|INCLUSIVE DESIGNING
CHAPTERONE:INTRODUCTION
Weallappreciateandadmireartworksandartspacessuchasexhibitions,artgalleries,museums,etc.People fromallovertheworldcometoseethesespaces/exhibitionsforvariouspurposes.Beittoexpandtheir knowledge,gainconnections,selltheirproduct,popularizetheirbrandnameamongst customersormaybejusttolookaroundandappreciatetheaesthetics.
WeallagreethatwiththepopularsayingbyPlato,thatgoesby,‘BEAUTYLIESINTHEEYESOFTHE BEHOLDER,’butwhatiftheindividualisdeprivedofthebeauty’svisuals?Howwillhe/sheappreciateitthen?
Itbecomesdifficultfortheaudiencewithvisiondilemmainaccessingmuseums,artgalleriesandexhibitions becauseofthephysicalbarrierbytheglasscases.Withthehelpofthisresearchandthesisproject,therewill beanefforttolookatthisissueinitsentiretyandseethevisuallyimpairedvisitorsasimportantaseveryone else.Thisway,aninteriorspaceshallbecreatedthatnotonlyallowsthemtogettheexperienceofamuseum butalsocaterstotheirneedsandbuildsanaccessibleenvironment.
1.1Needforstudy
Wecanmeetpeopleoutsideofourcomfortzonesandbecomemoreintegratedinoursocietythanksto cultureandmuseums.Thepowerofsocialinclusionliesinthat.Itissimplerforallvisitorswhenmuseums areaccessible.Buildingspacesusinguniversaldesignscanhelpwelcomecrowdwithdisabilitiesandgrant themthechanceofinclusivity.
Prevalence of blindness by Age
Visitorswhoareblindorvisuallyhandicappedhavethesameaccessrightstothecollectionaseveryoneelse. Whyshouldyoustopappreciatingartanddesignifyouhavealwaysdonesoafteryourvisiondeteriorates?
InIndia,thereare4.95millionblindpeople,35millionpeoplewhoarevisuallyimpaired,and0.24 millionblindchildren
InIndia,cataractandrefractiveerrorcontinuetobethemainfactorscontributingtoblindnessandvisual impairment,respectively.
Accordingtothesurveyreport,theagegroupabove80hadthehighestprevalenceofblindness(11.6%), followedbythe70-79agegroup(4.1%),the60-69agegroup(1.6%),andthe50-59agegroup(0.5%).
Itiscrucialthatthechangesmadetodaywillalsohelppeopleinthefuturebecausemajorityofvisuallyimpaired peopleareolderthan50.Mostartgalleriesandmuseumshistoricallyhavenottakenthisstrategysincemany ofthemwouldnotbebothphysicallyandintellectuallyaccessible.
Thisthesiswilldemonstratehowamuseummaybeconstructedwithalong-termfocusonaccessibilityby usinggoodplanningandconsideringpeoplewhoareblindorvisuallyimpairedwhenestablishingservices andpolicies.
1.2Aim
Tobridgethegapbetweenthemuseum’svividexperienceandthevisitor’s(visuallyimpaired)curiosityandknowledge bycreatingaccessibleinteriorsofthebuilding.
1.3Objectives
1.Tostudytheneedsandproblemsfacedbyavisuallyimpairedindividual
2.Toinvestigateandinferfromavailabledata,literatureandstandardsneededtobefollowedforamuseum.
3.Todeviseanewframeworkthatwouldbridgethegapbetweenthevisitor’svisionandthevisualelementsinthe museum
4.Usecasestudiestodemonstratetheproposedsolutionsonarealarchitecturalsiteinordertoevaluate theirviability,designconsiderations,andsuccess.
1.4Methodology
Theresearchforthethesisshallbeconductedwiththehelpofreferencebooks,internetsurfing,casestudiesandliterature study.
METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER OF THESIS
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
• Online Case Studies
• Live Case Study
• Surveys
• Social Interaction
Analysis of site development with the design concept based on analysis and conclusions drawn from the study.
` ` DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTION
• Analysis Charts
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Books, Magazines, Papers, Articles, Internet, Reference Thesis Reports
• Comparative Table
• Pros And Cons
• User Analysis and their Problems
SYNTHESIS OF ANALYSED DATA
RECOMMENDATION S
CONCLUSION
Further develop the concept into design proposal utilizing the design standards and considering the user’s needs.
• Space Planning
• Sectional Elevations
• Service Drawings
• Detailing Of Spaces
• 3d Visuals
1.5HypothesisStatement
Webelievethatanexperienceofvisioncanbeprovidedtothevisuallychallengedaudiencewiththeapplication ofinnovativesolutionsanduniversaldesignintheinteriors,allowingthemtohaveanexperienceofthe visuallyactivespacesuchasamuseum
1.6ResearchQuestion
Themainquestionthatisaddressedis:
Whatcanweincorporateandhowcanwechangeourdesignthataddressesthevisuallyimpairer’sproblemsinamuseum?
