A Course for Jakarta Detox Culture_HannahLiem

A COURSE FOR JAKARTA DETOX CULTURE

Urbanism as a method to manifest circular culture

A COURSE FOR JAKARTA DETOX CULTURE

Urbanism as a method to manifest circular culture

A spatial and governance strategy that shows it is possible to stop subsidence and pollution in a way that benefits riverside kampung communities in Jakarta at the same time.

This pilot makes use of a new neighbourhood structure with which large scale residual waterand waste flows are managed locally within the urban environment.

It helps current recycling practices scale up in an attractive way to ultimately become a valuable part of Indonesian culture.

Hannah Mei Lan Liem hannahliem@gmail.com

Graduation project

Master Urbanism

Academy of Architecture, Amsterdam

May 28th 2025

Committee members

Jeroen de Willigen (Mentor)

Pauline van Roosmalen

Jossep Frederick William

Extended (external) committee members

Markus Appenzeller

Herman Zonderland

Head of Urbanism

Anna Gasco

* Alle afbeeldingen, tenzij anders aangegeven met (cijfer) in de ondertitel en bron in de bibliografie, zijn eigen werk en dienen vertrouwelijk te blijven.

Ze mogen niet worden gedeeld of gepubliceerd door enige persoon of entiteit, behalve voor het specifieke doel van de Academie van Bouwkunst.

Markets

Dear reader,

With this letter I would like to introduce my graduation project called ‘A Course for Jakarta DETOX culture’ In this project I connect a landscape regenerative water- and waste strategy to the growth of economical- and educational opportunity for (low income) communities in the inner-city riverside villages of Jakarta, called ‘Kampungs’. This is important not only for the communities themselves, but also for the urban metabolism of Jakarta.

Jakarta is sinking, Jakarta floods, Jakarta has safe water scarcity, Jakarta was the most polluted city in the world in 2023 for a while, Jakarta is developing at a fast pace and the government seems to overlook long term social and environmental effects of these interventions.

There are three large scale developments that are endangering Jakarta’s working-class and lower-income communities of urban villages called ‘Kampungs’. My graduation research examines the social and governance structure of kampungs in general and their symbiosis with other urban structures in Jakarta. It answers the question of why these villages are under threat, what unique role they play in Jakarta and what their challenges are.

One of the three large scale developments threatens riverside communities (which are among the oldest of Jakarta). Namely: the flood mitigation method called ‘Normalisation’. It’s a term used to describe the widening of rivers and adding concrete encasement to riverbanks to increase the flowrate of rivers when a disastrous flood is predicted.

Normalisation is a suboptimal way to manage the flooding issue. It tries to battle the outcome of disastrous flooding, but doesn’t address the cause of it. The cause and answer to flooding lies in the management of waste and available water. There is an incredible amount of waste produced on a daily basis and it is insufficiently managed at the source, which causes people to dispose of their waste directly into the environment, for example by throwing it into rivers, thus creating severe flood problems. Because of normalisation inhabitants of riverbanks that depend on their surrounding community are evicted, the river dynamics are affected, causing soil erosion and damages downstream and the ability of the river to sustain a river ecosystem is destroyed. Another negative effect of normalisation is a type of fast-gentrification it sets in motion.

Normalisation is not only speeding up the river, but triggers the degradation of communities and the environment and it is exemplary for the way other large scale developments are handled and impact Jakarta. Which leads me to the following diagnosis: Jakarta is in a TOXIC spiral and is in desperate need to ‘DETOX’ its development and environment.

My design aims to DETOX current normalisation plans. It zooms in on one of the riverside villages that will be affected. The village is called Kampung Melayu. In my project I examine how this Kampung -which uncoincidentally is next in line to be ‘normalised’- can: (1) mitigate floods, (2) set a course to tackle Jakarta’s waste problem by stimulating the already existing recycling behaviour, (3) restore the river by making a by-pass, (4) create opportunity for its inhabitants by making space and means to add value to waste collectively, (5) empower community organisations to govern this new economy and (6) not trigger fast-gentrification by choice of governance, housing typology and limited car accessibility. For all of this, both a spatial design and governance strategy is made. Which I explain in 7 steps to DETOX.

My main design research question is:

With which spatial and governance water- and waste strategy can the current normalisation plan be adapted to stimulate recycling culture in Kampung Melayu, to stop groundwater extraction for household use, reduce pollution and empower its inhabitants?

To me the added challenge was to create such a pilot project that could inspire other inner-city developments and to imagine a way to integrate DETOX culture into Indonesian culture. The added question that I’ve tried to answer with my design, in context of the other two large scale developments is: “How can spatial design manifest DETOX culture in such a way that it becomes part of every-day-life and makes people connect to it on a personal level.“

I believe that in order for DETOX culture to integrate into any culture that everyone needs to want to be a part of it. And I believe I have created a project that could potentially do that. (And if my calculations are correct, it’s also proven quantitatively.)

So with this project I hope to show that it is possible to battle Jakarta’s many problems: sinking, disastrous flooding, safe water scarcity and inequality, through solutions that are Jakarta-style. It required careful examination of potentials in Jakarta and its people, through desk research, interviews and a month long trip to Indonesia with my dad. And ended up in a course that layers all explored potentials and empowers people and organisations, to ultimately integrate DETOX practices into culture through urbanism.

I wish you happy readings!

Best,

Hannah Liem Groningen, 2025-05-21

Table of content

Introduction & Motive

Analyses

DEAR READER

INTRODUCTION

THE ICING ON A LAYERED SPICE CAKE - A JOURNEY THROUGH URBANISM

JAKARTA FACTS

JAKARTA’S GEOLOGICAL MAKE-UP JAKARTA FACTS JAKARTA GOVERNANCE

ANALYSES

OVERVIEW

1. JAKARTA IS DROWNING IN POLLUTED WATER AND WASTE

2. POTENTIAL POTABLE WATER COMES FALLING FROM THE SKY IN GREAT AMOUNTS BUT ISN’T PUT TO USE

3. JAKARTA SHOWS THE BEGINNING OF A RECYCLING CULTURE, BUT IT NEEDS SPACE AND ORGANISATION TO GROW

4. JAKARTA IS YOUNG AND FULL OF POTENTIAL

5. JAKARTA ROUGHLY CONSISTS OF TWO URBAN ENTITIES: THE KOTA AND THE KAMPUNG

6. THERE IS AN URBAN SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN KOTA AND KAMPUNG

7. COMMUNITY HAS AN URBAN FORM: THE KAMPUNG

8. JAKARTA HAS GREAT COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS THAT CAN INNOVATE!

9. GOVERNMENTS ARE FOCUSED ON LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS

10. THE FAST PACE DEVELOPMENTS FORM A THREAT TO KAMPUNG COMMUNITIES

Diagnosis, Goals & Method

THE DIAGNOSIS: JAKARTA IS TOXIC

JAKARTA HAS MANY INTERCONNECTED DIFFICULTIES

THE GOAL: DETOX JAKARTA

WHAT ARE THE GOALS AND METHODS OF DETOX-ING?

HOW TO DETOX DEVELOPMENTS COMMUNITY-STYLE?

DETOX GOALS AND STRATEGIES

METHODS

HOW TO DETOX

DEVELOPMENT BRIEFS

DEVELOPMENT 1: BRACKISH MANGROVE COAST

DEVELOPMENT 2: PRODUCTIVE RETENTION PARKS

DEVELOPMENT 3: RIVERSIDE DETOX COURSES

Pilot Project

Outcome, collaborations and checks

PILOT PROJECT

MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION

ANALYSES

THE DESIGN

7 STEPS TO DETOX

OVERVIEW

CHANGE THE GOALS OF THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT

STEP 1: CHANGE THE COURSE OF NORMALISATION AND MAKE IT CLOSABLE

STEP 2: MAKE THE COURSE A CONNECTIVE SPACE BETWEEN NEIGHBOURHOODS

STEP 3: ADD A PIONEER BUILDING FOR COMMUNITY DETOX INITIATIVES AND A FACTORY: ‘PASAR DETOX’

STEP 4: USE ELEVATIONS AND PUMPS TO GUIDE RAINWATER TO THE COURSE

STEP 5: USE BUILDINGS TO HELP PURIFY AND STORE WATER FOR THE WHOLE PROJECT AREA

STEP 6: MAKE HOUSING EQUITABLE AND FIT FOR KAMPUNG COMMUNITIES

STEP 7: MAKE DETOX ARCHITECTURE BECOME PART OF EVERY-DAY-LIFE TO HELP IT BECOME CULTURE

OUTCOME

SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT THE MAQUETTE THE DETOX COURSE

A HEALTHY CILIWUNG RIVER

MAINTAINING ‘FREE’ SPACE

WHO DOES WHAT?

RESPONSIBILITY IN DEVELOPMENT

SHORTLIST OF LOCAL ARCHITECTS

CHECK ON THE NUMBERS IS THE PLAN PLAUSIBLE

LESSONS AND REFLECTION

OUR JOB AS DESIGNERS

LESSONS TO MANIFEST DETOX CULTURE

LESSONS ON SPATIAL INTERVENTIONS IN JAKARTA

EXTRA’S WATERCHARTS

FLOODCHARTS

PLANTS WITH BENEFITS AND WÁTER PURIFICATION

CASCADE OF DETOX ECONOMY

LESSONS ON SOCIAL DYNAMICS

SOURCE LIBRARY

A BACKGROUND, POSITIONING AS AN URBANIST, A PERSONAL MOTIVE AND GOAL

PLACE

INDONESIAN CULTURE

The icing on a layered spice cake

‘The icing on a layered spice cake’ was the title of my graduation proposal and is now the personal introduction of my graduation book. As this title suggests, I view my graduation project as the closing chapter of my time as a student at the Academy of Architecture Amsterdam. The spice cake or ‘spekkoek’ nods at the layers of themes, tools and methods I’ve learnt, fused together with part of my Chinese-Indonesian roots, while the icing or ‘kers’ promises a grand finale to my academic track. In preparation of graduating I asked myself what kind of designer I am, what I would like to learn from this last project and what I want to contribute to our field of work. To look forward, I will first look back at my time at the Academy.

SAME GOALS. CHANGING CONTEXT. CHANGED URBANISM.

I look back at three years of imagining hopeful futures beyond my lifespan. These futures each depict possible regenerative relationships between humanity and nature and amongst humans themselves. In the broadest sense I believe urbanism should aim for a restorative balance between humanity and the environment, design common ground between segregated communities and design for social resilience. Over the years this goal has had many different faces in my projects, corresponding with their potential to their surroundings and defining what this goal could mean spatially at different scales. I learnt early on that the context in which we design is becoming increasingly complex. It changes rapidly because of technological developments and short-term political decisions with long-term (even cultural) impact.

BLIND SIGHTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE.

Climate change demands different systemic transitions. The agriculture-, energy-, resources-, building-, water management- and mobility transitions all move in pillared systems. They each have spatial claims. At this rate in 2050 we would need about three planets to sustain our ways of living. Seeing as we only have one planet, this seems to be a bit of a problem. The sheer presence of these pressing matters seems to overshadow the importance of focusing on transitioning in an equitable way. Let alone that we could tap into the social sensitivity to foresee the long-term effect they and other technologies and trends have on our societies, on our culture, and in essence on ourselves: humans as social beings. Coming from a place close Groningen’s gas bubble, I have seen inequitable development in the name of fossil fuels, but sadly also in the name of cleaner ways to produce energy.

GENERATION REGENERATION.

In the past three years I’ve tried to push the boundaries of urbanism. I aimed to find ways to connect systems of multiple pillared transitions to their geographical potential to spark a regenerative process. Through my designs I try to discover how people can benefit from necessary transitions, but also how I can strengthen our relationship to our surroundings and to one another by design, to invoke a cultural change and to add to a shared identity, which I fear humanity is losing in multiple parts of the world.

THE JOB OF THE URBANIST: BRIDGE

Urbanism should in my opinion always aim to surpass the physical goals of transitions (or if you prefer: transformations). We have to bridge the gap between the ‘Anthropocene’ and the regenerative future. We should imagine ways we can shift current toxic social dynamics towards regeneration, not only show a picture of what a preferred future could look like. If we confine ourselves to spatial goals, we might forget who it is we need to cross that bridge, in order to make the preferred future happen. The easy part is drawing a pretty picture. The difficult part is to align incentives and interests and persevere for realization. I strongly believe this type of systemic transitional design thinking must make a difference in the world today. We need to help regeneration become culture, by design.

IT’S REVOLUTION PLANET. NOT REVOLUTION GLOBAL NORTH.

To understand the method of ‘bridging’, you have to understand how people work. But in western society we seem to be far removed from what makes us human. This is probably why I’ve often found inspiration in stories, in art and technology of all ages and especially in far-awayplaces. But I had never actually designed for such a place myself. For my graduation project I decided it was time to do so, to see if I would be able to. With our previous Academy moto “Revolution Planet” in the back of my mind and curious as I am, I took this opportunity to set myself a new challenge to discover a part of the world in which the destructive effects of climate change and social conflicts are very much part of everyday life.

PERSONAL ‘KERS OP DE TAART’

My project is based in Jakarta, which is currently the capital of Indonesia. It is uncoincidentally also a place of great personal significance. My dad is from Indonesia, from a city named Bandung 153 kilometers to the south east of Jakarta. I have many relatives living in both Bandung and Jakarta. My dad and I visited Indonesia together in November 2023 for my graduation research. This was my introduction to my family, my father’s place of heritage and the diversity in Indonesian culture. To me this was the real ‘kers op de taart’ and it influenced my understanding of space and people greatly. I hope my love and admiration for the country and its people shines through the chapters of this book.

LOOKING FOR A LESSON:

With this final chapter of my academic track, I wish to unify the systemic world I’ve discovered with my background as a sculptor, to see how it could help manifest regeneration with urbanism.

I have always been fascinated by the way space influences people and it scaled up over time.

From teaching arts and sculpting -> to my dream of building my own house and starting a study in building and mechanics -> To a traineeship turned policy maker -> returned to design in urbanism, so I could figure out to which extent space could influence people. The research into impact of space on people has always been focused on sparking people’s ‘zelf-ontplooiing’ capacity (There is no good english word for this). Spatial design can be, both the solid base and the cherry on the cake in the lives of people. It can help to unlock individual potentials, spark creativity and imagination with each built environment, to bring opportunity to people’s lives. Space has its limits, but space can emphasize what is important. I will look for this emphasis.

WHAT IS JAKARTA’S GEOLOGICAL MAKE-UP JAKARTA FACTS

HOW IS JAKARTA DEVELOPING SPATIALLY?

WHAT IS JAKARTA’S GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE?

J a ak r t a f a c t s

AN ALMOST FULLY URBANISED PROVINCE

Jakarta is an almost fully urbanized province located in West-Java, on Java island. It is 661,23 square kilometres in size and about 11,6 million people live within its provincial boundaries. It is the economic, cultural and political centre of Indonesia.

It is part of the metropolitan region ‘Jabodetabek’. Jabodetabek is 7076.31 square kilometres in size and houses about 34 milion people, making it the second largest urban area in the world. The only one bigger than it is the greater Tokyo area. It houses around 37,5 million people.

Dynamics of a changingsealevel A risingandfalling sea level

Volcanoes tothesouthofJakarta

The young landscapeformed10,000 -12,000years

Jakarta’s geological make-up

A LANDSCAPE FORMED BY VOLCANOES, RIVERS, AND THE SEA

Jakarta’s geological structure is the result of its natural setting, tectonic history, and long-term sedimentation processes. Jakarta lies on the northern coastal plain of Java, a region shaped over millions of years by the combined forces of volcanic activity, rivers, and the sea. The land has formed gradually over thousands of years from layers of mud, sand, and soil transported by rivers from the volcanic mountains. These rivers carry material from the highlands south of Jakarta and spread it across the coastal plain. Over time, these layers built up and created the soft ground on which Jakarta developed. The main geological processes that shaped Jakarta are explained below.

VOLCANOES OF JAVA

The island of Java formed along the borders between IndoAustralian Plate and the the Eurasian Plate. The Indo Australian Plate subducted the Eurasian Plate and this tectonic interaction has created volcanic activity along central Java. most volcanoes are active and have erupted over time. The weathering of their rocks continues to supply sediment to the surrounding landscape. Volcanic ash, sand, and gravel are transported by rivers to the north, and this material forms the foundation of Jakarta’s surface geology. The most important volcanoes contributing to this process are Mount Gede and Mount Pangrango near Bogor, Mount Salak south of Bogor, and Mount Tangkuban Perahu near Bandung. Mount Papandayan and Mount Guntur, located farther southeast, are also part of the same volcanic system. Jakarta itself is not located near any major faults (fractures in earth’s crust), which is why the city rarely experiences strong earthquakes.

Source: Environmental profile West Java, 1986

THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE SEDIMENT

Jakarta’s connection to the Java Sea has also shaped its geology. Fine sand and silt left behind by changing sea levels have created layers of marine sediment across the coastal plain. This mixture of river material and marine deposits makes the ground soft and saturated with water.

RIVERS AND ALLUVIAL PLAINS

For thousands of years, rivers such as the Ciliwung, Cisadane, Krukut, and Bekasi have transported large amounts of eroded volcanic material toward the Java Sea. As these rivers slow near the coast, the sediment they carry settles and accumulates, forming thick layers of alluvial deposits. These deposits consist of unconsolidated mixtures of clay, silt, sand, and gravel. The result is a soft and relatively “young” surface geology that defines Jakarta today. The uppermost layers of the city’s geology are only thousands of years old, rather than millions, which is considered very young in geological terms.

A LESSON IN GEOLOGICAL TIME

The surface layers beneath Jakarta, composed mostly of river (alluvial) and coastal (deltaic) sediments, were deposited during the Quaternary period, the most recent chapter of Earth’s geological history. The Quaternary covers the last 2.6 million years, but most of Jakarta’s surface sediments were laid down during the Holocene, which encompasses the last 10,000 to 12,000 years. During this time, rivers continued to carry volcanic material from the highlands, and sea levels rose and fell repeatedly.

Source above images: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969708008164 (2024/02/11 18:59)

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Geological-overview-of-Greater-Jakarta-b-Elevation-profiles-of-each-city-within_fig1_381927245 (2024/12/08 21:03)

11.6 million inhabitants 661,23 km²

34 million inhabitants 7076,31 km²

Expansion in a triangle

Jakarta’s economy: Manufacturing industry Food industry Seaport

Jakarta facts

RAPID EXPANSION AND SPRAWL OF JAKARTA

Jakarta’s itself is 661,23 km² in size. Its metropolitan area covers 7076.31 km². The area has been developing in a triangular shape since the ‘80s, growing more land-inward, scattered along infrastructure and in between mountains.

From 2010 on, Jakarta’s development has sprawled considerably. Adjacent cities are growing towards Jakarta. Together they create the metropolitan area called: JABODETABEK. This metropolitan area includes the cities of Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.

METRO LINES, TRAINS AND TOLL ROADS

The connection between DKI Jakarta and its surroundings is strengthened by many infrastructural projects, like the highspeed railway called the ‘Woosh’ as well as multiple new train and metro lines around the city.

In recent years elevated toll roads have been constructed to reduce travel time by car. Bus lanes and special motor lanes (and sometimes also cycling lanes) have been implemented on ground level.

THE JAKARTA PANCAKE

Jakarta consists mainly of dense low-rise neighbourhoods and has high-rise in the central business district, along axes that lead there and around commercial centres and destinations. Its low-rise density follows the main river structure, flood zones and historic centres.

Often commercial ‘third place’ destinations in or on the border of dense low-rise areas are of a larger scale and have multiple levels. I’ve come across some old markets or ‘pasars’, which developed from an open market area, into a multi-level department store. The streets surrounding these department store markets are often filled with similar small-scale shops and various market stalls. (Pasar Baru Bandung; Pasar Jantinegara Jakarta; Traditional market in Grogol/West-Jakarta)

HUMID CLIMATE ALL YEAR ROUND

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate. Which means it is hot and humid with year-round rainfall. There is little fluctuation in temperature throughout the year varying between 31 °C and 22 °C. Humidity in Jakarta varies between 61% to 95% and the average rainfall amounts to 218.4 millimetres (mm) per month. The “wet” season occurs between November and April. During this period as much as 388 mm rain can fall per month. Wet season counts 15 to 20 rainy days per month, with showers usually lasting 2 to 4 hours. June through September are typically dry. Dry season counts about 3 to 8 rainy days per month, with showers usually lasting less than 1 hour. Between 50mm and 150mm of rain falls per month.

The area is quite fertile for fruit and other horticulture, as most of the soil is of old volcanic origin.

Source: https://www.city-facts.com/jakarta-raya/population (2024/05/07 20:40)

‘Third place’ is defined as a social environment/destination that is separate from the place of living and the workplace. They are ankers of community life and facilitate a broad range of interactions. The third place is somewhere you go to relax, meet familiar faces as well as new ones. Ray Oldenburg introduced the term ‘third place’ in his book ‘The Great Good Place’ in 1989. Also describing the social significance of the third place for social engagement, democracy and creating a sense of place.

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1423886/indonesia-jakarta-population-by-gender-and-age/025/04/05 (2023/12/07 19:50)

Source: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population (2023/12/07 21:05)

Sub-neighbourhood

Kampung Melayu (also) 11 717 inhabitants

Neighbourhood/Kelurahan

Kampung Melayu 23 260 inhabitants

District/Kecamatan

Kecamatan Jantinegara 263 706 inhabitants

City/Kota

Jakarta Timur 3 million inhabitants

Province/Provinci

DKI Jakarta 11.6 million inhabitants

Jakarta governance

A FEW HISTORIC FRAGMENTS OF JAKARTA

By no means is this fragment aimed to give a full summary of historic events in Jakarta. Only a few necessary fragments are explained to give enough background information to understand the administrative levels in Jakarta and to later be able to give the location for my design project relevant context.

Jakarta is one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia. In the fourth century a settlement established, called Sunda Kelapa in what is now known as Jakarta Bay. It became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

During the Dutch occupation it was renamed Batavia and became the capital of the Dutch East Indies. In 1949 when Indonesia achieved full independence, four years after declaring independence, Batavia was renamed Djakarta.

In 1960 Jakarta’s official status as a city transformed to province with a special autonomous status: capital district, or daerah khusus ibukota (DKI) Jakarta.

THE SCALES OF GOVERNMENT DIVISIONS

In 1999 the central governance in Jakarta decentralized into regional governance. Which meant that most functions of the government moved to the rural districts and municipalities. Two levels of regional government were enabled to make their own policies and local laws:

- Province (provinci) ADM1.

- Regencies (Kabupaten) and Municipalities (Kota)ADM2.

DKI Jakarta consists of 5 administrative cities and one regency: Jakarta Barat (west), Jakarta Utara (north), Jakarta Pusat (central), Jakarta Timur (east), Jakarta Selatan (south) and the thousand island regency in the Java Sea. These cities are divided in districts (kecamatan), which consist of neighbourhoods or villages called (kelurahan), of which the keluargha is the chief.

As a result of the ‘Orde Baru’, otherwise known as the ‘New Order’, which Suharto instated between 1966 and 1998, two supervised divisions in neighbourhood governance were established called Rukun Warga (RW), meaning ‘community unit’ and Rukun Tetangga (RT), meaning neighbourhood unit.

An RT typically consists of 10-20 households, while RW consists of 5 to 10 RTs. An RT could resemble a housing block community. These neighbourhood associations operate under government supervision and bring democratic community organisation into neighbourhoods. Members elect leaders, organize meetings and participate in bottom-up decision-making.

They are used to improve the daily lives of the community and fall into two categories (Hataya 1999): ‘life strategy oriented’ and ‘development strategy oriented’.

GRASPING THE URBAN DYNAMICS IN JAKARTA, WHERE TO START?

Trying to understand an almost fully urbanized province is an overwhelming task. In November 2023 I had the chance of a lifetime to travel through Jakarta with my dad. To grasp Jakarta’s urban dynamics and experience its culture I visited many places with our family. Our family kept us on our feet, not a day was spent without exploration. They made sure I saw every type of urban living environment in Jakarta.

Day five of our 30 day journey, and I’ve already seen most types of urban structures.

I’ve seen many inhabitants, from no- to low-income communities, to lower-middle, to middle to uppermiddle to upper income communities, to gated castle communities within golfc ourses..

Source: https://www.city-facts.com/jakarta-raya/population – City Facts: Jakarta Raya population (2024/05/07 20:40)

Source: van Reybrouck, D., Revolusi, 2022

Source: Interview with the lurah at community center Dwijaya

SEALEVEL OF 2100

A projection of the future sealevel shows half of Jakarta under water.

TODAY’S SALINISATION

Groundwater along the coast is undergoing salinisation.

INFILTRATION POTENTIAL

The potential to infiltrate rainwater and stimulate the growth of the deep underground aquifer is mainly found in the areas south of DKI Jakarta. South Jakarta and river areas show little to no infiltration potential (purple). Around Central Jakarta (light blue), the infiltration of water into the shallow aquifer could help reduce salinisation. (turquoise)

INDUSTRY AND MAIN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Industrial areas are mostly located in the north and east, near ports and major roads for easy transport. The city’s central and southern parts are mainly residential, commercial, and government areas. Smaller patches of industry are logically situated along roads and canals.

URBAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Informal settlements are mainly found in flood-prone northern and eastern areas, they are often located between formal roads and industrial zones.

MANY CONCLUSIONS!

