Società Oftalmologi Universitari
President
Leonardo Mastropasqua
OPHTHALMOLOGY UP-TO-DATE
VOLUME 2
Board Members
Aragona Pasquale – Bonini Stefano – Boscia Francesco – Donati Simone Fontana Luigi – Gandolfi Stefano – Manni Gianluca – Marchini Giorgio
Mastropasqua Rodolfo – Miglior Stefano – Nardi Marco – Nicolò Massimo
Nubile Mario – Nucci Carlo – Nucci Paolo – Simonelli Francesca
Staurenghi Giovanni – Tognetto Daniele – Vinciguerra Paolo
Chapter Editors
G. Alessio
T. Avitabile
F. Bandello
M.A.Blasi
F. Boscia
P. Carpineto
A. Carta
P. Lanzetta
L. Mastropasqua
R. Mastropasqua
E. Midena
M. Nicolò
P. Nucci
S. Rizzo
F. Simonelli
G. Staurenghi
G. Virgili
Fabiano Gruppo Editoriale
© Copyright 2024
Publisher:
FGE srl - Fabiano Gruppo Editoriale
Editorial office: Strada 4 Milano Fiori, Palazzo Q7 – 20089 Rozzano (MI) – Italy Ph. +39 0141 1706694 – info@fgeditore.it – www.fgeditore.it
Printing: FGE srl - Fabiano Gruppo Editoriale
This publication was made possible thanks to the unconditional contribution of:
The Authors and the Editor decline any responsability for any errors in the text. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this book - total or partial - is strictly forbidden.
ISBN 978-88-31256-70-4
Printed in: December 2024 Sy9_25
Preface
It is with great pleasure and honor that I present, on behalf of the Board Members, the first edition of the Ophthalmology Up-To-Date Textbook edited by the University Italian Society of Ophthalmology (SOU). The aspiration of this book is to be a repository of knowledge and provide doctors with an up-to-date, organized and systematic approach to the visual system. This opera is thought to be useful in the daily practice of any ophthalmologist, but also to act as a guide for the general learning of the young ophthalmologists and trainees. The text is supported by a rich iconography with essential bibliography for further insights, and each chapter provides both basic descriptions and more in-detail knowledge in the various topics treated throughout the book. This publication is divided into three compact but complete volumes that will covering the majority of routine ophthalmological practice. In this first volume, dedicated to the dissertation of clinical pathologies, the different sections will be focused on the “Basics in ophthalmology” (from the anatomy of the eye to clinical refraction), “Diseases of the external eye and orbit”, “Pathologies of the anterior segment of the eye” and “Glaucoma and diseases of the uveal tract”. In the following volume the “diseases affecting the posterior segment of the eye”, “pediatric-and neuro-ophthalmology”, “genetic diseases, ocular oncology and correlations between systemic disorders and the eye” will be covered. The last volume of the opera will be dedicated to a complete description of “Instrumental diagnosis, imaging and technology in ophthalmology” and will contain specific and vast sections dedicated to therapeutics including “Laser and surgical procedures in ophthalmology”. It is belief of all the Authors, whom I personally thank for the great effort and work done in producing the chapters of this textbook, that these three volumes can provide an excellent study basis for ophthalmologists in training, (and also for the most experienced doctors) integrating their learning and skills during the clinical work and the surgical experiences, always suggesting to update their knowledge with the essential study of recent research papers and review monographs. I hope that the readers will enjoy and be stimulated by our ophthalmology textbook.