1.7Scope
Buildingauniversallydesignedspacehasbecomeawidescope ofapplicabilityinvariousdomainsofarchitectureandinterior designallowingmuchaidandaccessibilitytotheneedy audience.Thescopeofthecurrentresearchisproposinga designideathatensuresthefeasibilityofandaffinityfora museumforthevisuallychallengedpopulationofthecountry.
1.8Limitations
Thelimitationsoftheresearchare:
1.Adetailedsurvey,toknowtheuser’sresponseandlevelofaccessibilityaffectedduetovariousvariables, cannotbecarriedoutduetotimeconstraints.
2.Thestudyshallaimatprovidinganexperienceofthesurroundingobjectsandspacesinsidethebuilding totheusers.Interpretationandcomprehensionoftheartwork/artefactissubjectivetoeveryone.
CHAPTERTWO:LITERATURESTUDY
2.1Museum
Amuseumisabuildingorinstitutionthatmaintainsanddisplaysacollectionofartifactsandotherobjects ofartistic,cultural,historical,orscientificimportance.Throughexhibitsthatmaybepermanentortemporary, thepubliccanviewthesetreasures.
Museumshavenumerouspurposesrangingfromtheconservationanddocumentationoftheircollection, servingresearchersandspecialists,tocateringtothegeneralpublic.Servingresearchershasmorethanjusta scientificpurpose;italsoaimstobenefitthegeneralpublicTherearemanytypesofmuseums,includingart museums,naturalhistorymuseums,sciencemuseums,warmuseums,andchildren'smuseums.
ThepluralformoftheEnglishword"museum,""museums,"isderivedfromtheLatinword.Itdenotesaplace ortemplededicatedtothemuses(thepatrondivinitiesinGreekmythologyofthearts)
2.2ImportanceofMuseums
1. Objectsandmaterialswithreligious,cultural,andhistoricalimportancearecollectedandpreserved bymuseums.
2. Theyprovideenjoyableamusement.
3. Theseinstitutionssupportandpromotethepreservationofourculturalheritage.
4. Museumsarerepositoriesforantiquatedobjects,sculptures,artifacts,history,etc.
5. Theyassistwithresearchandeducation.
6. Theyaretheprincipaltouristattraction.
7. Theyareareliablesourceofinformation.
2.3UserGroup;TheVisuallyImpaired
Visualimpairmentisdefinedasadecreasedabilitytoseetoadegreethatcausesproblems notfixablebyusualmeans,suchasglasses,medicationorsurgerythatinterfereswith theabilitytoperformactivitiesofdailyliving.
Visualimpairmentcanbeduetodisease,trauma,orcongenitalordegenerative conditions
A.VISIONTERMS
TheInternationalClassificationofDiseasesclassifiesvisualfunctioninto4levels:
▪ Blindness
▪ TypicalVision
▪ SeverelyImpairedVision
▪ ModeratelyImpairedVision
Lowvision
Levelsofvisionimpairmentaredescribedusingavarietyofterminology.PartiallySighted,LowVision, LegallyBlind,andTotallyBlindareafewofthesephrases.
i. PartiallySighted-formofvisualdisabilitythatmayrequirespecialeducation.
ii. Low-Vision-significantvisionlossthatisnotalwaysrestrictedtodistance.Witheyeglassesor contacts,apersonmightnotbeabletoreadatanormaldistance;theycouldrequirelargeprintorBraille.
iii. LegallyBlind:Havingvisioninthebettereyethatislessthan20/200orhavingaverysmallfieldof vision,frequentlynowiderthan20degrees.
iv. Completelyblind unabletosee;frequentlyusesBrailleorothernon-visualmedia
B.LOWVISION
Lowvision,oftenknownasvisionloss,describesaconditioninwhichapersonhastroubleseeingdespite usingeyeglasses,contactlenses,medicine,orsurgicalprocedurestoenhancetheirvision.Mostpeoplewho havelimitedvisiondosobecauseofaneyeailmentorotherhealthissues.
Therearesomecommoncausesoflowvision,theyare:
• "DiabeticRetinopathy"causesimpairedeyesightbecausediabeteshasharmedtheretina'sminuscule bloodvessels.
• "Age-RelatedMacularDegeneration"(ARMD)isaconditionwheretheretinalcellsthatallowa persontoseesmalldetailshavedied.
• "Glaucoma"isaconditioninwhichanindividual'sopticnerveisharmedbyagradualincreaseinfluid pressureintheireyes.
