(Ebook) The Urban Environmental Crisis in India : New Initiatives in Safe Water and Waste Management by Shyamli Singh; Radha Goyal; Ashish Jain ISBN 9781527502598, 1527502597 download
https://ebooknice.com/product/the-urban-environmental-crisis-inindia-new-initiatives-in-safe-water-and-waste-management-51625092
Start reading on any device today!
(Ebook) Piano adventures Performance 3b by Nancy and Randall Faber
https://ebooknice.com/product/piano-adventures-performance-3b-52393612
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Climate Impacts on Water Resources in India: Environment and Health by Ashish Pandey, S.K. Mishra, M.L. Kansal, R.D. Singh, V.P. Singh ISBN 9783030514266, 9783030514273, 3030514269, 3030514277
https://ebooknice.com/product/climate-impacts-on-water-resources-in-indiaenvironment-and-health-22502840
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Water Management and Water Governance: Hydrological Modeling by Ashish Pandey, S.K. Mishra, M.L. Kansal, R.D. Singh, V.P. Singh ISBN 9783030580506, 9783030580513, 3030580504, 3030580512
https://ebooknice.com/product/water-management-and-water-governancehydrological-modeling-22496894
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Hydrological Extremes: River Hydraulics and Irrigation Water Management by Ashish Pandey, S.K. Mishra, M.L. Kansal, R.D. Singh, V. P. Singh ISBN 9783030591472, 9783030591489, 3030591476, 3030591484
https://ebooknice.com/product/hydrological-extremes-river-hydraulics-andirrigation-water-management-22147326
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Environmental Resource Management and the Nexus Approach: Managing Water, Soil, and Waste in the Context of Global Change by Hiroshan Hettiarachchi, Reza Ardakanian (eds.) ISBN 9783319285924, 9783319285931, 3319285920, 3319285939
https://ebooknice.com/product/environmental-resource-management-and-the-nexusapproach-managing-water-soil-and-waste-in-the-context-of-global-change-5483350
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Equity Markets in India: Returns, Risk and Price Multiples by Shveta Singh, P.K. Jain, Surendra Singh Yadav (auth.) ISBN 9789811008672, 9789811008689, 9811008671, 981100868X
https://ebooknice.com/product/equity-markets-in-india-returns-risk-and-pricemultiples-5486180
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Privatizing Water: Governance Failure and the World's Urban Water Crisis by Karen Bakker ISBN 9780801474644, 0801474647
https://ebooknice.com/product/privatizing-water-governance-failure-and-theworld-s-urban-water-crisis-2623488
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) Immobolization of radioactive waste in ceramic based hosts : Radioactive waste Immobolization : Radioactive waste Immobolization by Ashish Bohre ISBN 9783954896691, 3954896699
https://ebooknice.com/product/immobolization-of-radioactive-waste-in-ceramicbased-hosts-radioactive-waste-immobolization-radioactive-wasteimmobolization-51287964
ebooknice.com
(Ebook) E-Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in India by Varsha BhagatGanguly ISBN 9780367147242, 9780429285424, 0367147246, 0429285426
https://ebooknice.com/product/e-waste-management-challenges-and-opportunitiesin-india-34809122
ebooknice.com
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India:
New Initiatives in Safe Water and Waste Management
Edited by Shyamli Singh, Radha Goyal and Ashish Jain
Sameer
Chapter Six ................................................................................................
Sustainable Technologies for MSW Management
Satyawati Sharma, Kalpana Arora and Ritika Pathak
Chapter Seven............................................................................................
Waste Recycling: A Sustainable Solution to Urban Solid Waste Management
Ashish Jain
Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 106
Feasibility of Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Thermal Energy in the Indian Scenario
Roshni Mary Sebastian, Dinesh Kumar and Babu Alappat
Chapter Nine............................................................................................ 129
Incinerators for Ever Increasing Urban Municipal Waste in India–Need Reassessment
Ritu Paliwal
Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 157
Carbon Sequestration in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills using Alkaline Waste Materials
Niharika Pandey and Arvind K Nema
Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 163
Solid Waste Management in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR): Current Practices and Future Opportunities
Seema Mishra, Devayani Savant, C. Srinivas and Saumya Singh
Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 191
Implications of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries on Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ruchira Ghosh and Arun Kansal
Chapter Thirteen ......................................................................................
Air Pollution from Solid Waste Management Practices: Evolving an Environmental and Public Health Crisis in Urban India
Radha Goyal
Chapter Fourteen .....................................................................................