Leonardo Mastropasqua
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
Section 1 Basics in ophthalmology
Section 2 Diseases of the external eye and orbit
Section 3 Diseases of the anterior segment of the eye
Section 4 Glaucoma and diseases of the uveal tract
VOLUME 2
Section 5 Vitreous and retina
Section 6 Neuro-ophthalmology, pediatrics and injuries
Section 7 Genetic diseases and neoplasia of the eye
Volume 3 Next publishing
Section 8 Instrumental diagnosis, imaging and technology in ophthalmology
Section 9 Ocular therapeutics, lasers and surgery in ophthalmology
Chapter Editors and Contributors
Agbeanda Aharrh-Gnama
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Giovanni Alessio
Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari
Ludovica Alonzo
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
Teresio Avitabile
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania
Daniela Bacherini
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
Francesco Bandello
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University - Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan
Maria Antonietta Blasi
Ophthalmology Department, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Rome
Francesco Boscia
Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari
Giacomo Boscia
Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari
Arturo Carta
Ophthalmology Unit, University of Parma
Paolo Carpineto
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Niccolò Castellino
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania
Carlo Catti
DiNOGMI, Clinica Oculistica, University of Genoa
Luca Cerino
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University - Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan
Lorenzo Cifarelli
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
Federico Corvi
Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “Luigi Sacco”, Sacco Hospital, University of Milan
Ciro Costagliola
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry. University of Naples Federico II, Naples
Rossella D’Aloisio
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Francesco Di Bin
Department of Medicine, Ophthalmology, University of Udine
Francesco Dragotto
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
Roberta Farci
Ophthalmology Service, Centre Hospitalier de Perpignan, France
Luisa Frizziero
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova
Fabrizio Giansanti
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence
Federico Giannuzzi
Ophthalmology Department, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Rome
Matteo Gironi
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Carla Iafigliola
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Paolo Lanzetta
Department of Medicine, Ophthalmology, University of Udine
Rosangela Lattanzio
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University - Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan
Andrea Lazzerini
Institute of Ophthalmology-University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena
Andrea Lembo
Eye Clinic University “Statale of Milan”, Milan
Arturo Licata
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Celeste Limoli
Eye Clinic University “Statale of Milan”, Milan
Leonardo Mastropasqua
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Rodolfo Mastropasqua
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Edoardo Midena
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova – IRCCS Bietti Foundation, Rome
Giulia Midena
IRCCS Bietti Foundation, Rome
Massimo Nicolò
Eye Clinic University of Genoa
Paolo Nucci
Eye Clinic University “Statale of Milan”, Milan
Monica Maria Pagliara
Ophthalmology Department, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Romee
Corrado Pizzo
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania
Pasquale Puzo
Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari
Stanislao Rizzo
Ophthalmology Department, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Rome
Anna Romano
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Leopoldo Rubinato
Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine
Marialudovica Ruggeri
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Maria Grazia Sammarco
Ophthalmology Department, Catholic University “Sacro Cuore”, Rome
Valentina Sarao
Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine
Giancarlo Sborgia
Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari
Francesco Semeraro
Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Ophthalmology Clinic, University of Brescia
Francesca Simonelli
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialities, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples
Giovanni Staurenghi
Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan
Francesco Testa
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Specialities, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples
Beatrice Tombolini
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University - Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan
Lisa Toto
Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
Lorenzo Vannozzi
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
Daniele Veritti
Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine
Gianni Virgili
Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, Eye Clinic, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence
2
Section 5 Vitreous and retina
Age-related macular degeneration and other causes of macular neovascularization pag. 13
Retinal vascular disease: diabetic retinopathy pag. 29
Retinal vascular diseases associated with cardiovascular and other systemic diseases pag. 51
Retinal infections and toxicity pag. 75
Choroidal diseases and inflammation pag. 99
Retinal infections pag. 117
Retinopathy of prematurity pag. 139
Posterior vitreous detachment and vitreous hemorrhage pag. 155
Vitreo-macular traction syndrome pag. 169
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment pag. 181
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy pag. 189
Section 6 Neuro-ophthalmology, pediatrics and injuries
Neuro-ophthalmology pag. 207
Pediatric ophthalmology, refractive errors and amblyopia pag. 249
Ocular injuries pag. 265
Systemic ophthalmology pag. 275
Section 7 Genetic diseases and neoplasia of the eye
Clinical genetics of the eye pag. 289
Anterior segment tumors pag. 301
Posterior segment intraocular tumors pag. 313