• “Cataracts”Theconditionthatcausescloudingoftheeye'slens.
Apictureofahealthyeyeisshownnexttoapictureofaglaucomatouseye.
C.COLORBLINDNESS
Oneoutofeverytwelvemenandoneoutofevery200womenarethoughttobecolor-blind.Colorblindness comesinavarietyofformsandseveritylevels.
• Monochromasy,thetypeofcolorblindnessinwhichnocolorsarevisible.
• Protanomalyisalsoknownas"red-weakness,"andtheaffectedpersonnoticesachangeinthecolorofred huesfromredtogreenaswellasotherimpacts.
Peoplewhohaveprotanopianoticethatcolorslikered,orange,andyellowhavesignificantlylessbrightness andcanlookasblackordarkgrey.
• Deuteranomaly,commonlyknownas"greenweakness,"havetroubledistinguishingbetweenthered,orange, yellow,andgreenhuesofthecolorspectrum.
Thesamevisionproblemsthatpeoplewithprotanopiasufferalsooccurinpeoplewithdeuteranopia,butthe fadingisnotassevere.
• Tritanomalyisalsoknownas"blueweakness."Itischallengingtodistinguishbetweenblueandgreenas wellasbetweenyellowandredwhenonehasthislessprevalenttypeofcolorblindness.Peopletypicallysee someshadesofbluebecausetheyhaveblueconesintheireyes.
IllustrationofTypesofColourBlindnessinIndividuals
Thepopulationofvisuallyimpairedpeopleinthecountryisalmostashighas62million.CitingWHOdata, outofthe62million,ofwhicheightmillionareblind.Cataractaloneaccountedfornearlyhalfofthisand 33%ofvisualimpairmentsworldwide,asperTHEHINDUrecords.
• Category0:Presentingvisualacuitybetterthan6/18andnoorlittle visualimpairment
• Category1:Moderatevisualimpairment,definedasacurrentvisual acuityoflessthan6/18andmorethan6/60.
• Category2:Severevisualimpairment,definedasacurrentvisual acuityoflessthan6/60butgreaterthan3/60.
• Category3:Blindness,definedashavingacurrentvisualacuityof between3/60and1/60.
• Category4:Blindness,exhibitingavisualacuityoflessthan1/60and aperceptionoflight
• Category5:Blindness,Irreversibleblindnesswithoutanyawareness oflight
2.4ChallengesfacedbyaVisuallyImpaired
A. ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
• Travelingorevenjuststrollingalongacrowdedstreetcanbedifficultforblindpeople.
• Theyalsofinditeasiertotravelwithasightedfriendorrelativewhennavigating newenvironments.
• Theneedtomemorizeaplaceorthingintheirimmediatesurroundings.
• Travelingormerelywalkingdownacrowdedstreetcanbechallenging
B. SOCIAL CHALLENGES
• Finditdifficulttojoininalltheactivitygoingonaroundthem.
• Affectsaperson'scapacitytocarryoutemploymentduties.
• Limitstheiralternativesforcareers.
• Theirmoneyandself-esteemmaysufferasaresult.
• Difficultytakingpartinextracurricularactivitieslikesportsandrecreationalpursuits.
• Impairsaperson'scapacitytonetworkandmeetnewpeople,whichhasanimpacton theiremotionalwell-being.
Figure 1A typical snellen chart that is frequently used for visual acuity testing.
• Usingtheinternetforresearch,fun,socialmedia,andshoppingcanbechallenging forthosewhohavevisionimpairment.
• Relyonscreenreadingsoftwaretohavetheinformationreadout,makingonline browsingtime-consuminganddifficult.
• Thesmalltouchscreensofmanydevicesmaypresentchallengesforthevisually impairedbecauseoftheirsmallsize,whichrestrictshowlargeanimagecanbe magnified.
• Extremelypoorvisionmaypresentdifficultieswithsmallfonts,interpretingicons, andperceivingthecolorsusedbymanywebsites.
2.5AccessibilityChallengesfacedbytheuser
1.Lackofadaptedcontent
2.Accessibilityinsidethemuseum(guidestrips,audiobeacons,BraillesignageorinteriorGPS)
3.Thelackofadaptedguidedtours
4.Theaccessibilityofthemuseum’ssurroundings
5.Lackofinformationaboutthecontent
6.Accessibilitybythepublictransport
2.6Reasonswhythevisuallyimpairedvisitmuseums
• Traveling
• Curiosity,tolearnnewthingsandexplorenovelthings
• Adesiretoescapeduetoapassionforthecultureandarchitectureoftheseareas
• Aneedtospendtimewithfamilyandfriends
• Anopportunityduetotheplannedvisits
2.7AretheVisuallyImpairedindependentwhenvisitingamuseum?