231
Characterization of Trace Gases and Bioaerosols in and around the Okhla MSW Landfill Site in Delhi, India
S. Agarwal, Papiya Mandal and M.K. Chaturvedi
Chapter Fifteen ........................................................................................
246
Gas Recovery from Sanitary Landfill at Ghazipur for use as CNG/Power
Pradeep Kumar Khandelwal
Chapter Sixteen .......................................................................................
263
Sustainable Groundwater Management through Water Conservation and Recharge Schemes in a Water-Stressed Region of Central Ganga Alluvial Plain, India
Venkatesh Dutta, Karunesh K Shukla and Alok Rai
Chapter Seventeen ...................................................................................
286
Spatial Variation of Yamuna River Water Quality in India
Papiya Mandal and Rahul Upadhyay
Chapter Eighteen .....................................................................................
310
Solid Waste Management and Groundwater Pollution:
Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination due to Leachates in Active and Closed Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Sites of a North Indian City
K. Archana and Venkatesh Dutta
Table 14.1: The Salient Features of Landfill Sites of Delhi .................... 231
Table 16.1: Site Selection Criteria for Artificial Recharge Structures..... 266
Table 16.2: Land Use/Land Cover and their Area (Ha) in Bhitargaon Block of Kanpur District .................................................................... 269
Table 16.3: Wasteland and their Tentative Areas Mapped from Resourcesat-2 LISS III Satellite Data ................................................ 270
Table 16.4: Pre-Monsoon Groundwater Status of Bhitargaon Block (2014) Data ....................................................... 273
Table 17.1: National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index .......... 289
Table 17.2: Water Quality Legends ......................................................... 290
Table 17.3: Designated Best use Classification of Surface Water ........... 297
Table 17.4: Spatial Variation of Yamuna River Water Quality Index (2009-2012) ............................................................................. 298
Table 18.1: Various Dumping Sites, Waste Disposal Methods and Depth of Waste Dump ................................................................. 317
Table 18.2: The Pre- and Post-Monsoon Season Concentrations of Heavy Metals (Mean ± SD, N=3) in Leachate of Different MSW Dumping Sites of Lucknow City ............................................. 317
Table 18.3: Mean Variation in the Concentration of Different PhysicoChemical and Biological Parameters of Groundwater for Varying Distance from the Landfill Sites in Pre-Monsoon Season ................. 326
Table 18.4: Mean Variation in the Concentration of Different Physico- Chemical and Biological Parameters of Groundwater for Varying Distance from the Landfill Sites in Post-Monsoon Season .. 327
Figure
Figure
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 13.1: Health Effects of Air Pollutants released from SWM Practices .......................................................................... 210
Figure 13.2: Occurrence of Incidence of Tested Diseases in Waste Pickers, Municipal Staff and on Control Population in Kolkata ........ 222
Figure 14.1: Location of Air Quality Sampling Stations and Metrological Condition in November, 2008 ............................... 233
Figure 14.2: Average Concentrations of NH3 around the Okhla Landfill Location in Delhi ....................................................... 236
Figure 14.3: Average Concentrations of H2S around the Okhla Landfill Location in Delhi ....................................................... 236
Figure 14.4: Average Concentrations of CH4 around the Okhla Landfill Location in Delhi ....................................................... 237
Figure 14.5: Fungal Isolates on Malt Extract Agar Plates and their Microscopic Images after Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue Staining .......... 239
Figure 14.6: Bacterial Isolates on Nutrient Agar Plates and their Microscopic Images after Gram Staining .......................................... 240
Figure 15.1: Satellite Image of Pilot Project Area ................................... 246
Figure 15.2: The Sequence of Laying of Surface Liners is Indicated ...... 248
Figure 15.3: Installation of Liner System with Plain Paver Blocks ......... 249
Figure 15.4: Installation of Liner System with Installation of Grass Paver Blocks ........................................................................
Figure 15.5: Installation of Liner System with Geo Cell ......................... 251
Figure 15.6: Cross Section of LFG Well .................................................
Figure 15.7: Flare System Installation .....................................................
Figure 15.8: Methane Quality & Quantity W.R.T. Time.........................
Figure 15.9: Daily Average LFG flowrate in May-2013.........................
Figure15.10: Daily Average CH4 Vol% in May-2013............................. 255
Figure15.11: Daily Average Yield of CH4 (m3/hr) in May-2013 ............ 256
Figure15.12: Daily Average LFG flowrate in June-2013........................ 256
Figure15.13: Daily Average CH4 Vol% in June-2013.............................
Figure15.14: Daily Average Yield of CH4 (m3/hr) in June-2013 ............