OF WHICH 10 (OR 11) ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL

l y s e s

JAKARTA IS DROWNING IN WATER AND WASTE

JAKARTA IS SINKING FAST

JAKARTA’S WASTE SYSTEM ISN’T COPING

JAKARTA FLOODS FLOODS AREN’T ALWAYS CONSIDERED DANGEROUS

JAKARTA SHOWS THE BEGINNING OF A RECYCLING CULTURE. MAINLY IN NO-INCOME TO LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES 1

WASTE PICKERS INPUT THE MOST INDIVIDUAL EFFORT, BUT PROFIT THE LEAST FROM RECYCLING

Groundwater IS A HEALTHRISK

3

RECYCLING EFFORTS CAN BE MORE PROLIFIC

POTENTIAL POTABLE WATER COMES FALLING FROM THE SKY IN GREAT AMOUNTS BUT ISN’T PUT TO USE

2

NO-INCOME AND LOWINCOME COMMUNITIES ARE SCATTERED ACCROSS JAKARTA AND CONTRIBUTE TO A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT

RECYCLING NEEDS SPACE AND ORGANISATION TO GROW

THERE IS UNEXPLORED POTENTIAL IN PEOPLE

JAKARTA ROUGHLY CONSISTS OF TWO URBAN ENTITIES: THE KOTA AND THE KAMPUNG

4

JAKARTA IS YOUNG, WITH AN AVERAGE AGE OF 28 YEARS OLD

THE NO-INCOME AND LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES ARE RESOURCEFUL

THERE IS AN URBAN SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN KOTA AND KAMPUNG

JAKARTA HAS GREAT COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS THAT CAN INNOVATE!

COMMUNITY HAS AN URBAN FORM: KAMPUNGS

6 5 9 8 7 10

FLOOD MITIGATION METHOD ‘NORMALISATION’ IS THE MOST IMPACTFUL THREAT

GOVERNMENTS ARE FOCUSED ON LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS

LARGE SCALE FAST PACE DEVELOPMENTS FORM A THREAT TO KAMPUNG COMMUNITIES

FOCUS ON THE WORKINGCLASS AND IMPOVERISHED COMMUNITIES

COULD HELP CHANGE A HARMFUL SOCIAL DYNAMIC

11*

JAKARTA’S DEVELOPMENT IS TOXIC AND NEEDS TO DETOX

JAKARTA IS DROWNING IN POLLUTED WATER AND WASTE

Jakartafloodsnaturallyprinciplesectionofwatersystem

above: maps showing Kelurahan (village administration units) in which part of the village administration unit was reported to be inundated in the (a) 2007 and (b) 2013 floods. Below: Inundation simulations (using SOBEK model, hydrodynamic simulation tool) based on (c) 2007 schematization and a return period of 50 years, and (d) 2013 schematization and a return period of 25 years.

Jakartafloodsnaturally

A return period of 50 years means a flood of that magnitude has a 1 in 50 (or 2%) chance of occurring in any given year.

A return period of 25 years means a flood of that magnitude has a 1 in 25 (or 4%) chance of occurring in any given year.

MOST FLOODS ARE BUSINESS AS USUAL FOR RIVERKAMPUNG INHABITANTS

Jakarta floods

FLOODING IS A NATURAL OCCURENCE

Jakarta is situated in the natural catchment area of Jakarta Bay. which means it is part of its natural floodplain. Flooding is a natural occurrence in this area.

FLOODING IS BUSINESS AS USUAL

The level of ‘normality’ is visible in riverside communities that live in inner city villages, called ‘Kampungs’. These communities organize themselves in cases of flooding. When a flood is announced, personal belongings are transported from ground level to the first floor of dwellings. During the flood, usually the ground floor is affected. Debris from the river is scattered across the area, which usually means there is a lot of rubbish and silt in the direct living environment at ground level. When the flooding is over the community works together to clean up the neighbourhood. Belongings once again decorate the ground level of dwellings.

DANGEROUS FLOODINGS HAVE BECOME MORE FREQUENT

In recent decennia floods of over 4 meters have become more frequent. With this type of flooding the choreography as explained before will not help, because they also affect the first floor.

Floodings in 2002, 2007, 2013, 2020 have been disastrous.These types of flooding are predicted to occur once every 5 to 7 years during raining season. Flood levels are elevated because of urbanisation upstream. Urbanisation causes the landcover to become impermeable, which means rainwater can’t infiltrate into the ground.

In 2007 in a few days 400mm rain fell. Which couldn’t run off properly and caused flooding of 4m high all around the urban area. At least 340 000 people had to leave their homes.

WASTE INCREASES FLOODING

Another cause is poor waste management. The central waste collection services doesn’t cover all of Jakarta, so people either burn their waste, or discharge their waste in rivers. This way their waste is able to make its way to sea. Organic waste causes siltation of riverbeds. It forms a layer of sludge on the riverbed, which gradually makes rivers more superficial and reduces their discharge rate. Inorganic waste piles up and clogs rivers. These waste accumulations degrade the river ecosystem, preventing soil organisms from establishing themselves. The absence of these organisms obstruct the growth of vegetation that stabilizes riverbanks, making them more susceptible to erosion. This degradation initiates a downward spiral, where the affected ecosystem intensifies erosion and further deteriorates river health.

CHANGE OF BEHAVIOUR NECESSARY TO STOP FLOODING

A change of behaviour is necessary, but can only be stimulated by giving a good alternative to the root issue of a bad waste system. Without a good alternative to disposing waste in rivers or burning waste, people won’t be able to change this habit.

Notonlytrash,alsosanitarywaste. Ecolibacteria=publichealthissue

Source maps: National Disaster Management Office (BNPB) Source bottom image: 2252-3767-2-PB.pdf (utwente.nl) 2024/09/25 9:21

Streets that are otherwise dominated by cars or motorcycles and streetvendors turn into grand playgrounds

If only the water could be safe to play in.

One thing that struck me when I was visiting Jakarta is the way the environment changes because of theflood. for children The attraction of a vast open area toplay, is greater than the fear of becomingillfromfloodwater.

THE MANAGEABILITY OF FLOODING

Research in riverside Kampung Melayu has shown that flooding happens frequent. In this research the manageability of floods is measured, based on their floodheight. They’re divided into normal floods, manageable floods, unmanageable floods and disastrous floods. A flood duration of 1 to 3 days with a waterlevel of 10cm to 50cm is considered normal. This type of flooding stays manageable even if the duration exceeds 7 days. A flood duration

of 1 day with a waterlevel of 51cm to 100cm is considered normal. They are considered manageable within a duration of 7 days. They become unmanageable when they last longer than a week. Floods between 101cm and 2 meters high are manageable to a duration up to 3 days. They become unmanageable if they exceed a duration of 3 days. Floods of 3 meters or higher are considered disastrous.

Jakarta floods, but..

Surprisingly..

Floods are not always considered disastrous.

Image: This graph projects the results of multiple research papers and a survey held in Kampung Melayu in 2008. The survey adresses the level of manageability during flooding. An assumption I’m making is that the new outlet of riverwater from the ciliwung to cipinang and the eastern flood canal which was compleded between 2017 and 2021 has effect on flood levels in Kampung Melayu, Pulo, Bukit Duri and further downstream. I assume ‘it won’t get any worse’.

Once every 5 to 7 years a disastrous flood occurs.

Source information on scheme: Marschiavelli, M.I.C., Vulnerability assessment and coping mechanism related to floods in urban areas: A community-based case study in Kampung Melayu, Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University International Institute for GEO-information Schience and Earth Observation, 2008, p.p. 40-44

Source top image: Alamy stock image, Jakarta, Indonesia. 21st Feb, 2017.

Deep underground aquifer Recharges ver y slowly

Shallow underground aquifer

LACK OF ACCESS TO PIPED WATER SOURCE CREATES DEPENDENCY ON Groundwater

Unstable ground makes an underground piping system less effective, and can cause septic tanks to leak, which infects the groundwater supply.

principlesectionofwatersystem

JAKARTAISSINKINGRAPIDLYBECAUSEOF

GROUNDWATEREXTRACTION

Jakarta is sinking fast

SINKING WITH A SHRINKING AQUIFER

Jakarta is sinking aproximately 20 cm per year due to land subsidence, a process in which ground gradually collapses. This phenomenon is primarily driven by the depletion of Jakarta’s underground aquifer, caused by an inbalance between excessive groundwater extraction and the much slower process of natural aquifer recharge.

HOW TO REPLENISH THE AQUIFER?

There are two ways to help replenish the aquifer: increasing supply and reducing extraction.

Supply: Rainwater infiltration recharges the aquifer. Irrigation along the mountainous areas is particularly important, since these areas have high recharge capacity. Within the administrative boundaries of DKI Jakarta, however, there is little potential for recharge. Creating opportunities for water to infiltrate south of DKI Jakarta will help stimulate infiltration.

Demand reduction: Taking less water out of the ground is a more fitting strategy for DKI Jakarta itself. In the urban context—where there is little room for infiltration—replenishing the aquifer requires reducing groundwater extraction. This would directly mitigate subsidence. Of course, this is easier said than done, as most households rely on groundwater extraction.

THE RELIANCE ON GROUNDWATER

Jakarta consumes about 1.2 billion m3 of water per year. About 51% of which is extracted from the ground. Only about 49% is served by water utility companies. 60% of this amount is extracted for household use, while 40% is extracted for industrial use.

GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION IS BORN OUT OF NECESSITY

Groundwater extraction for household use is not a matter of choice, but a matter of void.

Firstly potable water can’t be extracted from surface water. Out of Jakarta’s 13 rivers, only the water from Krukut river is clean enough to purify into potable water, providing just 2.2 percent of Jakarta’s total clean water demand.

Secondly only 48% of Jakarta is connected to a piping system. The piping system is concentrated in the wealthier area of the city. This means a large part of the city relies on other ways to get water. Between 73% and 89% of Jakarta’s inhabitants use bottled water as their source of potable water and use groundwater for other purposes.

Thirdly current pipelines aren’t reliable. Residents are reluctant to use municipal water are because there is no guarantee on the quality, quantity and continuity of the piped water. The quality of the piped water is bad. The quantity during the dry season is very limited. And the supply continuity is irregular, particularly during the dry season.

Wells on the other hand never run out even during the dry season. And even though in recent times the government has announced the wish to connect every household to a reliable piping system by 2030, not every neighbourhood is able to connect to piping infrastructure because of ground instability.

Source: https://360info.org/how-jakarta-has-dug-itself-into-a-hole/ 2025/02/21:00

Source: https://theowp.org/why-is-jakarta-sinking/ 2025/02/16 22:24

Source: https://theaseanpost.com/article/managing-jakartas-water-related-risks 2025/02/16 22:45

Source: https://360info.org/jakarta-acts-to-stop-being-the-next-atlantis/ 2025/02/16 22:55

Source: Pemantauan Kualitas Lingkungan Air Tanah di Provinsi DKI JakartaTahun 2022, 2025/02/17 00:11

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0197397516306816 2025/01/12 12:11

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397516306816 2025/02/20 9:35

There is a shortage of about 600 million m³ water anually 622 million m³ water is supplied 51% of water used is

Groundwater extraction is difficult to stop, because it’s linked to necessary household use. Impoverished communities depend on groundwater.

4720 reported illegal wells in 2018

principlesectionofwatersystem

ANDSHRINKINGAQUIFERSCAUSESUBSIDENCE

SALTWATERINTRUSION

Urban development decreases rainwater infiltration

If pumping exceeds the rate of the aquifer’s flow, then a depression cone occurs.

Saltwaterintrusion

This possibly has impact on groundwaterpumps. In this case the pump can’t reach the water anymore.

Groundwater is a health risk

GROUNDWATER IS INCREASINGLY POLLUTED

45–90% of Jakarta’s shallow groundwater is contaminated by E-coli from wastewater. The degree of contamination of water from shallow wells varies according to the depth of well and the distance from septic tanks (Kosasih, Samsuhadi, & Astuty, 2009). The quality of shallow groundwater varies because of subsurface pollution and saline intrusion. Both pollution and salinity make shallow groundwater unusable for most uses, especially further north and closer to the sea (Delinom, 2008, Delinom, 2016). An added effect of subsidence is unreliable piping system and sanitation units. septic tanks are damaged because of subsidence, causing their contents to leak into the groundwater source.

THE JAKARTA SEWERAGE SYSTEM ONLY SERVES ABOUT 4% OF JAKARTA

It’s recently estimated that approximately 96% of Jakarta’s population lacks access to a centralized sewerage system, relying instead on alternatives like septic tanks or direct discharge into water bodies. The widespread use of septic tanks, many of which are poorly maintained or leaking, contributes to groundwater contamination and the degradation of river ecosystems. Without proper sanitation infrastructure groundwater is polluted, causing it to become unsafe for household purposes, even after purification methods like filtering and boiling.

PLANNED SEWERAGE PROGRAMME

Jakarta has initiated the Jakarta Sewerage System (JSS) project, aiming to divide the city into 15 zones for phased development of sewerage infrastructure. For example, zone 5 is planned to covers around 3,4ha and serves approximately 800,000 residents in North and Central Jakarta. But areas along the river edges are excluded from this strategy, because of ground instability.

HOW DOES A CITY STOP GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION?

A non-spatial solution can come from law enforcement. If the government enforces extraction restrictions, like the Japanese government did in Tokyo in the 1960s, subsidence can stop. Regulating illegal groundwater extraction is however not without consequence. Big industry can be regulated, but it would create a significant financial burden for individual households, forcing people to rely on -more expensive- bottled water. Enforcement is another challenge. In 2018 alone, authorities identified 4,720 illegal wells—raising the question of how many civil workers would be needed to monitor and regulate groundwater use effectively.

A SPATIAL SOLLUTION COULD HELP STOP GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION

Instead of restrictive policies for household groundwater extraction, a more viable approach could be to develop alternative water sources and infrastructure that reduce dependence on groundwater.

The important lesson is that without addressing the root causes of water scarcity, limiting extraction alone will not be a sustainable solution.

Tokyo faced fast subsidence in the 1960s, when industries carried out uncontrolled groundwater extraction, resulting in cumulative land sinking of up to 4.5 meters in certain areas. Within a decade of declined groundwater pumping, the rate of sinking slowed dramatically and was permanently halted by the government in most areas. The water table rose even in the most affected areas and the rate of subsidence slowed to about one centimeter per year in five years.

Source: Article: “Some Jakartans denied clean piped water for decades”, Jakarta Post, 2024/05/1

Source: e3s-conferences.org 2025/05/17 9:50

Source: https://invest.jakarta.go.id/potential-projects/114/jakarta-sewerage 2025/05/17 10:23

1 person makes a total of 0,7kg waste per day.

11,6 million people make 8,12 million kg waste per day.

Household waste = 61% of Jakarta’s total waste

514 meters high pile of food waste

produce biogas produce compost

Jakarta’s waste system isn’t coping

HOUSEHOLDS ARE THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTOR OF WASTE

With a waste generation rate of 0.7 kg/capita/day (Baqiroh, 2019), it is predicted that by 2035, the volume of waste in Jakarta will reach more than 9,000 tonnes per day (BPS, 2021). Municipal waste from households in Indonesia is the largest stream at 61%. The lack of overall public awareness in waste reduction efforts aggravates the situation.

The majority of waste isn’t separated at the source and a substantial amount of waste is directly dumped into open dumps or landfills. The main type of the waste generated in Jakarta is organic wastes with 53,01% (SIPSN, 2020).

SYSTEM: COLLECT WASTE, TRANSPORT WASTE, DUMP WASTE

Waste management in DKI Jakarta largely relies on collection, transportation, and disposal activities in a landfill. This landfill is called TPST Bantar Gebang in Bekasi. 8900 tons of unsorted waste is transported to Bantar Gebang on a daily basis. Waste management is carried out by local governments under the Environmental Agency (DLH). Temporary storage sites are established locally to reduce hauling distances for the collection trucks. This lowers transportation costs.

There are 1,006 temporary storage sites available in Jakarta (Putra, 2020). There is no waste treatment at these temporary storage sites. Waste is transported to waste trucks at the temporary storage sites. Next the waste is transported to intermediate treatment facilities (ITFs), waste banks, composting centres, or a landfill called Bantar Gebang.

Bantar Gebang is the second largest open air landfill in the world. It’s between 100ha and 104ha in size and between 45m and 50m high (Tempo, 2019). Picture a 15 storey building, which has the surface area of 200 football fields.

PUBLIC HEALTH RISK

Living near open landfills is a significant health risks due to exposure to various pollutants and hazardous substances. Landfills emit harmful gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide, which lead to respiratory issues, including asthma and bronchitis, and neurological effects like headaches and dizziness.

Residents living close to landfills have higher incidences of sore throats, eye irritation, and fatigue. Residents who live around the landfill are offered only 800 000 Rp (40 euro) per three months in compensation for having to live in proximity to the landfill.

OPENING UP A NEW LANDFILL

Bantar Gebang is reaching its maximum capacity, which is why the government is opening up a second landfill site in the near future. This new waste plant is planned in North Jakarta. It is communicated as a waste to energy plant. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is an alternative to fossil fuels. The Jakarta RDF Plant is the second attempt by the provincial government to convert waste into alternative fuel. A similar facility opened up at the Bantar Gebang TPST in 2023. The construction of the project is funded by the Regional Budget (APBD) 2024, and it is projected to become operational by 2025. This is the start of the city’s ambition to address the waste problem, reduce the tipping fees for Bekasi, and manage waste sustainably. It is feared that this new site will turn into a landfill like Bantar Gebang, which will spread pollution and affect nearby neighbourhoods. Attempts to adopt sanitary landfilling techniques have been unsuccessful, partly due to inappropriate designs and poor operational management (Shekdar, 2009). Governments are confronted with the need to reorganise the current system for the treatment and management of solid waste.

NEW WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES DON’T ADDRESS WASTE SEPARATION AT THE SOURCE

A new programme called Plastic Smart Cities (PSC) Programme WWF-Indonesia aims to reduce plastic leakage in nature by 30% by the end of 2025. This is done by building a large belt system in or near Bantar Gebang to sort waste. I interviewed Silvia de Vaan, co-founder of SweepSmart about the plans. From this interview I can conclude that a strategy for waste separation at the source is still missing, and won’t be focused on in the future. We talked about that waste should be treated at the source before transportation, to minimize its effect on the environment. The question is, how? And how to make it durable? What leads can I find that could influence waste at the source?

Source: https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/05/13/en-kelola-2500-ton-sampah-per-hari-rdf-plant-rorotan-ditargetkan-selesai-akhir-2024

Source: https://en.tempo.co/read/1867125/jakarta-launches-rdf-plant-project-in-rorotan 2024/09/07 16:13

Source: https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-of-waste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html 2024/09/07 17:05

Source: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=jessd 13:27 - 2024/02/04

Bantar Gebang is massive.

The current landfill lies between villages, covers an area of more than 200 football fields, and is over 45 meters high. The image on the left shows a scale comparison.

POTENTIAL POTABLE WATER COMES FALLING FROM THE SKY IN GREAT AMOUNTS BUT ISN’T PUT TO USE 2

Rain can solve Jakarta’s drinkwater problem

TROPICAL MONSOON

Jakarta receives an average of 1755mm rainfall per year, or 143mm per month. It has a tropical monsoon climate, which means it rains most of the year.

On average there are 130 days per year with more than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall (precipitation) or 10.8 days with a quantity of rain, per month. In comparison: In Amsterdam it only rains 850 mm per year.

Precipitation numbers vary throughout the year with an average rainfall of 67mm in August and 388 mm in Januari. 1mm rain, means 1 liter of water falls on a surface of 1 square meter.

A total of ≈ 1,162,389,150 m³/year (≈ 1.162 × 10⁹ m³) falls on Jakarta soil on average.

RAIN IS FAIRLY CLEAN

Rainwater in Jakarta is a good source for producing potable water, because it contains less dissolved salts, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants than surface or groundwater. Most of its impurities come from contact with the atmosphere or collection surfaces, which can be removed with simple, low-cost treatment.

RAIN PURIFICATION

A natural and effective approach is the use of a helophyte filter system. First the initial runoff is diverted to prevent dust and debris from entering the system. The water is then allowed to pass through layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal. Particles and organic matter are filtered out and microorganisms are reduced by biological activity. Next exposing water to sunlight or ultraviolet light helps disinfect it and eliminate remaining pathogens. By combining these natural techniques, rainwater can be purified efficiently and affordably into safe drinking water suitable for Jakarta’s context.

COULD RAIN SOLVE JAKARTA’S DRINKWATER PROBLEM?

Yes, collecting and purifying rainwater could potentially solve Jakarta’s drinking water problem, but not in all scenarios. With small-scale collection (5% catchment), rainwater only covers 7–13% of daily needs, so around 88–93 L/day would still need to come from other sources. With moderate collection (20% catchment), coverage rises to 30–50%, leaving about 49–71 L/day unmet. In the most ambitious scenario (50% catchment with typical or optimistic efficiency), rainwater can fully meet or even exceed daily needs. This is an exciting goal, but it may be unnecessary, since Jakarta can already provide roughly half of total household water demand through their piping system.

Source: https://www.climate.top/indonesia/jakarta/precipitation 2023/09/11 12:15

Source: https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/de-hoofdmoot-van-de-jaarneerslag 2023/09/11 15:15

JAKARTA

SHOWS

THE BEGINNING OF A RECYCLING CULTURE, BUT IT NEEDS SPACE AND ORGANISATION TO GROW

RECYCLING IS PICKED UP BY LOW-INCOME COMMUNITIES ALL OVER JAKARTA

Right now only ‘valuable’ waste is collected to recycle. It is collected by individual waste pickers. Waste pickers, or ‘Permulung’ are the first step in a large recycling process. They have an action radius of about 3km, they search daily. Waste pickers are most likely to live in slums and flood zones. A map of the distribution of what are considered slums shows that waste pickers are spread across Jakarta.

During our time in Jakarta, my relative Holy took us to visit Mr. Yosef, a former household assistant of a family member who sadly passed away recently. Mr. Yosef lives in a tiny house of about 8 to 12 m². He shares it with his wife and daughter, located on a cul-de-sac alleyway between houses, adjacent to a pondok. Both he and his wife are ‘pemulung’ and earn a living by collecting PET plastic.

Circular initiatives need space and empowerment to grow.

Reduce, reuse, recycle, and..

ACTIVE WASTE SEPARATION HAPPENS IN WASTE BANKS

The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) introduced a Waste Bank system called Bank Sampah in Indonesia. The Waste Bank actively involves citizens in waste separation at the source and engages them in the recovery of materials for remanufacturing or recycling.

Under this system, community members (customers) separate their waste at source and deposit any recyclable materials at the waste banks in the community. Transactions are recorded in a bank note held by customers or in lists kept by the respective waste banks.

The waste banks sell the collected materials to intermediate recycling collectors or a central waste bank, when sufficient volume has accumulated for transportation. The customers are paid after they pay a contribution of 15% for operational costs.

YIELD OF WASTE BANKS

According to KLHK, about 11,556 waste banks have been set up in 34 provinces covering 336 regencies or cities in Indonesia. These community waste banks have contributed to reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills by 2.7% at the national level

Although a great initiative, Waste Bank organisations struggle to keep them open. They would benefit from various spatial and organisational adaptations. The recycling process could benefit

3. Increase in the variety of sorting and processing waste

5. Collaboration with NGOs, waste initiatives and schools to

7. Digital platform

REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE ..AND REWARD!

With the right impulse in social branding of waste management to reduce waste, teaching people how to do the 3R’s (reduce, reuse and recycle) they can have the skill to manage their waste well. The next step is to investigate the opportunity to add a 4th R: Repay/regain/remunerate/reward to add an extra incentive and to create economic opportunity for the urban poor.

The lessons learnt are:

- A system at the community or decentralised level that separates waste is necessary.

- People can be motivated to change their lifestyles towards better resource management through the practice of sharing, reuse and repairing. REWARD!

- The Waste Bank shows potential.

Source: https://ccet.jp/projects/waste-bank

Source: City Without Slum, 2017; Statistics Indonesia, 2017

Recycling efforts can be more prolific

EVERY STEP IN THE PROCESS ADDS VALUE TO THE WASTE PRODUCT.

Waste pickers and waste banks are at the start of the recycling value chain. Which means individual waste pickers profit the least but contribute the most of their individual time.

The lesson learnt:

- If waste pickers could process their waste collectively, they would make more money and would have more free time to spend on other aspects of life. The question is: How can we scale this up even more, so recycling will generate more income over time?

Source: Advancing The Potential Of Pet And Pp-Based Beverage Packaging To Support Circular Economy, D. Trisyanti, 2022/12, Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, p.p. 381-395

Source:

4

JAKARTA IS YOUNG AND FULL OF POTENTIAL

70% age 15-64 7%age1-14 23%age65+

AVERAGE AGE = 28 YEARS OLD

MANY PEOPLE = GREAT POTENTIAL

Pillars of potential

JAKARTA IS A VERY YOUNG CITY

Jakarta is so young that the average age is about 28 years old (2015), which is under the estimated national average of 30,4 years old.

Generally a potential labour force consists of people between 15 years and 65 years of age. The potential labour force in Jakarta is 4,33 million people.

The unemployment rate is 6,03%. Among age groups, the youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) remained the highest at 17,32 %. nearly 66% of Jakarta’s workforce works in the informal sector.

LOST POTENTIAL: SECONDARY SCHOOL DROP-OUTS

Right now 98,44% of children finish primary education, only 60,81% finish secondary education and a small 6,52% of people pursue higher education. An alternative route of learning is stimulated in policy.

FOCUS ON VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Jakarta has been prioritizing the expansion of vocational schools (SMK) to equip youth with technical and practical skills that are in high demand in industries like manufacturing, IT, hospitality, and automotive sectors. This focus aims to reduce youth unemployment by providing alternatives to university education and meeting the labour market’s needs.