Arandomstudyonmuseums'accessibilityfortheblindfoundthatmostrespondents(70%)neverthought theycouldbeindependentlyinamuseum.Thesurvey'sexecutionreceivedthefollowingfeedback.Thisled totheconclusionthatalthoughblindorvisuallyimpairedpersonslikevisitingmuseums,theywillbehappy ifaccessibilityimprovementsaredone.Theywantthesemodificationstobeutilizedmorefrequentlyand, moreimportantly,promotedineducationalmaterialsandstaffdevelopment.
2.8TheFiveSenses…WhatAreThey?
Weallknowthathumanshavefivesenses:sight,smell,taste, touch,andhearing,butwheredotheseincredibleabilities comefrom?
Thelimbiclobes,frontal,parietal,occipital,temporal,and insularcortexarethesixprimaryregionsofthehuman brain.Thefollowingcategoriesareusedtosplittheseparts:
1.Touch:Processedintheparietallobe.
2.Smell:Processedbytheolfactorycortex(temporallobe) andrecognitionofsmellisproducedinthefrontallobe
3.Sight:Processedbytheoccipitallobe.
4.Hearing:Auditorycortexlocatedinthetemporallobe.
5.Taste:Processedbytheinsularcortex(Separationoffrontal lobeandtemporallobes)
Sightandsoundarethemostfrequently"lost"senses becausetheyaremoredirectlyregulatedbythevisualand auditorycortexes,respectively.
2.9TheBrainisPlastic
Thebrainhasauniquecharacteristicknownas‘plasticity,’orinmedicaltermstheadaptationprocessofthe brainiscalled‘neuroplasticity.’
Thebraincanmakeasortofdetourwhenparticularpathwaysare"blockedoff."Thebrainisconstantly changingandreactingtoitsenvironmentandthemessagesthataresenttoitbecausenewconnectionsare constantlydevelopingandoldorinactiveconnectionsdiminishovertime.Theothersenseswillmoveoutof theirtypicalplacementsinthebrainandintotheregionoftheabsentsensewhencertainsignalsdonotreach thebrain.
Peoplewhohavebeenblindsincechildhoodinsteadgetsoundandtouchinformationinthevisualcortex.In thisway,blindpeoplecanutilizetheirothersensestobuildthesamekindofmentalimageoftheir surroundingsassightedpeople.Wecansaythattheunaffectedsensesassumetheaffectedsense'sduties.
2.10IfYouLoseaSenseDotheOthersGetStronger?
Loss of Sight
Yourabilitytomovethroughtheworldwillincreasesinceyouwon't needtoengagethatareaofyourbraintoanalyzeimages.Instead,more processingpowerandenergywillbedirectedtowardyoursensesof hearingandtouch.
Forinstance,blindpeoplecanassesstheirsurroundingsbyusingthe "clickingtechnique,"whichinvolvesmakinglittleclickingnoisesand interpretingtheechotheyhear.Peoplecanidentifyspecificitemsusing thisecholocationtechnologywhilewalkingnormallyandwithout runningintoanywallsorotherobstructions.
Greateracuityisrequiredtoisolatesoundsfortheblind.Peoplewhogenerallyrelyoneyesightdonot actuallycandistinguishbetweentheechoesthatreturnaftertheseclicks,butthosewithanenhancedsense ofhearingdo.Moreastoundingly,despitenotbeingableto"see,"these"clicking"soundsareprocessednot onlybytheauditorycortexbutalsointheoccipitallobe(visualcortex).
Loss of Hearing
Similarprocessesoccurindeafpeople,albeitithasbeendiscoveredthattheirbrainsanalyzetouchand visualstimulithroughtheauditorycortex.
Theauditoryportionofthebrain,whichisstillhelpfulasa"computer"componenteventhoughtheperson cannolongerhear,givesitsprocessingpowertotheothersenses,amplifyingtheminameasurableway.
Loss of Taste and Smell
Unlikeotherofoursenses,tasteandsmellareprimarilycontrolledbytheolfactorynerves.Thereislessof abrain-shiftingeffortiftheolfactorysensesarecompromisedbecausetheyaretheonlyknowncomponents ofthenervoussystemthatregenerateafterinjury.Insteadofmakingupforthesesensesinanotherwayor inanothercortex,thebodyandbrainwillgraduallytrytofixthem.
Loss of Touch
Thelastsensationistouch,whichisincrediblychallengingto"lose."Blindpeople,however,havestatedthat theirsenseoftouchhasincreased(especiallyintermsofenvironmentalstimuli),allowingthemtoavoid wallsandwindowsbasedonthevarioustemperaturefluctuationsinthoseregions.
