. Dean, WesthamptonCollege
David E. Leary , M.A., Ph.D. Dean, School of Arts and Sciences
Richard A. Mateer , Ph.D. Dean, Richmond College
Thomas N. Pollard, Jr., M.A. Dean of Admissions
R. Clifton Poole, M.B A., Ph.D. Dean , Tbe E. ClaiborneRobins School of Business
Howard T. Prince II, M.A., Ph.D. Dean, TbeJepson Schoolof LeadershipStudies
Law School
Joseph D. Harbaugh , LLB., LLM. , Dean
Thomas F. Guernsey, JD. , LLM., AssociateDean
Ann S. Gibbs , JD. , AssistantDean
Beverly D. Boone , Director , CareerServices
Steven D. Hinckley , Director, Law Library
Michelle L. Rahman , Director, Admissions Services
Directory/Faculty
Faculty
The year given designates the year of appointment. The year with () is the year of first appointment.
Bacigal, Ronald J., Professorof Law; 1971
B.S (Concord College), LLB. (Washington and Lee University) Berryhill, W. Wade, Professoroflaw; 1976
B.S. (Arkansas State University), J.D. (University of Arkansas) , LLM. (Columbia University) Bryson, W. Hamilton, Professorof Law; 1973
B.A. (Hampden-Sydney College), LLB. (Harvard University), LLM. (University of Virginia), Ph.D. (Cambridge University) Collins, Nancy B., Assistant Professorof Law; 1989
B.S. (Bowling Green State University), M.S. (Purdue University), J.D. (DePaul University) Dark, Oldaner Christian, Professorof Law; 1984
B.A. (Upsala College), J.D. (Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey) Guernsey, Thomas F., Associate Dean and Professorof Law; 1980
B.A. (University of Michigan), J.D. (Wayne State University), LLM. (Temple University) Harbaugh,Joseph D., Dean and Professorof Law; 1987
B.S. (St. Joseph's College), LLB. (University of Pittsburgh), LLM. (Georgetown University) Heen, Mary L., Assistant Professorof Law; 1992
B.A. (Yale University), M.A.T. (Harvard University), J.D. (University of California at Berkeley) , LLM. (New York University)
Harris, Gladys B., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law; 1991
B.S. (Virginia State University), JD. (University of Richmond )
Hayes, Timothy G., Adjunct Professor of Law ; 1983
B.A., JD. (George Washington University)
Herbert, Ronald P., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1989
B.A. (University of Virginia), JD. (University of Richmond)
Jaspen, Robert W., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1984
B.A. (Cornell University), JD. (University of Michigan)
Kaine, Timothy M., Adjunct Professor of Law ; 1987
A.B. (University of Missouri-Columbia), JD. (Harvard University)
Kent, Hon. Donald H., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1989
B.A., JD. (University of Richmond)
King, Donald E., Adjunct Professor of Law ; 1987
A.B. (Loyola University of Chicago), JD (Harvard University)
Klare, Kathe, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law and Attorney, Youth Advocacy Clinic; 1991
B.S.N. (University of Michigan), M.S.N. (University of Pennsylvania), JD. (University of Richmond)
Krueger, Patricia H., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law ; 1991
B.A. (Duke University), JD. (University of Richmond)
Leaderman, Arthur I., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1990
B.A. (Columbia University), M.A. (The Johns Hopkins Univers ity), JD. (Catholic University of America)
I.indemann, Albert P., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1989
B.S. (University of Rhode Island) , LLB. (Boston University)
McCand.lish, Thomas W., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1983
B.A. (Harvard University), JD. (University of Virginia)
Mezzullo, Louis A., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1976
B.A., M.A. (University of Maryland) , JD. (University of Richmond)
Murray, John V., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law ; 1989
A.B. (Seton Hall University), LLB (University of Pennsylvania)
Nash, Catherine E., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law; 1991
B.A., M.S.W. (Virginia Commonwealth University), JD. (University of Richmond)
Nolde, Edward P., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law ; 1990
B.A., JD. (University of Virginia)
Rigsby, Michael L, Adjunct Professor of Law ; 1986
B.S. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), JD. (University of Richmond)
Rohman, Thomas P., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1989
B.B.A. (Notre Dame University), JD. (Detroit College of Law)
Schiess, Lesley I. B., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1989
A.B. (Vassar College), JD. (Washington and Lee University)
Schneider, Sandra G., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1986
B.A., J.D. (University of Virginia)
Schroder, Kirk T., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law; 1991
B.S.B.A. , B.A., JD. (University of Richmond)
Shimer, Charles P., Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law; 1990
B.A. (The College of William and Mary), JD (Boston College)
Smith, Richard F., Adjunct Professor of Law; 1980
B.S. (Wake Forest University), LLB. (Un ive rsity of Virginia), LLM. (George Washington University)
Spong, M. Katherine, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Law; 1991
B.A. (University of Virginia), JD. (The College of William and Mary)
Tidey, Hon. George F., Adjunct Associate Professor of Law; 1989
B.S., JD. (University of Richmond)
Tucker, John T., Adjunct Associate Professorof Law; 1988
B.S. (University of Virginia), JD. (Univers ity of Richmond)
Urofsky, Melvin I., Adjunct Professorof Law; 1989
A.B., M.A., Ph.D. (Columbia University), JD. (University of Virginia) walk,Jo hn R., Adjunct Assistant Professorof Law; 1991
B.A.(The College of William and Mary), JD. (University of Richmond)
Wolf, Th omas M., Adjunct Professorof Law; 1986
B.A.,J. D. (Vanderbilt University)
Faculty Eme ri ti
Brabham, B. J., Professorof Law, Emeritus; 1973-1991
B.A. (Texas A&M), J.D. (Un iversity of Texas), M.A. (North Texas State), LL.M.(New York University) Cudlipp, William S., Jr., Adjunct Professorof Law, Emeritus; 1933-1978
LLB. (University of Richmond)
Davis , Carle E., Professorof Law, Emeritus; 1958-1988
B.A.(Concord College), LLB. (University of Richmond); C.P.A.
LawLibrarians
Birch , Paul M., Computer Seroicesand Reference Librarian; 1989
B.A. , M.A.,J.D. (U niversity of Wisconsin) Harrison -Cox, Lucinda D., Systems/ReferenceLibrarian; 1986
B.A.(Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey), J.D. (Washington and Lee University), M.S.L.S.(Catholic University)
Hlnkeley, Steven D., Director, Law Library, and Assistant Professorof Law; (1984), 1991
B.S.(Grand Valley State College), J.D. (University of Toledo) , M.S.L.S(Catholic University) Janto,Joy ce Manna, Deputy Director, CollectionDevelopment; 1982
B.S.(Clarion State College), M.L.S. (University of Pittsburgh), J.D. (University of Richmond) Wambold, Sally H., Technical ServicesLibrarian; 1980
B.A.(Old Dominion University), M.S.L.S (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)
TIIET. C. WIUJAMS SCHOOL OF IAW
History
The University of Richmond originated in 1830 an d a decade later was chartered as Richmon d College, an institution of liberal artsand sc iences. The law school was established within the college in 1870. In 1890 the family of the late T. C. Williams, who had been a de voted and valued trustee, donated $25,000as the nucleus of an endowment for the law sc hool. In recognition of this gift , the school was named The T. C. Williams School of Law. At various times the school has received further generous gifts from members of Mr. W illiams ' family. A substantial gift camethro u g h a bequest from T. C. Williams , Jr.who, like his father , was long a trustee of Richmond College , and for 20 years was the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees. The largest of these gifts was receive d in 1952 by bequest from A. D. Williams,a nother son of T. C. Williams.
In 1976, G eorge E . Allen, Jr., Ashby B Allen, and Wilbur C. Allen provided the initial endow ment for the school 's first chair , the George E Allen Chair. They and other members o f the Allen family have added to this endow ment fund in recent years.
TheT. C. Williams School of Law is an integralpart o f the University of Richmond. The University Senate , on which sit representatives of all the faculties , provides for intercollegiate cooperation. Ultimate authority is vested in th e Board of Trustees and the president of the University. The degrees in law are conferred b y the corporation of the University of Richmond. While possessing a proud tradition, the law school continues to keep pace w it h the changing methods of legal education in order to prepare its graduates for the prac tice of law in today's society.
Accreditation
The law school is fully accredited by the rec?gnize d standardizing agencies in the United States. It is a member of the Associa-
tion of American Law Schools; it is on the approved lists of the American Bar Association and the Virginia State Board of Bar Examiners; and its Juris Doctor degree is fully accredited by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Although each state has its own requirements for admission to the bar, a law degree from the law school qualifies the holder to seek admission to the bar of any state in the nation .
Location
The University of Richmond campus consists of 350 acres located a bout six miles west of the center of the city of Ric hmond, Virginia. The law school building , of Collegiate Gothic architecture , was originally opened in 1954; it was enlarged in 1972 and 1981. In 1991 the building wa s significantly expanded , renovated, and refurbished. After this re cent renovation , th e law school building provides modern and technically equipped classrooms, seminar rooms, a law library, a courtroom , faculty offices and study , administrative offices , student lounges , and offices for the Law Review and numerous other student organizations.
Richmond , the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, is where the Virginia General Assembly holds its annual sessions and the Supreme Court of Virginia sits. The Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit also hold regular terms here . In addition , the State Corporation Commission, the Industrial Commission , and many federal administrative agencies hold hearings in the city Washington, D .C. , where the United States Supreme Court sits, is only about a two-hour drive away . Thus , students find , in addition to the formal law school program, unsurpassed opportunities for observation of the legal process at work in various legislative , judicial, and administrative departments of the local, state, and federal governments.
The Law School
Purpose of the University
The University of Richmond is an independent, privately-endowed institution of higher education that provides a comprehensive academic program for men and women It offers the intimacy of a small university and the diverse educational opportunities that derive from undergraduate degree programs in the liberal arts and sciences and in business, as well as graduate and professional programs in law , business, and selected areas of the arts and sciences. The University also provides a variety of credit and continuing education programs to the larger community. Related to the Baptist General Association of Virginia , the University affirms its commitment to serve individuals of all faiths and persuasions, without regard to race , sex , age , physical handicap, or national origin.
Tbe educational objectives of the University are:
to cultivate in students the interest, capacity , and skills necessary for independent intellectual inquiry and life-long learning to convey to students a representative portion of that body of knowledge that has accumulated and endured through the history of cultures
to encourage and aid students in the development of basic beliefs, values , and attitudes
to assist students in selecting and preparing for careers and for study in graduat e and professional schools
-to foster in students personal habits that contribute to health and physical fitness
In order to achieve these objectives , the University is committed to:
an educational environment conducive to the development of the whole person intellectually, socially , spiritually, physically , and morally
an academic setting that guarantees and encourages freedom of thought, expression, and association
an undergraduate curriculum that requires mastery of essential intellectu al tools, understanding of basic aspects of human culture, extensive knowledge of at least one area of study, and physical exer cise
a faculty dedicated primarily to excellent teaching and dialogue with students, while remaining actively eng aged in scholarly , scientific, and artistic creativity
a diverse , largely full-time and residential student body that participat e s in a broad range of University activities
the essential resources for learning, such as libraries, laboratories, studios , computers, and audiovisual facilities and materials
opportunities for social commi tment and public service , internships , travel and study abroad , and other app ropriate learning experiences outside th e campus
a program of varied social , spi ritual, and physical activities that provid e o ccasions for growth, fun, and fellowshi p
an administration that preserv es and enhances the University's envi ronm ent and resources, and that represent s th e institution to the broader communi ty it serves
Method of Instruction
The educational program of the law school is designed to equip its graduat es to render the highest quality of legal serv ices, while instilling a sense of professional resp onsibility. Students are trained in th e an alysis and solution of legal problems by the app lication of logical reasoning. The cours e of study is not designed to teach legal rule s, but rather to provide a foundation for the app lication and analysis of the law and the d e velop ment of professional skills. The traditi o nal case method of instruction is used in many courses. However, clinical edu cation and courses devoted to various profes sional skills are increasingly prominent. The full-tim~fa~ ; ulty is augmented by a number of ad1un faculty members, lawyers and jud ges, who offer courses in their areas of exp ertise An
The Law School
excellentfaculty offers a curriculum that is well balanced in theoretical and practical coursesand carefully selected to prepare the graduate for the successful practice of law
Studen ts
The law school is rather small. Each year's entering class consists of about 160 students, and the e ntire student body is approximately 460.This size fosters close personal contact b~tweenfaculty and students and a welcome air of collegiality among all members of the law school community. The student -faculty ratio is ap proximately 20 to 1.