TACKLE EXTREME POVERTY

Nationwide Indonesia has set itself the goal since January 2025 to tackle the extreme poverty (of 3.1 million people). Of Jakarta’s inhabitants, 4,14% lives in poverty. This amounts to 480 240 inhabitants.

MANY PEOPLE LIVE IN KAMPUNGS

Of the total amount of inhabitants living in Jakarta, 60% live in kampungs or informal settlements, This means the labour force of kampungs or living in informal settlements is between 2,08 and 2,6 million people. Of which between 457000 and 629000 people squat illegally along riverbanks. There is great potential in this group of people, as they fulfil an important role in Jakarta’s urban metabolism.

1000 INFORMAL WAYS TO EARN A LIVING

I’ve seen firsthand and read about the many ways impoverished inhabitants fill up voids left by the government. They are quite resourceful and entrepreneurial. A few examples are given on pages 78 and 79. Community organisations and democratic Kampung communities seem te be able to scale up their impact on their community.

GREAT UNTAPPED POTENTIAL

The resourcefulness of Indonesian people, the high unemployment rate, and the potential of high school dropouts— combined with the fact that this applies to a large portion of the population— lead me to believe that Jakarta’s people hold great untapped potential.

This is especially true in close-knit communities living in kampungs and informal settlements, as they also have the ability to organize themselves. The current, relatively balanced distribution of kampung structures that include ‘slums’ in Jakarta creates opportunities on a province-wide scale.

EXPAND POTENTIAL: BATTLE THE CRIPPLING HEAT

The heat in Jakarta can be paralyzing due to the very humid sea air and the scarcity of porous spaces or heat sinks in urban environments. The difference between air-conditioned buildings and the outside environment is stark. Creating comfortable environmental conditions will have a direct impact on people’s productivity and well-being.

Source: www.cityfacts.com/jakarta-raya/population 2025/01/12 11:32

Source: UN-Habitat (2003) Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, The Challenge of Slums, Earthscan, London; Part IV: ‘Summary of City Case Studies’, pp195-228.

Source: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population 20240220 07:16

Source: https://www.city-facts.com/jakarta-raya/population

Source: https://jakartaglobe.id/business/bps-unemployment-rate-drop-signals-recovery-male-earn-28-more-than-females

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1423886/indonesia-jakarta-population-by-gender-and-age/025/04/05

Resourcefulness leads to many odd-jobs People in Jakarta tend to make a living out of tasks that the government isn’t arranging.

Macet-director (trafficjam-director): They direct traffic during the many traffic jams. They are payed by the drivers they let pass.

Road-Jockeys: They get payed to sit on the backseat as car-filler. This is because the government instated a ‘carpool-rule’ to reduce macet.

1000 informal ways to earn a living

BantarAyam:

On top of the landfill a salesman thought it was a good idea to start selling roasted chicken to waste pickers. Waste pickers generally don’t leave the landfill during the day while they’re working. So the salesman was right.

Trash ‘tipper’:

They get paid to turn a blind eye to illegal waste tipping.

Banjir director:

They have a walkytalky that pick-up radio messages from flood managers. They know when a flood wil occur because they listened in.

Community group savings:

Communities can have a joint savingsystem. As a group they save for a goal of one inhabitant. This way the goal will be met quite soon.

5

JAKARTA ROUGHLY CONSISTS OF TWO URBAN ENTITIES: THE KOTA AND THE KAMPUNG

TWO URBAN ENTITIES

During my visit I came across two main urban entities that divide Jakarta in roughly two types of urban settlements: The Kota and the Kampung.

Both types vary in shape and size and are scattered throughout Jakarta, but their role in urban dynamics is quite distinct. These entities are interconnected, they serve different purposes and depend on each other.

The Kota represents the modern, commercial, and business areas of the city. They are the city’s economic and political centres and are often developed on a large scale by public-privatepartnerships. These areas have better infrastructure, public services, and economic opportunities than other areas in the city.

THE KAMPUNG

Kampungs are typically dense low-rise neighbourhoods. Kampungs are naturally diverse when it comes to mixing housing for different income classes in one neighbourhood. They offer space for (mostly landed) formal housing and informal housing. Kampungs can house squatter communities, but also contain housing for middle class inhabitants. Development of kampungs is mostly plot oriented.

THERE IS AN URBAN SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN KOTA AND KAMPUNG

THE URBAN DYNAMICS OF THE KOTA AND THE KAMPUNG Kampungs, in general, are an important part of metropolitan cities. The Kota leads in some aspects, such as the economy and politics, while Kampungs lead in others, including social relationships, democratic culture, and community cohesion. Both historically and today, there is a mutually beneficial relationship between the Kota and the Kampung. Kampung residents need work, but kampungs lack provisions for employment, whereas the Kota has them. Conversely, the Kota needs a workforce, which the Kampung can provide. This relationship and mutual dependence remain unchanged. However, the spatial balance has shifted over the past few decades. A decrease in Kampung living environments not only affects the neighbourhoods themselves but also impacts Jakarta’s entire urban metabolism.

COMMUNITY HAS AN URBAN FORM: THE KAMPUNG

“Kampungs are the place where people learn what it means to be Indonesian”

- Governor Ali Sadikin

He served as Jakarta’s governor from 1966 to 1977 and is renowned for his pragmatic and compassionate approach to urban development, particularly concerning the city’s kampungs.

KAMPUNGS IN JAKARTA

Kampungs in Jakarta are inner-city village structures. They are dense, low-rise residential neighbourhoods with narrow streets and often lack green or porous areas. Homes can include a small economic space within or in front of them.

KAMPUNGS ARE STIGMATIZED

There is something paradoxical about Kampungs. On the one hand Kampung structures are stigmatized as ‘disordered’, or ‘slum-like’ environments, while on the other hand Kampungs are seen as important structures in Indonesian society. This reflects a broader social bias that associates urban modernity with formal planning and disregards the social and spatial richness of these communities.

From what I’ve read on this topic, due to the colonial legacy, administrations treat Kampungs as unplanned and unhealthy. After independence in 1947, the dense, informal, low-rise neighbourhoods were seen as incompatible with ‘modern’ Jakarta. An example of how the government has not shed its ‘colonial-gaze’.

Planners and politicians treat kampungs as obstacles, especially regarding flood protection along riversides and coastal area. In

the media, Kampungs are frequently depicted as sites of poverty, chaos, and risk, reinforcing their stigma. Meanwhile, NGOs, activists, and urban scholars view them as urban villages full of resourcefulness, creativity, and democracy.

THE BEAUTY OF KAMPUNGS: “GOTONG ROYONG”

Kampungs are described as ‘the place where people learn to be Indonesian.’ This is explained through the comprehensive term Gotong Royong, which embodies the core values of Indonesian culture. It resembles the Dutch naboarschap or English neighbourliness, but goes beyond them.

Gotong Royong is a cornerstone of Indonesian social values. It refers to mutual cooperation, communal work, and collective responsibility, and can be seen as a form of social solidarity. Community members come together to help each other, often without expecting financial compensation.

The key aspects of Gotong Royong include mutual assistance, community spirit, and volunteer work to benefit the community in the long term. This can take shape in activities such as building a house, cleaning the environment, or providing disaster relief. Gotong Royong emphasizes working together for the common

The Kampung

good, putting individual interests aside for the benefit of the wider community. This is why Kampungs are considered ‘the place where people learn what it is to be Indonesian.’

GOTONG ROYONG IN NEIGHBOURHOOD DEMOCRACY

Neighbourhood associations (Rukun Tetangga and Rukun Warga) allow residents to cooperate in maintaining security, cleanliness, and other local issues. Volunteer activities include environmental cleanups and supporting local schools.

THE OPPORTUNITY IN SELF-ORGANISATION (MUTUAL ASSISTANCE)

Kampungs are places where community engagement and social connection are part of everyday life. The dynamics within Kampungs rely on collective reliance among all parties involved. This reliance makes the community resilient in times of trouble and enables the community to create opportunities by working together.

FLOOD/CRISIS MANAGEMENT (DISASTER RELIEF)

One form of cooperation is the civil crisis management system that riverside communities put in place to manage floods. In Jakarta, most floods are considered routine. When central crisis control is lacking, the neighbourhood organizes flood management themselves. Typically, one or more community members receive information from those controlling the floodgates and inform the residents about the upcoming flood and its severity.

KAMPUNG SAVINGS (MUTUAL ASSISTANCE)

Within Kampungs, there are various forms of organisation. In some Kampungs, neighbourhood groups operate a joint saving system. Each member contributes the same amount of rupiah toward the goal of one member. When enough rupiah is collected to reach the goal, the group sets the next target for a different member.

Source: Rivers as municipal infrastructure: Demand for environmental services in informal settlements along an Indonesian river, Vollmer, D., Grêt-Regamey, A., EHT Zurich, Singapore, 2023/10/02

Source: van Voorst, R., De beste plek ter wereld, Uitgeverij Brandt, Amsterdam 2016

Source: Jakarta’s Kampung Dwellers as Equity Partners in Slum Alleviation Planning, F. Winharsih, WUR, Wageningen, 2021/02/25

The empty marketstreet

This place was very lively earlier in the morning. This is a bit later in the day. The rhythm of life is completely different from what I’m used to. Early mornings are the busiest times.

Public space is full of fruit

There are many nooks and crannies in Jakarta that have fruittrees or other types of urban agriculture.

How narrow can streets be?

This is the street in Jakarta West, where my dad’s aunt used to live. The neighbourhood recently recieved an open drainage system for rain. Open canals run on both sides of the pedestrian path. They are about 50 to 75cm deep and smell like fresh laundry.

People generally love plants It is quite noticable that everywhere you go in Jakarta people seem to love plants. The many pots in front of homes remind me of some parts of Amsterdam.

Small homeshopstreet in Jakarta West

This street leads directly from a metro line to the main commercial road and market area in the neighbourhood. Inhabitants benefit from this direct route, by adding a small shop to their home.

Safety

for children

Children have little space to move around, Playgrounds, day-cares and schools are often surrounded by fences. I noticed Kampungs miss different scales in public space , that can add more texture to one’s day.

WASTE PICKING IS A REAL JOB

This is where Mr. Yosef lives. I mentioned him on page 69. His indoor living space is tiny, but life happens mostly outside. Laundry hangs in the narrow streets and the pondok around the corner provides an area for neighbours to meet outside their homes. Life in Kampungs is a lot less private than in the Netherlands.

RAIN DRAINS ARE OFTEN PAVED OVER

The street probably wasn’t designed or built to be closed off like this, but I can imagine this is why I’ve heard that many drains in the city clog over time. People pave over the storm drains, and the lack of access makes them impossible to maintain.

This street connects to a busy road. But the traffic isn’t noticable from inside the kampung. I love how noise pollution from traffic is barely able to reach into the kampung living environment.

KAMPUNG SETTLEMENTS ARE GREAT PLACES TO WANDER AROUND IN

On our way to visit Mr. Yosef to talk about his job as a waste picker, we walked through the narrow streets of his neighborhood. These streets are full of surprises, and I can’t help but wonder whether streets like this would suit the Dutch context. In form, they probably resemble medieval city structures most closely.

JAKARTA HAS GREAT COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS THAT CAN INNOVATE!

The magic of RPTRA

RPTRA COMMUNITY ORGANISATIONS

Jakarta has ‘RPTRA’ community organisations, that empower people and experiment with ways to uplift impoverished community members. They supervise RPTRA parks, that were built to create more public space in Jakarta. RPTRA organisations create a great base for innovation. Their ability to organise can even lead to profitable community businesses. This means there is opportunity in the existing power to self-organise, these organisations just need more space.

ORIGIN: A NEED FOR OPEN SPACE

The ratio of open spaces in Jakarta is only about 9-10% of the total area, which is far below the Indonesia’s minimum requirements of at least 30%. In 2015 the Jakarta City Provincial Government published a policy on child-friendly integrated public spaces (RPTRA) to guide the development of small public urban green spaces.

RPTRA parks are built in densely populated areas, with an aim to help people, particularly women and children, minimize the stressful living conditions of living in such areas.

A MULTIPLE GOAL INSTITUTION

Unlike the common neighbourhood parks that exist in Jakarta, the goal of RPTRA is not to only provide places for recreation, but has larger objectives to provide accessible places that integrate various public functions and activities, like playing and learning for children, social interaction for citizens, family consultations and information centres, evacuation areas, and economic activity spaces managed by Family Welfare Movement (PKK) groups. By 2017 the government already developed about 184 RPTRA in Jakarta. The rapid development was made possible by the funds from the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) allocation of private sector companies and the City Government.

SPATIAL CRITERIA FOR RPTRA’S

The criteria for RPTRA are similar to the criteria of “Taman RT” and “Taman RW set by the Ministry of Public Service No 05/ PRT/M/2008, that it has to be: a small urban public green space sized about 500-5000m2, located within a minimum radius of 300m to a maximum radius of 1000m of a locality (broadly visited destination), and comprise at least 70%-80% vegetation. This definition is similar to the definition of small public urban green spaces (SPUGS) in Copenhagen and the definition of small public urban open spaces (SPUOS) in Hong Kong.

KALI BARU HUB, North Jakarta: Scale up recycling initiatives to recycling community!

Kalibaru HUB is a great example of how community organisations can create the path to a regenerative future. Kali Baru HUB is a kampung neighbourhood in Jakarta North. It has started to recycle shell waste into marketable products. The community collaborates with educational institutions and create awareness about the value of shells for water purification.

RPTRA DWIJAYA, South Jakarta.

This RPTRA in Jakarta South is very active. It has great innovative experiments to help impoverished community members like using hydroponics for urban agriculture. It partakes in various initiatives, like the 1000 tree planting movement in 2023.

The RPTRA is quite confined within its urban context and the Lurah (neighbourhood chief) explained that he would like to expand the hydroponic system to create more impact. He pointed to adjacent informal housing, saying this is where he would like to expand to.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384402620_Exploring_the_inclusivity_of_Jakarta%27s_child-friendly_integrated_public_spaces_RPTRA_through_qualitative_ analysis_of_google_map_reviews (2024/11/05 12:01)

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eka-Permanasari/publication/346090910_Implementation_of_Participatory_Design_Approach_in_Jakarta_Community_Center_RPTRA/ links/632778c40a708521500373ee/Implementation-of-Participatory-Design-Approach-in-Jakarta-Community-Center-RPTRA.pdf (2024/12/18 20:22)

Source: https://uclg-aspac.org/kalibaru-hub-project-green-light-to-take-further-actions-to-support-community/ (2024/08/31 21:54)

GOVERNMENTS ARE FOCUSED ON LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS

Trends in development of a city in transition

WORRYING TREND: GREAT, GREATER, GREATEST!

Jakarta’s fast pace development focuses on middle and upper income level households, flood mitigation and infrastructure. The main developments in and around the province are expanding inequality/segregate society. An overview is given below to illustrate this research conclusion.

A NEW CAPITAL

The most recent idea is to try to move the capital to Kalimantan. The city will be called Nusantara, which translated to “other islands”. This is not the first time, it was also planned in the fifties, nineties and around 2010. In one of these plans infrastructure was laid out, but the capital never moved. This time they are building the capital in east Kalimantan.

The new capital is promoted as a way to solve all of Jakarta’s problems. But this doesn’t actually solve the problem of pollution. It moves the problem to a different place and without changes made in the management of water and waste, the city will gradually attract the same problems as Jakarta.

The construction of the capital is progressing, but it hasn’t had the amount of foreign investors the government aimed to attract.

COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

Islands are under construction on the coastline. Their programming is directed to attract the upper-middle income households and upper income households. This development is called Pantai Indah Kapok, PIK for short. A new business district, leisure district and both landed and high-rise apartment buildings are constructed. An elevated toll road links PIK directly to Jakarta’s main infrastructure and is connected to the airport. Another plan that keeps reappearing is the construction of a ‘giant sea wall’ to keep out the rising sea water. These development put pressure on the livelihood of fishing communities on the coastline. Fishing communities are also under threat by the degradation of the coastal ecosystem, due to pollution.

NORMALISATION OF RIVERBANKS

Jakarta works to prevent disastrous flooding. Jakarta is implementing different types of infrastructure to manage water levels to reduce flooding. Around 1910-1920 two big flood canals were constructed to mitigate flooding. Many strategies followed afterwards: wells, normalisation, naturalisation, islands, a dam. These strategies are mainly focused on water defence. They do not usually consider social justice or include biodiversity. This is also the case in the large scale programme to normalise riverbanks in Jakarta.

MCMANSIONS

A small scale wasteful behaviour I encountered is the construction of McMansions It seems like higher income level households prefer newbuilds over older houses. This is noticeable in some upper income level neighbourhoods we visited. Houses are fully stripped and adapted to the new owner’s wishes.

Source: https://partners.wsj.com/bkpm/bridge-to-the-future/nusantara-indonesias-new-capital-city-spearheads-quest-for-sustainable-and-inclusive-development/ (23/09/01 19:05)

Source: https://setkab.go.id/en/govt-resumes-river-normalization-to-tackle-jakarta-floods/ (2023/10/15 19:11)

Source: https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-agar-efektief-normalisasi-ciliwung-difokuskan-ke-sejumlah-segmen – Kompas (2025/05/19 15:02)

Source: https://www.futurarc.com/project/jakarta-jaya-the-green-manhattan/ 2023-09-17 12:29

DEVELOPMENT PROMOTES

LIFE IN CARS

Sprawl and economic segregation

GATED SATELLITE COMMUNITIES

Guarded satellite neighbourhoods are built on the edges of Jakarta and in adjacent provinces, like Gading Serpong in South Tangerang.

Much like is happening in other megacities like São Paolo, In Jakarta gated communities with mainly a large supply of landed houses are built for specific income levels. They are both being built in vacant green areas within the province, and larger scale projects are built in the metropolitan region around DKI Jakarta in areas like Tangerang and Tangerang Selatan in Bantan. Gated communities have several negative effects on society and the environment, some of which are mentioned below.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

This type of urban expansion reduces surface area for nature. By reducing permeable surface area, it elevates the chance and the severity of flood events.

This type of sprawl also stimulates individual car use instead of the more environmentally friendly public transportation that is in development within the province of Jakarta. To accommodate this, extensive road infrastructure —often four to five lanes wide— are constructed.

ECONOMIC SEGREGATION

Gated communities contribute to economic segregation by creating a boundary and distance between different income groups. This is particularly concerning, as research suggests that reducing physical distance between income groups can enhance the economy through increased upward socioeconomic mobility and stronger social cohesion in communities (Chetty & Hendren, 2018). Moreover, economic inequality plays a significant role in shaping the future prospects of younger generations and their potential for socioeconomic advancement (Kearney & Levine, 2016). In the context of Jakarta, such inequality is largely driven by patterns of economic segregation. The bottom line is: neighbourhoods affect the quality of intergenerational mobility in the future.

DISPUTABLE SPATIAL QUALITY

It would have been somewhat comforting if these developments created exceptional living quality. Sadly this doesn’t seem the case. In some gated communities the quality of the living environment is disputable. An example is housing in Gading Serpong in Tangerang Selatan. At first glance houses are quite nice. But I noticed that skylights in these houses are made out of plexiglass. I’ve experienced heavy rain in Jakarta before, but the plexiglass skylight turns space into a giant drum during a downpour, making it difficult to hold a conversation at the kitchen table.

Source: https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/133/3/1107/4850660, Chetty R., Henderson N., 2018 (2023/12/11 21:01)

Source: https://scholar.undip.ac.id/en/publications/measuring-the-scale-of-sustainability-of-new-town-development-bas (2023/10/15 20:33)

THE FAST PACE DEVELOPMENTS FORM A

THREAT TO KAMPUNG COMMUNITIES

INHABITANTS ARE SEPARATED FROM THEIR SOCIAL NETWORK

A HOME IS ALSO A LIVELYHOOD. DISPLACEMENT IS ECONOMICALLY DEBILITATING

THREE LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS IMPACT

There are three large scale developments in Jakarta that put pressure on Kampung communities. On the next pages the riverside development is examined, because I expected my design assignment would be in one of the riverside areas, because the impact of a project that could potentially scale up is enormous!

JAKARTA’S KAMPUNGS ARE UNDER PRESSURE

Kampungs in Jakarta are decreasing in numbers and surface area. They used to make up 80% of Jakarta’s urban surface area in the 1980s. Since then the numbers have decreased to 60% in 2020, while the surface area of Jakarta has increased. There have been several revitalisation programmes and large scale assimilation of kampung surface area.

Kampungs make space for high-end property developments or infrastructural and flood defence.

This is not only happening in Jakarta, but is a trend in mega cities worldwide. It can be explained as a globally occurring urban dynamic (de Soto, 2010), due to ‘informal’ ownership status. Kampung settlements have been part of Jakarta for a very long time, and not all ownership has been documented on paper or digitally like today’s society requires.

Before 2017, forced evictions and displacements of the informal settlements of low-income communities were frequent practices in Jakarta. In its worst period, 2015, the Jakarta Legal Aid Institute recorded 113 forced eviction cases. 8.145 families were displaced during that time.

In 2019, 14.4 percent of Jakarta households are located in slum areas.

The number of people living in poverty in Jakarta is increasing. It reached 494,930 in September 2022 and is up by 4.61 percent from September 2017, according to Statistics Indonesia. While the development of exclusive residential areas such as gated communities and vertical housing estates is still on the rise, which indicates increasing urban economic segregation.

Why are Kampungs under threat?

A HISTORY OF KAMPUNGS AND LAND RIGHTS

Kampungs have always been a part of the urban fabric of many Indonesian cities and villages. Before the Dutch colonial era, land in Indonesia was considered communal property. Indigenous communities in Indonesia followed ‘Adat land rights’. These laws were unwritten but deeply ingrained in society. It was a type of Community-Based Ownership: Land belonged to a clan, kampung, or ethnic group rather than to one individual. The village leader (kepala adat) or elders had the authority to allocate and manage land.

Ownership was recognized through oral agreements, community consensus, and physical markers (like for example trees, stones and rivers), but weren’t written down. If a family cultivated a plot of land for generations, it was considered theirs by local tradition. Land was passed down through generations, often within families. Land was not just an economic asset, it had cultural importance, in both spiritual and ancestral sense.

WHAT IS LEGAL?

The ‘legal’ status of land- and home ownership was implemented during the Dutch colonial era. These land ownership regulations primarily benefited Europeans and ‘upper class’ (Chinese-) Indonesians, while they restricted indigenous land ownership. As mentioned before, residents in kampungs can still lack the ‘formal’ ownership documents needed in today’s society, in order to prove their right to ownership or lawful tenure.

The important insight is that informal ownership does not mean the property is in a delapidated state. It can also mean that the property is part of a pre-colonial urban fabric and that current residents lack the documentation needed to prove ownership in the current system.

All future projects should examine landrights in order to become ‘just’ developments.

Source: Mörtenböck, P., Mooshammer, H., Informal Market Worlds Atlas: The architecture of economic pressure. Rotterdam: NAI010 Publishers, 2015

Source: Heisel F., Kifle B., Lessons of Informality: Architecture and Urban planning for Emerging Territories – concepts from Ethiopia. Basil: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2016

Source: de Soto, H., Het mysterie van het kapitaal: waarom kapitalisme zo’n succes is in het westen maar faalt in de rest van de wereld. Utrecht: Het Spectrum B.V., 2000

Source: https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2970733/view, (2024/05/23 21:22)

NORMALISATION

‘Normalisation’ is a flood mitigation method. It’s a term used to describe the widening of rivers and adding concrete encasement to riverbanks to increase the flowrate of rivers when a disastrous flood is predicted. Besides an increased flowrate, car accessibility is improved.

A SUBOPTIMAL WAY TO HANDLE FLOODING

It’s a suboptimal way to manage the disastrous flooding issue. Normalisation tries to battle the outcome of disastrous flooding, but doesn’t address the cause of it. The cause and answer to flooding lies in the management of waste. There is an incredible amount of waste produced on a daily basis and it is insufficiently managed at the source, which causes people to dispose of their waste by burning it or throwing it into rivers.

NORMALISATION TRIGGERS DEGRADATION PROCESSES

Adjustments to rivers, influence river dynamics and cause flood problems and riverbank erosion downstream. Normalisation destroys river ecosystems, which means rivers remain heavily polluted.

To normalise riverbanks, riverside communities are (partly illegally) displaced and gentrification follows shortly after, due to the increased car accessibility to riverside housing. Normalisation is not only speeding up the river, but triggers the degradation of communities and the environment.

Example: Flood mitigation and its effect on Kampungs

A CORRELATION BETWEEN RIVERSIDE OCCUPATION AND GENTRIFICATION

Often linear green spaces connected to waterways on the edges of neighbourhoods are considered ‘free space’. This space doesn’t belong to anyone living in the adjacent neighbourhood and the central government doesn’t periodically check and maintain these areas. This makes it appealing for anyone to use for any purpose. I’ve seen small scale garden initiatives on riverbanks, but they are much more often used by squatter settlers to build informal dwellings.

This creates problems for the river system, like pollution from direct sanitary use, a decrease in open space to absorb flooding and the degradation of biodiversity of the river. The confiscation of this ‘free space’ perpetuates a spiral of urban development along river edges, they become fully occupied and fuel prejudice.

After normalisation is implemented, these kampung edges become appealing to the higher income level households. This process sets a fast gentrification dynamic in motion, as the river edge has a better car access after the roads are paved and widened. In the long run, this will be a more difficult urban form to change back to more diverse and green riverbanks in the future, as ownership has become formal.