Figure15.15: Daily Average Flowrate of LFG in July-2013 ................... 258
Figure15.16: Daily Average CH4 Vol% in July-2013 ............................. 258
Figure15.17: Daily Average Yield of CH4 (m3/hr) in July-2013 ............. 259
Figure 16.1: Location Map of Bhitargaon Block, Kanpur District, Uttar Pradesh...................................................................................... 265
Figure 16.2: Schematic Representation of Methodology used for Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites in the Study Area ............
Figure 16.3: Hydrograph Stations and their Location in the Study Area ...............................................................................
Figure 18.7: Concentration of Cadmium (Cd) in Pre and Post-Monsoon Seasons in Leachate of different MSW
Dumping Sites of Lucknow City ....................................................... 320
Figure 18.8: Concentration of Lead (Pb) in Pre and Post-Monsoon Seasons in Leachate of different MSW
Dumping Sites of Lucknow City ....................................................... 321
Figure 18.9: Concentration of Chromium (Cr) in Pre and Post-Monsoon Seasons in Leachate of different MSW
Dumping
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India
CdCadmium
CdCl2 Cadmium Chloride
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CETP Common Effluent Treatment Plant
CFC Chloro Fluoro Carbon
CGWBCentral Ground Water Board
CH4 Methane
CIPETCentral Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology
Cl Chlorine
CNG Compressed Natural Gas
COCarbon Monoxide
Co Cobalt
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CODChemical Oxygen Demand
Cp Specific Heat Content
CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board
CPHEEOCentral Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
Cr Chromium
CRRICentral Road Research Institute
CSIRCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIRNEERI Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
Cu Copper
DCBDelhi Cantonment Board
DISHA Direct Initiative for Social and Health Action
DODissolved Oxygen
DRANCO Dry Anaerobic Composting
DSC Differential Scanning Calorimeter
DST Department of Science & Technology
DTDC Door-to-Door Waste Collection
EC Electrical Conductivity
EDMC East Delhi Municipal Corporation
EMEffective Micro-Organisms
EPA Environment Protection Agency
EPCEngineering Procurement Construction
EPRExtended Producer Responsibility
EUEuropean Union
E-wasteElectronic Waste
F Fluorine
Abbreviations xvi
FBField Blanks
FCFecal Coliform
Fe2O3 Ferric Oxide
FICCIFederation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FIDFlame Ionization Detector
FMCGFast Moving Consumer Goods
GAPGanga Action Plain
GDPGross Domestic Product
GHGGreen House Gas
GIBCO Grand Island Biological Company
GISGeographical Information System
GoIGovernment of India
GOI-CGWBGovernment of India- Central Ground Water Board
GPSGlobal Positioning System
GUDCGujarat Urban Development Corporation
GWGigawatt
H2SHydrogen Sulphide
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant
HCHydro Carbon
HCl Hydro Chloride
HDPE High-Density Polyethylene
Hg Mercury
HHVHigher Heating Value
HWHazardous Waste
IARIIndian Agriculture Research Institute
IAWG International Ash Working Group
ICPE Indian Centre for Plastics in the Environment
IEA International Energy Agency
IGT Institute of Gas Technology
IITIndian Institutes of Technology
IMSD Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development
INRIndian Rupee
IPCAIndian Pollution Control Association
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPMAInternational Project Management Association
IRC Indian Road Congress
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management
ISWMS Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management System
ITCCIndian Type Culture Collection
IWIndustrial Waste
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India xvii
JBICJapan Bank of International Cooperation
JICAJapan International Cooperation Agency
JITF Jindal Infrastructure Transport and Fabrication
JNNURMJawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
KMDAKolkata Metropolitan Development Authority
KPIKey Performance Indicators
LBLaboratory Blanks
LCALife Cycle Assessment
LCDsLiquid Crystal Displays
LDPELow-Density Polyethylene
LFG Landfill Gas
LMC Lucknow Municipal Corporation
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
MAR Managed Aquifer Recharge
mbglMeters Below Ground Level
MCDMunicipal Corporations of Delhi
MCGMMunicipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
MEAMalt Extract Agar
MFAMaterial Flow Analysis
Mg Magnesium
MgCO3 Magnesium Carbonate
MgOMagnesium Oxide
MLDMillion Litres Per Day
MMCMaharashtra Municipal Corporation
MMR Mumbai Metropolitan Region
Mn Manganese
MNREMinistry of New and Renewable Energy
MoEFMinistry of Environment and Forests
MoEFCCMinistry of Environment Forests and Climate Change
MoUDMinistry of Urban Development
MPCBMaharashtra Pollution Control Board
MPNMost Probable Number
MSWMunicipal Solid Waste
MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management
MTMetric Ton
MTPDMetric Ton Per Day
MTPYMillion Ton Per Year
MWMunicipal Waste
MWh Mega Watt Hour
NANutrient Agar
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India xix
PPP Public Private Partnership
PPT Plasma Pyrolysis Technology
PS Poly Styrene
PTFE Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene
PVCPoly Vinyl Chloride
PW Plastic Waste
PWM Plastic Waste Management
R&D Research and Development
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
RDFRefuse Derived Fuel
RWA Resident Welfare Association
SASystem Administrator
Sb Strontium
SBMSwachh Bharat Mission
SDMCSystems Director Management Console
SGPI Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,
SiO2 Silicon di- Oxide
SLFSanitary Landfill
SO2 Sulphur Di Oxide
SO4 Sulphate
SOX Oxides of Sulphur
SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
STPsSewage Treatment Plants
SW Solid Waste
SWMSolid Waste Management
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threat
TCTotal Coliform
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TEQ Toxicity Equivalency Quantity
TERIThe Energy Research Institute
TGA Thermo-Gravimetric Analyser
Th Thalium
TIFAC Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council
TIFRTata Institute of Fundamental Research
Th Thorium
ToC Total Organic Carbon
TOWMCL Timarpur - Okhla Waste Management Company Limited
TPDTon Per Day
Abbreviations xx
TSDFTreatment Storage and Disposal Facilities
TSPM Total Suspended Particulate Matter
TSSTotal Suspended Solid
UP Uttar Pradesh
UFPM Ultra Fine Particulate Matter
UKUnited Kingdom
ULBsUrban Local Bodies
UN United Nations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
US United States
USA
United States of America
USD United State Dollar
USDOE United States Department of Energy
USEIA United State Environmental Impact Assessment
USEPA United State Environment Protection Agency
USFA United State Fire Administration
V Vanadium
VFA Volatile Fatty Acid
VMCH Vinyl Acetate - Maleic Acid - Vinyl Chloride
VOCsVolatile Organic Compounds
W2EWaste to Energy
WAWQIWeight Arithmetic Water Quality Index
WHO World Health Organization
WLOWaste Lubricating Oil
WPs Waste Pickers
WQIWater Quality Index
WRIWestern Research Institute
WTEWaste To Energy
YAP Yamuna Action Plan
Zn Zinc
ZnCl2 Zinc Chloride
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This prestigious project of editing a book entitled “The Urban Environmental Crisis in India: New Initiatives in Safe Water and Waste Management” was successful due to assistance received and time devoted by many prestigious personalities. Words are inadequate to convey the appreciation for all the help provided by them. First, our sincere gratitude goes to the chapters’ authors who contributed their time and expertise to this book. Without their support, this book would not have become a reality; which may prove to be a great asset to the community.
With token of responsibility, the editors are indebted to India Development Service (IDS) and University of Wisconsin Whitewater (UoWW), Chicago, USA for their valuable support.
Special thanks to Shri T. Chatterjee, Director, Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) and to Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Director, CSIRNational Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR- NEERI) for their incomparable guidance and support which inspired the pace of the project.
We are extremely grateful to the Administration Department, Finance & Accounts Department, Photocopy Department, and the Consumer Centre of IIPA and Indian Pollution Control Association (IPCA) for uniting the necessary facilities, and investing their time and efforts as and when required in the process of editing the book. We would like to extend our deep thanks to Dr. Lolita Pradhan, Research Officer at IPCA for her dedicated support and assistance in completing this project. We would also thank Mr. Ajay Garg, Secretary, IPCA for his constant motivation and support.
Editors’ humble duty of acknowledging everyone would fail if we miss to thank the Cambridge Scholars Publishing Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom without their support and assistance the book would not have seen the light of the day.
Last but not the least the Editors express their sincere and heartfelt thanks to the Almighty for providing them good health and peace of mind which facilitated in producing the edition. The editors sincerely pray and wish to the Divine for many more such endeavors.
Shyamli Singh, Radha Goyal and Ashish Jain
INTRODUCTION
At the dawn of the new millennium, 300 million Indians lived in the country’s nearly 3700 towns and cities, in sharp contrast to only 60 million in 1947 when the country became independent. Estimates show that by 2045 nearly 800 million Indians will be living in the country’s cities— more than the total population of the whole of present-day Europe. The mega cities are under severe stress, ranging from shambling infrastructure to depleting groundwater and unhygienic sanitary conditions.