The law students come from a wide range of undergraduate institutions, academic maJOr s and ba ckgrounds . A sizable number of students have been involved in other endeavors b etween graduati n g from college and entering law school. They bring to the student b ody, the classroom, and ultimately the profession, perspectives different from
those of recent college graduates. In recent years , well over 40 percent of the entering students have been women. An increasing number of minority students enroll each year. This diversity enhances the environment in which the learning experience takes place.
The first-year class is divided into two sections of about 80 students each , and the students have their first-year substantive classes with the same section . The Lawyering Skills course is taught in small sections of 16 students. Class sizes in the second and third year vary according to cour se selection . Many upper-level classes are quite small .
Library
The William Taylor Muse Law Library, named in m e mory of a former dean of the law school , is housed in th e law school building. In 1991 the library w as greatly expanded through the construction of a new wing and extensive renovation , resulting in a spacious library facility. It contain s a main reading room and four levels of shelf space. Students are assigned individual carrels , for the three years they are in residence. These carrels are being wired so that the library databases and law school computer network can be accessed from the carrels. The library collection provides broad coverage of Anglo-American law and international law, including published opinions of all state and federal appellate courts , and the reports on British and Canadian courts and international tribunals. It contains the federal and state constitutions and statutes, and comparable material from Great Britain and Canada. There also is an excellent collection of legal periodicals, treatises, loose-leaf services, digests , and encyclopedias and other research aids. The briefs and records of cases decided by the Virginia Supreme Court also are available , as are audio and video cassettes on a wide range of legal subjects. Briefs and records of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court and legislative materials regarding recent federal statutes are contained on microfiche
The Law School
The library contains two computer-assisted legal research systems, LEXISand WESlLAW. First-year students are trained in the use of these systems as part of their legal writing course. In addition, the library provides access to a wide range of law-related data bases including NEXIS,DIALOG,and VU-TEXT.
Career Services
The Career Services Office of the law school assists all students seeking permanent, summer, or part-time employment. Staffed by a full-time director, the office provides a wide range of services, including general employment information and career counseling. It also schedu les on-campus interviews for recruiters from private firms; federal, state, and local governments; judicial clerkships; corporate legal departments; accounting firms; and the military. Since not all employers are able to interview students on campus, the Career Services Office aids students in applying for these positions by forwarding their resumes to the employers
Private practice attracts approximately 60 percent of the students in each graduating class. Those not entering private practice are employed in judicial clerkships, corporate legal departments, federal, state, and local governments (including prosecutorial positions) , legal services programs, and the military.
Programs
Moot Court
The law school provides an extensive moot court program through which students develop their research, brief-writing, and appellate advocacy skills . Students participate in the voluntary Carrico Competition and Barnett Competition , through which teams of three students each are selected to represent the school in the National Moot Court Competition and other interschool competitions . Students also may participate in various specialized competitions such as labor, patent, and international law. The moot court program is administered by the Moot Court Board which
is comprised of second-and third-year students selected on the basis of the ir performance in the various competitions
Client Counseling and Negotiati on
In addition to possessing advoca cy skills, an attorney ought to be able to cou nsel clients successfully and to negotiat e on their behalf. The law school 's curriculu m offers courses designed to develop both of these skills. To complement these cou rses, the Client Counseling Board administe rs voluntary intramural and int erschool client counseling and negotiation competition s through which the students are ab le to practi ce these essential skills.
Clinical Programs
An increasingly important comp one nt of the law school 's academic progra m is the wide range of clinical offerings. These clinical programs afford second- and th ird-year students opportunities to apply in practica l settings the principles learned in th e classroom . The concentration in the Richmond area of major state and federal trial and appellate courts and administrative agencies offers a variety of possibilities for clinical placements. Qualifying third-year law students may gain litigation experienc e in actual trials under the supervision of a p racticing attorney pursuant to the federal and state third-year practice rules.
Clinical field placements are ma de in the various Commonwealth 's Attorney s' offices , the United States Attorney 's Office , with several legal aid agencies , the Ameri can Civil Liberties Union, and several envir onmental foundations. Also, there are clinical placements in which the students clerk for Richmond area Circuit Court judges.
Two other clinical programs ar e run from within the law school. In the You th Advocacy Clinic, students, together with a staffattorney, represent juveniles in jud icial and administrative proceedings. Th e Mental Disability Law Clinic represents mentally disabled youth and their pa rents in proceedings to determine ap propriate
educational programs.The clinical programs are more completely described on page 47.
Coopera tive Program With MCV /VCU Department of Health Administration
A coope rative program offered by the law schooland the Department of Health Administrationat Medical College of Virginia, VirginiaCommonwealth University (MCVNCU) enables law students to take selected graduate courses offered by the Department of HealthAdministration By so doing, law students can e nhance their knowledge of the health care industry. A list of approved courses is maintained by the Dean 's Office andshould be consulted before registering at MCVNCU. These courses are graded at MCV / VCU,but credit for them is accepted at the lawschool on a pass / fail basis. The hours are subjectto the general rule permitting law studentsto co unt toward graduation up to 9 semester ho urs of work taken outside the law school classroom.
DualDeg ree-Law/HealthAdministration: The delivery of health care services poses some of the most critical social, economic, and moral issues of our time. Lawyers
The law School
representing individuals or health care providers confront a myriad of regulatory systems and issues fairly unique to this area; health care policy makers and administrators are likewise concerned with the effective operation of entities within these regulatory confines and with the utility of these systems.
The dual degree program leads to the award of the Juris Doctor and Master of Health Administration degrees. The program integrates these two professional curricula. Participants are thus provided with the necessary expertise either to represent clients effectively within the health care industry or to function as policy makers or administrators who appreciate fully the legal environment within which their programs operate . Applicants for this program are required to meet the admission standards of both the law school and the Department of Health Administration. For information regarding admission to the Department of Health Administration, contact:
M.H.A . Program Director Department of Health Administration Virginia Commonwealth University MCV Campus , P. 0. Box 203 Richmond , VA 23298
When this four-year program is successfully completed, the Master of Health Administration is awarded by Virginia Commonwealth University and the JD. by the University of Richmond .
Cooperative Program With the MCV/VCU School of Social Work
The cooperative program offered by the law school and the School of Social Work of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU)is designed to prepare students for p_rofessional practice in areas that can benefit fro~ the knowledge and skills drawn _frombo~ fields. Recent legislation , expandmg public concerns and continual alterations and extensions of the concept of the public welfare have given social workers ' efforts in social planning and programs for social change a new importance and priority. Knowledge of
The Law School
the law gives focus to their efforts. At the same time, lawyers seeking better ways to deal with human aspects of legal disputes and minimize social costs are turning to the social worker for guidance and assistance. These conditions have made interdisciplinary cooperation between lawyers and social workers normal procedure in m any instances, and the two professions are giving increased attention to the interests they share .
The cooperative program allows law students to register for courses offered by the School of Social Work ofVCU which are approved by the law school faculty. A list of these courses is maintained by the Dean's Office and should be consulted before registering at VCU. These courses are graded at VCU, but credit for them is accepted at the law school on a pass / fail basis. The hours are subject to the general rule permitting law students to count toward graduation up to 9 semester hours of work taken outside the law school classroom.
Dual Degree-Law/Social Work:
The dual degree program is designed to provide its graduates with two degrees -Juris Doctor and Master of Social Work -attesting to competency in both law and social work. This competency is applicable to areas of practice drawing upon knowledge and skills from each of these fields It is expected that this program will bring together not only persons sensitive to both the legal and human elements in social and personal dysfunctions , but also two fields that call for certain similar as well as different kinds of knowledge and skills directed toward resolving human problems. This effort to integrate education in law and social work will draw on the contributions each can make to a professional base for practice in both fields.
A student who is accepted into the dual degree program will be permitted to count one semester 's work in the law school toward meeting the graduation requirements in the School of Social Work at VCU,and one semester's work in the VCUSchool of Social Work will be counted toward meeting the
graduation requirements of the law school. This will enable participants in the dual degree program to complete the requir ements for the JD. and the M.S.W.in four years. Applicants for this program are required to meet admission standards of both the law school and the VCU School of Social Work. For information on admission to the School of Social Work, contact:
Director of Admissions
School of Social Work
Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond , VA 23284
Cooperative Program With the VCU Department of Urban Studies and Planning
A cooperative program offered by the law school and the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at Virginia Commo nwealth University (VCU) offers law students the opportunity to take selected graduat e courses offered by the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in order to enhance their understanding of that discipline and its interaction with the law . A list of approve d courses is maintained by the Dean's Office and shou ld be consulted before regi stering at VCU. These courses are graded at VCU, bu: credit for them is accepted at the law sch00 on a pass / fail basis. The hours are subjectto
The Law School
the general rule permitting law students to count toward graduation up to 9 semester hours of work taken outside the law school classroom.
DualDegree -Law/Urban Studies and
Planning: The professions of planning and law addre ss the concerns of social and economic equity through the institutions which he lp shape the direction of urban change. While lawyers often are concerned withthe impact of legislation and judicial decisions on groups and individuals, plannersconce ntrate on social, economic, and political impacts on land use with the aid of legalstrategies to guide community growth anddevelopme nt.
The Master of Urban and Regional Planning andJuris Doctor dual degree program integratesthese two professional curricula to provid e the necessary expertise to apply legaland planning analysis to the resolution of urbanand regiona l policy issues and problems . Some areas of cooperation include the development and enforcement of land use and growth management controls, environmental protec tion strategies, housing and community development, and numerous health and welfare programs. The dual degreeisa four-year program of study designed to equip graduates for a variety of professionalpositions including staff or legislative committees,government agencies and commissions, private consulting, neighborhood advocacy, directorships of planning and relatedagencies, and executive or legal aids to elected officials.Applicants for this program arerequired to meet the admission standards ofboth the law school and the Department ofUrbanStudies and Planning atVCU. For informationon admissio n to the Department of UrbanStudies and Planning, contact:
Chair , Depa rtment of Urban Studies and Pla nning
VirginiaCommonwealth University 812 WestFranklin Street Richmond, VA 23284
Whenthe four-year program is successfully completed, the Master of Urban Studies and
Regional Planning degree is awarded by Virginia Commonwealth University, and the J .D. by the University of Richmond.
Cooperative Program With the UR School of Business
A cooperative program with The Richard S. Reynolds Graduate School of The E Claiborne Robins School of Business enables students to enroll in selected courses offered in that division, on a space available basis. Admission to these courses requires the approval of the graduate program director. Students are thereby able to broaden their backgrounds in areas of business and finance. A list of approved courses is maintained by the Dean's Office and should be consulted before registration. Credit for these courses will be included in the maximum number of semester hours which may be taken each semester without payment of additional tuition.