Source: Observations made on the riverbanks of Kampung Pulo, nov 2023. Source: Gentrification is Inevitable and other lies. Kern, L.., Toronto: Verso, 2022

APPROACHES TO FLOODING AND KAMPUNGS

A few types of kampung and flooding related strategies have been implemented in the past decades. Recent developments shows that the government is ‘willing’ to research and improve the living conditions of slum-kampung residents. This is in line with the very recent focus of the national government on lowincome level residents. (Jan 2025) There are however still improvements to be made. Which I will explain in this paragraph.

DISPLACEMENT WITH NO COMPENSATION

One of the ways to deal with flooding and informal housing was to evict the inhabitants of informal urban structures. This method is unjust and has been overruled after legal steps were taken in the case of Kampung Akuarium.

RUMAH SUSUN OR RUSUN

Rumah Susun refers to low-cost, government-subsidized apartment housing in Jakarta. They were initiated by governor Ahok (Basuki Tjahaja Purnama) between 2014 and 2017. Ahok’s administration expanded the rusunawa (rumah susun sewa or rental flats) programme to provide decent, affordable housing for lower-income residents. Especially inhabitants affected by evictions from informal settlements along riverbanks, reservoirs, and unregistered land occupations. The inhabitants of land along flood-prone riverbanks, like the Ciliwung River were evicted and resettled. Many residents were moved into rusunawa, which were often fully furnished and offer basic facilities.

Rumah Susun can be divided into two types: Rusunawa and Rusunami.

Recent Kampung ‘renewals’ along rivers

RUSUNAWA is an acronym for Rumah Susun Sederhana Sewa, which translates to “Simple Rented Apartments.” They provide a housing solutions for low-income families, urban dwellers unable to afford traditional homes and individuals seeking short-term accommodations. Rusunawa units are usually small, ranging from 18 square meters to 50 square meters. They typically include basic living amenities, such as a bedroom, living room, bathroom, and kitchenette. Rusunawa complexes also typically offer shared facilities, such as laundry facilities, playgrounds, and parking.

RUSUNAMI stands for Rumah Susun Sederhana Milik, which translates to “Simple Owned Apartments.” They offer the opportunity for ownership and potential long-term investment. Rusunami units are typically larger than Rusunawa units, ranging from 21 square meters to 70 square meters. They also typically offer more amenities and customization options than Rusunawa units.

Some Rumah susun complexes include facilities like schools, mosques, parks and markets. I visited one of these complexes on the riverbanks of the Ciliwung River.

This type of settlement is however unsuitable for the inhabitants that rely on informal jobs or home shops, due to the lack of economic space and the detachment from public space.

This housing solution lacks an architect.

Source: Akuarium Neighborhood Plays The Eviction, A.F. Khudi, Chiang Mai University, 2023/10/05

Source: eco-context pada rumah susun kampung akuarium di penjaringan, F.F.S Baharuddin, E. Kridarso, S. Tundono, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, 2022/10/01

Source: The Influence of Resident’s Income Level on Rusunawa Perceptions of Satisfaction, Convenience, and Management, I. Alfianarrochmah, A.S.B. Nugroho, T.N. Handayani, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 2022/12

Source: https://jpi.or.id/en/news/rusunawa-a-closer-look-at-affordable-housing-options-in-jakarta/ 2025/04/10 14:33

Source: https://nextlivin.com/the-difference-between-rusunawa-and-rusunami/ 2025/04/10 14:41

Before 2010

KAMPUNG SUSUN shows the next step in kampung resettlement. In 2016 residents from Kampung Bukit Duri on the western riverbanks of the Ciliwung river faced eviction. It sparked a movement lead by the Ciliwung Merdeka community, of which the inhabitants facing eviction were a part of. Seventy families were forcibly evicted. The court ruled the eviction illegal in 2017. The families were entitled to compensation.

Additionally, the community collectively advocated that impoverished citizens deserved adequate living conditions and later demonstrated that there are viable alternatives to eviction.

An alternative to eviction is a new type of building and collective called ‘Kampung Susun Produktif Tumbuh’, which translates to ‘growing, productive stacked kampung’. In this building residents have responsibility for the neighbourhood’s upkeep. Tenants do

not pay rent like in Rumah Susun, but contribute a maintenance fee to the cooperative, which enables the community to create business capital.

The building is tailored to the economic development needs of the former Kampung Bukit Duri residents. The majority of whom are engaged in the informal business sector. The building features small houses with dedicated economic spaces, which resembles streets in Kampungs. This is why the building is named ‘Kampung Susun’. The building is designed by STUDIO AKANOMA in collaboration with kampung inhabitants and also has a fully public space in which the whole community can come together in the ground floor.

Housing units measure 36 m2 in total, with 21 m2 designated for private use and 15 m2 fit for business or workspace, each unit is designed to accommodate growth. The design enables

Source: How the other half builds, Vulume 1: Space, Centre of Minimum Cost Housing, McGill University, Montreal, 1984/12

Source: Community Driven Development in Urban Upgrading, R. Nitti, B. Dahiya, The World Bank, 2004/07

Source: https://jakartaglobe.id/news/kampung-susun-jakartas-urban-activists-love – jakartaglobe.id (2024/05/22 08:13)

Source: Roy A., Urban Informality https://www.wiego.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Urban-Informality-Roy.pdf, Journal of the American Planning Associarion, 2005

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338613/ – Slum Upgrading and Health Equity PMC (2024/11/26 17:02)

Source: https://journal.pubmedia.id/index.php/ijgaes/article/view/3232 – Research: City Without Slum, Statistics Indonesia, 2017, (2024/02/07 12:35)

Source: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/226091468417040569 (2024/02/17 12:01)

Source: https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-in-the-rain-and-the-umbrellas, City Without Slum – Statistics Indonesia (2017)

The future of Kampungs in Jakarta

2030?

interaction between people on different floor levels, through a centralized staircase and wide hallways. These function as a semi-public space.

This design is a lot more suited to the specific needs of Kampung inhabitants, but has one downside. In this case the inhabitants were moved far away from where the Kampung was located previously. Which means the inhabitants were still cut-off from their larger social and economic network.

Looking at the new location I also can’t help but wonder who will enter the new building, apart from people that live there? How will the Kampung survive without outside influences to increase their earnings?

This housing solution has an architect, but lacks an urbanist.

FUTURE OF KAMPUNGS AND KOTA IN JAKARTA: KAMKOTA OR KOTAPUNG, = A COMBINATION OF KAMPUNG AND KOTA?

To bring balance back to Jakarta’s urban metabolism, it is said in some reports that the Kota needs more of the Kampung and visa versa to help stimulate equitable, diverse, inclusive urban development.

One thing is certain. This type of Kampung renewal has a negative effect on communities in Jakarta, and will ultimately change the balance and symbiosis between Kota and Kampung. Something must be done.

Source: https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slum-rehabilitation/what-is-a-slum/ – habitatforhumanity.org.uk (2024/03/11 10:12)

Source: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/245161468779979383/pdf/299260CDDno10850UrbanUpgrading.pdf – World Bank: Indonesia National Slum Upgrading Project (2024/05/22 09:13)

Source: https://jakartaglobe.id – What Is Kampung Susun and Why Do Jakarta’s Urban Activists Love It? (2024/08/26 07:09)

Source: https://nextlivin.com/the-difference-between-rusunawa-and-rusunami/ – NextLivin: Difference between Rusunawa and Rusunami (2025/04/10 14:41)

Source: https://jpi.or.id/en/news/rusunawa-a-closer-look-at-affordable-housing-options-in-jakarta/ – JPI: Rusunawa – affordable housing in Jakarta (2025/04/10 14:33)

Source: https://ugovern.eu/kampung-susun-participatory-housing-design-in-jakarta/ – UGovern: Kampung Susun participatory housing design in Jakarta (2025/05/19 15:28)

Andrew b.14/2/1986

m. Jessica Sumantri

William 21/9/1995 Geoffrey 25/3/1992 Nadia Isabella 6/2/1989 m. James A. Wihardja b. 16/10/1989 Maarten Hans b. 1/11/1955 with Saskia Reichman

Stanley b.28/11/1994

Sjoerd Michiel

b. 20/03/1960 with Mariette Knaap b. 31/08/1964 Philip Hein b. 28/06/1995 Siwarde Anne Marysia b. 08/09/2006

Marius

Mariese Hermine

b. 31/08/1961

m. 07/06/1984 div. James Alexander Bell b. 16/11/1954. 2nd m. Lukas Merkies b. 11/03/1958

Derk Alexander b. 12/08/1985 with Maaike Wijnia

Monica Louise b. 03/03/1963 m. 30/9/1988 Richard van Kuik b. 11/04/1956

Ruurd Marius b. 04/09/1989 with Andrea van Wieringen Amy Sjoeke b. 28/02/1992 Bruno James b. 02/11/1994

Robert (Bob) Richard b. 28/08/1991 m. 18/07/2018 Karin Hernández Fick

Joe Marius b. 19/03/1996

Hannah Marysia b. 25/04/2001 Boris Lukas

FOCUS

ON THE WORKING CLASS AND IMPOVERISHED

COMMUNITIES

IT COULD POTENTIALLY HELP CHANGE A HARMFUL SOCIAL DYNAMIC

SOCIAL DYNAMICS BETWEEN NATIVE INDONESIANS AND CHINESE-INDONESIANS

Indonesia is home to many cultures spread across its 17,000–18,000 islands. The archipelago comprises over 600 distinct ethnic groups, most of which live on Java. Chinese Indonesians are a minority, making up approximately 1.2% of Indonesia’s total population. They have historically been the target of violent outbreaks and remain periodically under threat, usually following economic or political crises. The ethnic Chinese have often been perceived as economically and politically advantaged, dating back to the period before the VOC, which has contributed to them being targeted.

PERSONALLY FUELED FOCUS ON EQUITY

My father is ‘Peranakan-Chinese’ Indonesian, meaning he is of Chinese descent but also has Indonesian ancestry. On my grandmother’s side, our ancestors migrated from Foochow, Fujian in southern China to Semarang, Indonesia, in 1884, according to a family tree compiled by a distant cousin. My grandmother, Tan Jan Nio, was born in 1925, and my father in 1955 in Bandung. My father, uncle, grandfather, and grandmother moved to the Netherlands because of violent outbreaks in 1965. This family history should not repeat itself, yet similar events occurred periodically in 1998 and 2016. What is happening right now in urban development? How can a different future be imagined through urban design?

TOXIC TREND IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT

There is a toxic trend in urban development, correlating with ongoing tensions between Chinese Indonesians and native Indonesians. Jakarta is developing housing primarily for middleand upper-income levels, excluding a large proportion of native Javanese inhabitants. Examples include segregated business, housing, and leisure islands, as well as distant gated communities. These developments provide a sense of safety for Chinese Indonesians but also isolate them from the wider society. Another dynamic comes from large-scale infrastructural projects, such as flood mitigation, which place pressure on working-class and lower-income households that rely on community networks and proximity to their workplaces.

CHANGE SOCIAL DYNAMICS WITH URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Given that violent outbreaks often have economic triggers, it is reasonable to argue that changing current social dynamics requires a strategic focus on creating economic opportunities for working-class and lower-income communities. Social programmes are already in place, but I strongly believe that carefully designed spatial interventions can elevate their impact. Especially in this project, my role is to find ways to stimulate economic activity among working-class and lower-income communities. A long-term effect could be preventing inequality from fuelling hatred and aggression against Chinese Indonesians.

JAKARTA HAS INTERCONNECTED DIFFICULTIES, BUT WHEN WE LOOK CLOSELY IT ALSO HOLDS THE KEY TO SOLVING THEM

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The diagnosis

Jakarta is TOXIC

To the environment

To its rivers

To its communities

To its inhabitants

In the previous paragraphs, Jakarta has proven itself to develop in a toxic manner, because of governments’s technocratic decisions and public habits that are formed out of necessity.

JAKARTA IS SINKING RAPIDLY

Jakarta is sinking rapidly because of groundwater extraction. 64% of groundwater extraction is because of household use. It causes subsidence because it reduces the aquifer. Jakarta relies on groundwater extraction.

JAKARTA FLOODS

Floods are considered business as usual

Once every 5 to 7 years floods are disastrous. Floods are used as a reason to evict minorities. Floods are impacted by waste. Rain is abundant, but is left unused.

JAKARTA IS POLLUTED

Jakarta was voted most polluted city in the world in 2023. There is no reliable waste management system. Jakarta has the second largest landfill and is opening a second one. People litter the environment. Trash can become treasure at the source.

JAKARTA IS A HEALTH RISK

to its inhabitants

River water is severely polluted Groundwater is contaminated with black water. People rely on groundwater for daily household use.

JAKARTA DEVELOPS INEQUALITY

A new capital is being built. Gated communities are sprawling. Coastal developments are for the rich.Normalisation displaces people.Gentrification follows normalisation.

Jakarta has many interconnected difficulties

Jakarta is stuck in a downaward spiral

A downward spiral can be discovered, because most of Jakarta’s environmental issues and social economic issues are interconnected. The downward spiral is intensified by behaviour and development choices.

The goal

Jakarta needs to DETOX

DEVELOPMENT! BUT HOW?

THE METHOD?

Stimulate existing recycling culture

Safe water security (this goal has three components)

Empower community organisations

Empower inhabitants

What are the goals and methods of DETOX-ing?

DETOXING DEVELOPMENT AIMS

TO ELIMINATE ALL OF THEIR NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT, COMMUNITIES, AND INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS

AIM TO REDIRECT

My DETOX strategy aims to redirect the destructive course of developments, and lay out a new course that benefits the environment, communities and individual households.

THE OVERALL GOALS OF THE STRATEGY IN JAKARTA ARE:

1. Help replenish the aquifer by stopping household groundwater extraction;

2. Reduce severe flooding and pollution by preventing waste from entering the environment;

3. Increase safe water security for all inhabitants by adding water storage and rainwater purification;

4. Strengthen the existing circular waste economy;

5. Stimulate anti-gentrification and equitable development;

6. Raise awareness on the impact of waste and groundwater extraction on the environment;

7. Help DETOX become embedded in Indonesian culture.

THE ULTIMATE AIM IS TO GROW SMALL SIGNS OF DETOX BEHAVIOR INTO A BROADER DETOX CULTURE.

In this way, less waste will enter the environment, flooding will become manageable again, and the lowest-income households living in kampungs will become healthier and wealthier.

DETOX DEVELOPMENTS COMMUNITY-STYLE.

Importantly, I want to design in a non-colonial, anti-gentrifying way, creating solutions that empower communities rather than segregate or displace them.

METHOD

These goals are spatially translated into three development briefs for new urban habitats. The DETOX strategy is applied to three current large-scale developments that are either happening right now or in planning process to maximise impact.

The three briefs are formed based on geographical location, water and waste system potential, available infrastructure, equity objectives and government priorities.

The spatial translation of the main goals differs in each urban habitat, responding to the specific potentials and needs of its context.

THE EXPECTED OUTCOMES FOR EACH HABITAT ARE:

1. A tailored water strategy based on geographical location and the potential for optimising water management.

2. A component of a city-wide waste strategy, adapted to the available infrastructure and waste flows.

3. Stimulation of the existing DETOX culture to expand and become economically viable.

START RIGHT NOW!

These habitats are linked to current urban developments to ensure rapid implementation. Three urban habitats are introduced as part of the larger strategy, one of which has been designed (see page 145 and onward).

I chose to design a pilot project for the riverside brief, as it has the potential to positively impact neighbourhoods across Jakarta. The lessons learnt from this design assignment can provide valuable guidance for the other briefs.

Two schemes showing the correlation between behaviour and culture.

How to DETOX developments Community-style?

SPACE FOR COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION

By creating space and helping set up the collaboration between existing community organisation to stimulate circular economy and material innovation.

PALPABLE ATTRACTIVE WATER PURIFICATION

By creating a visible and attractive potable water strategy, will stimulate public health and safe water security. This will give the aquifer time to replenish itself.

EMANCIPATION OF THE LOWEST-INCOME COMMUNITIES

This strategy will collaborate with low-income communities. It will be linked to the governmental RPTRA programme. The plan discourages gentrification after the spatial intervention.

STIMULATE THE EXISTING RECYCLING BEHAVIOUR

The strategy builds on the already existent recycling behaviour in low-income communities and gives room to scale-up and diversify.

CHANGING THE SOCIAL NARRATIVE = CHANGED SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL MOBILITY

By collaborating with nearby educational facilities. This will bridge the gap between people with different socio-economical mobility.

USE LOVED INDONESIAN BUILDING TYPES STRATEGICALLY DETOX economy will be connected to places of significance and recognisable places of economy.

STIMULATING DETOX BEHAVIOUR WILL STIMULATE DETOX CULTURE

The root of culture lies in the stimulus of behaviour. It’s easier to stimulate behaviour if there is a strong incentive to do so. By using an ‘economic incentive’ a change can be made in the meaning of water and waste to this income group . This economic incentive needs space, organisation and guidance. For DETOX culture to flourish the community needs to be able to scale up, and can be supported by many NGO’s who are already active in Jakarta.

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The plan solidifies the value of kampung structures as part of Indonesian culture. And shows the value of keeping kampung structures spread out across Jakarta.

MULTIPLY FOR IMPACT

This results in a comprehensive approach to water and waste on the Kampung scale. Where values are formed and culture thrives. Spread across Jakarta I expect it could have great impact.

DETOX must become so incredibly attractive that everyone wants to be a part of it.

Source: https://www.newyorker.com/science/maria-konnikova/how-norms-change, Maria Konnikova, 2023/12/02 21:01 amoung other sources used during social and philosophy classes I followed while attaining my teacher’s degree in fine arts and design.

The three development briefs are defined. Goals and strategies are defined based on the challenges and potential of their geographical location.

DETOX

Goals to Strategies

Replenish aquifer

Reduce severe flooding

Uplift lowest income households Energy

Push out saline groundwater Stop Groundwater extraction Water storage Stop pollution Infiltration Water purification Blackhousehold wastewater Greyhousehold wastewater Rainwater Riverwater Circular waste economy Community lead Antigentrification Create awareness Selfsufficient Production Kinetic energy Blue energy Biofuel

Equitable development

Urban composition and housingtype

Self-evident part of every-day-life

Meaningful in people’s lives

THE APPROACH TO REACH THE GOAL: HOW TO DETOX DEVELOPMENTS IN JAKARTA

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HOW TO DETOX?

THERE ARE THREE LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS

THE LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS

There are three large scale developments in Jakarta that put pressure on Kampung communities.

USE THEM TO SET A COURSE FOR JAKARTA DETOX CULTURE!

THREE LARGE SCALE STRATEGIES

Each development can be changed to change their negative impact into a positive one for the environment, no- and low-income communities and individual households

WHICH ASPECTS DO THE THREE MAIN DEVELOPMENTS NEED TO INCLUDE IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT

STRATEGY?

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THE BRACKISH MANGROVE COASTAL STRATEGY

Incentive to act: The government is currently constructing ‘Pondok Indah Kapok’, which are island groups focused on leisure, business and housing for the middle and upper income level households.

An adaptation to the masterplan incorporates the expansion of mangroves, robust fisherman connections to the sea, mussle farming, blue energy production, freshwater harvesting by evaporation, besides the general aspects mentioned in the riverside kampung urban habitat.

Development 1: Brackish Mangrove Coast

FRESHWATER BY EVAPORATION

To harvest freshwater, the natural evaporation process of the coast is used. Evaporation happens most on the coast, which is why this is the ideal place to harvest fresh water using condensation methods. This methods can either be large scale, fitting to the recent coastal development of PIK. Or can be implemented in a smaller scale urban fabric and used by local communities.

EMPOWER FISHERMEN

Fishing communities are active on some parts of the coastline. Their livelihood is in danger by recent developments, pollution and a climate change. Their businesses will benefit from restoration of the coastal ecosystem. Focus is on creating a mangrove ecosystem, to soften the edges of the coast and create more biodiversity.

EMPOWER ECO COMMUNITIES

Coastal RPTRA’s will help build a more robust ecosystem. residual concrete can be transformed into a structure which forms an ideal habitat for coral to grow, when lowered into the sea.

BLUE ENERGY

Energy is produced using ‘blue energy’ technology. Blue energy is a form of energy which makes use of running fresh water and salt water adjacent to each other with a membrane in between to catch electrodes in salt water that are attracted to the electrode deficient fresh water. This produces energy and can be implemented near the condensation harvesters.

FUNCTION IN THE CENTRAL WASTE STRATEGY

The coastline is the last place plastics pass before entering the ocean. This is why on all 13 river endings a plastic catchment and recycling factory is built. Shell waste will be harvested and refined into precious items and building material.

DENSE MANGROVE NETWORK AND MANGROVE NURSERY

LANDSCAPE+ARCHITECTURAL WATER DISTILLERY

MATERIAL INNOVATION

COASTAL COLLAGE

This image shows the expectation I have of the spatial quality and programming of the coast. It could be a mix between robust mangrove structures and fortress type settlements that make use of enervy collected by waves.

THE PRODUCTIVE RETENTION PARKS STRATEGY

Incentive to act: The government plans to construct elevated public transportation infrastructure in the near future. It’s called the ‘Mass Rapid Transit line, otherwise known as MRT-line. The connection wil run from Tangerang east of DKI Jakarta to Medan Satria west of DKI Jakarta.

This plan can be connected to a large scale urban densification strategy of Jakarta’s current industrial areas, which frees space for a provinical retention parkstructure from east to west. The waterstrategy in this area will be focused on retention and infiltration of rainwater, as well as water purification.

The specific themes this urban habitat works with is: Transit Oriented Development, large scale circular building material, large scale living, large scale waterretention.

Part of the Productive Retention Parks

Development 2: Productive Retention Parks

BUILDING WASTE HUB

The industrial areas in east Jakarta are well connected for transport of building materials, products and people. These areas will have a large scale circularity hub. All residual building material will be transported to these hubs, instead of to Bantar Gebang.

COMMUNITY OF CIRCULAR BUILDINGMATERIALS

This service will need an app and PR-strategy.

STIMULATE WOODWORKS AND CRAFTSMANSHIP

I’ve seen in the area near Pulo Gadung that there are a lot of shops selling wooden furniture. I expect this type of skill could be expanded and more profitable.

INFILTRATION TO BATTLE SALINIZATION

The waterstrategy will especially focus on purification and infiltration to help push out salinization and replenish the aquifer. The necessity of harvesting potable water from rainwater can be researched when tackling this design assignment.

DENSIFICATION ALONG THE MRT-LINE

Within the industrial area space is found to densify along the MRT line. It will be transit oriented development. These areas will house a lot more people than they do now.

FUNCTION IN THE CENTRAL WASTE STRATEGY

A large scale development plan for (part) of the industrial area could offer space for a district recycling station. This could be researched by design.

PRODUCTIVE RETENTION PARKS COLLAGE

This image shows the expectation I have of the spatial quality and programming of the retentionplains along the new metro line. It could become a large park structure to suit rainwater infiltration and provide many new homes.

THE RIVERSIDE DETOX COURSES

Incentive to act: To reduce the effect of disastrous flooding and develop the riversides further, the government is normalising the riverbanks. Normalisation has many negative effects (page 116-117)

Strategy: Development of the riverside Kampungs focus on water storage and visible water purification, circular waste management of household and riverside waste and creating awareness on pollution and circularity. And some of the riverside Kampungs can offer small scale hydropower, because elevations allow for it.

Development 3: Riverside DETOX Courses

CIRCULAR HOUSEHOLD WASTE STRATEGY

Densly populated low-rise areas like Kampungs house a lot of inhabitants. This means they also produce a lot of waste.

The location of riverside kampungs in the midst of dense urban areas, makes it possible to tackle the waste problem at the source. Household waste will be fed into a new economic valuechain.

Riverside Kampungs have access to more household waste than other Kampungs, simply because generally people dispose of their waste directly in rivers, which means rivers can contain a lot of waste that comes from areas upstream.

STIMULATE THE CIRCULAR WASTE ECONOMY

Kampungs are well distributed accross the province.

Riverside Kampungs house people from the lowest income level, or squatter communities, because of ground instability and floodfrequency.

Part of these communities is active in a nongovernmental recycling system, which is only focused on high quality plastic and paper.

These aspects make Riverside Kampungs interesting places to experiment with more diverse community waste upcycling and material innovation.

PURIFY AND STORE (RAIN)WATER

Riverside soil isn’t the best place for water to infiltrate, making it more interesting to store and purify rainwater for household use, instead of trying to let it infiltrate. In this case replenishment of the aquifer, means reducing groundwater extraction.

INFUSE CIRCULARITY WITH MEANINGFUL PLACES AND ADDED RECREATIONAL AREA.

Riverside Kampungs are dense low-rise areas with little room to move around in. Adding public space will add to the living quality of inhabitants. Infusing it with circularity is the smart thing to do.

Reinigende

planten waar je wat aan hebt

Tirta Empul, Bali: Een aaneenschakeling van rechthoekige baden, die druk bezocht worden. Een dergelijke plek laat een blijvende indruk achter. De DETOX plekken aan de rivier kunnen zo’n zelfde effect hebben.

Moringa bomen worden toegevoegd aan het ontwerp. De blaadjes die van deze boom komen zijn ontzettend gezond.

De afwisseling tussen kades, beplanting en water zorgt voor een contrastrijke omgeving die past in Indonesië.

Een grotere plek waar kinderen in veilig water kunnen spelen. Maar ook veilig omdat zij er lopend naartoe kunnen en omdat er geen auto’s komen.