2.11UsingtheSenses:DevelopingtheSensesinAVisuallyImpaired
Weentertheworldthroughoursenses.Ifapersonhasavisualimpairmentoranotherdisability,theymust usealltheirfunctionalsensestheirvision,hearing,touch,smell,andtastetolearnasmuchastheycan abouttheoutsideworldandtheirsurroundings.
Theywillbeabletointegratedatacollectedfrommanypartsoftheirbodiesandcomprehendwhatis happeningatanygiventimeiftheylearntousetheirsenses'informationeffectivelyandcollectively.
VISION
Mostvisuallyhandicappedpersonshavesomefunctionalvision.Thesensethroughwhichtheymay potentiallygainthegreatestknowledgeoftheirsurroundingsisvision.Itcanbeusedtocapturedataboth upclose(whatcanbehandled)andfaraway(beyondarm'sreach).
Visionuseinvolvesboththeeyesandthebrain.Thebrainisresponsibleforinterpretingandmakingsense oftheinformationthattheeyescollect.Somepeoplelearntoacquireinformationthroughtheireyesight morewhentheygetexperiencesthathelpthemdevelopanawarenessoftheirworld.
E.g.,Ifyoushowavisuallyimpairedpersonablender,he/shemightnotknowitsfunctionunlessyou involvehim/herinoperatingthedevice.Thiswaytheywillunderstandbetterandbecomefamiliarwiththe objectiftheycameacrossitinthefuture.
Somewaysofincorporatingsomevisualelementsintheinteriorsforthevisuallyimpairedare:
• Dividingtheareas/spacesbycolors
• Dividedareasshouldhavegoodcontrastwiththeobjectsinside.
• Putavisuallabelonthewallorceilings,suchasapictureorwords,toindicateinstructionsorany message
HEARING
Hearingcannotcompensateforreducedormissingeyesight.Eventhoughvisionisoftennotpresent, hearingcontinuestodelivercrucialinformation.
Similartosomeonewithvisionloss,someonewithhearinglossneedstohaveavarietyofexperiencesin ordertogivemeaningtowhattheyhear.
Forexample,touchingtheobjectcanhelptoexploreitfullyordescribingwhathe/sheishearingto understandthemeaningofthesound,whentouchingisnotpossible.
Throughhearing,oneusuallybeginstocomprehendandlearntouselanguage.Therefore,itisimportantto talktothevisuallyimpairedaudience.
Somewaysofincorporatingaudioelementsintheinteriorsforthevisuallyimpairedare:
• Installauditorydevicesonthecornersofthespace,suchasspeakersorbackgroundeffectstohelpin identifyingtheitemsorspaces.
• Useconsistentlanguagewhenexplainingtothevisuallyimpairedonhowtolocatethespacesand explainingtheitems.
TOUCH
Forsomeonewhoisvisuallyimpaired,touchisacrucialsense.Touchisacommonprimarymethodof informationcollectionforthosewithvisionimpairmentsandotherdisabilities.
Inordertohelpthevisuallyimpairedaudienceexploretheirsurroundings,itisagoodideatourgethemto touchobjects.Touchandtactileabilitieswillbecrucialforthemiftheycommunicateusingbrailleortactile symbols.
Touchisimportantintravel-relatedtechniquesaswell.Forinstance,ifapersonwalkswithacaneorother mobilityaid,theywilllearntorecognizethesurfacesandobstaclesthattheytouchwiththecane.Theymay alsouseatechniqueknownastrailing,inwhichtheylightlytouchthewallwiththebackoftheirhandas theywalktogathertactileinformationabouttheirpath.
Somewaysofincorporatingtouchelementsintheinteriorsforthevisuallyimpairedare:
• Usepartitionsordividersofdifferentsizesortexturestoseparatespacesanditems.
• Demonstratehowtotactilelyscanthecontentsonecorner,workingsystematicallyfromlefttoright.
• Placetactilelabels,suchasasymbolorbraille,toindicatewhatitis.
SMELL AND TASTE
Althoughsmellandtastearenottypicallyconsideredtobekeysensationsforlearningabouttheenvironment, theyarecrucialforsomeonewhoisblindorhasmultipledisabilities.Theycanassistingatheringinformation abouttheoutsideworld,justlikevision,hearing,andtouch.
CHAPTERTHREE:DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
3.1DesignConsiderationintheInteriorsfortheusergroup
Museumsplayacrucialroleinsocietybyeducatingthepublicandrepresentingdiverseaspectsofculture throughtheirexhibits.Treatingthevisuallyimpairedoranypersonwithadisabilitywithcontemptdiscredits themuseumasapublicinstitutionopentoall.
Thus,inclusivedesigniscrucialformakingmuseumsaccessible.Culturalinstitutionslikemuseumshave traditionallyplacedastrongemphasisonfindingsolutionsthataddresstherequirementsofvariousgroups ofpeople.