These courses are graded at the business school, but credit for them is accepted at the law school on a pass/ fail basis. The hours are subject to the general rule permitting law students to count toward graduation up to 9 semester hours of work taken outside the law school classroom.
Dual Degree-Law/Business Administration: The University offers a dual degree program designed to provide its graduates with two degrees -JD. and M.B.A. This program reflects the interrelationships between law and business management. Its graduates are provided complementary facility in both of these fields. They will be bett~r able to function as managers because of therr familiarity with the legal framework within which business must operate. Alternatively, as attorneys, they can better serve the needs of business clients because of their appreciation of the business milieu .
Students accepted into this program will be permitted to count 12 semester hours of work in the law school toward satisfaction of the degree requirements of the M.B.A.program, and 12 semester hours of work in the
The I.aw School
M.B.A. program toward satisfaction of the degree requirements of the law school. Accordingly, successful participants will be able to complete the requirements for both degrees in four years. Applicants for this program must meet the admission standards of the law school and the Graduate Division of the Business School. For information on the M.B.A.program, contact:
Director, M.B.A. Program
Tbe Richard S. Reynolds Graduate School
Tbe E. Claiborne Robins School of Business University of Richmond, VA 23173
Advising for Dual Degree Programs
Upon admission to dual degree programs, every student will be assigned an advisor in both schools to help plan courses of study that will include all requirements, plus elective courses that will best serve individual student interests.
Graduate Courses
Law students are permitted to register for selected courses offered by the University of Richmond Graduate School that are identified on the law school's list of courses ap-
proved for transfer credit to the law school. These courses are graded at the Graduate School but credit for them is accept ed at the law school on a pass/fail basis. Any work undertaken by law students in the Graduate School is subject to the general rule permitting law students to count toward graduation up to 9 semester hours of work taken outside of the law school classroom.
Sum.mer Session
The summer session consists of an eightweek term and a three-week short term on campus at the University of Richmond, and a five-week term at Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, England. The course of instruction in the summer session at Cambridge is offered jointly by the Universityof Richmond law faculty and the Cambridge University law faculty.
Attendance at two eight-week summer sessions, during which at least 10 semester hours are completed successfully , countsas one full residence semester and enables a student to complete the degree requirements at the end of the fall term of the third year. Attendance at the tl1ree-week term aloneresults in the accrual of hours only, and notof residence credit. Attendance at the threeweek term and the Cambridge progr am isthe equivalent of one eight-week session.
Information relating to th ese courses, tuition, and other details may be obtained upon request from:
Dean's Office
Tbe T C. Williams School of Law University of Richmond , VA 23173
Special Program
Robert R. Merhige,Jr. Center for Environmental Studies
This Center, established in 1985, honors one of the law school's prominent alurt1Jll, United States District Judg e Robert R. Merhige , Jr. The Center sponsors research, lectures , and discussions regardin g maior environmental law issues.
ADMISSION
Pre-Law Education
While no particular subjects are prerequisite for admission to the University of Richmond law school , prospective students are urged to pursue a course of study covering various phases of human experience. The law stude nt must be able to draw from a broad base of knowledge. The following are recommended as desirable pre-law concentrations: English, history , political science, philosophy , sociology, psychology , economics,accounting, and mathematics.
Admis sion Process
The law school generally accepts applications only for full-time study. However, on a veryselective basis , students may be allowed to study pa rt-time. While the majority of enteringstudents begin their studies in the fall, a smallnumber of first-year students matriculate in the preceding summer term.
Based upon past experience , the law schoolex pects to consider numerous applicants for every position available in the entering class. A substantial majority of these applicants will clearly demonstrate the ability to complete our law school program and would qualify for admission by any absolute standard. However, because of the relatively few positions available, the selection process involves a comparison of qualifications. Admission is based on the law school Admission Committee 's evaluation of the individual's relative promise of success in the study oflaw at this school and its assessment of the applicant's fitness to become a member of the legal profession.
The two most important considerations in making this evaluation are undergraduate academicwork and the Law School Admission Test score (LSAT).The committee also considers an applicant's leadership potential, extracurricular activities, recommendations, employment experience, maturity, motivation and character. The policy governing admission to the law school provides equal
educational opportunity to qualified applicants without regard to race , color, religion, national origin, sex, handicap, or age.
Application
Applicants for admission as Juris Doctor (J.D.) candidates must complete the application form and must be at least 18 years of age by the date of matriculation. In addition, they must have an official transcript sent directly from the registrar of an approved college or university showing graduation therefrom , unless applying for admission under the combined bachelor 's and law degree program.
Application materials can be obtained on request from the Admissions Office These materials contain an explanation of the admission process and instructions for completion of the application materials. The address is:
Tbe Admissions Office
Tbe T C. Williams School of Law University of Richmond, VA 23173 (804)289-8189
Summer Entry Program
Under this program , law school is begun in the summer preceding the usual fall entry. Normally scheduled coursework in the following semesters plus another eight-week summer session allows the completion of degree requirements in December of the third year. The bar examination may th_enbe taken the following February. Applicants who wish to be considered for this program should state their interest on the admission application .
Combined Degrees
A student who is in the junior year of college may apply for admission to the University of Richmond law school's combined degree program. Students in this program may combine their college work and their work in law school to receive a bachelor's degree and a law degree in a total of six years. Those admitted into this program matriculate in the
Admission
law school at the beginning of their senior year of college. During that year they take first-year law school courses in lieu of undergraduate courses. If all other requirements for their undergraduate degree are met, they will receive their bachelor's degree from their undergraduate institution at the end of the first year of law school. On the successful comp letion of the remaining two years of law school, they will receive the Juris Doctor degree from the University of Richmond.
This program is designed for exceptional stude nts only. Applicants for the combined degree program should have an excellent undergraduate grade point average and achieve a very high score on the Law School Admission Test. Students interested in gaining admission to the combined degree program should initially contact the dean of their college to ascertain whether it offers such a program. Permission to apply for th e combined degree program should be secured from the undergraduate dean and submitted with the application to the law school.
Law Honors Program
Students admitted to the undergraduate schools of the University of Richmond and who have an S.A.T. score of 1300 or above with placement in the top 10% of their high school graduating class are considered for admission simultaneously to the law schoo l. They begin law school studies on completion of their undergraduate work. Their admission to the law school is conditioned on the comp letion of their undergraduate work with a cumu lative grade point average of at least 3.2 and their meeting the character standards applicable to all applicants to the law school.
Admission by Performance Program
This program is designed for se lect ed law school applicants who do not meet the law schoo l's standards for regular admission . Students admitted into the program tak e two law school courses during the summer session. Participants' performance in these
courses is evaluated according to the same grading standards as are applied to first-year law students. Those performing at th e prescribed level will be admitted into the firstyear class. For further information regarding this program, contact:
Tbe
Admissions Office
Tbe T C. Williams School of La.w University of Richmond , VA 23173 (804)289-8189
Advanced Standing
The law schoo l generally admits with advanced standing a very few transfer students from other law schoo ls. Such studen ts must have completed the first year of law school with a strong record at a school on the approved list of the American Bar Association. No advanced standing cred it will be given for work completed in another law sch ool unless it was comp leted with at least the grade of C, or its equiva lent , and is compati ble with the curriculum of this law school.
ACADEMICREGUIATIONS
Grading System and Reports
The following grades with grade point values are in effect in the University:
t Not used in The T. C. Williams School of Law.
Other grades which may be given are: P which shows credit has been earned in a pass/ fail course. Sand U indicate satisfactory or uns atisfactory pe1formance in a pass / no-credit course. W indicates that the student w ithdrew from a course without academic penalty. Marks indicating failure, and counted as such in the grade point average, are F, M (withdrew from a course with a failing average) and V (failure because of excessive absences). The X indicates that the grade has not been receivedfrom the instructor.
Z shows that the course was audited . A student aud iting a course is expected to meet all requirements for the course, except the final examination of papers. No grade or hour credit is e arned for audited courses.
/ and Y grades mean that coursework has not bee n completed by the end of the term. The I grade provisionally counts as a failing grade. It is given when the reasons for the inc~mplete involve student culpability, but the mstructor and Associate Dean determine that an F is not warranted. The work is to be made up by the student's graduation date or at such earlier time as specified by the instructor and Associate Dean. If the work is : ~t mad e up during this grace period, the I ill be converted to an F The Y grade, which ! oes no t ~ount as a failing grade, is given hen the mstructor and Associate Dean dete · rmme that the reasons for the incomplete ! 0 not w arrant an/ grade. In any case, it is e student's responsibility to complete the ~oursework for a course in which an / or Y as bee n assigned.
Performance in the ClinicalExternship Program is evaluated on a pass/ fail basis. Performance in the Youth Advocacy Clinic is evaluated using the letter-grade scale above.
Grades for courses taken under the various cooperative progr ams are recorded by the law school as a pass if, based on the above grading scale, a grade of C(2.0) or better is earned; otherwise they will be recorded as a failure.
The grade point average is determined by dividing the total number of grade points earned by the total number of academic hours attempted in T. C. Williams' courses that have grades to which grade point values are assigned. Each of these totals is accumulated term by term.
If a failed course is repeated, the grade earned in the repeat and the failure are both included in the grade point average. When the final grade for a course in which an/ was given is recorded, the occurrence will be shown on the permanent record, and the grade point average will be recomputed to remove the effect of the I and to include the final grade. For purposes of computing grade point averages, the credit hours earned for work recorded on a pass/fail basis are not included in the hours attempted , if a pass is received. The credit hours for any such work recorded as a failure are included in the hours attempted . Consequently the credit hours for work recorded as a pass have no effect on the grade point average, but a failure in such work would adversely affect the grade point average.
Note: A cumulative grade point average of at least 2.0 is required for graduation.
Students admitted with advanced standing must consult the Associate Dean to determine the manner by which their cumulative grade point average will be calculated for class standing purposes
Academic Regulations
Students may review their status and progress with the Associate Dean or in the Registrar's Office. Grade reports are sent to the student after the close of each term.
Registration and Attendance
Students shall register according to the instructions which are provided for each term. A student will not be permitted to attend class until his or her name has been entered on the official roll of that class by the Registrar and arrangements satisfactory to the University have been made for that term's fees.
A student may register late , add courses, or opt for audit status in a course through the tenth class day of the semester provided that the specified approvals are obtained and fees, if any, are paid
A student may withdraw from courses without academic record through the fifteenth class day of the semester. Withdrawals after this time will be shown on the academic record, and the student must present an adequate reason, receive the approval of the Associate Dean, and follow any specified administrative procedures including the payment offees, if any.
Second-or third-year students may not register for more than 18 semester hours in any semester without special permission of the Associate Dean.
First-year students who are enrolled for fulltime study are not permitted to have outside employment.
Regular class attendance is expected and required. Enforcement of this policy is the responsibility of each faculty member. Sanctions may be imposed, including imposition of a failing grade, in a case where violation is noted.
Scholarship
At the end of the second semester (one year) of law study:
A student who fails to attain a cumulative grade point average of at least 1.5 shall be required to withdraw from the law school.
A student whose cumulative grad e point average is at least 1.5 but less than 1.7shall be required to withdraw from the law school for one year.
At the end of the fourth and each subsequent semester of law study:
A student who fails to attain a cumulative grade point average of at least 1.85 shallbe required to withdraw from the law school.
Conditions
Any student who has failed to attain the requisite cumulative grade point average will be required to withdraw immediately from the law school, even though he or she has enrolled in the next semester 's courses (including summer session courses ).
Grades earned in courses taken during summer session courses are not included in calculating the necessary grade poin t average for the year or semester imm ediately preceding the summer session.
