International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 02 | Feb 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
"An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by RHA and Sand by Rice Husk.”
Maulya K T1 , Hemantha K M2 , Sinchana M D3, Neha P4 , Manjunath H S5
1,2,3,4 Students, Department of Civil Engineering Rajeev institute of Technology, Hassan. 5 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Rajeev institute of Technology, Hassan.
Abstract – This study explores the partial replacement of cementwithricehuskash(RHA)andsandwithricehuskto address issues related to availability, cost, quality, and pollution. Solid masonry blocks of size 150x150x15 mm, withM25grade,wereproducedbyreplacing30%ofcement withRHAbyweightandsubstitutingricehuskforsandat varyingpercentages(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%).Cubes werepreparedfortestingaftercuringinwaterfor3,7,and 28days,withthecontrolgroupbeingstandardconcrete.The testsmeasuredcompressivestrengthandworkability(using the slump cone test). The results showed that both workabilityandstrengthwereslightlybetterthanstandard concrete,meetingthelimitssetbyestablishedstandards.
Key Words: Rice husk ash, Rice husk, Sand, Compressive strength, Slump Cone.
1.INTRODUCTION
Cement is essential for India's infrastructure and construction sectors, with the country being the secondlargestproducerglobally,producingover500milliontons annually. Despite this, regions in India have faced cement shortages due to factors like rising demand from governmentinfrastructureprojects,rawmaterialshortages, andlogisticalissues.Inresponse,theindustryisexpanding productionthroughnewplantsandprojectswhileadopting new technologies to improve efficiency and reduce environmentalimpact.However,cementscarcityremainsa challenge.
Theconstructionindustryheavilyreliesoncementandsand, buttheirhighdemandraisesconcernsaboutenvironmental and economic impacts. Cement production significantly contributestocarbonemissions,andexcessivesandmining harmsecosystems.Inlightoftheseissues,alternativeslike RiceHuskAsh(RHA)andricehuskhavebeenexploredto replacecementandsand.RHA,aby-productofricemilling, has pozzolanic properties that enhance concrete strength and durability while reducing the carbon footprint of cement. Similarly, rice husk can replace sand, mitigating sandscarcityandprovidingasolutiontowastemanagement.
This study aims to evaluate the effects of using RHA as a partial cement replacement and rice husk as a sand substitute in concrete, focusing on mechanical properties, durability, workability, and environmental impact. The
research contributes to the development of sustainable concrete solutions that maintain performance standards while reducing environmental harm. By examining the optimaluseofthesematerials,thestudysupportsgreener, eco-friendlyconstructionpractices.
1.1 Greenhouse Gases Emission - Cement industry
Thecementindustryisamajorcontributortogreenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),andnitrousoxide(N2O),aswellasairpollutantslike particulatematter(PM),sulfurdioxide(SO2),andnitrogen oxides (NOx). It also releases toxic substances such as dioxins,heavymetals,andpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons (PAHs).Theseemissionsimpacthealth,theenvironment,and theeconomy.Theindustryisworkingonreducingemissions through energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and control technologies.
1.2 Greenhouse Gases Emission - Sand mining
Sandusedinconstructioncanhaveseveraldisadvantages, includingenvironmentalimpactfromover-mining,quality issueslikeimpuritiesandimpropergrading,andstructural problemsfromexcessiveuse.Itcanalsobecostly,especially iftransportedfromdistantsources,andposeshealthrisks due to dust and silica exposure. Sand is a non-renewable resource,anditsoveruserequiresalternativematerialslike crushedstoneorrecycledoptionstominimizeitsimpact.
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1
Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used cement in construction. It is a fine powder made from calcium, silica, alumina, and iron, typically sourced from limestone,clay,andothermaterials.
2.2 Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate is a type of aggregate used in concrete, consisting of particles smaller than 4.75 mm. It is usually madeofsand,crushedstone,orrecycledconcreteandhelps fillthevoidsintheconcretemix,enhanceworkability,and provideasmoothfinish.Fineaggregatesareclassifiedbased ontheirsize,shape,andtexture.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 02 | Feb 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2.3 Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregates, including gravel, crushed stone, and recycled concrete, provide strength and stability in construction. They are sourced from natural deposits or producedbycrushinglargerrocksintosmallerparticles
2.4 Rice husk
Rice husk, a renewable by-product rich in silica, cellulose, and lignin, offers sustainable applications in construction, including partial replacement for cement and sand, while reducingwasteandgreenhousegasemissions.
2.5 Rice husk ash
Rice Husk Ash (RHA), rich in silica, enhances concrete's strength, durability, and sustainability. As a pozzolanic material,RHAoffersasustainable,eco-friendlyalternativeto traditionalcement,reducingenvironmentalimpact.
2.6 Water
Water is essential in concrete mixing, aiding cement hydrationandimprovingworkability.Usingclean,potable water ensures strong, durable concrete, as impurities can negativelyaffectitspropertiesandperformance
3. Methodology
The compressive strength test for concrete measures its ability to withstand loads that reduce its size. It involves applying a gradually increasing compressive load to a specimen until failure occurs, with the maximum load recorded.Dividingthisloadbythespecimen'scross-sectional areagivesthecompressivestrength,typicallyexpressedin megapascals(MPa)orpoundspersquareinch(psi).Thistest is crucial for evaluating concrete quality and durability in construction,providingessentialdataforstructuraldesign and quality control. It plays a vital role in assessing the mechanicalpropertiesofmaterialsusedintheconstruction andengineeringindustries. Collection
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 02 | Feb 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Table -2: Slump cone test
0.45 30 5
0.45
0.45
0.45
H1 - Height of mould; H2 - Height of subsided concrete
The Slump Cone Test measures the workability of fresh concrete,assessingitsconsistencyandflow.Acone-shaped mould is filled in three layers, each compacted with 25 strokes.Afterliftingthemould,theslump,orthedistancethe concretesettles,ismeasured.Azeroslumpindicatesastiff mix, while a high slump suggests a more workable but potentially segregating mix. Factors like water content, aggregate type, cement content, and temperature can influencetheresult.Thistestensuresaccurateassessmentof concreteworkability,aidingproperplacement,compaction, andfinishing.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this study investigating the partial replacement of cementandfineaggregatebyricehuskashandricehusk inconcrete,thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnforthe replacementofcementat30%andfineaggregateat0% ,5%,10%,15%,20%and25%.
The workability of concrete is good for conventional concrete compared to replaced concrete.
Thecompressivestrengthofconcretefor5%rice huskconcreteismore(7.7N/mm2for3dayscuring and19.77N/mm2for7dayscuring,30.21N/mm2 for 28 days curing.) compared to conventional concrete(7.3 N/mm2for 3 days curing and19.00 N/mm2for7dayscuring,29.23N/mm2for28days curing.)
More than 5% replacement of rice husk, the compressivestrengthgoesondecreasing.
Forreplacementof5%ofricehuskandricehusk ashinconcreteitgivesmorestrengthcompareto conventionalconcrete.
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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BIOGRAPHIES
Name:Ms.MAULYAKT
DepartmentofCivilEngineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology Hassan Email: maulyathammayya7@gmail.com
Name:Mr.HEMANTHAKM
DepartmentofCivilEngineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology
Hassan Email: hemantha022002@gmail.com
Name:Ms.SINCHANAMD
DepartmentofCivilEngineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology Hassan Email:sinchanamdsinchanamd1 @gmail.com
Name:Ms.NEHAP
DepartmentofCivilEngineering, Rajeev Institute of Technology Hassan Email:nehaprem83@gmail.com