Pioniersgebouwen voor CIRCULARe economie in kampungs

Deze gebouwen hebben een ‘Party in the front’ waarmee ze aansluiten op een marktstraat in het gebied. De ruimte aan de marktstraat is breed genoeg zodat de marktstraat zich verder kan uitbreiden. Daarnaast hebben ze de ‘Business in the back’ richting een logistieke entree. In dat gedeelte vindt grootschalige productie plaats. De businesskant is een hoger blok en de party kant gaat meer richting de schaal van marktgebouwen die ik in Jogjakarta aantrof (Pasar Beringharjo).

Regenwater wordt via stedelijke helofyten constructies richting opslag gebracht.

De hoogte wordt overbrugd met trappen. Deze breken de hardheid van het hoogte verschil tussen Oost en westzijde van de Course, geven veel zit/hang gelegenheid en zorgen er voor dat de route minder toegankelijk is voor brommers.

RIVERSIDE DETOX COURSES COLLAGE

This image shows the spatial quality and programming of the riverside design interventions. In text (in Dutch) the vision I had during the design process of this environment.

CHOICE OF DEVELOPMENT

BRIEF AND SPECIFIC AREA FOR THE DESIGN INTERVENTION

toliP project

Pilot Project: Decisions based on impact

RIVERSIDE DETOX COURSE FOR KAMPUNG MELAYU

Out of all three previously mentioned developments, I chose to design a Riverside DETOX Course. Which is development type 3. The area selected for my design intervention is Kampung Melayu in Jakarta Timur. (East Jakarta) It is part of the Ciliwung watershed. It’s visible inside the red circle on the images on the right.

WHY CHOOSE DEVELOPMENT TYPE 3, AND WHY CHOOSE THIS SPECIFIC LOCATION?

The choice of the location was made based on 5 conclusions about impact:

1. Spread accross jakarta: The riverside brief will have the greatest overall impact, because normalisation efforts affect rivers that run through the whole province.

2. Most material to work with: People dispose of waste in rivers, this means there is even more waste to build strategy with at the source. More waste = more impact.

3. Densest area: Kampung Melayu is in one of the densest areas of Jakarta, so it could have the most impact.

4. Urgent: The Ciliwung riverbanks adjacent to Kampung Melayu are next in line for ‘Normalisation’. We can impact development right away! And name it a ‘pilot project’ to emphasize the experimental value of the project. We try and we learn.

5. Understanding cultural context: A pilot project for an old inner-city village like Kampung Melayu, will lead to a solid base of knowledge about community habits and organisation. These lead to design ingredients that can help design successful urban interventions of the other design briefs.

Greatest impact on communities

Greatest impact on the environment

Kampung Melayu is part of the densest areas in Jakarta.

Greatest collection of waste and urgency

With which spatial and governance water- and waste strategy can the current normalisation plan be adapted to stimulate recycling culture in Kampung Melayu, to stop groundwater extraction for household use, reduce pollution and empower its inhabitants?

The main research question

Kampung Melayu

A DENSE NEIGHBOURHOOD IN A VERY CENTRAL LOCATION

Kampung Melayu is a neighbourhood on the eastern riverbanks of the Ciliwung River, which flows from south to north. It is in proximity to Jakarta’s centre, toll-roads, public transportation and commercial destinations like various markets, cinema, hospital, many levels of education facilities and Pasar Jantinegara. Kampung Melayu is known to have very strong community ties.

The total surface area of Kampung Melayu is 47,8 ha and counts 23 260 inhabitants. Jakarta’s average household size is 3,8 people, which means Kampung Melayu has about 128 du/ha.

WHERE IS NORMALISATION PLANNED?

The project area is defined by the area that will undergo normalisation, which is the northern part of the neighbourhood. The northern part of the neighbourhood consists of a few subneigbhourhoods and is about 24,1 ha (241 753 m²) in size. This area roughly counts 11717 inhabitants.

MUCH MUCH RESEARCH AVAILABLE

Kampung Melayu has been researched extensively by many universities and in design studio’s. These have helped me understand the needs of the community and their relationship with flooding.

The kampung is located close to the centre of Jakarta and it is in proximity to the main roads.

The low-lying areas are closest to the river. There is a height difference of about 4,5 meters between the highest (east) part of the kampung and the riverbanks (west).

Normalisation is planned in the northern part of Kampung Melayu. The southern part (Kampung Pulo) has already been normalised.

Source: measurements and analyses in QGIS

Historic fragment

1866

Green shows kampung settlements. Kampung Melayu is partly shown in green, and is partly urbanized by military settlements.

In an extentionplan of 1910, it’s visible that Kampung Melayu’s main settlements are located to the north east and on the riverbanks. There is ‘bebouwde gemeentegrond’ in between the settlements. (I would say, because this area is prone to flooding.) This map shows the plans for a new north/south route.

A map in the same year shows expansion next to the new road. Kampung Melayu is left outside these plans. The Ciliwung river in this map is called ‘Tji Liwoeng’

Nine years later a lot of urbanisation is happening around Kampung Melayu. There are new railway connections and a new neighbourhood is constructed on the westbanks of the Ciliwung river. It seems as though also Kampung Melayu will undergo urban transformation. Its legenda color changed from green (kampung) to white (development)

The map of 1923 reflects the same, but shows development is directed a bit op north.

G.P.F.

urban plan 1866, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53064404r 2023/12/01 22:01

Ciliwung river and watershed

THE CILIWUNG RIVER

Kampung Melayu is a neighbourhood on the east riverbanks of the Ciliwung river. The Ciliwung River is one of 13 rivers that run through DKI Jakarta and are connected to the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River Basin has a watershed area of 337 km2. The length of the main river is about 117 km, and it forms the West Flood Canal system (Kanal Banjir Barat). This system covers more than a quarter of the total area of Jakarta.

Rivers like the Ciliwung originate from highlands and carry volcanic ash, sand, and silt down toward the coastal plain. They flow from south to north.

THE RIVERS IN JAKARTA ARE VERY POLLUTED

Based on the BPLHD Pollutant Index from 2004-2009, it can be said that 96% of DKI’s rivers are highly polluted by output from the city.

The origin of pollution is excess gray water from households, commercial buildings, combined with discharges from industries, pesticide and fertilizer run-off from agricultural land, solid waste, and fecal matter from discharging untreated sewage directly into rivers and overflowing or leaking septic tanks.

More than 50% of the shallow wells are contaminated by E. coli bacteria that comes from domestic waste water, and more than 10% of shallow wells also has contaminated by iron and manganese (Tutuko, 2002).

This contamination happens due to the lack of reliable sanitary infrastructure.

MAJORITY OF POLLUTION CAUSED BY HOUSEHOLDS

Domestic waste contributes about 75% to water pollution, followed by office and commercial waste contributing around 15%, and industrial waste contributing around 10% to river water pollution in DKI Jakarta.

THE STORY OF NITRATES

Waste water is rich in nitrates. Nitrates are essential plant nutrients, but in excess amounts they can cause significant water quality problems.

Too much nitrates can cause algal blooms, which deplete oxygen in the water and harm fish and other aquatic life. River water will smell unpleasant because of this, but most importantly, its biodiversity will reduce.

PUBLIC HEALTH RISK

Rivers in Jakarta contain ecoli-bacteria as well as heavy metals and are considered a public health risk. The sad thing is that still many people rely on rivers.

Source: Yudo S 2018 Kondisi pencemaran logam berat di perairan sungai DKI Jakarta JAI 2(1) 1-15 (2024/01/11 20:47)

Source: Said NI 2006 Pengelolaan air limbah domestik di DKI Jakarta JAI 2(2) 169-177 (2024/01/11 22:07)

Source: Flood Prediction due to Land Cover Change in the Ciliwung River Basin, M. Farid, et al, International Journal of Technology, 2022, Institut Teknologi Bandung

ALL ROADS LEAD AROUND KAMPUNG MELAYU

If you don’t have to go there, you won’t.

POTENTIAL TO CONNECT

Kampung Melayu could potentially connect many destination in its surroundings. Which can open up income opportunities. The market street and a homeshopstreet (pink) are amoung the great routes to connect these destinations.

Spatial analysis

PEDESTRIAN SUPERBLOCK

Kampung Melayu can partly be considered a pedestrian superblock. The low-lying part is inaccessible by car.

THE LEAST INTERACTIVE STREETS ARE IN THE ‘NEWEST’ AREA

There is a mix of interactive streets in Kampung Melayu. The west part of the neighbourhood is the most interactive, besides the daily market. It has many streets with small shops in front of houses. the ‘home-shopstreet’ is the most interactive.

There is a section between the streets that are accessible by car and the west part of the village, that isn’t interactive at all. As seen on the historic maps on page 167, housing is newer in this area.

There is great social quality in the low-lying streets. These narrow streets are full of people.

They carry ‘homeshops’, playing children, lots of houseplants and can be messy with personal items. Houses show the personal taste of the inhabitants. Their building quality variates a lot in one street.

The tradition of mutual support among community members is nurtured and passed down to younger generations.

Some households have their own water supply, but most rely on groundwater.

Many children spend their time in confined spaces, as seen in earlier analyses on other Kampungs.

Children have little room to move around and play in the neighbourhood.

Playing is an important part of human development. The streets of Kampung Melayu can be quite limiting in that sense. Everything has to happen in the narrow 1,5m to 3m space between buildings. The design should give more space to exploration and play.

Kampung Melayu’s probable future

The kampung is under threat by recent normalisation plans. Informal housing will be removed from the riverbanks and in time the added accessibility will mean the kampung will gentrify.

A FAST FORWARD OF THE PROJECT TO SHOW THE RESULT OF THE DESIGN PHASE

Projection

The DETOX Course shows a preferrable future

A river by-pass that can be opened and closed when needed., giving the Ciliwung river the opportunity to regenerate. A connective, equitable urban design that provides space for water purification and circular economic activity.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN DECISIONS MADE. AND THE COURSE SET OUT TO DETOX IN 7 STEPS

porP o sition : 7 s

Overview of the design decisions

Normalisation plans will affect the northern part of Kampung Melayu first. This is why the focus of my design is on the northern part.

CHANGE THE GOALS OF THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENT

FOCUS NOT ONE GOAL, BUT ON MULTIPLE GOALS

The DETOX course is introduced Instead of encasing the whole river in concrete, a bypass will be made, which can open up when a disastrous flood is predicted. (once every 5 to 7 years).

STEP 1: CHANGE THE COURSE OF NORMALISATION

AND MAKE IT CLOSABLE

THE DETOX COURSE: FLOOD MITIGATION AND AN UNCHANGED RIVERSYSTEM

The government aims to mitigate disastrous flooding by normalising riverbanks. To support this goal a different course or ‘by-pass’ is layed out, to accomodate this, but without changing the riversystem permanently.

I call this by-pass the DETOX Course. It can be opened and closed as needed. Keeping it permanently open would create the same negative effects as normalisation (see pages 116 and 117): both would disrupt river dynamics and cause problems downstream.

THE COURSE IN USE

The regular route of the Ciliwung River will remain unchanged. Flowing from the mountainous south to the Java Sea in the north, it functions as a separate system. The DETOX Course only intersects with it once every five to seven years, when a major flood is predicted and the bypass is opened to divert water and mitigate flooding.

DISASTROUS FLOODING

Once every five to seven years excessive flooding occurs. Jakarta regularly experiences flooding of 10–110 cm, levels considered manageable in areas like Kampung Melayu. However, in the past 30 years, severe flood levels of 3–5 meters have become increasingly frequent. To address these extreme events, the Course is created to catch and guide excess flood water. When heavy flooding is predicted, it is opened, allowing the water to flow quickly and even generating energy from the river’s strong current.

REGULAR FLOODING

For the more frequent, smaller floods, the bypass is protected by quays on both sides, elevated to +2 meters. Meanwhile, the existing riverbanks can be naturally raised to the same height, offering neighborhoods additional protection.

STIMULATE THE RIVER TO REGENERATE

The Ciliwung’s water is severely polluted with heavy metals and E. coli bacteria, making it unsuitable for potable water production in the short term. However, the river still contains valuable nutrients, and not normalising its riverbanks, can give space to focus on restoring the ecosystem via naturalisation of the riverbanks. Its natural purification cycle can be stimulated and the river can begin to regenerate.

THE CLOSED COURSE PRODUCES POTABLE WATER!

The majority of the time (the other 4 to 6 years) the Course is closed and forms a new public space for rainwater retention and purification. Rain will be transformed into potable water, to stop groundwater extraction in Kampung Melayu for hosehold use.

The multitute of goals

The Course mitigates flood water once every 5 to 7 years. (Government goal)

The Course catches and stores rainwater.

The Course turns rain into potable water all year round!

The Course is part of a cycle to also clean household waste water.

The Course creates safe water security. Groundwater extraction is no longer necessary. And adds an exciting public space to use.

THE DETOX COURSE

The DETOX course brings the detoxification process of water into full focus. Elevated plateaus guide water to basins and create elevated squares.

COURSE IS COOLED BY EVAPORATION

Play elements within the course are designed to stimulate evaporation, to make the public space a pleasant oasis in an otherwise very hot environment.

About the DETOX Course

VOLCANIC FILTER

The surface area consists of different kinds of material that can be used to filter water. Volcanic rock (alluvial) is the most obvious choice, because it is widely available in Jakarta’s surroundings. The course makes use of a difference in grain of this material to guide the purification process.

PLANTS WITH BENEFITS

Different helophyte filtering plants are used in the planting scheme to create different atmospheres within the course, and make it a collection of lush gardens, stepped public space and waterflows.

The Course forms a link between different destinations.

STEP 2: MAKE THE COURSE A CONNECTIVE SPACE

BETWEEN NEIGHBOURHOODS

Current roads all lead around Kampung Melayu

While there is potential for the neighbourhood to link surroundings and attract business to the kampung. And is in walking distance to a major transit station

THE COURSE BOOSTS ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

The Course links current day-to-day market places and the ‘homeshop street’ to boost its economic potential for kampung inhabitants.

Connecting to current markets

The pioneerbuilding is a central destination in the design.

STEP 3: ADD A PIONEER BUILDING FOR COMMUNITY DETOX INITIATIVES AND A FACTORY: ‘PASAR DETOX’

THE PIONEERBUILDING IS THE HOMEBASE FOR DETOX ECONOMY

The idea is to create a place that reduces waste transportation out of the neighbourhood. Instead waste is used to create income as a neighbourhood in order to elevate inhabitants out of immediate poverty and give people more economic opportunity. It also provides activities for children and interested community members.

People in Jakarta try out a lot of ways to make a living, from gaps the government leaves in the system, as explained on pages 77, 78 and 79. This resourcefulness is a characteristic of low-income communities. These low-income communities show they could be a solid base for DETOX economy. Given the right circumstances, like an official organisation, space, visibility and tools I believe they can spark a revolution in circular economy.

RPTRA ORGANISATION + WASTE BANK

The pioneer building is governed by a combination of a regular RPTRA and a Waste Bank. It has the same aim as RPTRA’s, but scaled up and is specialized in waste management. Inside this building value is added to waste to create community income.

Read about the goals of RPTRA on page 102.

Read about Wastebanks on page 71

PASAR DETOX

RPTRA COMMUNITY CENTRE

WASTE BANK

SPACE FOR RECYCLING INITIATIVES

RAINWATER PURIFICATION

RETENTION

PASAR DETOX is a pioneer building in circular waste management, water purification and community empowerment. Its a place in which recycling initiatives can set up base, collaborate and grow. It can both process and market products.

THE BUILDING IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS. A FACTORYSIDE AND A MARKET (PASAR) SIDE.

FACTORY: LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION

The factory processes separated neighbourhood waste. Its main focus is turning organic waste into compost or bio-fuel and processing different kinds of plastic for reuse or repurposing, Next to these two focus points, it contains large scale workspaces for Kampung projects.

MARKET: COLLABORATION WITH NGO’S IN CIRCULARITY

The market side of Pasar Detox is home to multiple small scale NGO’s in circularity, community support and education. Their programme can overflow in a neighbourhood workspace in which different events can be planned for community or educational workshops. Material from the factory can be refined into marketable products.

Pasar DETOX

COMMUNITY DETOX INITIATIVES

Pasar DETOX provides the start-up of a neighbourhood business around compost and plastics and provides space to diversify products from waste to marketable goods. The products can be sold to visitors within walking distance of a mobility hub, or nearby neighbourhoods. or can be exported on a larger scale, using the accessway on the north side.

THE TIMELINE OF DETOX ECONOMY

It is plausible that given enough space, education and community organisation, profit can be made from organic waste, through composting and from simple acts of sorting, cleaning and pulverizing plastics for reuse.

Put in enough education, experimentation, the organisational skills to save money to buy new equipment and collaborations with NGO’s, vocational schools and universities, the ways to DETOX will diversify and ultimately create more revenue. This is based on the knowledge that every step in refinement adds value to products.

THE NEIGHBOURHOOD RECYCLING BUSINESS CAN GROW AND DIVERSIFY ITS PRODUCT RANGE AS TIME PROGRESSES.

The above scheme shows the way the kampung waste system will progress over time. It shows individual waste picking practices followed by simple collaborations and production methods and results in large scale, diverse and more comprehensive collaborations.

A timeline of DETOX economy

NO TECH INDIVIDUAL NO SKILL

START OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY LOW PROFIT

Recycling now

Source: van Voorst, R., De beste plek ter wereld, Uitgeverij Brandt, Amsterdam 2016

INDIVIDUAL WASTE PICKING WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF PROFIT WILL BECOME A THING OF THE PAST.

The space Pasar DETOX offers will be enough for the first scale up of production, and collaboration can start right away. So it won’t be long before this drawing is an image of the past.

Source: https://www.scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=jessd (2024/02/04 13:27)

Source: https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-of-waste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html (2024/09/07 17:05)

BIO - LOW TECH

COLLECTIVE

SIMPLE SKILL

COLLECTIVE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

MEDIUM PROFIT

Scale up to collective recycling

of all waste produced is organic waste. Of which 13% is leaves, twigs and branches to compost. Rice can be composted 39% fruit and veg can be composted 2%

of all waste produced is paper. Paper scraps can also be used in composting.

FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX METHODS

Different hot or cold composting methods can be used to compost a variety of waste and to speed up the process. Vermicompost, which uses worms is a low-tech (simple) cold method.

A more complicated and comprehensive method is thermophilic composting. This is a hot method with which digestate (sludge residue) from bio digestion of sewage can be composted and safely removes all pathogens.

WASTE NUMBERS KAMPUNG MELAYU

Inhabitants: 23 260 Area: 0,48 km2

Waste production: 23260 inhabitants make 16 282kg waste per day, of which 5085 kg is compostable food waste. (no meats, bones, bakery products, food containing fat).

The compostable food waste consists of rice and fruits and vegetables and is considered brown matter.

Compost speed: 12 weeks from rough waste to mature compost.

SPACE TAKE OF COLD COMPOST

Compost is made up of 1/3 green and 2/3 brown matter. Rice and fruit/veg are green matter. Brown matter consists of for example dry grasses, but also of paper. A website on composting states that 1m3 creates 714kg of mature compost.

Which means 6,86 m3 storage is needed daily for 5085 kg compost. 49,85m3 is needed per week.

Counting the production time of 12 weeks reveals that one compost cycle will need about 598m3 of compost space.

A unit has a maximum height of 2,4m to keep the compost process efficient, but it’s more logical to work with a manageable volume. To start with: a more manageable volume would be 1m high compost containers.

THE FIRST SCALE-UP IS IN COMPOST

Enough space is created to be able to collect enough compostable waste for 2 compost cycles of 12 weeks for the whole project area. (11717 inhabitants)

Source: https://helpmecompost.com/compost/basics/how-much-does-compost-weigh/ 2024/03/11 21:05 https://ecoseptic.com.au/how-much-wastewater-does-a-person-produce/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20in%20developed%20countries,%2D76%20liters)%20per%20day. 2024/03/11 22:36

BIO - LOW TECH

COLLECTIVE

SIMPLE SKILL

COLLECTIVE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

MEDIUM PROFIT

Recycling - Plastic innovation

Source: https://rebricks.id/ (2023/12/04 21:11)

Source: https://www.preciousplastic.com/ (2023/12/04 20:51)

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/company/itsmomwork/ (2023/11/04 10:10)

Of all waste is plastic of various qualities. 78% of all waste in the environment is plastic. In the current recycling system of precious plastics (PET) waste pickers filter out about 65%. Within the current system value is added to plastic with every ‘phase’ in recycling.

Plastic is transported during each phase. The first low-tech specialized production is in a multitude of plastics There are NGO’s specialized in plastics that currently operate in Jakarta. There is even open-source data available on the design of manufacturing machines to process plastic.

CHEMICAL - MEDIUM TECH

COLLECTIVE

MEDIUM SKILL

MAXIMIZE RESOURCE RECOVERY

FUEL SELF-SUFFICIENCE

vMEDIUM PROFIT

biodigester

Comprehensive recycling

BIODIGESTION

The heat in thermophilic composting can be used by the community, by coiling pipes through or around compost piles, in which water passes through.

Nutrient rich organic material is turned into biogas, biosolids and fertiliser tea.

Pathogens (bacteria, virusses, parasites) are killed inside digesters, especially at mesophilic (35–40°C) or thermophilic (55°C+) ranges.

Periodic lab testing of compost or digestate for: Heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead)

Digestate (the leftover sludge) still needs post-treatment before land application to remove pathogens.

THERMOPHILIC COMPOSTING (1 WEEK)

Pasteurization (70°C for 1 hour)

Lime stabilization (raising pH >12)

Solar drying/solar pasteurization (2-4 weeks)

Storage (+6months)

Using thermophilic composting (natural heated compost from microbial activity) takes about 6-12 weeks to produce mature compost.

WHO recommends >55°C for at least 1 week. Digestate (sludge residue) from biogas production can be composted. If heavy metals are present, the biosolids can still be used in the forestry, land reclamation and soil building in ornamental landscaping.

REUSE FRYING OIL: MOMWORK

water for bathing, cleaning, or for food processing stalls

also speed up the greywater purification in Pasar DETOX.

MomWork is a start-up that empowers mother’s to start a business in the food industry from home. The founder of MomWork Holy Sie has expressed the idea to start collecting and reusing old cooking oil for other purposes. Her company would like to start experimenting with this service to put less stress on the environment. You can read more about MomWork on pages 358 and 359.

Source: https://www.littlebuddies.nz/blog/post/116304/anerobic-digestion-vs-hot-composting-pros-cons/ (2025/01/12 20:11)

Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13205-025-04381-8 (2025/01/12 19:49)

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403212030719X (2025/01/12 17:49)

CHEMICAL - HIGH TEC

SPECIALISED SKIL

DIVERSITY IN PRODUCTS

INNOVATION POTENTIAL

HIGH VALUE PRODUCTION

Specialized recycling

A recognisable building

Recognisable Popular‘third’space

A

RECOGNISABLE

INDONESIAN BUILDING TYPE

Pasar Detox is based on a building type which is very common in Indonesia. In Bahasa Indonesia (the national language of Indonesia) ‘pasar’ means ‘marketplace’.

STACKED MARKETS

To understand this building type I researched three reference buildings. Pasar Jantinegara in Jakarta, Pasar Baru in Bandung and Pasar Beringharjo in Yogjakarta. See pages 360 and 361. The reference buildings I looked into, are currently stacked ‘pasar’ buildings, but all used to be open air marketplaces. Historically they were places with various types of businesses. At some point in time they developed into stacked marketplaces. I suspect development occured because of their popularity.

A POPULAR DESTINATION

These stacked Pasars resemble department stores and still house a large collection of small businesses. Both formal and informal.

Markets are very popular in Indonesia, and vary a lot in size. Various Pasars around Indonesia are so popular that at some point they were developed into stacked places of trade.

..with a helophyte staircase

THE HELOPHYTE STAIRCASE SHOWCASES WATER PURIFICATION

PASAR DETOX PURIFIES AND STORES RAINWATER

The building has a big roof surface with a helophyte system. It is brought via a helophyte staircase to storage tanks under the building.

CENTRAL

VERTICAL ACCESSWAY

The factory and market are connected by a staircase. This staircase showcases water purification processes with a collection of elevated basins and tubes. At the end of the process the water is safe to drink.

..and has the right amount of visibility

PASAR DETOX IS WELL-CONNECTED

The building is on route. It’s connected to the main marketstreet and in direct view from the homeshopstreet.

PASAR DETOX IS CENTRAL AND VISIBLE FROM THE RAILWAY

This serves as an invitation to hop-off the metro and explore this interesting building.

PASAR DETOX IS ACCESSIBLE by boat and truck for its logistics. The pedestrian superblock is kept intact.

Markets ‘overflow’

CONNECTED TO DAY-TO-DAY-PLACES

The Pasar connects to a lively market street on its south side. Between de already existent vibrant market street and the Pasar a new square is designed as an ‘overflow’ area between Pasar and market. This market folds around the building on the eastside and results in the factory market area on elevated riverbanks in the north.

Water runs down from east to west naturally and is guided to storage and purification areas

Water

STEP 4: USE ELEVATIONS AND PUMPS TO GUIDE RAINWATER TO THE COURSE

ELEVATIONS DICTATE THE DESIGN DECISIONS TO GUIDE WATER

On the westside of the Course, the ground is low and pumps are needed to transport water to a preferable location. On the eastside of the Course water can run down naturally because this part of the Kampung is a lot higher in elevation.

Existing water ducts guide water from the westside to the Course. Water is caught in helophyte alleys just outside the Course and pumps are used to guide water where it needs to go: either the Course itself, basins or into buildings. From the higher eastside, water runs down through water ducts and is caught in helophyte alleys that guide water into storage or into the Course.