The point at which a part-time studen t must attain the requisite grade point average shall be the time at which he or she has completed the substantial equivalen t ofthe second semester of study and the substantial equivalent of the fourth and suc ceeding semesters of study. Such students will be notified in advance by the Associate Dean of the times at which the stated cum ulative grade point averages must be met.
A student who has been required to withdraw under the 1.5 or 1.85 criteria stated above will not be readmitted to the law school with advanced standing. In the rare event of readmission, it is as an entering first-year student with no credit for prior work. Nevertheless, the prior wo rk will continue to be shown on the perm anent academic record, but the grade poin t average will include only the coursew ork attempted after readmission.
Note: A failed first-year course must be retaken in the semester in which the course15 next offered.
Examinations
Unless announced otherwise by the instructor, the length of an examination will be one ho ur for each semester hour of credit carried by the course. A student who finds that he o r she will be unavoidably prevented from taking an examination at the time scheduled may receive permission to take the examination at a later date, if such fact is communicated to the Dean or Associate Dean be fore the time at which the examination is scheduled. Unless excused by the Dean or Associate Dean, a student who fails to take an examination in a course for which he or sh e has registered will receive a grade ofF in that course.
Hono r System
All students, upon matriculation , become members of the Student Bar Association and agree to abide by and support the Law School Honor System. The Honor System is administeredby the students through a Grievance Committee and an Honor Court in accordance w ith procedures set forth in the Honor Court Constitution. The Canons of Student Ethicsp rovide that lying, cheating, or stealing under any circumstance relating to one 's status as a law student are offenses against the Honor System. An individual's status as a member of the Student Bar Association is conditioned upon his or her adherence to the Honor System. The resulting atmosphere of personal integrity and trust is highly appropriate to a school preparing individuals for the hon orable profession of law .
Standards of Conduct
The University of Richmond considers cultivation of self-discipline and resolution of issues through processes of reason to be of primary importance in the educational processand essential to the development of responsible citizens. All members of the Universitycommunity are expected to conduct themselves, both within the University and elsewhere, in such a manner as to be a credit to themselves and to the University of Richmond. Moreover, they have a responsibility for complying with loca l , state, and federal
laws, and with all published University policies and regulations. In a community of learning, individual or group conduct that is unlawful, that disrupts or interferes with the educational processes, that causes destruction of property, or otherwise infringes upon the rights of others or of the University itself, cannot be tolerated.
The Trustees of the University of Richmond have authorized a Policy Statement on Standards of Conduct , Penalties, and Disciplinary Procedures to guide the conduct of students and their guests. This statement sets forth those standards of conduct which the University of Richmond deems essential for fulfilling its educational mission. Any person who violates the standards of conduct and regulations of the University of Richmond shall be subject to disciplinary action and, if need be, legal action. Disciplinary action may range from reprimand / disciplinary warning up to and including dismissal or expulsion from the University. Penalties will be imposed after proper determination has been made in accordance with established disciplinary procedures of the University, with fair procedures observed and with appropriate appeal procedures available, as outlined in the Policy Statement and any approved revisions thereof.
A copy of this Policy Statement and / or any officially approved revisions thereof is readily available to each student who matriculates. All members of the University community should familiarize themselves with this Policy Statement and revisions, and with any other official publications, handbooks, or announcements issued from time to time by the University of Richmond or by individual colleges and schools of the University.
Right to Privacy
The University of Richmond has an affirmative obligation to provide order and discipline and thereby promote an environment consistent with the educational process. In fulfilling that obligation, the University subscribes to the principle of providing every
Academic Regulations
member of the University community with the maximum practicable degree of privacy . Any examination of possessions on campus or entry of campus living quarters , offices , or lockers shall be in accordance with the law and University policy.
Similarly, in regard to student academic and personnel records, the University observes the procedures and requirements of The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-380) as amended. This act generally prohibits the unauthorized release of confidential information about individual students; however, directory information may usually be released. Further information concerning this act is available from the Registrar's Office.
Academic Requirements
The Juris Doctor degree requires the successful completion of at least 86 semester hours of acceptable work and a cumulative grade point average of at least 2.0.
In addition , students must complete at least six full residence semesters over at least 90 calendar weeks A full residence semester is defined as a 15-week period in which a student is enrolled for at least 10 semester hours and passes at least 9 of those hours. This residence requirement is based on American Bar Association accreditation standards.
Students intending to attend summ er sessions in order to complete their d eg ree requirements at the end of the fall term of their third year should consult the Associate Dean to determine if they will hav e the necessary credit hours and residence sem esters by that time.
All academic requirements for th e Juris Doctor degree must be completed within five calendar years.
Curriculum Requirements
The 86 semester hours necessary for graduation must include the successful comp letion of the following courses and requir em ents.
Required Courses
36 semester hours:
Civil Procedure
Constitutional Law
Contracts
Criminal Law
Environmental Law
Lawyering Skills I, II , III , and N
Professional Responsibility
Property Torts
Note: The required course Professional Responsibility and the elective cour se Ev1 -
dence must be satisfactorily completed by the end of the second year if the student wishes to qualify under the Third-year Practice Rule Students may obtain a Third-year Practicecertificate after they have completed four semesters and courses in Procedure, Evidence, and Professional Responsibility. This certificate allows a student to appear in some courts under the supervision of a licensed attorney.
Writing Requirement
Duringthe third year of law school, the student must complete satisfactorily a substantial paper which requires in-depth research and rigorous analysis of a specific area of law and evidences a sophisticated knowledge of the law including larger issues of impact of the law o n various parts of society and future directions the law may take. This requirement may be fulfilled by an independent researchpa per meeting these goals, or a paper prepared for a seminar course designated as approved for this requirement. The Law School'sschedule of classes, which is published eac h year , will note the seminar coursesth rough which this requirement can be satisfied
Elective Coursework
Sufficien t e lective courses must be taken to bringthe to tal cre dit earned to at least 86 semesterho urs .
Astudent is permitted to count a maximum of 9 seme ster hours of specific non-law school classroom credit toward the elective hours.Included in this 9-hour limit are clinical extems hip programs, moot court, client counseling and negotiation competitions, law review, and all work taken in the various cooperative programs.
Graduation Policies
Graduation with Honors
At the e nd of law school study, students who attain in the range of the following cumulativegrade point averages are eligible to graduate with the designated honors: 3.750
Academic Regulations
and above, summa cum laude; 3.500 to 3.749, magna cum laude; 3.250 to 3.499, cumlaude.
Filing of Application
To graduate , a student must file a degree application and comply with the graduation attendance policy. Degree applications must be filed in the Registrar's Office by the first Friday in October for an anticipated comp letion by the coming mid-year, spring, or summer graduation
Attendance at Commencement
Diplomas are awarded in person except by the decision of the Universitynot to do so . An individual who expects to receive a diploma in the spring commencement may request absentia status by explaining in writing the very unusual circumstance which prevents participation in the ceremony. This request must be received by the University Registrar no later than eight working days before the ceremony. The Registrar will notify the individual of the status granted by the University. Unless approved as absentia, an individual who does not participate in the ceremony will not receive the diploma. Also other sanctions may be invoked , including the withholding of the degree itself or its certification The diploma may be received and any sanctions removed provided the candidate refiles the degree application for a subsequent gradu ation and follows appropriate graduation policy.
Summer and mid-year degrees are conferred as of the date specified in the University calendar. Summer diplomas are mailed to those qualified ; mid-year diplomas are given in the spring commencement ceremony.
Encumbrances
The degree will not be conferred unless the student 's obligations to the University are satisfactorily resolved . These obligations include financial and administrative matters such as, but not limited to , delinquent payments, parking fines, or overdue library books.
FINANCIALAFFAIRS
Fees for the 1992-93 academic year
General Fee 9 -19 semester hours inclusive -
First and continuing T. C. Williams enrollment (summers excepted):
Prior to May 1991 ...................................................................................... $12,820 May 1991 through April 1992
Housing (in Law residence halls)
Meal Plans Meals are served Monday through Friday, three meals a day; Saturday and Sunday, brunch and dinner.
19 -Meal Plan - All 19 meals a week ......... . 14 -Meal Plan - Any 14 meals a week ...... 10 -Meal Plan - Any 10 meals a week ...................................................
5 -Meal Plan - Any 5 meals a week .....................................................
All meal plans are based, budgeted , and served within the time frame of the undergraduate ca lendar schedule.
Other Fees
Hours over 19 or less than 9 in a semester
(payable before matriculation),
l Fee Payment, late
Fee is $25 if acco unt balance is under $500.
Optional Fee
Health Service
Single stude nts not living on campus may pay this fee, for which they will receive medical auention and Student Health Center privileges. Students not under a meal plan with the University dining hall will be charged for meals while in the Student Health Center. The services of the University physician are available only in the Student Health Center.
Information about a student accident and sickness insurance policy is ava ilable from the Controller, 202 Maryland Hall, (804)289-8150.
- Regardless of the University division in which a course is taken, the student pays the tuition and fees of the division to which he or she has been admitted and which is considered the division of record. Any special fee associated with a particular course, such as a laboratory fee, is charged based on registration in the course.
- The Unive rsity reserves the right to increase the fees listed herein and the charges for room and board if conditions should make such changes necessary or advisable. The changes will be announced as far in advance as feasible.
- Fees and charges will increase for the 1993 - 94 school year and will be announced as soon as possible.
Financial Affairs/Payments
Payments
Fees are payable at the Office of Student Accounts, one-half on the first Monday in August and one-half on the first Monday in December. Students entering for the second semes ter pay one-half of the regular charges.
No diploma is granted or credi t given for the session's work until all charges h ave been satisfactorily settle d.
Students who fail to complete registration for the fall semester by the close of business on the day before the first day of fall classes will be charged a late registration fee of $50. Stude nt s who fail to make satisfac to ry arrangements for their fall semester fees by the close of business on the first day of fall classes will be charged a late payment fee of
$50. A lat e registration fee of $50 will be charged curren tly enrolled students who fail to comp let e registration for the spring semester by the close of busin ess on the registration day specified for stude n ts continu ing in the spring. A $50 lat e fee also is payab le by new a nd readmitted students who fail to comp lete registration for the spring sem ester by the close of business on the first day of spring classes. Students who fail to mak e satisfactory arrangements for their sprin g semester fees by the close of busine ss on the first day of spring classes will be char ged a late payment fee of $50.
Deferred Payments
The University does not offer a def erred payment plan, and all accounts must be paid in full each semester as indicated earlier in this section.
However, in recognition of the subs tantial interest in deferred payments , the University has arranged to make available the services of The Tuition Plan, Inc. , and Knight Insurance Company These firms repres ent one of several sound alternatives for finan cing a student 's education.
Many students may prefer to arrange financing through their local banks or other sources; but if there is interest in The Tuition Plan, Inc. or Knight Insurance Company, further information is available upon request from the University's Office of Student Accounts.
Students are urged to complete wha tever arrangements they choose early, so tha t their accounts with the University may be settled in a timely manner.
Advance Payments
Two hundred fifty dollars ($250) of the Genera l Fee must be paid in advance by all new students. This advance paymen t must be made upon acceptance of admission and will be credited on the first semester account of the student, but is not refundable if the student fails to matriculate.
Refund Policy
Students are matriculated by semester. If a student withdraws or is dropped from the Uni- versityfor whatever cause, a refund of fees for a fall or spring semester shall be made in accordance with the University's refund policy, based on the following schedule . This schedule is p rorated for summer terms. Refunds are made first to any financial program the student may be receiving, then to any University unsettled account, and then to the student.
