International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 01 | Jan 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Gyro sensor based smart helmet for automated early accident detection Ayan Bin Rafaih Aitchison College, Lahore, Pakistan ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract The number of worldwide motorcycle accidents is increasing every year, which necessitates the need of safety procedures such as wearing helmets. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Automated Detection and Machine Learning (ML) into this field has improved safety and efficiency, with the help of smart helmets. Our approach proposes an Arduino-based helmet that provides early accident-detection through the use of a gyro sensor to measure the accelerations in all directions. This system continuously monitors for any variations from the gyro offsets and the upper and lower thresholds defined for each direction (x, y and z): a positive detection would lead to the GSM module connecting to a pre-defined SIM network, along with the GPS module for location coordinates, to send a message to the user’s emergency contact as soon as the accident is detected. Thus, the message would act as an early warning system that would also include the map latitude and longitude coordinates. This setup provides high accuracy and precision, with constant monitoring of the angular velocities at a set frequency.
Key Words: Smart helmet, Accident detection, Gyro sensor, Arduino GSM, Arduino GPS 1.INTRODUCTION Rapid urbanization globally has led to a significant increase in the number of motor vehicle accidents that occur every year, especially motorcycle accidents. These severe accidents often lead to unusually high mortality rates and morbidity resulting in temporary or permanent disabilities. For example, 28,356 motorcycle accidents were reported over a 6-year period by the Legal Medicine Organization [1] which included severe and non-severe fatalities such as head trauma, fractures and internal bleeds. Similar statistics collected from studies in Kenya revealed 1073 motorcycle accidents over a 6-month period that led to patients under intensive care at the hospitals, with a morbidity rate of 6.8% [2]. The most frequent and major injury to the people admitted to the hospitals after motorcycle accidents is head injury, with the lack of the helmet being the primary contributing factor to the high mortality rate. In comparison, motorcyclists wearing helmets are less frequently involved in lifethreatening head injury situations as the helmets provide an active protective mechanism. Most of the people using a motorcycle in developing and underdeveloped countries don’t wear a helmet, which puts them at risk for severe head injury in the event of an accident. A lack of awareness of traffic rules and road limits, inadequate infrastructural developments and non-adherence to speed limits lead to fatal injuries among motorcyclists. Over speeding leads to higher impact velocity, increasing the chances of head, chest, abdominal and limb injuries. In many of these countries, there have been a multitude of safety strategies and policies that have been introduced yet have not been fully implemented. As covered in the World Health Organization Global Status Report [3], traffic deaths have continued to rise since the past decade, which directly obstructs the goal of reducing traffic accidents and injuries by 2030. Road traffic injury has remained a leading cause for the death of young people aged 30 or less [3]. Helmets typically consist of an outer shell made of a thermally stable material to protect from combustion fire. This is lined on the inside by an energy-absorbing layer of material to help reduce the impulsive force experienced on the head due to a sudden fall. Following that is a comfort layer consisting of additional polymers along with a strap to help provide firm grip to the head [4]. Motorcyclists wearing helmets are particularly less likely to have severe head injuries that may lead to permanent disabilities. There have been multiple approaches to address this issue. For example, governments such as in Bangladesh [5] have taken stringent actions such as increasing awareness and legislations regarding driving limits for motorcyclists. Additionally, there have been efforts to integrate the Internet of Things (IoT) into this field by making smart helmets that would help in detecting accident such as described by Shabbeer et al and Kumar et al [6] [7]. However, some of these helmets provide false detection of accidents or the trigger mechanism for the micro-controllers don’t work as expected - accidents are sometimes not detected properly and timely for the motorcyclists. In the event of head injury from motorcycle accident, time to treatment by the emergency services is critical. An early detection and response by the emergency services lead to better clinical outcomes for the patient thus reducing the morbidity and mortality. If implemented properly, smart helmets can help reduce the number of accidents that happen annually by a great amount and save many lives through this process. Smart
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