HOW TO ENSURE A GOOD WATER QUALITY?

The majority of rainwater is caught and stored. It runs through the DETOX course and is purified in a circulating system, which primarily runs on solar power. The plan makes use of elevations and pumps to keep a good water quality.

The pumps are incased in basins with helophyte planting.

Purification basins are shallow water bodies designed to naturally clean and filter water. Lush aquatic plants play a key role in this process: their roots absorb nutrients and pollutants, while their presence slows the water flow, allowing sediments to settle. Microorganisms living around the plants help break down organic matter, further improving water quality. Beyond their practical function, these basins create green, vibrant habitats that support biodiversity and provide a refreshing landscape for people to enjoy.

alleys are interactive public spaces.

Helophyte alleys guide water

A NARROW PLAYFUL STREET

Rainwater is guided through the streets using the existing water ducts and directed into lower-lying helophyte gardens, where it undergoes initial filtration before entering storage areas. The elevations within the Course are used to extend the water’s route, ensuring effective purification. On the east side, a 4.5-meter elevation difference helps channel the water into helophyte alleys adjacent to the Course buildings. On the west side, adapted water ducts guide the flow into additional helophyte alleys. On both sides, the water is filtered before entering storage facilities integrated into the buildings. This system also serves as an open invitation to interact with water. Each helophyte alley is unique, and the dynamic flow of water creates an ever-changing scene.

Source: https://www.ecofyt.nl/hoe/meest-gestelde-vragen#:~:text=De%20grootte%20van%20een%20helofytenfilter,en%204%20m%C2%B2%20per%20persoon (2024/09/15 23:11)

Source: https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article/5/2/221/88196/Jakarta-water-supply-provision-strategy-based-on (2023/10/11 23:00)

They form the basis for lush plant rich environments.

Helophyte habitat is anti-mosquito

WATER-FOCUSED DESIGN

Water-focused design in tropical climates requires special attention to minimizing conditions that support mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue.

In the design, elements are incorporated which disrupt mosquito breeding habitats. It integrates four mosquito-deterrent features.

1. Water is kept in movement within the purification process. The public space and the buildings offer different phases in water purification. This makes waterbodies less suitable for the reproduction process of mosquitos.

2. Water won’t be able to accumulate in areas that are suitable for mosquito larvae. rainwater is guided via lush helophyte alleys and basins with native aquatic plants to closed storage units, by using (natural) elevations on site.

3. Natural non-invasive predators are introduced into the design of helophyte basins and alleys as part of an ecological system to reduce the chance of mosquito’s to reproduce.

Species like mosquitofish, frogs, tadpoles and dragonflies are able to live in the helophyte alleys and basins created. They usually live in shallow water, urban ponds, storm drains and rice fields, garden ponds, wetlands and ditches. The ideal circumstances for the non-invasive natural predators of mosquito’s are a combination of slow flowing shallow water, enhanced with native aquatic plants.

4. The use of a natural larvicide helps reduce mosquitos: Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a safe, natural larvicide used to kill mosquito larvae in standing water. It does not harm people, pets, fish, or plants. It is WHO-approved for potable water use (within guidelines). It is used in the main water storage units.

URBANISM IN THE TROPICS

During the research I came accross a few rules in urbanism to ensure a good urban design for tropical circulstances. It highlighted air circulation, shelter from the sun, waste management and the implementation of a good water system. The writer Tillema’s observations are as relevent now as they were then. “The quest for an authentic contemporary Indonesian architecture and urban design is as alive today as it was a hundred or three hundred years ago” P.K.M. van Roosmalen.

Source: https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/indonesia/biodiversity (2024/10/07 22:10)

Source: Indonesian Design 2005 Building in tropical style, P.K.M. van Roosmalen, 2024/03/15 16:29

Source: Bouwen in de Archipel. Burgerlijke openbare werken in Nederlands-Indië en Indonesië 1800–2000, P.K.M. van Roosmalen, Walburg Pers in Zutphen, 2004

The new buildings help purify and store water.

STEP 5: USE BUILDINGS TO HELP PURIFY AND STORE WATER FOR THE WHOLE PROJECT AREA

THE PROJECT PROVIDES DRINKWATER FOR 11717 INHABITANTS

The Course supplies safe drinkwater for the 11717 inhabitants in the top part of Kampung Melayu. It purifies and stores water. The drinkwater is produces in a sustainable, reliable, and environmentally friendly way. There will be no more need for groundwater extraction.

WET AND DRY SEASON

The system is designed with Jakarta’s climate in mind, taking into account both the wet season with heavy rainfall and the dry season when water is scarce. During the wet season, the Course and buildings can store and filter large volumes of water, while in the dry season it helps maintain reserves to secure a steady supply. In this way, it not only provides essential drinking water but also strengthens resilience against seasonal extremes.

BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC SPACE PURIFY WATER TOGETHER

Multiple helophyte systems are put into use in one system to help purify rainwater.

A vertical system inside buildings and an aired horizontal system are used to benefit the purification process the most.

> 50L tot 100L water per dag is volgens de WHO de minimale standaard voor 1 persoon, per dag. In Nederland wordt zo'n 129L per persoon gebruikt. Dat is voor al het huishoudelijk gebruik. Dus ook sanitair. Als je al het water iedere keer zou afvoeren wanneer het klaar is voor de opslag, dan zou de wijk een tekort genereren. > Ruim gerekend zou rond de 100L zou gemiddeld beschikbaar moeten zijn per persoon per dag. Dat betekent dat er in de maanden juni, juli, augustus, september en oktober een overbruggingsperiode bestaat waarin vooral opgeslagen water zal worden benut. omdat er in die maanden onvoldoende regen valt om direct gebruik van te maken. De minimale opslag ruimte die nodig is, is de som van deze maanden. De benodigde opslagruimte: 71607,3243 m³ (Of + 1 maand: De benodigde opslagruimte = 107270,357 m³)

The range of water needed for storage is between: 71607m3 and 22627m3 (100L or 50L). Of which 20% can be deducted, as this amount is used to flush toilets. Which means 14321,4 m3 - 4525,4 m3 can be deducted. leaving 57285m3 - 18101,6m3 of storage.

(This is the case if the site only fulfills its own needs. It could also sell back raw rainwater to the city or sell back cleaned water.)

The community could work with a water quotum of a maximum of 50L per day in dry season. (of which 10L comes from the river to flush toilets with.)

Explanation: Rainwater has a high potential to become potable water, while flushing the toilet can be done by reusing riverwater. And storing it in a blackwater container

Helophyte alleys guide water

0,175 SITE

0,1

2326 Water Usage Kampung Melayu (0,05m³) 585,85

mm rain means how many L falls on 1m2

In hoeveel extra opslag zou je moeten voorzien zodat je ook in de droge maanden genoeg drinkwater voor iedereen hebt?

Om te berekenen hoeveel regenwater opgeslagen kan worden, moeten de m2 dakoppervlak gemeten worden en de regenval (mm).

En hoeveel procent efficientie kan je op rekenen?

2018_RainwaterHarvesting_WaterSolutions_RH.pdf (tudelft.nl)

AMOUNTS OF RAINWATER

On average the project site receives 1755mm (424.276,515 m³) of rainwater per year in total. Which means on average 218mm and 52 702,154 m3 per month

The exact amounts of rain changes throughout the year. A minimum of 67mm falls during dry season and a maximum of 388mm usually falls during the monsoon.

Every month between 16 197 m³ (67 mm x 241 753m²) and 93 800 m³ (388 mm x 241 753 m²) of rainwater runs through the area. (not counting the water coming from upstream areas. If caught and filtered, this means give or take ... L can be harvested to purify into local potable water.

TAKE IN ACCOUNT THE RUN-OFF COEFFICIENT: 0,8 for each liter 0,8 liter can be caught and purified into potable water.

TAKE IN ACCOUNT EVAPORATION

In this case the humidity of Jakarta’s air will probably keep the evaporation coefficient low.

Deze bron geeft weer dat er op een efficientie van 0,8 gerekend kan worden. Dus voor elke L regen, wordt 0,8 L opgevangen en is omzetbaar naar drinkwater.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X08001861 (2023/11/20 22:30)

Source: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population (2024/02/20 07:16)

Source: https://www.climate.top/indonesia/jakarta/precipitation (2023/09/11 12:15)

Water purification housing

HELOPHYTE ROOFS

Rain is collected on roofs and is UV treated by the sun and filtered two times within buildings. It is stored within buildings where it functions as part of a passive cooling system.

THE CHALLENGE OF PURIFYING HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER

Household wastewater has a lot of nutrients which can be extracted and refined for profit. This is why beside the rainwater system and riverwater system, a separate system for household wastewater is put in place. This system separates two different types of waste water: blackwater and greywater. It is focused on two products: 1. water purification and local reuse of household greywater and 2. resources recovery into energy and nutrients of household blackwater.

BLACKWATER AND GREYWATER

Blackwater is wastewater from (1) kitchen sinks and dishwashers, which can contain oily substances and (2) waste water from toilets, which can contain feces, urine, water and toilet paper. This type of wastewater has potential to be processed into energy and is rich of usable nutrients in solid or fluid form. The new buildings along the DETOX course each have an incorporated storage facility for blackwater.

Greywater is a cleaner type of wastewater, which is easier to purify and reuse. It comes from sinks (other than kitchen sinks), baths, washing machines and other household appliances. Studies in other countries have estimated that the reuse of household greywater can easily amount to 35% (!) of the total household demand.

WATER PURIFICATION AND LOCAL REUSE

Using a simple purification method the effluent of greywater is clean enough to use in garden irrigation or to flush toilets. The purification system can be extended to enable the community to purify grey household wastewater into potable water. The treated greywater can be filtered using a sand filter and UV treated to disinfect it, in order to become potable water again. In the design of the housing blocks, the architect and engineer will reserve space for this extension.

Excess sewage sludge (irrigation) is added to the blackwater system. Sludge is a mud-like nutrient rich residue.

Source: https://urbangreenbluegrids.com/measures/vertical-helophyte-filters/ (2024/12/22 21:03)

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717301018 (2024/12/22 22:05)

Source: https://emis.vito.be/en/bat/tools-overview/sheets/small-scale-wastewater-purification (2024/12/22 23:11)

Black water system

ENERGY

AND NUTRIENTS FROM BLACKWATER

Blackwater contains valuable organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and can therefore be very useful as a fertiliser or soil improver. There are three products that can be recovered: Biofuel, Biosolids and fertiliser. (Also see pages 220, 221, 350 and 351 for more info on biofuel from bio digestion) Energy and nutrients from blackwater (and irrigation from grey water) enables inhabitants to cooperatively produce biofuel, biosolids and fertiliser out of their combined waste flows, which would otherwise -as is in the current situationfind its way directly or indirectly into the environment. Indonesians don’t typically use toilet paper, so mainly organic (liquid or solid) material will circulate in this system. Blackwater can contain contaminants such as heavy metals or other chemicals, or pathogens. (This is also solvable in the purification installation.)

MAINTENANCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Blackwater storage units are no longer the end of a linear process, but are part of a new value chain. They have to be easy to empty.

Ground instability makes it necessary to rethink the location of blackwater storage as well as how it is transported. Every type of water infrastructure needs to be accessible for periodic maintenance. To maintain a good working system during maintenance a minimum of two units needs to be in place.

TANK-IN-VAULT STORAGE

All water storage is proposed along the lines of a ‘tank-in-vault’ principle. This means ground dynamics can have effect on the construction around the tank, but the tank itself is not directly influenced by it.

TRANSPORT

The storage units are made accessible to narrow maintenance vehicles. The storage space is periodically emptied and sludge is transported to Pasar Detox, to be refined into biofuel, biosolids and fertiliser. For this type of transport, small vehicles are needed that can drive along the narrow paths along the course to pump black water from the storage units. They will be part of the necessary infrastructure of Detox economy.

DESIGN CONTEST!

I haven’t discovered if the maintenance vehicle needed for this type of transport already exists. I could imagine it would resemble a Piaggio Ape.

Constructing a new type of maintenance vehicle might sound farfetched, but is probably easy enough to think up and build (in case it doesn’t already exist). The University Medical Centre in Groningen has for example recently developed a new AED vehicle to use indoors, because it didn’t exist yet.

When the brief becomes clear, an assignment could be directed at universities or the market. These type of design assignments could even become design competitions. And the vehicle could be manufactured locally in Jakarta. Seeing as Jakarta is known for its manufacturing economy.

Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023097025 (2025/01/07 21:29)

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4892428/ (2025/01/07 22:40)

Source: https://blog.anaerobic-digestion.com/turning-poop-into-power/ (2025/01/07 20:13)

The course will be developed equitable, to empower inhabitants. Measures are taken in order to prevent gentrification after realisation.

STEP 6: MAKE HOUSING

EQUITABLE AND FIT FOR KAMPUNG COMMUNITIES

THE PROJECT REHOMES EVERYONE

The Course is designed to rehome everyone that has to move out during construction. This includes the informal settlements on the riverbanks of the Ciliwung river.

PREVENT GENTRIFICATION

To prevent gentrification it’s important to be aware of the dynamics of urban development. Urbanists should always aim to understand if an urban project will have the desired long-term effect.

BUILD BACK THE CURRENT AMOUNT OF ECONOMIC SPACE OR MORE!

Understand the urban dynamics

STANDARD NORMALISATION PROVOKES GENTRIFICATION

It’s a given that standard normalisations have a negative effect on river dynamics and river ecology, because it destroys the chance for the river to regenerate itself.

It also has the effect of sparking fast gentrification along a new car accessible route along the river.

In this case Kampung Melayu is very well connected to many main routes, has quick access to toll roads and is within walking distance of a metro HUB. These factors make it a desirable place for any Jakartan to live, once the flooding problem is fixed.

Gentrification after normalisation can make it more difficult to rewilder the river in the future due to a change in ownership I can imagine a change in property ownership from for instance informal or undocumented (pre-colonial) ownership to formal ownership after normalisation, will make it very difficult to rewilder or naturalise the Ciliwung riverbanks in the future if it’s not done right now.

GENTRIFICATION HOUSING RULES ARE NECESSARY

It’s necessary for both current inhabitants, the future of recycling culture and the long term possibility of river restoration to implement anti-gentrification elements to the design. In order for this area to stay accessible to people who earn (far) below middle class income levels and not cater to a segregating urban dynamic. They need to help guide this development to a future that incorporates a place for current inhabitants in its urban renewal.

Place ownership with neighbourhood organisations

POWER TO THE NEIGHBOURHOOD ORGANISATION

This project explores policy at neighbourhood level. A local democratic neighbourhood organisation is formed to guide the course of housing development within the neighbourhood. It is shown this is possible at the community level in a recent Kampung Susun project. Read more about this on pages 118 through 221.

ADDED ANTI-GENTRIFICATION POLICY

The spatial strategy could also be supported by antigentrification policy, to help locals stay local (by choice). Taking the current government and political climate into account (as well as global dynamics), shows that this could be possible at district or provincial level. Although the focus lies more on fast development and market profit, lawsuits and activism by local communities shows a possible shift. Grassroots movements in Jakarta have demonstrated the power of collective action in securing housing rights. For example, previously mentioned Kampung Akuarium and Kampung Bukit Duri have formed alliances with NGOs and advocacy groups to resist evictions and negotiate for community-led redevelopment. They successfully advocated for their civil rights. When looking

at these development it seems that each lawsuit gets more positive results than the last.

Equitability starts at land ownership or rights to lawful tenure (de Soto). Official ownership could have different organisational structures:

COMMUNITY LAND TRUST (CLT)

CLTs are non-profit, community-led organisations that acquire and manage land to ensure long-term housing affordability and prevent displacement. By separating land ownership from housing, CLTs allow residents to own their homes while the trust retains ownership of the land, thus curbing speculative real estate practices. This model has been implemented in various contexts to support low- and middle-income households and foster community engagement in land use decisions.

SOCIAL FORESTRY AND CUSTOMARY LAND RIGHTS

Indonesia’s social forestry programme recognises the rights of local communities to manage forests sustainably. Under this scheme, communities can obtain legal access to forest areas through various models, including customary forests (hutan adat) and village forests (hutan desa). These arrangements empower communities to protect their environment, sustain livelihoods, and preserve cultural practices. Maybe a river stewardship is the next step in social land rights in the inner city.

RW AND RT

As mentioned on pages 34 and 35, Rukun Tetangga (RT) and Rukun Warga (RW) are administrative units on neighbourhood level. They facilitate community organisation and local governance in Indonesia. By formalising these structures, communities can gain recognition from municipal authorities, access public services, and participate in decision-making processes. RT/RW units can aid in obtaining legal documentation and asserting land claims.

LEGAL RECOGNITION OF LAND TENURE

Indonesia’s Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) acknowledges various land rights, including the Right to Build (Hak Guna Bangunan) and the Right to Use (Hak Pakai). Communities that have occupied land for extended periods may apply for land certificates under Government Regulation 24/1997, provided they meet specific criteria. However, the process can be complex and costly, often requiring assistance from legal professionals or non-governmental organisations.

URBAN POOR NETWORKS AND LEGAL AID

Organisations like the Urban Poor Consortium and Jakarta Legal Aid provide support to communities facing land insecurity. They offer legal assistance, facilitate dialogue with authorities, and help communities navigate the complexities of lawful land tenure systems. Collaborating with such organisations can enhance a community’s capacity to advocate for their rights and implement sustainable governance models.

Source: Rivers as municipal infrastructure: Demand for environmental services in informal settlements along an Indonesian river, D. Vollmer, A. Grêt-Regamey, EHT Zurich, Singapore, 2023/10/02

Thebuildingsvaryinsizeand emphasizedifferentanti-gentrificationmethodswith theirplacementintheurbanplan.

ANTI-GENTRIFICATION HOUSING

I. Housing is stacked to make space for the DETOX course and to it more difficult for plots to be sold to 1 home-owner.

II. Housing is mixed. Mix doesn’t happen between classes that are too far apart, it is more likely to be successful between groups of adjacent income levels. (de Soto) This is why mix is provided between 3 income levels: Squatters, lower class and lower-middle class, as the lower class is the predominate community living in this part of Kampung Melayu, and other (more car accessible parts of Kampung Melayu become focused on mix of lower-middle to middle class and middle-upper class.)

III. Housing blocks have addresses on ground level, with a higher floor level to make them adaptable. The above apartments are accessible through shared vertical accessways and galleries.

HOUSING IS FIT FOR COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT AND DETOX PURPOSES

IV. Housing blocks have a community space, with a big kitchen and washroom. These are places in which community and culture happens on RT level.

V. Housing blocks have a smart heating and water storage, which has ‘passive-housing’ qualities to make efficient use of heat, airflow and humidity.

VI. Housing blocks have cascading helophyte roofs.

THE ‘ECONOMIC STARTER’ ENVIRONMENT

Looking at the physical state of buildings on the riverside I expect this part of Kampung Melayu could use an environment which caters to the ‘economic starter’. Basic urban development rules are given in advance to guide the housing development. These are all put in place in the urban composition. Even new squatter residents are able to reside in designated areas within the kampung that are well connected to the neighbourhood at street level.

Anti-gentrification and reciprocal urbanism

Keep most of the pedestrian superblock intact

Rehome everyone who had to move during development

Keep roughly the same amount of ground level economic space (50% of total footprint) (Added Pasar DETOX!)

BASICS OF ECONOMIC STARTER ENVIRONMENTS

I. The same economic surface area will be built back and the surface area for housing will be extended to already anticipate growth.

II. Economic starters depend on their visibility and availability to the passerby. Their housing block on a logical route through the urban fabric towards different larger scale destinations inside the neighbourhood, like Pasar DETOX or the RPTRA’s, or outside the neighbourhood like the metro HUB and Pasar Jantinegara.

III. Economic starters need space for their economic venture which is either regular or DETOX and can be attached to their residence or inside Pasar DETOX.

IV. Economic starter housing can be attached to streets that are inaccessible to cars.

‘ECONOMIC GROWERS’

Economic growers can move toward the parts of the neighbourhood in which car access is possible. To be able to house more people, stimulate slow growth and divide space more equally, a new rule could help:

I. In these places it is no longer allowed to develop a house for 1 family to live on 1 one building on 1 plot. The units would have a certain size. The basic principles of ‘economic starter’ housing blocks can be implemented, but car access is still made available.

II. Places that aren’t car accessible, can remain landed and owned by one family, because they are not very popular due to their inaccessibility.

These new rules can be enforced by Lurah, or RW committee.

Three

Three types of community oriented buildings

A MIX OF BUILDINGS

I expect the building types to suit different income level households in my neighbourhood. To make sure there will be a healthy mix, different shapes and sizes of buildings, with different types of vertical access routes are introduced. I have designed three types: The community staircase block, the Pasar gallery block, and the Apartment buildings.

Type 1: Community central staircase block

This type of building has a central staircase and larger community area on the ground floor. Top level and ground level are collected by an atrium or courtyard.

Type 2: Economic outer gallery block

This tye of building has a gallery on the side facing the DETOX Course. This way the upper apartments will also have economic potential and a lot more interaction is possible between building and public space.

Type 3: Apartment building

The apartment buildings are shared buildings for a minimum of 2 families. These buildings offer a type of co-housing with shared functions on the ground floor level.

Ingredients for the architecture

REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSING

Until now the plan gives a rough idea about how the design will work. In this chapter more detailed information about standard Indonesian dwelling sizes is given, to sharpen the programme of requirements for housing blocks used in the plan.

STANDARDS FOR SIZES OF DWELLINGS

The dwelling types in Indonesia are defined into two attribute levels by the Decree of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing number 242/KPTS/M/2020: landed houses and apartments. Only apartments are incorporated into this design. In Indonesia, the size of a dwelling is represented by the floor area. According to RayWhite Indonesia (2021), the most common floor area is 21 m2, 36 m2 and 45 m2.

To make the size distinctive according to its typical number of bedrooms, the dwelling size in this project is defined into three attribute levels: 21 m2 (studio), 27 m2 (one bedroom), and 36 m2 or 45m2 (two bedrooms).

The footprint set at 36m2, is the same surface area as the standard housing unit in Kampung Susun. This design was made with extensive participation from a nearby neighbourhood, which is why it is logical to implement in this design.

The 21 m2 type is a studio dwelling, typically consisting of one large room that serves as the combined bedroom, living, dining, and a separate bathroom. The 27m2 type typically has one bedroom, one bathroom, and a combined living and dining room. The 36 m2 dwelling typically has two bedrooms, one bathroom, and a combined living and dining room. The 45 m2 type is basically similar to the 36 m2 type with larger spaces.

LOCAL REUSE OF BUILDING MATERIAL

And collaboration with the ‘retention plains’ brief. There is a local recycler who sells wooden frames, windows, doors etc. He could provide a small part of the necessary building material.

Building material can also be harvested on site.

I didn’t explore the possibilities of this in my plan, It would better suit a the ‘retention plains’ brief, as the extra focus in that development, could be large scale recycled building material HUB.

PRODUCTION OF LIGHT BUILDING MATERIAL

The production of light building material is possible in Pasar DETOX. But I don’t expect it would be able to produce large scale structural elements. A collaboration with the ‘Retention Plain’ brief, could be more fruitful, as large amounts of building material can be upscaled into building material.

21m² (studio)

27m² (one bedroom)

36m² (two bedroom)

45m² (two bedroom)

Local material reuse

Material production: collab!

Development strategy

GENERAL PROCESS

To create the DETOX Course, housing is temporarily removed from the site and later rebuilt in a new urban formation once the course and Pasar Detox have been constructed. This takes place in several steps. While the detailed process is best developed during the architectural and community design phases, a general phasing strategy has been outlined to explore the feasibility of the project.

ROUGHLY SEVEN PHASES IN DEVELOPMENT

Development will take place in segments, depending on the amount of available free space that can be used for temporary housing within Kampung Melayu. A projection of a possible phasing strategy is shown on the left.

- Phase 1: Pasar DETOX, adjacent squares and east buildings

- Phase 2: North Course, adjacent squares and west buildings

- Phase 3: Middle Course, adjacent buildings

- Phase 4: South Course, adjacent buildings

- Phase 5: Second row of housing blocks, bridge blocks

- Phase 6: Riverbank naturalisation

- Phase 7: New bridges, last blocks

A FEASIBLE PROJECT: CHECK!

Phasing ensures that sufficient space within Kampung Melayu is available to house inhabitants during construction. This image provides an approximate indication of how many buildings will require temporary accommodation.

122 buildings

68 buildings

33 buildings

34 buildings

113 buildings

50 buildings

STEP 7: MAKE DETOX ARCHITECTURE BECOME PART OF EVERY-DAY-LIFE

TO HELP IT BECOME CULTURE

SPATIAL DESIGN FOR GENERATION REGENERATION

For DETOX culture to fully integrate into current culture places of cultural significance are linked to day-to-day destinations and neighbourhood activities.

Something out of the ordinary will become ordinary within one lifetime. With this last step I will explain the decisions in the composition of built and unbuilt space.

FAMILY TIME

The small RPTRA buildings on the riverbanks offer space for parents and small children to meet and relax in a somewhat enclosed environment. It offers a safe play environment for the youngest community members.

PLAY AFTER SCHOOL

At Rumah Gizi children come to learn and play outside regular school hours. Its playground is a water square where children can play on their own after school.

EXPLORATION

The helophyte alleys offer the ideal circumstances for children to explore natural environments, close to home and in a safe way.

LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Teenagers, older children, and supervised small children can learn about natural water purification in the DETOX course. Which consists of larger squares and water purification basins. These are lush water retaining environments in which native plant life and different small

animals can help to understand natural processes. Education can be linked to these places, they can be enjoyed recreationally.

In the deeper basins children can learn to swim. Other basins can be used for cultural or maybe even religious purposes.

ADVENTUROUS ENVIRONMENT

A few collection of adventurous environments are made which appeal to older children and teenagers. The jetty or

Meaningful throughout people’s lifetimes

pier and bridge next to the deeper basins can serve as a great swim spot to dive off of and socialize with other teenagers. The edges of the neighbourhood and the staircases are a great place to hang around without supervision.

LEARNING ABOUT COMPOST

Although not a designed part of my project, the riverside allotment park can be a great way for the whole community to partake in urban agriculture and the community compost business.

COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE

At all the before mentioned public areas community members can offer their expertise or lend a hand. Retired elderly community members can for example volunteer at the RPTRA or keep active at the riverside allotments. Community members living beside helophyte alleys can keep an eye on their maintenance.

THE GRAND PUBLIC COMMUNITY BUILDING

Pasar DETOX offers space to innovative organisations, the neighbourhood circular businesses and has a work space in which inhabitants can build home adaptations. like helophyte roofing or water storage units. In general the Pasar aims to lay a solid foundation for DETOX community life.

New places of culture

THE COURSE IS OPEN FOR CULTURAL EVENTS

Part of Indonesian culture is singing/making music and cinema. The Course can adapt to these cultural events, forming a new place where people can get together and enjoy cultural activities. (Dry season events: fair & cinema.)

The Jakarta Fair, held in June, is one of the largest fairs in Southeast Asia, featuring local crafts, delicious food, and exciting performances. Additionally, the annual Jakarta International Film Festival brings cinema lovers together for a celebration of local and international films.

LUSH FLORAL BASINS

The outside basins are filled with plants that purify water, and with fish and can be combined with other functions, to keep the purification process constant and of high quality. surface water is kept separate from river water to maintain a lower pollution level and it is kept in movement throughout the neighbourhood.

The combination between waterflow and fish helps limit the chances of mosquito’s to nest in the water.

Linked to old places of culture

PUMPS ARE INTEGRATED IN PLACES OF CULTURE

The most northern, western and southern pump is attached to a educational facility. The Northern is a new location for a women’s and children’s educational facility which was already present in the neighbourhood, called Rumah Gizi. The Western and southern pump is attached to smaller scale RPTRA’s that provide a riverbank allotment park programme, for nearby communities. The community organisation has an important role in harvesting brown bio material used in the larger scale compost business and they keep the riverbanks green and in production.

Recognisable elements

RECOGNISABLE PURIFICATION ARCHITECTURE

The pump buildings collect rainwater and distribute water into outside basins or into water purification systems after which water is stored inside nearby buildings. They are an important part of detox architecture, which is why they are recognisable buildings in the design.

They become part of people’s day to day lives, because they are in view from every direction and because important neighbourhood places are linked to the pumps.

DETOX ARCHITCTURE INVITES TO EXPLORE

Glimpses of DETOX architecture are in view from the narrow streets of the kampung, inviting the journey from old to new.

PUMP BUILDINGS ARE EMPHASIZED BY THE URBAN COMPOSITION

Purification pumps are emphasized by the urban composition. Pump buildings are placed opposite of entrance routes to the DETOX Course. They stand out from their surroundings. And every entry point frames both the old and new environment. This way DETOX will integrate into every-day-life.

A SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

THE MAQUETTE

A 3D SECTION OF THE DETOX COURSE

A HEALTHY CILIWUNG RIVER

MAINTAINING ‘FREE’ SPACE

The Course introduces contrast into people’s lives -not only at first glance when entering it, but more importantly as a lasting foundation for Kampung Melayu’s DETOX culture.

RAINWATER PURIFICATION

The plan offers rainwater purification into potable water, using a combination of horizontal helophyte filters, aerated helophyte filters and vertical water purification in buildings. Rainwater visibly flows through the neighbourhood and is collected and purified in lush helophyte basins, that are designed as anti-mosquito biotopes. These are places to enjoy. This way purification infrastructure isn’t just a technical story, but provides the opportunity for circularity to become meaningful in people’s lives: and form the base for DETOX culture.

WATER STORAGE

Greywater, potable water and blackwater stored separately in buildings, using a tank-in-vault principle.

Household grey wastewater is processed first to get rid of any cleaning agent, before it is ready to join the grey rainwater storage and second purification process.

Blackwater is extracted on a regular basis to provide raw material to create valuable biofuel. As pollutants aren’t entering the environment anymore: DETOX economy is born.

EMPOWER COMMUNITY

Community organisations work together to transform waste into valuable products in a new pioneer building for circular activities, called Pasar DETOX.

The volume and design of this building type refers to the building type of popular commercial destinations in Jakarta.

The building provides a basecamp for the collaboration of a new RPTRA community organisation, Waste Bank, NGO’s in recycling and educational institutes for material innovation.

Summary of the project

FLOOD MITIGATION

This plan forms an alternative to the current governmental plans to ‘Normalise’ riverbanks, in which rivers are widened and riverbanks are encased in concrete. It is laid out on the natural low lying grounds that flood frequently and have been urbanised the latest. It can be opened and closed, which offers flexible space for flood mitigation of disastrous floods that occur once every 5 to 7 years. This way the river dynamics remain the same and it gives the Ciliwung river the chance to regenerate over time. Downward spiral averted!

UPCYCLING WASTE

In time all waste is transformed into a new way to make a profit. It starts with composting organic waste and low-tech ways to transform plastic.

Organic waste has the most volume. Space is given to two cycles (of 12 weeks) of the total amount of organic waste produced by the 11717 inhabitants of Kampung Melayu to ensure enough space is provided.

DETOX economy is in a very visible place within the neighbourhood and is connected to the main market streets to ensure a natural business flow.

HOUSEHOLD WATER (RE)USE

Clean water is produced to provide 11717 inhabitants with potable water all year round. Even calculating the months of dry season.

EMPOWER INHABITANTS

Everyone is rehomed in this plan. Housing is stacked to reduce the possibility of individual plot development. The majority of the kampung remains inaccessible to cars as a second anti-gentrification method. The ground level home economic space remains the same and Pasar DETOX adds new economic possibilities. The kampung will be legally owned by the community, to stimulate collaborative design in planning processes. (instead of eviction.)

Detail of the maquette. View towards the north.

The DETOX Course

A MEANINGFUL PLACE

The above images is a 3D section, viewed towards the north, showing elevations, lush biodiversity basins, and activities along the DETOX Course. It shows the added quality of life.

A healthy Ciliwung River

THE RIVER HAS A CHANCE TO REGENERATE OVER TIME

Over time, as the DETOX economy in kampungs picks up, potable water from surface water becomes a lot more likely, as it will be less polluted to start with.

MAINTENANCE AS INPUT FOR CIRCULAR ECONOMY

The naturalised river can (and needs to) play a part in the new detox economy. The majority of the time the river will flow as it does currently. Maintenance to the river will still occur.

The organic layer on the riverbed is reduced to keep the right balance in nutrients for the river ecosystem to restore. Instead of disposing of the organic material, it is used in the Pasar DETOX.

The riverbed is deepened, which increases the flow rate and capacity of the river. To increase its purification cycle the riverbanks are widened and elevated (using earth dug out of the DETOX Course) to create more space for biodiversity.

DETOX COMMUNITY PARK

On the riverbanks a new parkstrip is created, which will be maintained by an RPTRA community organisation in two locations.

They create gardens to grow various versatile plants. These plants are useful in their full life cycle. Planted on the riverbanks they improve soil and water quality and strengthen the riverbanks. In doing so the riverbanks are better protected against soil erosion. The plants can be eaten or used otherwise, residues become brown matter for compost, mycelium production or become fuel for some other purpose. They are refined in the Pasar DETOX, you can read more about this in step 3 from page 204 onward. The river’s edge becomes part of the Detox economy in this neighbourhood.

FROM ‘FREE SPACE’ TO COMMUNITY ENTITY

without community ownership

The thin park explores the possibility of the Ciliwung riverbanks to become a ‘community entity’, instead of a void space between urban settlements and the river. It prevents new squatter residents from settling along the riverbanks. This way the gentrification dynamics of the riverbank is prevented. The gentrification dynamics are explained on page 112 and onward. The squatter community has its own place in my graduation plan, which I explain on page 204 and onward.

Maintaining ‘free’ space

TWO LESSONS LEARNT ABOUT ‘FREE SPACE’

1. Programme and maintain the thin park. Riverside thin parks are an integral part of giving space for DETOX culture. It is important that the riverbanks become part of productive economic activity and maintained by the community’s RPTRA organisation, to keep them an open green structure, because of the rapid informal urban sprawl in Jakarta.

2. There are spatial implications to make a thin park work. K. Kullmann explores the spatial factors of thin parks in his publication ‘Thin parks / thick edges: towards a linear park typology for (post)infrastructural sites’ in the Journal of Landscape Architecture in a publication in 2011. He describes that thin parks are all edge with no middle, which makes them legible, because of sightlines and their proximity to their edges.

With community ownership And DETOX benefits

A. A thin park is well connected to its surroundings, which enables a wide range of users to enjoy it.

B. A thin park has distinct entrances. Visitors make a consious decision to ‘enter’ the space (p.8). This argument is also given by Cullen in his serial vision theory (p.). RPTRA centres highlight side-entrances, which are connected to walking routes in the adjacent urban structures.

C. A think park has compressed circulation. Main routes along the thin park runs on both sides of the Ciliwung River. It is only accessible to pedestrians. They are connected by new bridges. This permits users to ‘loop’ around the park.

D. Parkedges are reinforced spatially. Semi-private purposes help soften the edge interface. Inhabitants of adjacent dwellings can profit from their proximity to the park for their home business.

Source: Kullmann, K., 2011, Thin parks / thick edges: towards a linear park typology for (post)infrastructural sites, Journal of Landscape Architecture, ISSN 1862-6033, UC Berkeley, p.p. 3,4,5,7,8

RESPONSIBILITIES IN DEVELOPMENT AND SHORTLIST OF LOCAL ARCHITECTS

Responsibilities in development

WHAT COLLABORATIONS ARE NECESSARY?

I’ve thought out which organisations are needed to turn this plan into reality. The provincial government owns the river and the land adjacent to the river.

The ministry of public works will be the developer of the Course, as they would otherwise be responsible for the implementation of normalisation.

The World Bank can help finance housing.

The RPTRA community center can be developed using the regional budget (APBD) or by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is a form of social return.

DESIGN OF THE DETOX COURSE

I can imagine a collaboration with Defacto or Arcadis would be interesting to understand the civil engineering part of thie DETOX Course design (mainly how it would work to build this sluice system).

DESIGN OF HOUSING

I can imagine a collaboration with a few local architects and participatory process with inhabitants. It will be explained on the next page.

EXPLOITATION

The organisation running Pasar DETOX is a combination of RPTRA and Waste Bank. There will be a coordination team to make sure production runs smoothly and the organisation is also focused on expansion and collaboration with universities.

Source: Kampung Susun: https://ugovern.eu/kampung-susun-participatory-housing-design-in-jakarta/ 2025/05/19 15:28

Source: Government: https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-agar-efektif-normalisasi-ciliwung-difokuskan-ke-sejumlah-segmen 2025/05/19 15:02

Source: World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/12/03/green-homes-resilient-cities-tackling-indonesia-housing-crisis 2025/05/19 15:14

Shortlist of local architects

ARCHITECTS

STUDIO ANDRA MATIN

BUDI PRADONO ARCHITECTS

SHAU

RAW ARCHITECTURE (REALRICH SJARIEF)

STUDIO AKANOMA

BUILDINGS

PASAR DETOX

HELOPHYTE STAIRCASE + COLLAB WITH PASAR DETOX

RUMAH GIZI

HOUSING TYPE 3

HOUSING TYPE 1

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN INTERMEDIATE

RUJAK CENTRE FOR URBAN STUDIES (RCUS)

PERUMAHAN GOTONG ROYONG: HOUSING DEVELOPMENT/ COMMUNITY OF MUTUAL COOPERATION

METHOD

PAID DESIGN MANIFESTATION (LIKE WE DO IN GRONINGEN)

HOW TO DESIGN THE BUILDINGS?

I was curious to see which architects I could potentially work with on this project.

I would love to see a collection of a few architects that work on different types of building in the plan.

Of the examples given in images on the left page, I’ve visited two: Andra Matin’s library in West Jakarta and Rumah Miring by Budi Pradono in South Jakarta.

The other architects were chosen by looking through their portfolio.

MANIFESTATION FORMAT

A method I would like to use is the ‘manifestation’ format used in Groningen. Groningen has a long tradition in architecture competitions and most of them turn into a realized project. It’s a format in which designers are challenged to design for goals set by the municipality. For example: “Wonen in Stadshart” was about creating family housing in Groningen’s city centre, as most families have been pushed out by student housing over time. Or the recent: “Bouw Anders” which challenged designers to build circularly.

As this pilot wants to set an example of how to create DETOX culture in an equitable way. It could use a vehicle to promote it, like a design manifestation.

PARTICIPATORY DESIGN

Collaboration with RUJAK centre for urban studies and Perumahan Gotong Royong can help find the best way to design with communities. And Studio Akanoma has experience with designing for kampung communities.

Source: https://dev.earth-auroville.com/vikas-community-1991-1998/ – Auroville Earth Institute (2024/01/17 10:01)

Source: https://vtnarchitects.net/dong-anh-house-pe198.html – VTN3 (2024/09/25 18:30)

Source: https://ugovern.eu/kampung-susun-participatory-housing-design-in-jakarta/ (2025/05/19 15:28)

IS THE PLAN PLAUSIBLE?

DO THE NUMBERS ADD UP?

kcehC on th e rebmun

Housing units:

373 individual buildings

Total area: 10 396m²

Average height of 1,7 levels. (estimation)

50% of the footprint for economic space.

Waterneed:

1171,7m³ - 1757,55m³ of water per day.

52% government improvement to pipelines.

48% from purified rainwater.

storage should last during 4 months of dry season

Storage capacity need: 68614m³ - 102922m³ of water storage.

Water purification infrastructure

Helophyte filter surface area: 35 151m² to purify household grey wastewater.

Waste production

0,7kg of waste p.p.p.d. 11717 inhabitants produce 8202kg of waste per day.

Compostable food waste: 2561kg.

741kg of compost fits into 1m3.

2561kg = 3,45 m3 compost storage

Compost cycle: 12 weeks.

Minimum compost capacity: 215 124kg

Compost storage for 11717 inhabitants: 290m³

Is the plan plausible?

REHOUSING

A total of 373 individual buildings are affected by this plan. In the current situation the total footprint of documented housing is 10 396m² Buildings have an average height of 1.7 levels (I calculated with 2 levels). Which means the total surface area for housing should be a minimum of between 17 673m² (1.7 levels) and 20 792m² (2 levels)

ECONOMIC SPACE

Housing is mixed with space for small home businesses, which means about 50% of the housing footprint, will have to be landed space for businesses. This is incorporated into the design of the new community housing.

NEED FOR HOUSEHOLD WATER STORAGE

One person needs between 100L and 150L of water on a daily basis. 11717 inhabitants need between 1171,7m³ - 1757,55m³ of water per day. Let’s assume that 52% can in fact be made available by the current government’s plan to implement pipelines.

So 48% of the daily necessity should be purified from rainwater. There should be enough water storage for household use within the new urban structure to last during 4 months of dry season. Which means the plan needs a capacity of between 68614m³102922m³ of water storage.

WATER PURIFICATION INFRASTRUCTURE

And there should be 3m2 to 4m2 of horizontal helophyte filter per person to be able to purify their waste water. Of which between 25% and 45% is black household waste water (toilet flushing or kitchen), which isn’t processed by the helophyte system. This means the helophyte filter should have a surface area of 35 151m² to purify household grey wastewater.

WASTE PRODUCTION

One person produces about 0,7kg of waste per day. 11717 inhabitants produce 8202kg of waste per day.

2561kg of which is compostable food waste. Compost will take up the most space, as its time to mature is the slowest process when compared to all other processes. Which is why it’s used as a reference type of waste.

741kg of compost fits into 1m3. Which means 3,45 m3 storage is needed daily for 2561 kg compost. A compost cycle lasts 12 weeks. This means a minimum capacity of 215 124kg of compost is needed in order to fully use all the inhabitant’s waste. It amounts to about 290m³ of compost storage.

REHOUSING, CHECK!

The total footprint of housing in this plan is 6500m² and has an average of 3,5 levels. Which means the total surface area of housing is 22 750m²

INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC SPACE, CHECK!

Housing is mixed with space for small home businesses which are visible and easily accessible from outside. The total household footprint is 6500m², which is more than 50% of the current footprint. (5198m²)

++ DETOX SPACE, CHECK!

Pasar DETOX’s factory offers 4030m2 surface area with different ceiling heights (ranging between 3m-6m) to give flexibility. The pasar DETOX department store has a footprint of 673m2 and is 3 levels heigh with a setback. Which amounts to about 2000m2 of circular businesses

The helophyte staircase has a volume of 1774m3 to showcase vertical water purification. (pages 226 and 227)

HOUSEHOLD WATER STORAGE, CHECK!

There is 26 161m³ storage space under buildings. A tank-in-vault principle is used as a durable method. Between 3430m³ - 5146m³ should be designated to potable water storage. (pages 238, 240 and 246.) The rest can serve as water storage for household use or grey wastewater purification. The entire helophyte system offers storage capacity of 39642m³ for relatively clean rainwater and purified grey household waste water and is kept in motion. The rain accounts for a lot more water to enter the system, so evaporation is not a problem to the water supply. It’s actually quite a nice way to cool the environment. (pages 198 and 239.)

The basins offer an extra 3811m²x1,5m=5717m³ storage capacity. Which makes a total of 71520m³ of storage capacity.

WATER PURIFICATION INFRASTRUCTURE, CHECK!

4940m² of helophyte system can run through the DETOX course. The roofs have capacity for about 6500m² helophyte filter. And about half of the staircase in pasar DETOX is filled with a vertical helophyte system. which amounts to 1774m³. The lather two are 1,5 times more efficient than regular horizontal helophyte filters. The helophyte capacity is 16464m². Counting the purification possibilities inside the buildings as well makes it plausible that enough purified water is produced. Although on the lower end, water storage containers and helophyte filters will be constructed in Pasar DETOX to expand water purification implementations in individual homes.

CAPACITY FOR CIRCULAR WASTE, CHECK!

The capacity of Pasar DETOX is far greater than the minimum area needed for compost. A principle floorplan (on page 211) shows the building can absorb much more and still has room to fill in later.

WHAT IS OUR JOB AS DESIGNERS?

WHAT DID I LEARN FROM DESIGNING FOR JAKARTA? WHAT I WILL TAKE TO THE OTHER DESIGN BRIEFS (IF I START A PROMOTION RRSEARCH)

nosseL s and re noitcefl

Itlooksmorelikewe’re turningbacktotheEGO phaseofoursociety

Regenerationseemsfar outofreach

OUR CONTEXT: ON OUR WAY FROM THE ANTHROPOCENE TO THE SYMBIOCENE.. AND MAYBE TO A REGENERATIVE FUTURE

THE MAJORITY OF SOCIETIES ARE STILL IN EGO-MODE

Western societies are struggling to move beyond the Anthropocenic mindset. We have long been aware of climate change and of the necessity for humans to live more symbiotically with their surroundings. Yet to this day, conversations still seem polarized between the ‘ego’ and the ‘eco.’

It is best to assume that the mindset of the majority remains rooted in the Anthropocene — only then can we begin to understand what will and will not resonate with people.

WE DESIGN AS IF WE’RE ALL ECO- OR SEVA-MINDED

Designers do not seem to acknowledge the mindset of people they actually need to design for. In my experience, many of us design as if society is already in the ‘eco’ frame of mind associated with the Symbiocene or Syntropocene. Our renders are usually beautiful, but have we also imagined the path to get there? Who are the people that need to identify with our designs in order for those designs to become reality?

Our job as designers

HOW DO WE GO FROM EGO TO SEVA?

ASK THE QUESTION

What system needs to be put in place to change course towards regeneration?

ADD AN ‘EGO’ INCENTIVE AIM FOR CULTURAL SHIFT

SEVA AND THE SYNTHROPOCENE

DESIGNERS MUST:

Designers must address the path of systemic changes necessary to ensure the beautiful renders actually become reality. We have to design for a cultural shift and examine what is needed to set a course for regeneration. Not only should the end result be drawn; We should also help navigate how to get there.

Introducing the Syntropocene! A world in which humans take responsibility to help regenerate nature. the Syntropocene, derived from “syntropy,” refers to the tendency toward order, harmony, and lifeenhancing complexity. The Syntropocene would symbolize an era where human actions are aligned with the regenerative processes of nature, fostering systems that support and enhance life. This concept aligns with the principles of seva, emphasizing selfless service and active participation in the healing and nurturing of the planet. It extends beyond sustainable living (as emphasized in the Symbiocene) to proactive regeneration and stewardship.

Source: Scheme of

0. DETOX the design brief of near future developments. (urbanism/planning)

1. Work with the potential of the place:

- Geographical potential (landscape and infrastructure)

- Cultural potential (habitats and needs)

- Analyse the incentives to come to action (usually: flood defence, economic, infrastructure)

Design intervention: (urban design)

2. Create space for a community business and facilitate a circular waste/water system, fit to context.

Scale the business, fit to context, and based on production and potential.

Lessons to manifest DETOX culture

Future proofing the design:

3. Incorporate a way to make the plan gentrificationproof, fit to context.

Build DETOX Culture:

4. Link DETOX elements to popular destinations which become meaninful to future generations.

Place DETOX elements on day-today routes, frame them by urban composition at eyelevel.

LESSONS ON SPATIAL INTERVENTIONS IN JAKARTA AS INGREDIENTS FOR THE NEXT PILOTS OF JAKARTA DETOX CULTURE

Horizontal economic space is most important. The urban poor depend on individual small scale house economy. Keep space for this in the urban design and housing types.

Make most ateliers on the ground oor small. This way there will be circulation within the neighbourhood.

Make room for transitional space between private and public for small home shops.

Connect to the potential of the geographical location and of the potential of current community dynamics,

Connect streets in which there is already economic potential (because of small house shops in the current situation) and extend them.

Mix scale of commercial spaces

Add grand new commercial building for residual ow economy on the connecting route between destinations and in the midst of current commercial routes

Make space for and organize trade-links in large scale waste separation and reuse

Add public space as an over ow area of inside program to lower the threshold to want to participate.

Link design intervention to potential from the surroundings to take future scale-up into account

Keep streets with landed housing unreachable for cars to discourage gentrifying mechanism of development.

Add mixed stacked housing to discourage gentrifying mechanism of development.

Give kampung inhabitants stability and ownership by working with Community Land Trusts

CREATE SPACE TO START A BUSINESS

MAKE ROOM FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

STIMULATE DIVERSE RESIDUAL FLOW ECONOMY

DISCOURAGE GENTRIFICATION

lessons on spatial interventions in Jakarta

INGREDIENTS FOR THE NEXT PILOT PROJECT OF JAKARTA

DETOX CULTURE

Attach current carriers of culture to the new tech. (Pasar Detox, RPTRA community centers, schools)

Make sure that the new hydro tech applications become an explicit element the urban structure. (pumps, helofytes, canals, rention areas are an attractive part of the urban environment).

Add a new ‘level’/scale of public space, to add to the di erent experiences one can have in life.

Make sure the development connects to the existing fabric, by making sure every ‘scene’ is a combination between old and new urban fabric.

Think about how di erent age groups could bene t from the intervention: for instance add play elements to tech application in order for new generations to create fond memories.

ATTACH DETOX CULTURE TO CURRENT CULTURE

Kampungs can have self organizing capability. Community actionplan is a form of organisation. (example: Riverside Kampungs have a long history of oodplanning.)

There can by a type of community savings RPTRA community centers can be put into use for greater more diverse economic. (Some of them already do so!)

Organise building to increase natural air circulation within the neighbourhood.

All water should circulate/ ow, to reduce the chance of mosquitos carrying diseases to nest in the water

Create permeable space to let water in ltrate better Water evaporation can be used to reduce heatstress

STIMULATE A POWERFUL AND JUST ORGANISATION

BE MINDFUL OF HEALTH ISSUES IN THE TROPICS

BACKGROUND RESEARCH WATERCHARTS

FLOODCHARTS

PLANTS WITH BENEFITS

CASCADE OF DETOX ECONOMY

LESSONS ON SOCIAL DYNAMICS

HOW MUCH WATER DOES JAKARTA DRINK?

This chapter contains the watercharts of Jakarta and Kampung Melayu. What does Jakarta drink? Where does it come from? What does the government have planned for the future? How does it impact Kampung Melayu?

cretaW hart s

CASCADE OF DETOX ECONOMY

Cost of water:

3000-10 000 for 500ml-1l water

10L for 20-50 000

so buying water can amount to 1750 000 rupiah a day.

DKI Jakarta is supplied with 622 million m3 water annually. The water comes from Jatihulur through a 72 km open canal and from PDAM Tangerang through a 30 km pipe.

The water from Jatihulur is cleaned in a facility in Pulo Gadung and in Taman Kota (Bekasi)

Pulo Gadung treats 4000 L/s

Taman Kota cleans 150 L/s

Together they clean over 130 million m3 water anually.