General Fee and Board Room Refund Refund
Withdrawal before classes begin .... . ............ ... ........... 100% less deposits 100%
Withdrawal during first week of classes ........................ .. 75% Prorated
Withdrawal during second week of classes ................... .. 60% Prorated
Withdrawal during third week of classes ........................ 45% Prorated
Withdrawal during fourth week of classes ........ .. .... .. .... 30% Prorated
Withdrawal during fifth week of classes ........................ .. 20% Prorated
Withdrawal during sixth week of classes ........................ 10% Prorated
Withdrawal after sixth week of classes .......................... .. None None
Room and Board
Rooms in the Law residence halls are available to single students upon application to the Director of Admissions of the law school, accompanied by check payable to University of Richmond in the amount of $250. Returning students must reserve a room on or beforethe preceding May 1; new students must apply for a room upon acceptance by the school.Availability of rooms is limited. Preference is given to entering students not from the area
The d eposit will be refunded if written notice releasing the room is received by July 1. If a student occupies the room, the $250 room de posit will be credited to his or her account.
The rooms are furnished. Each student provides his or her own pillow, bed linens, towels, and blankets.
The charge for room covers medical care by the University Student Health Center, but does not cover the cost of medicines, expenses at a hospital, or the services of any additional physician or nurse.
Law students living on or off the campus are not required to board on campus. How-
ever, several board plans are available to law students living on or off campus.
If a student elects to participate in a meal plan, he or she may change from one plan to another or drop out of the meal plans altogether during the class add period and receive a pro rata refund for board. After the class add period, no refund for board will be made to a student continuing in classes.
Books
The books, supplies, and necessary study aids for the first year, if purchased new, will cost about $400. Second-hand books are available at lower cost. All books may be secured at reasonable prices through the University Bookstore.
1992 Swnmer Session
General Fee ..................................... $3,000
Part-time students matriculating for less than 5 semester hours per term: Tuition fee, per semester hour ........................ 600
FINANCIAL AID
Student aid at the University of Richmond is awarded without regard to race, color, religion,national origin , sex, handicap, or age. Severalforms of financial aid are available to law students. The law school scholarship program is administered through the law school;University grants are awarded by the University; loans and other types of financial aid are administered by the University or other sources. Since application procedures and dea dlines for these programs vary, applicants mus t apply separately for each type of financial aid. Scholarships and grants are awarded to incoming students. Students receiving them for the first year may receive them again for the second and third year. It is unlikely that other students will receive them for the second or third year.
More spec ific information regarding financial aid may be obtained from:
Assistant Dean
Tbe T C. Williams School of Law University of Richmond, VA 23173
Law School Scholarship Awards
The law schoo l awards a limited number of scholarship grants on the basis of character, leadership , scholastic attainment, and capacity for law study. Application forms may be obtained from:
Director of Admissions
Tbe T C. Williams School of Law University of Richmond, VA 23173
Endowed I.aw Scholarships
TheE. Ballard Baker Scholarship
Established by alumni and friends in memoryof Judge E. Ballard Baker, an alumnus of Richmond College and the law school ;ho was a widely respected jurist and the ~st _C~ie f Judge of the Court of Appeals of V1rg11ll.a.
The Mary Russell and James H. Bamett,Jr. Memorial Scholarship
Alumni and friends of Mary Russell and James H Barnett, Jr . have funded this scholarship in their memory. Mr. Barnett was a distinguished teacher and scholar who served the law school for nearly half a century.
The W. Richard Broaddus,Jr. Scholarship
Established as a result of a generous bequest by W. Richard Broaddus, Jr., a member of the Class of 1921.
The Thomas P. Bryan,Jr. Memorial Scholarship
Established by the Windsor Foundation in memory of Thomas P Bryan, one of its trustees, and a member of the Class of 1947.
The Cantor and Cantor Scholarship
Endowed by the Richmond firm of Cantor and Cantor.
The Fred A. Crowder Memorial Scholarship
Established by Mrs. Fred A. Crowder and daughters. Mr. Crowder was a member of the Class of 1949.
The John N. Dalton Memorial Scholarship
Established by the University's Board of Trustees in memory of their former colleague , John N. Dalton , who served as the Governor of Virginia.
The Carle E. Davis Scholarship
Established by his friends in honor of Carle E. Davis, a long-time member of the law school faculty , Secretary of the Unive rsity Board of Trustees, alumnus, and prominent attorney.
The M. Ray Doubles Scholarship
Established in honor of M. Ray Doubles, former dean and faculty member of The T. C. Williams School of Law, who faithfully served the law school as an able administrator and prominent scholar, and spent many years as a respected jurist.
The Thomas A. Edmonds Scholarship
Established by members of the Alumni Association and others in honor of Thomas A. Edmonds, a former Dean of the Law School.
The William Meade Fletcher Memorial Scholarship
Established by James W. Fletcher in memory of his father, William Meade Fletcher, author of the highly respected treatise on corporate law , Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations.
The Barry N. Frank Scholarship
Established by Mrs. Honey H. Frank in honor of her son Barry, a member of the Class of 1977.
The Warren B. "Chip" French m Scholarship
Established by the Student Bar Association in memory of Warren B . "Chip" French III, a member of the Class of 1981.
The Charles T. Gray Scholarship
Established by the Hon. Frederick T. Gray in memory of his brother
The Edward W. Hudgins Memorial Scholarship
Established in 1976by Edward M. Hudgins in memory of his father, an alumnus of the law school and a trustee of the University of Richmond , who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia, 1947-58.
The Nina R. Kestin Scholarship
Established by her family, colleagues, and friends in memory of Nina R. "Ricki" Kestin, a respected member of the law school faculty, 1976-89.
The Harry L Lantz Scholarship
Established by Harry L. Lantz, a member of the Class of 1943.
The Law School Class of 1958 Scholarship
Established by members of the Class of 1958.
life Insurance Company of Virginia Scholarship
Established in 1972,this scholarship is provided through the benevolence of the Life Insurance Company of Virginia .
The McGuire, Woods, Battle & Boo the Scholarship
An annual scholarship award is mad e possible through an endowment given by the Richmond law firm of McGuire , Woods, Battle & Boothe .
The William T. Muse Memorial Scholarship
Established in memory of William T. Muse, a distinguished member of the law faculty and dean for 24 years.
The Elis Olsson Memorial Founda tion Scholarship
Established to assist worthy students to obtain their legal ed ucation .
The Thomas P. Parsley Memorial Scholarship
Established by his wife in mem ory of Thomas P. Parsley, a member of the Classof 1929.
The Theodora A. Randolph Scho larship
Established by Mrs. Randolph to assist worthy students in the pursuit of th eir legal e ducation
The James D. Rowe Memorial Scholarship
Established by his friends in mem ory of JamesD. Rowe , amemberofthe Class of 1955 .
The Charles E. Schelin Scholarshi p
Established by Mrs. Charles E Schelin in memory of her husband , a member of the Class of 1972.
The Sheppard Endowment Scho larship
Established by an anonymous alumn us and the Lawrence B. Sheppard Foundatio n.
TheJ. Westwood Smithers Scho lars hip
Established by his family and friends in memory of]. Westwood Smithers , a longtime member of the law school faculty.
The Harold F. Snead Memorial Scholarship
Established in memory of Harold F. Snead, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia and a member of th e Class of 1929.
The Sturgill & Sturgill Scholarshi p . Endowed by the firm of Sturgill & Sturgill,
Norton, Virginia , to assist students from southwest Virginia
Jean Morris Tarpley Scholarship
Established by the Class of 1957 as a twenty-fifth reunion gift in honor of Jean MorrisTarpley , the law school 's Director of Admissions.
The Efu.abeth N. Tompkins Memorial Scholarship
Established by Westhampton College alumnae in me mory of Elizabeth N. Tompkins to be awarde d to an entering law student who is a gradu ate of Westhampton College
The Virginia District Court Judges' Scholarship
Established by the law school's alumni who are Virginia District Court judges.
TheWilliams Law Scholarships
Awarde d to entering or returning students of unus u a l ability
TheWillard I. Walker Scholarship
Established by students, a lumni , and
friends in memory ofJudge Willard I. Walker, a prominent member of the Richmond bench, and an instructor of trial advocacy at the law school.
Young Lawyers Section of the Richmond Bar Association Scholarship
Established by the Young Lawyers Section of the Richmond Bar Association to aid students from Richmond and the surrounding counties.
Annually Funded Scholarships
Scholarship awards are made from funds annually provided by the following law firms, corporations , groups, and individuals.
Anonymous
Bagwell, Bagwell & Bagwell, Halifax, Va.
Edward D. Barnes, Chesterfield, Va.
Barnes & Barnes , Chatham, NJ
Bremner, Baber &Janus , Richmond, Va.
Browning, Morefield , Lamie & Sharp, Lebanon, Va .
Campbell, Campbell , Herbert & Harris , Ashland , Va .
Christian , Barton, Epps , Brent & Chappell, Richmond, Va
Cowan & Ow e n , Richmond , Va
Davis , Davis & Davis , Rocky Mo unt , Va.
Harold S. Fleische r Memorial (provided by his son, Alan G. Fleischer , Esq.)
Tuck & Connelly Professional Associates, Inc., Richmond, Va.
Tuck, Dillard, Nelson & Dillard, South Boston, Va.
VirginiaCircuit Court Judges
VirginiaDistrict Court Judges
Williams , Mullen, Christian & Dobbins, Richmond, Va
Ebb H. Williams III, Martinsville, Va.
Additional scholarship accounts are maintained by the University from which awards willbe ma de when resources permit.
Other Financial Aid
The Fin ancial Aid Fonn (FAF) and Applications
The following sections indicate different sourcesof financial aid. While the University or other le nder has its own application form for its pro grams, most of the programs require in a ddition receipt of the FAF. The information required by the FAF is submitted by the student to the College Scholarship Service, Princeton, New Jersey, where the completed form is processed. The processed formis th e n sent by the College Scholarship Service d irectly to the University. Since it takes seve ral weeks at least for the FAFto be processed and received by the University or otherlender, all application materials and the FAF sho uld be obtained, completed , and submitted by the student as soon after January 1 as p ossible, and at the latest by February 1. The completed application must be received by the University Financial Aid Office from the College Scholarship Service by March 15.
Specific information regarding programs, eligibility,and application procedures can be obtained from:
Financ ial Aid Office
Bnmet Memorial Hall
University of Richmond, VA 23173
Grants
The University of Richmond awards grants , Within available resources, to law students who can demonstrate substantial need. In
addition, the Virginia Tuition Grant (TAG) program provides aid to Virginia residen ts attending private schools in Virginia. Applications for these grants require the comp letion of the FAF.
Loans
Loan programs are available through a variety of sources to help students finance their law school education. Private sources include the Charles B Keesee Educational Fund for law students from Virginia and North Carolina, the Law School Assured Access program, and Supplemental Loans for Students . Loan programs from federal and state agencies include the Perkins Loan Program (formerly NDSL) , the Stafford Loan (formerly GSL),and the Virginia Educational Loan Authority or similar loan authorities in most other states. Applications for these loans typically require the completion of the FAF.
Work-Study Program
Students who need employment to provide for law school expenses may be eligible for employment under federally supported Work-Study Programs. Law students qualifying under this program usually work as r~search assistants to law professors, or as library assistants in the law library. The student's eligibility depends upon the need for employment to defray law school e~penses . The FAF is the application for this program. It should be submitted for p:ocessing by February 1 in order to be received by the Financial Aid Office by March 15.
Veterans Benefits
Students eligible to receive educational benefits under Veterans Readjustment Acts, or other laws for veterans, active service persons children, wives or widows of deceased or disabled veterans, must submit applications to the Veterans Administration (VA) prior to registration. Certificates of eligibility received from the VA must be presented to the Veterans Administration Coordinator in the Registrar's Office.