This volatile state of affairs has not been satisfactorily appreciated at both national and international level. The book titled “The Urban Environmental Crisis in India: New Initiatives in Safe Water and Waste Management” examines the programs and policies espoused so far to remediate the situation, identifies the shortcomings, and looks into the new initiatives that have been undertaken to make the cities selfsustainable units of governance and reliable service providers.
The book cruises through different realms, starting from the need to revisit the existing policy framework. The sustainability prism of solid waste management is fractured and fragmented. Most of the times it has been realized that the policies related to the management of urban solid waste are understated, lack coherence and are not holistic. The policies appear to be more like ill –fitted pieces of the jigsaw puzzle. The book provides glimpses of the informal sector involved in solid waste management laying stress on the rag picker community. It compares reductionist analysis and further incorporates the system thinking development model in the informal sector. The system design approach seems to project that the natural and human designed systems are independent, but actually the two forms interact with each other enabling the franchise model within the biological physical and chemical boundaries.
The status of plastic waste generation and the disposal of the same has been further elaborated upon in the book. The generation of e-waste and the management of the same is emphasized. The chapter also explores the reasons of export of e-waste from developed countries to developing countries such as India and China, as well as the continent of Africa. The need for regularization of the informal sector in managing e-waste, discussion on the flow of e-waste through different niches, substantiating the legal framework and EPR is toured through. The trend of MSW
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India xxv
generation in the present context and the future trend of solid waste generation is explored, positioning emphasis on the concept of ISWM and detailing a comparative analysis of the stand-alone versus regional approach for the SWM facility. The book also tends to capture the various technological options for waste treatment viz. incineration composting, bio-methanation, gasification, pyrolysis, incineration, bioethanol production, and hydrogen energy to deal with ever mounting unsegregated waste in the megacities such as Mumbai. The special sectors of Paper & Pulp and Plastic recycling industries in India are accentuated upon in the book reflecting the ground reality of the recycling industry in India. The option for using MSW as a source of thermal energy generation is also explored in the book.
Another sector of the book deals with air pollution and related aspects in developing world. The chapters dedicated to air pollution deal with GHG implications of various waste management facilities in India. To achieve low carbon waste management, the ideal choice of technologies needs to be supported by upstream and downstream management strategies. Air pollution generating from solid waste management practices leading to public health crisis in urban India is also emphasized in the book. The book further maneuvers through ambient air quality assessment around the Okhla and Gazipur landfill site. The open-solid waste dumping sites in Delhi are a major source of bio aerosols and trace gases. Residents and garbage handling workers at the landfills are at high health risks. The recovery of landfill gasses also helps in strengthening India’s efforts to hit the CO2 emissions target set at the World forums on climate change. The impact of greenhouse gases and its source of emission with special emphasis on landfill proposing a very valuable and sustainable solution to capture excess carbon to reduce landfill carbon footprint is echoed in the book.
The book further widens its scope and covers the river water quality and the ground water and landfill leachate assessment evaluating physiochemical and biological parameters.
The Urban Environmental Crisis in India xxvii
Ms. Niharika Pandey, Research Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi
Dr. Arvind K. Nema, Professor Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi, New Delhi
Dr. Seema Mishra, Director
Dr. Devayani Savant, Adjunct Professor
Dr. C. Srinivas, Adjunct Professor
Dr. Saumya Singh, Adjunct Professor
Dr. Ruchira Ghosh, Research Scholar
Dr. Arun Kansal, Professor
Dr. Radha Goyal, Deputy Director
Dr. Papiya Mandal, Scientist
Dr. S. Agarwal, Scientist
Dr. Rahul Upadhyay, Water Resources and Environment Specialist
Dr. M.K. Chaturvedi, Scientist
Mr. Pradeep Kumar Khandelwal, Chief Engineer
Dr. Venkatesh Dutta, Assistant Professor
SIES Indian Institute of Environment Management, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
SIES Indian Institute of Environment Management, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
SIES Indian Institute of Environment Management, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
SIES Indian Institute of Environment Management, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Department of Energy and Environment, TERI University, New Delhi
Coca-Cola Department of Regional Water Studies, TERI University, New Delhi
Indian Pollution Control Association, New Delhi
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, New Delhi
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, New Delhi
Freelance Consultant
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, New Delhi
East Delhi Municipal Corporation, New Delhi
Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Authors’ Affiliation xxviii
Mr. Karunesh K. Shukla, Research Assistant
Mr. Alok Rai, Research Assistant
DST Centre for Policy Research, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
DST Centre for Policy Research, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Ms. K. Archana, Research Scholar Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