1. TOUCH TOURS
Touchtoursareafantastictechniqueforvisitorstocomprehendexhibitionsmorethoroughly.When personnelareavailabletodescribethethingsandputthemincontext,thesetakeonalotmoresignificance. Makinga3Drepresentationoftheitemssothatvisitorsmaytouchandinvestigatethemisthemosteffective andwell-likedmethod.
2. SPACIOUS AND FEWER BARRIERS
Aroomwithalotofwallsorotherbarrierscanbedangerousforsomeonewhoisblind.Maximumroomis crucialforuserstomoveaboutinamuseumsetting.Itiscriticaltomaintainshowsthatareroomyandfree oftriphazards.
Itisalsohelpfultohaveaspaceunderneaththetableswherethegoodsaredisplayedsowheelchairuserscan accessthedisplaymoreeasily.
3. WAY-FINDING
Informationaltechnologiesthatdirectpeoplethroughaphysicalareaandimprovetheircomprehensionand experienceofthelocationarereferredtoaswayfinding.Itistheresponsibilityofthedesignertodevelop designsthatincorporatethisaspectofwayfinding.
Itcanbedonebyusingvariousfloormaterialstomakeapattern,byusingscenttoindicatethedirection,or bycombiningtactileelementstomakeapathway.
4. LIGHTING
Source:Archdaily.com
Digitalrheostatscanbeaddedtoregulatethelightinglevelsincemuseumspreferlowlightingtoconserve theircollections.Maintainingobjectsintheproperlightexposureiscrucialsinceitmightmakeitchallenging forsomevisitorswhoarevisuallyimpairedtoobserveartifacts.
Inasettingforapersonwhoisvisuallyimpaired,blindinglightsanddirect,harshsunlightshouldbe minimized,andsoftlightingwithreducedglareshouldbepromoted.
5. TACTILE MATERIALS
Inabuildingthatthevisuallyimpairedpopulationusestoaccess,tactileelementsorthingsthatstimulate thesensationoftouchworkwonders.Avisuallyimpairedperson'sperceptionofanenvironmentcanbe greatlyimpactedbydifferenttextures,suchasastonesurfaceoratexturedconcretewall.Thecombination ofvariousmaterialsandtexturesimprovestheabilitytodistinguishbetweenthespaceswhilealsomakingit easiertofollowwayfinding.
6. ACOUSTICAL TREATMENTS
Themostsensitivehearingindividualsmayexperiencepainfromexcessiveorloudnoise.Blindpeople typicallyrelyontheirsurroundings'noisesfornavigation,henceacousticsolutionsforwallsandothersurfaces arecrucial.
Theenvironmentsoundsbetterwhenirritatingmechanicalnoisesandloudtalkaremutedandnaturalsounds, suchasfootfallorwaterdropletsdropping,areexpanded.
7. BRAILLE
Brailleisbeingincludedbyarchitectsintotheirarchitecturalblueprintstoaidthosewhoareblindin understandingthelayout.Inordertohelpvisuallyimpairedpersons,understandhowanelevatorbuttonor afireextinguisherworks,braillecanalsobeaddedtosignageatthoselocations.
8. FRAGRANCE OR THE SENSE OF SMELL
Theuseofaromaticflowers,plants,orothersmell-producingelementsinaspacecanalsohelpaperson navigateitandrecognizeoneareafromanother.Peoplecanusefragrantgardenflowersoraparticularscent assensoryaidstoassistthemfindtheirwayaboutthebuilding.
9. SELF-GUIDED TOURS
Visitorscantakeself-guidedexcursionstoexploreattheirownspeed.Thetouristscanbenefitgreatlyfrom havingavarietyofalternateformsavailable,suchasaudioguidedtours,largeprints,braille,etc.The signagecanoccasionallybechallengingtoreadforthoseinwheelchairsandotherswhoarevisually impaired.Givingawheelchairuseraspiralbookletwithlargeprintprintedinstructionscanmakemoving aroundmucheasier.
10. COLOR CODING
Becauseanamalgamationofextremelybrightcolorsinonespacecanbeuncomfortable,it'simportantto incorporatedifferenttonesintoaspace'scolorcompositionandcontrast.Bothcolorandbrightness,which arerelatedtohowwellwecandetectdepthand
11. SPACIOUS LIFTS
Peoplewhoarevisuallyimpairedordisabledfrequentlytravelwithacaretaker,mayneedawheelchairofa largersize,ormayhavemedicalequipmentwiththem.Congestionmayresultiftherearemanyofelderly guestsorcaregiverspresent.Largerliftsthatareroomyenoughtoaccommodatewheelchairsshouldbeadded tomakecrowdmobilityeasier.