SnID ENT AcnvITIES
The La w Review
The Univ ersity of Richmond Law Review is a legalp eriodical published four times a year by a stude nt staff under general supervision of a boa rd and a faculty advisor With some emphasis on Virginia law , the Law Review presents the results of scientific study and scholarly investigation of practical legal problems of current interest to the profession. Articles are written by law professors, judges, and practicing lawyers Notes and comments on recent decisions and statutes are prep ared by students. Membership on the Law Review is one of the highest honors attainable by a student. This work affords students valuable training in research, analysis , and self-ex pression . In the opinion of many , this exp e rience provides some of the best trainingth e school has to offer.
McNeill Law Society
The McNeil! Law Society is named in memory of Walter Scott McNeil!, beloved professor in the school from 1905 to 1930. Membership is limited to students who rank in the to p ten percent of their class.
Stude n t Bar Association
The Student Bar Association is the law school's student government. This organization promo tes and fosters many extracurricular activities. The Student Bar Association consists of a president, vice president, secretary, an d treasurer who are elected by the entirestudent body. The Student Council , the decision-making body of the Student Bar Association , is composed of these officers and two circuit representatives from each class in th e law school. The Student Bar Association is designed to assist law students in Varietyof ways . It sponsors various activities and p rojects, including first-year orientation, a spe aker's program, and other social events thr oughout the year.
Other Student Orgranizations
There are numerous other student organizations . The Moot Court Board and Client Counseling and Negotiation Board administer the competitions described on page 16.
Two profession al legal fraternities, Phi Alph a Delta and Phi Delta Phi , sponsor a variety of program s on subjects of professional interest. The legal fraternities occ asionally host certain so cial events In addition , at the law school th ere is a chapter of The Black Law Student Association (BALSA); a Women 's Law Group ; a Multi-Ethnic Law Students Associatio n (MLSA ) ; ch apters of the National Lawye rs Guild and th e Federalist Society ; a Health Care Law Fo rum ; Environmental Law Society and a Public Interest Law Association (PILA).
Awards
The Charles T. Norman Medal is given annually to the best all-around law graduate as determined by the law faculty.
TheJ. Westwood Smithers Medal was e stablished in honor of Professor Emeritus J. Westwood Smithers who retired in 1979 after more than 40 years of service to the University of Richmond Law School. The Smithers Medal honors the member of the graduating class who has the highest cumulative grade point average
The William S. Cudlipp,Jr. Medal, established in honor of Professor Emeritus William S. Cudlipp,Jr., is awarded to the student who has the highest cumulative grade point average at the end of the second year of law school.
The Michie Company Prize , a copy of the Code of Virginia, is presented annually to the second-year student who has attained the highest scholastic average during the first year of law school.
The Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Company, Bancroft-Whitney Company awards credit vouchers and certificates of such awards to the students earning the highest grades in specified law school courses.
The West Publishing Company awards selected volumes to the students in each class whom the faculty deem to have made the most significant contribution to legal scholarship.
The United States Law Week Award is made annually to the student who makes the most scholastic progress during the final year in law school.
The International Academy of Trial Lawyers Student Advocacy Award is awarded annually to the senior law student who has distinguished himself or herself in the field of trial advocacy.
The William T. Muse Torts Award was established by the Student Bar Association in honor of William T. Muse, former dean of the law school. This award is given to the first-year student receiving the highest grade in torts.
The Virginia Trial Lawyers Assoc iation Advocacy Award is a cash prize which is given to a student who has distinguished himself or herself in courses having a significant litigation orientation.
The Edward D. Barnes Crimin al I.aw Award is a cash prize awarded to the second-year student earning the highes t grade in each section of the first-year Criminal Law course.
The Edward S. Hirschler Real Property Award is a cash prize awarded to the second-year student earning the highes t grade in each section of the first-year property course. This award is presented by Sandra D. Coleman and Thomas R. Klein, mem bers of the Class of 1978, in honor of Mr. Hirschler,a prominent real property attorney.
The Kestin Memorial Prize is occa sionally awarded by the faculty at commence ment to a graduate who has made an extrao rdinary contribution to the school. Th e prize is named in memory of Professor Nina R. ( "Ricki") Kestin, who was a tax professor at the school from 1976 until her untimely death in 1989.
CURRICULUM
First-Year Courses
The following courses totaling 30 semester hours are prescribed:
CivilProcedure. (515) Introduction, with e mphasis on federal law, to rul es gov e rning jurisdiction, venue , service of proce ss , pl eadings , joinder , discove1y, summary adjudication , trial, judgments, direct and collateral attack on judgments, appellat e procedure , and choice of law in civil litigatio n 4 sem hrs
Constitutional Law. (503) Introdu ction to constitutional prob lems , including problems re lating to the d efiningand raising of con stitutional questions; the federal system;and an introduction to judicial protection of individualliberties. Emphasis on parts of th e Constitution most frequently invo lve d in litigation. 4 sem. hrs.
Contracts.(513) Basic e le m e nts of contra ct law. Stress on the agree m e nt pro ce ss , i.e , offe r a nd acceptance , consideration , and substitutes for consideration. Avoidance of contractual obligations , conditions , performance and breach o f co ntra cts ar e examined as ar e discharge of contractual duti es a nd remedies. Third -p a rty beneficiaries,assignments , and illegal contracts may be examined. The Uniform Comm e rcial Code and the Restatementemphas ized throughout. 4 sem hrs.
Criminal Law. (506) Sources of criminal law ; constitutionallimitations on power to create and define crimes; elements of crimes ; conduct , mental state , causation ; specificoffenses , including homicides , sex offenses , larceny,and oth e r property offenses; defenses of mistakes, infancy,compulsion , intoxication, insanity; attempt ; solicitation;conspiracy; accessoryship. 3 sem. hrs.
Environmental Law. (520) Using environmental law as the vehicle , an introduction to the dynamics of regulatoryand statutory law. Considers the ways in which variouslegal institution s, e.g. , legislatures , administrative agencies,and the courts , respond to environmental issues 3 sem. hrs.
Lawyering Skills 1-11. (517-518) An innovative programintro ducing first-and second-year law students to essential lawyering skills including legal analysis , writing, research , intervi e wing , counseling , negotiation , drafting,and trial and appellate advocacy. 2-2 sem. hrs.
Property.( 516) Introduction to property laws, with emphasis on th e concepts of title and possession of personal and real property; finders and bailments; rights and remediesof the possessor ; donative transactions ; rights of the bona fide purchaser ; historical background of real property law ; estates in land; concurrent ownership; conveyancing and future interests before and after the Statute of Uses; Statute of Frauds; contracts, deeds and mortgages in the sale of land; recordation and title ex-
amination; covenants, easements, and licenses in the use of land. 4 sem hrs.
Torts. (514) Liability for personal injuries and injuries to property. Include s analysis of various intentional tort th eo ries , the concepts of negligence and strict liability, and the priv ileges and defenses which may apply to actions brought in tort. May include treatment of one or more special or em erging areas such as products liability, misrepresentation , privacy, d efamation , misuse of le gal proc edure s, o r inte rfe re nce with advantageous relation ships. 4 se m. h rs.
Required Upper-Level Courses
The following upper-level courses totaling 6 semester hours are prescribed:
Lawyering Skills ID-IV. (598-599) Co ntinu ation of the innovative program b egun in the first year , introducing students to es sential lawye ring skills including legal analysis , writing , research , interviewing , counseling , negotiation , drafting , and trial and appellat e advocacy. Lawyering Skills III-IV must be taken during the second year. 2-2 sem. hrs
Professional Responsibility. (605) Ethical standards of the legal profession , including judicial ethics and unauthorized practice. 2 sem. hrs.
In addition to these courses , students must successfully complete a writing requirement as stated on page 27. The courses through which this requirement can be satisfied are included in the following list. The notation Meets upper-level writing requirement appears after the description of some of these courses. Other courses will occasionally be structured in a format so as to meet the requirement. The list of courses offered , published each year by the law school, indicates all the courses offered that year through which this requirement can be satisfied.
Second-or 11tlrd-Year Elective Courses
Administrative Law. (607) A survey of the nature , purpose and functions of federal and state administrative agencies. Coverage includes an analysis of procedures and practices before such agencies , enforcement of agency decisions , judicial review and control of agency use of governmental power. 3 sem. hrs.
Admiralty. (608) Law of maritime comme rce , o f ships , seamen , and cargo. An introduction to the special federal system of admiralty practice , followed by examination of the laws governing marine transportation , ocean pollution , and industrial accidents to crew members and harbor workers. 3 sem. hrs.
Advanced Constitutional Law. (609) Individual rights, particularly issues in the First, Thirteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments not covered in the basic course. Topics include reapportionment, religion, obscenity, government investigation , the right to know, commercia l speech, libel, and inadequacies in the Supreme Court to protect rights. 3 sem hrs.
Advanced Family Law Seminar. (703) Through the medium of a hypothetical family, selected family law issues, from courtship through divorce , w ill be analyzed in detail. Role playing and drafting exercises utilized. Submission of a substantia l research paper required. 2 sem. hrs. Meets upper-level writing requirement. Advanced Federal Income Taxation. (660) (Offered irregularly.) Includes tax procedure , tax accounting concepts, deferral and nonrecognition transactions. Prerequisite: Basic Federal Income Taxation (601) 2 sem. hrs.
Advanced Real Estate Transactions. (611) Surveys modern real estate transactions, such as condominiums, cooperatives, sa les and leasebacks, leasehold mortgages, FHA and VA financing, title insurance , construction loan agreements , and sh opp ing center leases. 3 sem. hrs.
Advanced Torts. (659) Focuses on injuries to trade relations, including tortious interference with contractual rights, misappropriation of trade secrets , and unfair competition. 2 sem. hrs.
Advanced Trial Practice. (632) Refines and builds on the skills covered in Trial Practice or Lawyering Skills by using more complex civil and criminal problems, and files developed by the National Institute for Trial Advocacy for training the more expe rienced trial advocate. Special emphasis on the development of a case theory and the choosing of an appropriate case theme for the more complex case. Covers use of demonstrative evidence , including photographs , charts , white boards, overheads, videos, and computer simulations 2 sem hrs. Agency and Partnership. (612) Agency relationships; contractual liability of princ ipa ls (disclosed and undisclosed), agents and third panies; authority and ratification; termination of agency ; tort liability in master-servant relationships; partnership: creation , rights and duties of partners, dissolution of partnerships; fiduciary duties of agents. 2 sem. hrs.
Alternate Dispute Resolution. (610) (Offered irregularly.)The development of skills in certain dispute resolution tec hniques , including negotiation , arbitration , mediation, and mini-trials. Enrollment limited. 3 sem. hrs.
American Judicial Biography. (638) Examines the lives of prominent jurists to see how th eir personal experiences informed their careers as jurists and their judicial philosophies. Among the individuals studied are Holmes, Black, Frankfurter, Brandeis, Traynor , and Learned Hand. 2 sem. hrs. Meets upper-level writing requirement.
American Legal History. (620) Topics central to the development of American law, from the seventeenth
through the twentieth ce ntury , including reception of English law , evolution of the legal profession and legal ed ucati on, schoo ls of historical scho larship, and origins of selected legal doctrines. 2 sem. hrs.
Antitrust. (613) Control of private economic power in the United States, focusing on the law regarding monopolies , mergers , and restrictive business practices as regulated by the Sherman and Clayton acts. Some attention to other federal antitrust legislation such as the Federal Trade Commission Act and state antitrust enforcement. 3 sem hrs.
Bankruptcy. (704) Liquidation and reorgani zation proceedings under the federal Bankrnptcy Code. 3 sem.hrs. Basic Federal Income Taxation. (601) Basic provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, including problems concerning the determination of gross income, the allowance of deductions and credits, methods of accounting, and the concepts of capital gains and losses. 4 sem. hrs.
Business Planning. (668) A transactional course analyzing the corporate, tax, securities, finance, antitrust , and accounting aspects of significant corporat e events. Transactions in which these issues are examin ed include corporate organizations, financing s, distributions and recapitulations, liquid ations, acquisitions and mergers. Enrollment limited. Prerequisite : Corporati ons (602). 3 sem hrs.
Children and the Law. (616) Developm ents in handling juvenil e problems. Emphasis on the procedural ramifications of recent court and leg islative attempts to reform the juvenile justice system , and emerging issues in the legal e nforce ment of c hildren 's rights. 3 sem. hrs Civil Litigation Seminar. (679) Consists of simulation exercises in the context of civil litigation , from intake interview through trial. Concentrates on developmentof skills in interviewing , counseling , fact investigation,discovery, negotiation, motion practice , and trial. Enrollment limited 3 sem. hrs.
Coastal Zone Management Seminar. (67 3) (Offered irregularly.) Examines the conflicts in resource allocation within the coastal zone. Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs.
Commercial Paper and Payment Systems. (618) Law relating to n ego tiable instruments , bank dep osits and collections, and electronic money transfers , with emphasis on Articles 3, 4, and 4A of th e Uniform Commercial Code and th e Electronic Funds Transfer Act. 3 sem. hrs.
Comparative Public Law of the U.S. and U.I(. (694) (Offered only in the Cambridge University Program) Examines and compares underlying principles of consntutional and administrative law in the U.S. and the U.K.2 sem. hrs.
Conflict of Laws. (621) Law relating to acts and transactions in which any operative fact occurs outside the state where legal proceedings are instituted , or which involve other significant extrastate elements. The theo-
retical bases of conflict of laws, including the problems of renvoi and of qualifications. 3 sem. hrs.
Constitutional Drafting Seminar . (7 14) Considers various cons titutiona l models. Students in teams will draftcomplete const itutions and sets of commentary 2 sem.hrs.Meets upp er-leve l w ritin g r equ ir em ent.
Construction Law. (617) Issues peculiar to constructionprojects from the perspective of the various participants, including developer, contractor, architect, and lender and on dispute avoidance and resolution techniques. Includes negotiation and drafting of construction-related con tracts. 2 sem. hrs.
Consumer Protection. (622) Survey of private and public law protection afforded consumers, beginning with an ana lysis of the common law tort of deception and extending through most areas of public regulation, including those policed by the Federa l Trade Commission.Emphasis on application of federal statutes such as the Consumer Credit Protection Act and the MagnusonMossWarranty Act. Excludes product liability concepts. 3 sem.hrs.
ContractTheory. (711) Analysis of leading traditional and modern theories of contractual relationships. Explorationof the effect of these theories on major contract rulessuch as those regarding contract formation, construction of contrac t terms, and remedies. 2 sem. hrs. Meetsupper-level writing requirement.
Corporate Taxation. (623) Basic tax questions involved when opera ting in corporate form; organizations, dividends, redemp tions , liquidations , and "S" corporations.3 sem. hrs.
Corporations. (602) Organization an d promotion of corporations, distribution of power between managers and shareholders, fiduciary obligations of managers to corporation and shareholders, and of shareholders amongthemse lves; control of insider trading and profit taking , mergers, means of protecting shareholder rights throughderivative suits and appraisal remedies , capital structure, dividends and other corporate distributions; specialproble ms of close corporations. 4 sem. hrs.
Creditor'sRights. (624) Prob lems and remedies in the debtor-creditorre lationship , with emphasis on remedies availableunder state law. Topics include enforcement of Judgments, garnishme nt , attachment, exemptions , ;raudulentconveyances , compositions , and assignments or the benefit of cred itors. 3 sem. hrs.
CriminalProcedure. (603) Important probl ems and casesin the area of due process of law in criminal prosecutions,including the topics of arrest, search and seizure,electronic eavesdrop ping , right to counsel, police interrogationsand confessions and fair trial/free press. 3 sem.hrs. '
~riminal Process. (625) Federal and Virginia proce. uresat various stages of a cr iminal prosecution , includtng bail, preliminary hearings , indictments , discovery,
speedy trial, double jeopardy , plea bargaining, jury selection, venue, and jurisdiction. 2 sem. hrs.
Crimin al Process and the First Amendment. (713) Examines various aspects of the tension between the public's right to know and the accused's right to a fair trial. Topics covered include: process of selecting an impartial jury; cameras in court rooms; attorneys' rights and responsibilities regarding extra-judicial communications; and shield laws. 2 sem. hrs. Meets upper-level writing requirement.
Disabilities Law Seminar. (706) Law and policy issues related to assuring the rights of people with disabilities, including federal and state constitutional and statutory protections. Topics include the Americans with Disabilities Act, Developmental Disabilities Act, The Education for All Handicapped of Children Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Early Intervention Program for Infants and Toddlers , housing , community services, entitlements, voting, family right, and employment. Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs. Meets upper-level writing requirement.
Education Law. (627) Legal issues surrounding education in grades K through 12, including compulsory schooling, use of tax credits and other means of financing education, religion in the schools , textbook review, freedom of expression issues , due process and discipline , and competency role in education. 2 sem. hrs.
Elder Law . (619) Legal issues in advising elderly clients, including social security benefits , public pension benefits, Medicare and Medicaid, planning to avoid loss of assets in the event of long-term illness, and problems of legal incompetency. 2 sem. hrs.
Employee Benefits and Deferred Compensation. (630) Introduction to federal tax and labor laws relating to the design, operation, termination, and distribution of benefits from qualified and non-qualified employee welfare and benefit plans , such as profit-sharing, money purchase, defined benefit, employee stock bonus and stock ownership plans; and federa l tax laws relating to stock option and deferred compensation plans. 2 sem. hrs.
Employment Discrimination Law. (628) Examination of the various statutes prohibiting discrimination in employment, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the judicial interpretation of those statutes.
3 sem hrs.
The Employment Relation. (629) Analysis of statutory and common law regulation of the employment relationship, including employer testing and information gathering, wage and hour regulation , OSHA, workers compensation, wrongful discharge and other common law actions challenging discharge , unemployment compensation, and ERISA. Consideration of what role the law
Curriculum/Second-or Third-Year Elective Courses
should play in various aspects of the employment relationship. 3 sem. hrs.
Energy Law. ( 666) (Offered irregularly.) Comparison of common law and statutory schemes for developing fossil and non-fossil energy alternatives; mineral deeds , royalty transfers , oil and gas leases , drilling and mining rights and privileges, reactor licensing and liability; the impact of environmental, safety, and economic regulation on development. 2 sem. hrs.
Environmental Law and Policy. (697) The contemporary environmental problems and the legal , political, legislative, and administrative responses to them, including the lawyer 's role as policymaker as opposed to advocate or counselor. Theory and underlying policy of the systems for environmental risk assessment and balancing are considered Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs.
Meets upper-level writing requirement.
Environmental Litigation and Practice. (671) Issues treated include counseling of clients in permitting and regulatory requirements, preparation for formal and informal agency proceedings , administrative hearing practice and building a record , appeals of agency decisions , problems of compliance and enforcement by administrative and judicial action. 2 sem. hrs.
Estate and Gift Taxation. (633) Taxes imposed on testamentary and inter vivas transfers, intricacies of the gross estate, the marital deduction, problems of joint ownership, grantor trusts under subpart E of the Internal Revenue Code , problems in valuation 2 sem. hrs.
Estate Planning. (634) Analysis of assets for disposition in estate planning, estate plan by operation of law , revocable inter vivas trusts as an instrument in the estate plan , irrevocable inter vivas trusts as an instrument in the estate plan, non-trust gifts, disposition of life insurance , employee and social security benefits , the will as an instrument in the estate plan , marital deduction , use of powers of appointment, charitable dispositions, methods of minimizing income and estate taxes while accomplishing desired results for objects of bounty, preparation of instruments involved in estate planning. Prerequisite: Estate and Gift Taxation (633). 2 sem. hrs.
Evide n ce . (604) Rules of admissibility of evidence, including the concepts of relevancy , hearsay, direct examination , cross-examination, impeachment , and privileges. 4 sem. hrs.
taxation of partnership income ; transactions between related parties ; termination of a partnership; sale of a partnership interest ; distribution by a partnersh ip; special basis adjustment; distribution to retiring or deceased partners. Includes also the treatment of pass-through entities. Prerequisite: Basic Federal Incom e Taxation (601). 3 sem. hrs.
Federal Jurisdiction. (636) Jurisdiction of the federa l courts over cases and controversies within limitations of the "federal question "; diversity of citizenship , amount, and removal statutes; federal judicial control over state administrative and judicial proceedings , including direct federal review , injunctions and abstention , 1983 action, and habeas corpus , and choice of law in the federal courts. 3 sem. hrs
Fiduciary Administration. (663) (Offered irregularly.) Covers probate administration and the drafting and administration of trusts. 2 sem. hrs.
Government Contracts. (639) Survey of government procurement law , with emphasis on the uniqu e features of government contracts, rules and practices relativeto contracts between the government and private parties, methods available to obtain legal relief in contract award disputes, legal problems that most frequently arise during performance of government con tracts 2 sem hrs.
Health Care Law. (680) Selected issues in the health care delivery system , including health care planning, certificate of need procedures, Medicare-Medicaid reimbursement , and malpractice . 2 sem. hrs
Ins u rance Law . (640) Meaning of insuranc e and itshistorical development; the framework of the insurance industry within the scope of government regulation;insurance contract interpretation ; warranties , representations, concealment and exceptions as applied to the selection and control of insurable risks; waiver, estoppel, and reformation; indemnity and subrogation ; selected problems with the insurable interest in prop erty, liability, and life insurance. 3 sem. hrs.
Inte ll ectual Property. (641) (Offered irregularly) Introduction to the law governing the securing and exploitation of property and other rights in ideas , as they may be protected by patents, copyrights , trademar ks, and the common law. 2 sem. hrs.
Family Law. (707) Legal problems involved in the formation and dissolution of marriage, and the welfare of children , including nonmarital and premarita l agreements, illegitimacy and paternity , marriage, divorce and annulment , marital support and property rights, abortion, contraception and artificial conception, intrafamily torts and domestic vio lence, adoption , spousal and child support, child custody, divisions of marital property, and separation agreements . 3 sem. hrs.
Federal Inc om e Taxa tion of Partners and Partnership s. ( 635) Nature and formation of a pa rtnership;
International Business Transactions. (642) Problems in international trade and investment; regulationof internationa l trade by national governments and international agencies. Emphasis on the lawyer's role 10 counseling firms engaged in international activities.3 sem. hrs.
International Law. (643) Basic principle s, including sources of international law settlement of international disputes , responsibilities a~d immunities of sovereig~ states, human rights, and the machinery of internauona law and justice. 3 sem. hrs.
Internation al Tax. (685) (Offered irregularly.) United States tax law relating to foreign income and foreign taxpayers,including tax aspects of U.S. corporations and individualsdo ing business abroad, taxation of nonresident aliens and foreign corpora tions, foreign tax credits , and U.S. tax treaties. Emphasis on the interpretation and application of U.S. income tax rules with tax planning of transnation a l transactions also considered. 2 sem. hrs.
Interviewing and Counseling. (670) In-depth analysis of pre-trial lawy ering skills using interdisciplinary materials.Explores interpersonal relationships , focusing on role of attorney in relation to client , the legal system (includingo ther attorneys) , and society. Classroom discussion,and development of own skills through weekly audio- and videotaped simu lations. Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs.
Jurisprudence. (590) Intensive study of selected schools of legal philosophy, including attention to analyticaljurisprudence and positive law , theories of justice, and sociolo gical jurisprudence. 2 sem hrs.