12. SIGNAGE
Signageisimportanttohelpyourvisitorsnavigatethroughyourbuilding.Whenitcomestosigns,high contrasttextandcleardirectionsarebest.Donotforgettoplacesignsintendedforwheelchairusersinplaces thatarevisiblefromaseatedposition.
13. RESTROOMS
Peoplewithsightlossneedtobeabletofindatoiletanduseittohaveequal accesstosanitation.Iftheareacaterstothevisuallyimpairedsector,thenthe spaceshouldhaveaccessibletoiletsaswell.Incorporatingdesignuniversal standardsforthevisuallyimpairedcanensuresafetyandlifelongindependence. Someofthemareasfollows:
• ADJUSTLIGHTING
a.Adjusttheblindsorcurtainsonthewindowstorestricttheamountoflightflowingin,addarheostat control(dimmerswitch)tothelightswitches,andadjustthemirrorssothatlightdoesnotreflectoff them.
b.Steerclearofhighlyglossyfinishes.
c.Toensurethatapersoncanmovearoundsafelyatnight,nightlightsmaybeusefultoinstallinrestrooms.
d.Considerinstallingadditionallightfixturesorselectingstrongerbulbs.
e.optforflorescentbulbstoreduceshadows.
f.Try3-waybulbstocombatglare.
• INCREASECONTRAST
a.Usecontrasting-coloredlightswitchplatesorglow-in-the-darklightswitches.
b.Putlightrugsondarkfloorsanddarkcarpetsonlightfloors.
c.Choosemattewalltilesthatcontrastwiththefloor.
d.Wallsshouldbepaintedacolorthatcontrastswiththetoilet,counters,andbaseboards.
e.Replacethetoiletseatwithonethatcontrastswiththewallbychoosingadifferentcolor.
f.Putthesoapinaplasticbottlewithacolorthatcontrastswiththetileorwall.
• BATHROOMSAFETY
a.Consideraddingasafetyrailforsupporttothewall'sedges.
b.Putupaguardrailbythetoilet.
c.Coverthebacksofallfloorcoveringswithrubbermattingoronlyusenon-skidrugsandmats.
d.Tomakeitsimplertocontrolthetemperature,putadhesivebump-onindicationdotsonthefaucet andatthe12:00,3:00,6:00,and9:00times.
• PRODUCTIDENTIFICATION
a. Labeltheitemsinthebathroomsotheyareclearlyvisible.
b. Placegoodsandobjectsinvariousconfigurationstofacilitateeasydifferentiation.
CHAPTERSIX:REFERENCESANDBIBLIOGRAPHY
• Richardson,BestpracticeinmakingMuseumsmoreaccessibletovisuallyimpairedvisitors.Retrievedfrom https://www.museumnext.com/article/making-museums-accessible-to-visually-impaired-visitors/
• TheHindu:BreakingNews,IndiaNews,SportsNewsandLiveUpdates
Today’sNewsHeadlines,BreakingNews&LatestNewsfromIndiaandWorld,NewsfromPolitics,Sports, Business,ArtsandEntertainmenthttps://www.thehindu.com
• Museums:AWholeNewWorldforVisuallyImpairedPeople|Disability...
TheDisabilityActionPlanwaspartlydrivenbytheDisabilityDiscriminationAct(DDA)whichcameintolawin 1995,whichplacesadutyonserviceproviderstomake'ReasonableAdjustments',removeanyphysicalbarriersto accessingthebuildingandalsoremoveattitudinalbarrierstoallowdisabledpeopletoaccessservices.https://dsqsds.org/article/view/3761/3276
• MakingMuseumsAccessibletoThosewithDisabilities,thiswillallowvisuallyimpairedvisitorsequalaccess towritteninformationonexhibits,givingthemachancetobeeducatedonmuseumcollectionsonequalbasis withtheirsightedcolleagues.Itisbeneficialtoprovideinformationinbrailletoenhanceinformationaccessibility forthevisuallyimpairedcommunity.Retrievedfromhttps://www.museumnext.com/article/making-museumsaccessible-to-those-with-disabilities
• Studyontheaccessibilityofmuseumstovisuallyimpairedpeople
Seventy-threepercent(73%)gotomuseumsoutofcuriosity,tomakediscoveriesandhavenewexperiences. Sharingwithfamilyandfriendsisalsoastrongmotivationfor68%ofrespondents.However,fewer(40%)goto themuseumoutofaneedtoescape,outofatastefortheatmosphereandarchitectureoftheseplaces.Retrieved fromhttps://blog.evelity.com/en/study-accessibility-museums
• VisitingaTactileMuseumwithYourBlindChild|WonderBaby.org.Beawarethatthemuseumisclosedon aSundayandMondayandtheyopenfrom10-2pmandthen5-8pm.Themuseumisfreebuttakeyourpassport togetin.Obviously,docheckthewebsitebeforegoingincaseanyofthesechanges.Retrievedfrom https://www.wonderbaby.org/articles/tactile-museums