Labor Arbitration (709) The enforcement of the collectivebargaining agreement through the grievance and arbitrationprocedure. Covers arbitration procedures , arbitrationdec isions , and the law of arbitration , including judicialactio ns to compel arbitration and judicial review of arbitration awards. Also, concentration on the development o f arbitration skills , including advocacy in the arbitrationh earing , post-hearing brief writing , and preparing an o pinion and award. Participation in mock hearings and writing briefs and awards in mock arbitration cases. Enrollment limited. Prerequisite: Labor Law (644)or Public Sector Labor Law (698). 2 sem hrs.
Labor Law. (644) Analysis of the origin and scope of the Natio nal Labor Relations Act, and the role of the NationalLabor Relations Board and the courts in interpreting the statute Focus on the right of employees to organize u nio ns, the choice of a bargaining representative, strik es and picketing , and the negotiation and enforcement of the collective bargaining ag reement. 3 sem. hrs.
I.and Use Planning. (645) Government contro l of the use of land and eminent domain. Zoning, subdiv ision control, and urban redevelopment and p lanning. 3 sem. hrs.
Law and Medicine. (646) (Offered irregularly.) Topics include tort liability of the physician; problems of abortion, artificial insem inati on, voluntary ste rilization , and euthanasia 2 sem. hrs.
Lawand Psyc hiatry. (647) Seminar examining lega l issues interfacing mental health and psychiatry. Topics include criteria for civil commitment, testamentary capacity, competency to stand trial and the insanity defense, confidentiality, sexual psychopath laws, right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment, traumatic neurosis, and prediction of dangerousness. Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs. Meets upper-level writing requirement.
Law of the European Economic Communities. (693) Surveys the institutions of the EEC, and examines the substan tive principles of EEC law and their integration into the legal systems of the member countries. 2 sem. hrs.
Legal Accounting. (649) Accounting techniques, including the analysis of the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow and related financial reports, including the preparation of notes to financial statements; also tax accounting, reports to stockholders , and reports to management. 2 sem. hrs.
Legal Drafting Seminar. (650) Analysis and methodology of sound legal drafting techniques. Emphasis may vary from semester to semester. Assignments include the drafting of contracts , separation agreements , articles of incorporation, leases, wills and trusts, and some litigation documents . Enrollment limited. 2 sem. hrs.
Legal History. (592) Development of legal institutions using the historical perspective to help understand the reasons for apparent anomalies in our legal system, such as the distinctions between law and equity , crime and tort , and to aid decisions of law reform. 2 sem. hrs.
Llberty, Morality, and the Constitution. (688) Examines concepts of liberty and morality from historical and philosophical perspectives, and in the context of the Supreme Court 's sex discrimination, privacy, and economic liberty cases. 2 sem. hrs.
Local Government Law. (652) Legal implications of the formation and conduct of the various units of local government, addressing subjects su ch as annexa tion and incorporation, municipal powers, governmenta l immunity, Section 1983, and taxation and finance. 3 sem. hrs.
Military Law. (683) Military criminal and administrative law with emphasis on the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the special procedures of courts martial. 2sem hrs.
Negotiation. (672) In-depth analysis of the theories and the tactics of negotiations. Fosters student 's negotiating skills through classroom discussions and simulations . 2sem. hrs.
Political and Civil Rights. (686) Examines personal, non-constitutional federal rights, including those related to voting, housing, and handicapped persons. Also considers the litigation process for redressing civil rights violations by damage award or court order, and systems for public reimbursement. 2 sem. hrs.
Prisoner Litigation. (684) Considers prisoner challenges in state and federal courts to conviction , sentences, and terms of confinement. 2 sem hrs.
Products Liability Law. (654) The law of defective products under theories of negligence , str ict liabil_ity, misrepresentation and breach of warranty under Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Covers defective manufacture, design and marketing, limitations on product def ectivene ss, causa tion issues, affirmative defenses,
damages, and transactions in the chain of product distribution. 3 sem hrs.
Public Sector Labor Law. (698) The legal framework for union organization and collective bargaining in rights of employees, including the establishment of the collective bargaining relationship, the obligation to bargain, statutory and constitutional issues relating to union security, strikes and other collective actions, statutory impasses procedures, and enforcement of collective bargaining agreements. 3 sem. hrs.
Regulation of Financial Institutions. (678) (Offered irregularly.) State and federal regulation of commercial banks, savings and loan associations (stock and mutual) , credit unions , and other financial institutions. Study of regulat ing agencies, including the Federal Reserve , Controller of the Currency , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation , state banking commissions , and how they regulate the formation, operation (services and investments), reorganization , and dissolution of financial institutions. 2 sem. hrs.
Remedies. (656) Court-dispensed legal and equitable relief awarded to protect and compensate for invasions , or threatened invasions, of a variety of assets such as real property , tangible personal property, contract rights and other intangible property, and to protect and compensate for personal harms. 3 sem. hrs.
Research. (655) Independent research on approved selected topics. Topic must be approved in writing prior to registration by the Associate Dean and by the instructor under whose supervision the research is conducted 1-3sem. hrs.Meets upper-level writing requirement
Sales and Leases. (675) Sales and leases of personal property under Articles 2 and 2A of the Uniform Commercia l Code , including contract formation and terms , warranties, and remedies 3 sem. hrs.
Scientific Evidence. (657) Technical and legal aspects of scientific aids in the trial of civil and criminal cases. Scientific experts participate as guest lecturers. 2 sem. hrs.
Secured Transactions. (677) Creation and enforcement of security interests in personal property collateral under Article Nine of the Uniform Commercia l Code and related consumer protection laws. 2 sem. hrs.
Securities Regulation. (658) Legislation and regulation affecting issuance and trading of corporate securities, especially the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and ot h er federal legislat ion. 3 sem. hrs.
Selected Problems in Private International Law. (681) Examines various approaches to the reso lution of disputes which arise out of international commercia l transact ions. 2 sem. hrs.
Sport and Law. (69 0) Survey of the law relating to profession al , co llege, a nd amateur sports. Inclu des professiona l p layer contracts and their enforceab ility through
arb itration and litigat ion, the ro le of player agents in professional sports, application of the antitrust laws to professiona l leagues and p layer restraints, player discipline mechanisms , the role of the player associations as labor organizat ions in co llect ive bargaining, and federal income taxation of sports activities. Also covered is the regu lat ion of amateur athlet ics, including Title IX, the role of the NCAA, as well as tort and criminal law issues. 2 sem. hrs.
State and Local Tax. (661) (Offered irregularly.) Major issues arising under principal forms of state and local taxation: corporate franchise and income taxation, sales, us e, gross receipts, property , personal income, and death taxes. Federal constitutional limitations on state taxation and congressional leg islation affecting state taxation on interstate co mm e rce . 3 sem. hrs.
Tax Policy and Research. (674) Topic s include economic, political, social , and ideological principles which underli e our current income tax system; also , alternative systems of raising reve nu es. The research mate rialsavailable to the tax pra ctitioner are considered in the context of tax policy. 2 sem. hrs.
Trial Practice. (662) Preparation for and conduct of civil and criminal cases in state and federal courts. Students participate as counsel in pr etr ial case preparation, practice trials , and post-trial motions. Taught in courtroom. Exercises videotaped and cr itiqued. Enrollment limited. Prerequisites:Civil Pro ce dur e (515) and Evidence (604). 3 sem. hrs.
Virginia Procedure. (664) All aspects of Virginia civil procedure and practice , including out-of-cou rt settlements , arbitration, the court system , jurisdiction, process, appearances , venue , parties , pleading, discovery, juries, motions and incidents of trial, verdicts, judg ments, motions after judgment , appeals, enforce ment of judgments, etc. Builds on first-year civil procedure cours e by giving specific Virginia solutions to general problem s of procedure; can in turn be us e d as a foundation for third-yea r courses in trial tactics and clinical courses involvinglitigation in court. 3 sem. hrs.
White Collar Crime Seminar. (687) The nature of white collar crime with examination of some of the substantive federal criminal statutes, including RICO, federal crimes of fraud , Money Laundering Control Actof 1986, and Sherman Act criminal penalties. Also, someof the procedural and substantive aspects of grand jury proceedings . 2 sem. hrs.
Wills and Trusts I. (606) Intestate succession; protection of decedent 's family; community prop erty; components, execution, revocation , repub lication and revival of w ills; will substitutes; nature, use, creation , elements, a lienability , and termination of private trUsts; introduction to cha ritab le resulting, and constructive trusts; a nd The Ru le Against Perpetuities 4 sem. hrs.
Wills and Trusts II. ( 63 7) Probate and contest of wi lls; granting administration in intesta te estates; ancillary administration ; probate avoidance ; qualification, selection, appointment and removal of executors , administrators and tmstees ; rights, duti es and liabilities of fidu ciar ies; rights of b e n e ficiaries; assets of es tat es; management of estates; claims against estates ; interpretation and consm1ction o f dispositive provisions in wi lls and trusts ; powers of appointment ; distribution of decedents ' estates; and te rmination of trusts. Pre- or corequisite:Wills and Tmsts I (606). 4 sem. hrs.
Womanis t Theory and the Institution of Law. (701) Explores the underpinnings of traditional legal analysis by constm cting alternative approaches for framing and examining leg al problems. The language , principles, and techniques o f traditional legal analysis are examin e d to see if they are universal , objective , and neutral. Considers whethe r traditiona l legal ana lysis takes into account the real lives o f the vast array of women , including those withdisabilities, women of color , le sbian s, the poor , and the illiterate. Enrollment limited. 3 sem. hrs. Meets upper-lev el writing requirement.
Clinic al Programs
The clinical programs are an integral part of the law school 's curricu lum Through experiential lea rning, students gain a deeper appreciation of the legal system and the lawyering skills needed to be effective advocates for their clients.
Three clinical programs exist at the law school: the Clinical Externship Program, the Youth Advocacy Clinic, and the Mental Disability Law Clinic. Preregistration and approval of the respective Clinical Directors are required for participation.
The Clinical Externship Program places sel~cted students with judges and public service attorneys in both the civil and crimina l areas. Third-year practice certifica tion is required for all criminal placements and selected civil and judicial placements Students work in placements under the supervision of experienced attorneys and the Director of the Clinical Externsh ip Program.
Curriculwn/Clinical Programs
The Youth Advocacy Clinic and the Ment al Disability Law Clinic are "in-house" clinics. Students with third-year practice certification work under supervision of the staff attorneys. The Youth Advocacy Clinic represents juveniles in administrative and judicial proceedings. The representation may involve issues of delinquency, abuse or neglect, custody, foster care review, and termination of parental rights. The Mental Disability Law Clinic represents mentally disabled youth and their parents in administrative and judicial proceedings regarding appropriate educational programs.
Successful completion of any of these programs requires meeting the requirements of the placement, including four hours of field work for each hour of credit; active participation in a weekly two-hour seminar, daily journal entries reflecting on the clinical experience , and bi-weekly meetings between the student and clinical professor. Students can participate in all of these programs and can enroll in any for four, five, or six credits. Grades in the Clinical Externship Program are awarded on a Pass/ Fail basis, and the credit hours earned are included in the 9 hours of non-law school work which can be counted toward meeting the 86 hours required for graduation. (See page 26.) Grades are awarded in the Youth Advocacy Clinic and the Mental Disability Law Clinic according to the grading system described on page 23; credit hours earned in these clinics are not included within the 9 hour limitation. Not more than 10 credits can be earned by a student enrolled in both the Youth Advocacy Clinic and the Mental Disability Law Clinic.
The programs are more completely described in the Direct01y of Clinical Programs which can be obtained from the Director , Clinical Externship Program or the Director, Youth Advocacy Clinic.
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