• RadovljicaBeekeepingMuseum,world'sfirstmuseumwithaFeelbook... WiththeFeeliftechnology,theblindorvisuallyimpairedpersongetsarealisticideaofthepicture.Theblindand partiallysightedpersoncanfeelexactlywhatobjectsareonthepicture,wheretheyare,whatshapes,sizesand colorstheyare.TomaketheFeelBookevenmoreattractive,asoundeffecthasbeenaddedtosomeoftheobjects Retrievedforhttps://www.feelif.com/news/the-first-museum-in-the-world-with-a-feelbook
• NationalMuseum,NewDelhi,NationalMuseum,theprimeculturalorganizationofIndia,wasinauguratedon 15thAugust1949atPresidentHouseandmovedtoitspermanentlocationatJanpathon18thDecember1960... ReadMoreKiteSellerObjectoftheMonthIndiahasanancienttraditionofkiteflying. www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en
• TypesofMuseums-MuseumTypesandCategories,Specializedmuseumsfordisplayingmaritimehistory, cultureorarchaeology.Primarilyarchaeologicalmaritimemuseum’sexhibitartifactsandpreservedshipwrecks
recoveredfrombodiesofwater.Maritimehistorymuseums,showandeducatethepublicabouthumanity's maritimepast.Militaryandwarmuseums.Museumsspecializedinmilitaryhistories.Retrievedfrom www.historyofmuseums.com/museum-facts/types-of-museum
• Typesofvisualimpairment-News-Medical.netTypesofimpairmentaredifferentfordifferentcausesofvisual impairment.Intotalvisionlossforexampletheremaybetotaldarknessofthevisualfields.Othertypesinclude.... Retrievedfromhttps://www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of-visual-impairment.aspx
• AssistiveTechnologies®forVisuallyImpaired:Howarethey?–eSight.Assistivetechnologyrefersto products,devices,andequipmentusedtomaintain,increase,orimprovethefunctionalcapabilitiesofindividuals livingwithavisualdisability.Assistivetechnologycanrefertoamorespecificsubsetoflowvisionaids,although theycansometimesbeusedinterchangeably.Lowvisionaidscanincludeoptical....Retrievedfrom https://esighteyewear.com/assistive-technology-visually-impaired
• DailyLifeProblems,StruggleandChallengesFacedbyBlindPeople,Ablindpersonmightbedoingsomething painfullyslow(fromyourperspective)butyoushouldnothurryindoingtheworkwithoutaskingtheperson properly.Youmightendupcreatingsometroublefortheblindperson.GettingDevicestoBecomeIndependent
Themostvaluablethingforadisabledpersonisgainingindependence.Retrievedfrom https://wecapable.com/problems-faced-by-blind-people
• 10ThingstorememberwhendesigningfortheBlind,Findingalternativestostandardwallslikelowwalls, furnitureelements,orcreatingopeningswithinwallscanbeconsideredwhiledesigning,makingthespacemore accessible.InsertImages:Designfortheblind-Image1Description:TheCasaMacHouse,ItalySource:ArchDaily; https://www.archdaily.comDesignfortheblind-Retrievedfromhttps://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/designingfor-typologies/a2694-10-things-to
• Toptipsformakingyourmuseumorgalleryaccessible-Euan'sGuide,Apopularapproachistobuilda3D modeloftheobjectsforvisitorstofeelandexplore.Touchtoursworkforeveryoneandareverypopular; particularlyforchildren.Spaceisveryimportantforwheelchairuserstoenablethemtomaneuverinthemuseum environment.Keepingexhibitionsspaciousandclearoftriphazardsisimportant.Retrievedfrom https://www.euansguide.com/campaigns/top-tips-for-museums-and-galleries
• UsingtheSenses:DevelopingtheSensesinaMultiply...–FamilyConnectIfyourchildhasavisual impairmentandadditionaldisabilities,sheneedstouseallofherfunctional(remaining)senses vision,hearing, touch,smell,andtastetogetthemostinformationpossibleabouttheworldandwhatishappeninginher environment.Retrievedfromhttps://familyconnect.org/multiple-disabilities/learning/using-the-senses
• Supersensors:HowthelossofonesenseimpactstheothersRetrievedfrom https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/supersensors-how-loss-one-sense-impacts-others
• DoesLosingOneSenseImprovetheOthers?Retrievedfromhttps://www.scienceabc.com/humans/does-losingone-sense-improve-the-others.html
• BathroomAdaptationsforIndividualswhoareBlindorVisuallyImpaired
• https://www.teachingvisuallyimpaired.com/bathroom-adaptations.html