Potable water

1 person needs 0,1-0,15m³ water per day

3m² - 4m² is needed to clean water for 1 person’s daily use. 1,73m - 2m 1,73m-2m

600 million m³ anually 6,1 km 6,1 km

37,48 km² Helophyte

between 31,7 and 42,29 km²

10,6 million people need 1,06 million m³ - 1,59 million m³ water per day 5,6m - 6,5m 5,6m-6,5m

clean 1,85 m³ water for 10,6 million people a day

The recommended range in water flow velocity in helophyte filters is typically between 0.1 and 0.3 meters per second (m/s).

A vast shortage of water

11,6 million people need between 1,16 million m³1,74 million m³ water per day

There is a shortage of about 600 million m³ water anually (1,64 million m³ per day) Water decent treatmentplants needed: 4,6 times the current capacity . But can it be done ralized?

HOW MUCH DOES KAMPUNG MELAYU FLOOD?

This chapter contains relevant information about flooding. Is flooding normal? How do people in Kampung Melayu cope with flooding? How often will the DETOX course be open for the river to flow through?

cdoolF hart s

JAKARTA IS A BIG FLOODPLAIN

Flooding is not new. In fact it’s even considered normal. Multiple rivers and waterway run through Jakarta, before emptying at the Bay of Jakarta. It can be implied as well, that the location of Jakarta coincides with the natural floodplain of the bay.

A natural floodplain is an area of low-lying ground adjacent to rivers, which will be flooded whenever a surge in water discharge occurs in the corresponding river. This is a natural factor that contributes to the frequent flooding in Jakarta. The natural occurrence of mild flooding is amplified by human factors, like the disposal of waste in rivers, groundwater extraction, deforestation upstream and urbanisation along the riverbanks.

FLOODING IS BUSINESS AS USUAL

Flooding is a regular occurrence in low lying parts of Jakarta. In Kampung Melayu flooding occurs an average of 5 times a year during raining season. With normal flood levels ranging from 10cm to 1m high.

FLOODING SEVERITY WILL ALREADY DECREASE

An assumption I’m making is that the new outlet of river water from the Ciliwung to Cipinang and the Eastern Flood Canal which was completed between 2017 and 2021 has a positive effect on the severity of flooding in Kampung Melayu, Pulo, Bukit Duri and further downstream (to the north).

Estimate the ‘time to bypass’

Part of the project’s meaningful contribution to people’s lives, is the fact that it can stay closed for the majority if times, to serve as a new public space to enjoy. To assess what part of the time the bypass will be opened, information is needed on different flood types, flood frequencies and the duration of different flood types.

The cause of flooding can be heavy rainfall (pluvial flood) or an overflowing river (fluvial flood). In this assessment the cause of fluvial flooding is left outside the scope.

HOUSES HAVE BEEN ADAPTED TO ANNUAL FLOODING

The building material often used for the ground floor shows either a tiled or concrete slab covering the lower part of walls up to 1m high.

Houses are elevated slightly, with small steps, slightly slanting ground level floors, small steps and a 50cm to 1m high wall enclosing the entrance area.

Flooding in general

ELEVATIONS IN KAMPUNG MELAYU

There are different elevation levels in the project area to work with. The riverbanks of RW1, RW2 and RW3 have recently been normalised. The project focusses on RW 7 and RW 8. As seen in the DEM map on the right, the elevation differentiates between 12m and 17m. DEM more precisely measured in QGIS shows an average ground level elevation of The elevation of the RW7 and the top part of RW8 is about 13,5m above sea-level.

HOW DO PEOPLE COPE WITH FLOODING?

The case study ‘vulnerability assessment and coping mechanism related to floods in urban areas: A community-based case study in Kampung Melayu, Indonesia’ (Marschiavelli, Gadjah Mada University, 2008) shows that there are different severities of flooding and that these are categorised in the level of manageability for kampung inhabitants to lead their day to day lives. The case study contains a survey with 83 respondents which live in different places of Kampung Melayu. The survey addresses the level of manageability during flooding. The flood levels below are translated to the elevation levels on site. They are projected in maps and interpreted. The flood duration connected to manageability is shown in the table below. And two flood frequencies are highlighted, showing ‘normal’ and ‘disastrous’ circumstances.

Source: Left middle: Case study (Marschiavelli, Gadjah Mada University, 2008)

Source: Left Below: Flood Canal Sodetan. Floodmitigation canal, Ciliwung-East. https://www.kompas.id/baca/metro/2023/07/04/sodetan-ciliwung-sudah-berfungsi

Source: Above: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Kelurahan Kampung Melayu. Source: Bakosurtanal

Source: Below: Case study (Marschiavelli, Gadjah Mada University, 2008)

REGULAR: < 50cm

These areas flood on a regular basis.

In red: the ‘weak-spots’ in water defence. These are areas through which water penetrates further into the urban fabric.

NORMAL: 50cm

A normal amount of flooding has a height of up to 50 cm. This map shows the normal amount of flooding which occurs in Kampung Melayu.

The whole westbank of Kampung Melayu often floods to a 50cm height. It is considered normal, even if the flooding period exceeds 7 days.

(10cm-100cm floods occur 5 times during raining season)

MANAGEABLE: < 1m

A 1m flooding is considered manageable up to 7 days.

(10cm-100cm floods occur 5 times during raining season)

Flood levels

MANAGEABLE: < 2m

A flooding of 2m high is still considered manageable if it doesn’t exceed a period of 3 days.

Normalisation up stream will guide water faster.

New normalised riverbanks form a protective barrier along kampung Pulo and Kampung Burkit Duri to prevent them from inundating if a flooding occurs up to 2m high.

The endpoint of the normalised riverbank is the cause of inundation of Bukit Duri (southwest side of the Ciliwung river.)

UNMANAGEABLE: > 2m

Living a normal life becomes unmanageable if the waterlevel becomes higher than 2meters and exceed a 3 day time period.

During a flood which is considered ‘unmanageable’ households are moved to evacuation shelters on higher ground.

CHECK!

The design should at least make floods of 1 - 1,5m manageable for a period longer than 7 days.

> By creating a dyke.

> By adding a larger retention area to direct water from inside the kampung to the by-pass.

Source: Own visualisation of information from QGIS and open source data about Jakarta

DISASTROUS: > 3m

A flooding of between 3m and 5m has occured every 5 to 7 years since the ‘90s. This type of flooding is disastrous, at any length of time.

The usual way of dealing with flooding is made impossible, due to the waterlevel also reaching the first floor of houses.

CHECK!

Estimated dangerous flooding incidents occur once every 5 to 7 years. This means that for the majority of the time the DETOX course can be used as extra public space.

Anthropologist R. v. Voorst (book: ‘de Beste plek ter wereld’) has experienced firsthand that the reliance of the inhabitants on each other is quite high. This reliance translates to pragmatic, self-organising capacity in multiple ways (in any way necessary). In flood response and evacuation management, in group savings systems, in informal religious gatherings for women, in social/ economical entrepreneurship and in a few (light corrupt) practises like for example ‘waste-tax’ paid to the Lurah.

Crisis management and Gotong Royong

Source: De Beste Plek Ter Wereld, Roanne van Voorst, Uitgeverij Brandt, Amsterdam, 2016

Source: 2252-3767-2-PB.pdf (utwente.nl) 2024/09/25 9:21

The severity of flooding

Source: 2252-3767-2-PB.pdf (utwente.nl) 2024/09/25 9:21

LIBRARY OF

PLANTS

This chapter explores the potential of plants used in the helophyte alleys, basins and DETOX course. It shows which plants could be used to purify water, that also benefit riverside communities in other ways. It also shows what materials could potentially be used in the construction of the public space.

FIRST FILTRATION

Natural purification.

Removes suspended particles. Reduces nutrient loads.

Absorbes heavy metals and some organic pollutants.

SECOND FILTRATION

Removes contaminants and pathogens.

Mesh Screen/Pre-filter: Removes larger debris and prevents clogging of the helophyte filter.

Sediment Filter: Finer sediment filter removes any remaining particulate matter

Water purification

DESINFECTION

Chlorination or UV disinfection can be used at this stage to ensure that any remaining bacteria or pathogens are killed. Boiling is also an option for ensuring water is free of pathogens, especially for drinking.

STORAGE

Water is stored in a clean, covered opaque tank to keep it free from contamination and to prevent algae growth.

MAINTENANCE

The helophyte filter has periodic maintenance to keep it functioning properly. Maintenance involves cleaning the substrate, trimming the plants and ensuring that the filter is not clogged.

MONITOR WATER QUALITY

The water is tested periodically.

Subak system

SUBAK

The Subak system is a traditional Balinese irrigation network that has been used for over a thousand years to grow rice. It’s a community-based system to distribute water. It combines engineering, social cooperation, and spiritual values and shows how culture, religion, and agriculture can work together to sustain landscapes and communities. This system is my main inspiration for the design intervention. I love the fact that this irrigation network is multidimensional and ingrained in the culture.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Water from rivers and springs is diverted through canals, weirs and tunnels to slowely flow downhill across terraced rice fields. Each farmer receives an equal share based on set agreements and rules. Decisions about water use are made collectively in Subak associations. These associations ae often centered around local temples. The cooperation ensures that fields receive a fair share of water at the right time. This supports both productivity and ecological balance.

FUN FACT: THE PROJECT NEVER REALLY SHIFTED COURSE

At the first mentor meeting, I apparently already had a vague idea of which strategy I was going to aim for. The pink picture shows the rough outlines of a DETOX SUBAK system that I presented during the mentor meeting.

1. Eliminate source of pollution

Identify and address the sources of pollution entering the river, whether it’s industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, urban stormwater, or untreated sewage. Implement measures to reduce or eliminate these pollutants to improve water quality.

2. Create buffer around pollution

Create buffer zones along agricultural and urban areas, improve wastewater treatment and enforcing regulations on industrial discharges.

5. Regulate water temperature

Planting vegetation along the riverbanks can provide shade. map thermal pollution sources.

3. Restore reparian zone

Rehabilitate and restore the riparian zones along the riverbanks. Planting native vegetation stabilizes banks, reduces erosion, filters pollutants and provide habitat for various species.

4. Restore wetlands

Restore or create wetland areas within the river ecosystem. Wetlands act as natural filters, trapping sediments and pollutants, and providing habitat for diverse flora and fauna.

6. Create fish habitats

Make the rivers suitabe for fish. For example: Structures like submerged logs can provide shelter and breeding areas for fish. Support fish migration.

7. Engage the community

Involve local communities, stakeholders, and government in the restoration process. Raise awareness about the importance of river ecosystems and encourage sustainable practices to prevent pollution.

8. Educate communities

Educate the community about responsible water use, waste disposal, and the importance of maintaining a healthy river ecosystem. Community involvement is crucial for the longterm success of restoration initiatives.

Water quality improvement

96% of DKI Jakarta’s rivers is badly polluted. (National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). To understand how te restore balance to the riverecosystem, I’ve looked into different strategies and actions. This paragraph names the strategies that I’ve read about the most:

9. Monitor watermanagement

Monitor the effectiveness of restoration efforts. Regular monitoring allows for adaptive management.

10. Strengthen and enforce

Environmental regulations: Implement policies that promote sustainable water management.

13. Modify rivercanals

Altering the geometry of the river channel, such as widening or deepening certain sections, can influence the flow velocity.

11. Manage riverflow

Evaluate and manage river flow to ensure it meets the ecological needs of the system.

12. Increase in riverbed friction

Increasing the friction along the riverbed can slow down the water flow. This can be achieved by introducing natural elements such as vegetation, rocks, or artificial structures that disrupt the smooth flow of water.

14. Implement hydraulic structures

The installation of hydraulic structures, such as weirs, dams, or sluice gates, can regulate the flow of water and reduce the overall velocity. These structures form obstacles that limit the free movement of water.

15. Create Buffer Strips

Planting vegetation along the riverbanks can create a buffer strip that introduces resistance to water flow.

16. Design for multiple waterspeeds

Alternate different river environments. This will stimulate biodiversity.

Plants that grow in water:

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes):

Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant with floating leaves and lavender flowers. It is known for its ability to grow rapidly in still or slow-moving water.

Habitat for aquatic life: Water hyacinth can provide shade and shelter for aquatic organisms.

Bioenergy: Water hyacinth can become invasive if not managed properly, this makes it very suitable for supplying fuel for biogas production or can be converted into biofuels, providing a potential renewable energy source.

Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes):

Water lettuce is a floating aquatic plant with rosettes of light green leaves. It is commonly found in ponds, lakes, and slow-moving water bodies.

Habitat for aquatic life: Water lettuce can provide shade and shelter for aquatic organisms.

Bioenergy: has a high biomass yield and is used in anaerobic digestion to produce biogas (methane)

Algae control: blocks sunlight which can limit algal blooms.

Livestock fodder: it is used as a supliment for animal feed.

Compost: When harvested and dried, it can be composted or used to enrich soil due to its nutrient content.

Soil erosion control: water lettuce reduces the impact of wave action and water flow. It helps stabilize riverbanks and reduce soil erosion.

Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica):

Also known as kangkung in Indonesian, water spinach is a semi-aquatic plant that can grow in shallow water.

Edible crop: Water spinach is a nutritious leafy vegetable, providing a food source for local communities.

Soil erosion control: Te plant’s root system helps stabilize soil along riverbanks, preventing erosion.

Habitat for aquatic life: Provides habitat for small aquatic organisms.

Plants that grow on riverbanks and semi in water:

Pandanus (Pandanus spp.):

Some species of Pandanus, commonly known as pandan or screwpine, are adapted to grow in coastal and riverbank areas.

Cultural significance: Pandanus plants are culturally significant and often used in traditional ceremonies and rituals.

Artisan material: Tese plants have long, narrow leaves and are often used for weaving.

Soil erosion control: Te dense growth of pandanus plants helps prevent soil erosion along riverbanks.

Aroma: its aroma and colour is a staple of Indonesian culture.

Typhonium (Typhonium flagelliforme):

Also known as keladi tikus or rodent tuber, Typhonium is a semi-aquatic plant found in wetlands and along riverbanks. It has distinctive arrow-shaped leaves. Medicine: Typhonium has medicinal properties and is used in traditional medicine.

Habitat for aquatic life: It also contributes to the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems.

Reeds and Bulrushes (Various Species):

Various species of reeds and bulrushes are found along riverbanks and in marshy areas. These include plants like Cyperus and Scirpus, which are adapted to wet conditions.

Soil Erosion Control: Reeds and bulrushes can play an important role in stabilizing soil, preventing erosion.

Habitat for wildlife: Reeds and bulrushes provide habitat for birds, insects, and small mammals.

Water Quality Improvement: Teir root systems help filter pollutants and sediment from the water.

Water Jasmine (Wrightia religiosa):

Water jasmine is a shrub or small tree that is often found along riverbanks. It produces fragrant white flowers.

Ornamental use: Water jasmine is appreciated for its fragrant flowers and is often planted for ornamental purposes.

Traditional medicine: Various parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine for their potential healing properties.

Plant Library

To understand how riverside communities can benefit most from adding helophytes to the public space, I thought it was fun to ask CHATGPT in which ways different plants can contribute more than just water purification. The species that offer a variety in uses are named below. They all contribute to phytoremidiation. which means they absorb nutrients from the water, and thereby support purification.

Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum):

Elephant grass, or rumput gajah, is a tall grass species that is commonly found in riverbanks and other moist areas.

Carbon sequestration: Te extensive root system of elephant grass contributes to soil carbon sequestration. It stores up to 20% of its CO2 in its roots. One square meter of grass absorbs 1.1 kg of CO2 per year. A hectare of elephant grass can absorb four times more greenhouse gases than a hectare of tree forest. It is harvested without releasing this absorbed CO2 back into the atmosphere.

Bioenergy: Tis grass grows incredibly fast and is harvested up to six times per year. Te harvested grass is dried and then pressed into large briquettes. Tese briquettes are sold to industrial manufacturers. For example, producers of instant noodles and a factory where milk is pasteurized. Tese manufacturers use the briquettes as a sustainable and cheaper alternative to the wood- or fossil-fired machines commonly used. Te grass has a high energy density and briquettes burn much more efficiently. Moreover, it is cheaper than other industrial fuels. .

Soil improvement: It rejuvenates the soil in which it is grown, because of it’s deep root structure.

Soil erosion control: It can also be used for erosion control, particularly along riverbanks

Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans):

Nipa palms grow in coastal areas, and along rivers in brackish water. They are well-adapted to grow in muddy or swampy conditions.

Tatching Material: Te leaves of the nipa palm are used for thatching roofs in traditional construction.

Artisan material: Tese plants are used in handicrafts, and can provide economic opportunities for local communities. Traditional medicine: Nipa palm has medicinal properties and is used in traditional medicine.

Habitat for aquatic life: Provides habitat for small aquatic organisms.

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides):

Vetiver is a small perennial grass that is cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions.

Soil erosion control: Vetiver has a deep rootsystem of up to 4 meters deep. It is a highly effective soil stabalizer.

Runoff reduction: Vetiver slows down water movement. Tis promotes infiltration, reduces surface runoff and sediment loss.

Land rehabilitation: Vetiver reduces toxins in the soil. It is used in mine reclamation.

Compost: Vetiver is nutrient rich and can provide great compost.

Livestock fodder: Vetiver can be used as animal feed.

artisan material: Vetiver leaves can be used for weaving mats, baskets, and ropes.

Building material: Vetiver leaves can be used for thatching roofs.

Carbon sequestration: Its root biomass contributes to carbon storage, supporting climate mitigation efforts.

traditional medicine: Vetiver is used in Ayurvedic medicine for fever and inflammation.

Climate resillient: Vetiver helps withstand droughts, floods, and wildfires.

Source: CHATGPT, 2025/02/10 22:34

Source: Various images via Google Image Search. 2025/02/10 23:51

HOW DOES TRASH BECOME TREASURE? CIRCULAR

START-UPS

TYPOLOGY RESEARCH: MARKETS AND HOUSING

In this workbook the flows of waste in Jakarta are analysed. The current system and dynamics are explained, as well as the value system of high value plastic, to show the economic potential of circular waste management.

aCscad e

Density:129,54km²

Area:2589589inhabitants(24%)

1 793 550 inhabitants (16,67%)

Area: 146,66 km²

Density: 12 229 inh/km, 122 inh/ha

Organic waste: 0,71741012 mil kg

Plasticwaste:254142,264kg

Organicwaste:1,032864milkg

19990inh/km,199inh/ha

Plastic waste: 123 213,298 kg

1 056 896 inhabitants (9,8%)

Area: 52,30 km²

Density: 19 829 inh/km, 198 inh/ha

Organic waste: 0,4217528 mil kg

Plastic waste: 103 723,7734 kg

3083883inhabitants(28,6%)

Area:182,70km²

Area: 154,32 km²

2 244 623 inhabitants (20,1%)

Density: 14 545 inh/km, 145 inh/ha

Organic waste: 0,8650236 mil kg

Plastic waste: 220 287,301 kg

Density:16879inh/km,168inh/ha

Organicwaste:1,2308296milkg

Plasticwaste:302220,534kg

Amounts of waste

PLASTIC WASTE

Streets are relatively clean, but plastic is in every river in Jakarta making its way to the sea.

Plastic stations should be incorporated in neighbourhoods to collect them at the source and to diminish the necessity to transport them to a faraway plastic recycling station.

ORGANIC WASTE

Organic waste is either burnt at home or brought to an in between waste gathering spot and then brought to Bantar Gebang. This releases either greenhouse gasses directly through burning, or indirectly through composting on Bantar Gebang. Kampung communities could profit from the biomass digestion process, with which biogas is formed. This could be provided by a local biomass digesting installation.

person makes a total of 0,7kg waste per day.

Total of organic waste of all DKI Jakarta’s residence is 4,3 million kg a day

million people make 8,12 million kg waste per day.

1000 kg of organic waste with high nutritional value can produce 300-500 m³ of biogas. (1kg:0,3-0,5m³) (no bones, hard shells or large seeds)

1000 kg of organic waste amounts to 500-600 kg of compost. (and compostable trash = 58,93% of total food waste) (= no meats, bones, bakery products, food containing fat)

This can amount to a production of between 1,210 million m³ - 2,017 million m³ of biogas per day.

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2022 Persentase Komposisi Sampah di Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2020-2022 (Jakarta: BPS)

Source : https://jakita.jakarta.go.id/media/download/eng/edisi_2_2020.pdf

Source : SIPSN, 2018

Source : https://jakita.jakarta.go.id/media/download/eng/edisi_2_2020.pdf

RELLIANCE ON 1 LANDFILL

8900 tons of waste is transported to Bantar Gebang on a daily basis. This landfill is reaching its maximum capacity.

Residents who live around the landfill are offered 800 000 Rp per three months in compensation for having to live in proximity to the landfill.

EXPANSION?!

A new waste plant is planned in North Jakarta. It is communicated as a waste to energy plant (RDF), but it is feared that this site will turn into a landfill like Bantar Gebang, which will spread pollution.

Current waste system

When ‘managed’ waste is either burnt at home or brought to a local waste gathering spot, before it’s brought to a central landfill called TPST Bantar Gebang. This releases either greenhouse gasses directly through burning, or indirectly through composting on Bantar Gebang. While plastic remains part of the environment.

COLLECT, TRANSPORT, DUMP

Waste management in DKI Jakarta largely relies on collection, transportation, and disposal activities in Bantar Gebang. DKI Jakarta continues using the old paradigm to this day, which means the landfill is expanded and a second landfill site is planned to be opened up in the near future.

SAMTAMA PILOT PROGRAMME

To decrease the amount of waste the DKI Jakarta government has created a household waste management programme called the Sampah Tanggung Jawab Bersama (SAMTAMA) where waste management is carried out from its source so that all parties gain awareness of the impacts of waste.

SAMTAMA is a movement / social branding of waste management to reduce the waste by changing the mindset of people about waste. The government educates representatives of each RW in waste management. Besides that, the government teaches them how to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle waste so that they have skills to manage their waste well.

The SAMTAMA programme has been implemented in 22 RWs as pilot projects. One RW that is considered optimal in running the SAMTAMA programme is RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur. Waste management facilities provided by RW 03 Cempaka Putih Timur in running the SAMTAMA programme to reduce waste generations are: A Waste Bank, Composter barrels and maggot BSF cultivation, to reduce plastic waste and food waste. The Waste Bank is for treating plastic bottles and glass bottles. Meanwhile composter barrels and maggot BSF are for treating organic waste.

YIELD OF THE SAMTAMA PROGRAMME

Research concluded that this way of waste management has potential. The SAMTAMA programme was able to reduce food waste by 89%, plastic waste by 56%, and glass waste by 80%.

REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL (RDF)

RDF is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. The Jakarta RDF Plant in north Jakarta is the second attempt by the provincial government to convert waste into alternative fuel. A similar facility at the Bantar Gebang TPST has been operational since 2023.

This plant is designed to handle up to 2,500 tons of waste per day, producing 875 tons of RDF each day.

The construction of the project is funded by the Regional Budget (APBD) 2024, and it is projected to become operational by 2025. This is the start of the city’s ambition to address the waste problem, reduce the tipping fees for Bekasi, and manage waste sustainably.

NATIONAL ANTI-PLASTIC ACTION PLAN 2019

the Government of Indonesia had actually published a national action plan in 2019 that aiming to reduce plastic debris by 70% in 2025, where plastic recycling system improvement is among the strategy fostered under the plan (Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, 2017). In Indonesia, the monthly demand for PET resin had reached 31,500 tonnes.

NEW COLLABORATION TO REDUCE PLASTIC LEAKAGE INTO NATURE BY 30% IN 2025.

Through the Plastic Smart Cities (PSC) Programme WWFIndonesia launches a new partnership with 3 institutions from Indonesia, namely PT. KIBUMI, PT. WASTE4CHANGE and RECO Consortium: PT Million Limbah Indonesia, PT Khazanah Hijau Indonesia (Rekosistem) and SweepSmart.

This collaboration aims to strengthen the work of the PSC programme to reduce plastic leakage in nature by 30% by 2025.

The collaboration is carried out in DKI Jakarta, Depok City, and Bogor City and aims to improve the waste collection system and optimize plastic recycling. I’ve interviewed Silvia de Vaan, cofounder of SweepSmart about their plans.

They aim to build a large belt system in or near Bantar Gebang, to sort waste.

And the company WASTE4CHANGE plans to establish and upgrade two production facilities with informal sector partners. This is however not a solution at the source of waste production. My project aims to fill this gap.

Planned waste system

Source: https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/05/13/en-kelola-2500-ton-sampah-per-hari-rdf-plant-rorotan-ditargetkan-selesai-akhir-2024 https://en.tempo.co/read/1867125/jakarta-launches-rdf-plant-project-in-rorotan 2024/09/07 16:13 https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-of-waste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html 2024/09/07 17:05 Source:https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&context=jessd 13:27 - 2024/02/04

KAMPUNG CIRCULAR DETOX OCEAN PLASTIC SEPARATED WASTE HUBS

Plastic and compost stations are incorporated in riverside neighbourhoods to collect waste at the source.

This way the neighbourhoods can start their DETOX economy and develop their DETOX economy based on their geographical location.

Larger plastic and compost stations are also constructed where the rivers enter the sea.Making the best use of riverflows, this could lower transport costs and the government could earn by detoxing the rivers.

In strategic places in each district (places quite central, connected to infrastructure and education facilities) separated building waste will be collected and adapted.

Future of the waste system

The future of waste management should be pluriform and on all scales in order to be effective and equitable. In my strategy I propose 5.

EAT THE LANDFILL!!

Less waste will be moved to the landfill Bantar Gebang. Waste can then more easely be sorted using an assembly line. And a landscape strategy can be incorporated to detox the landfill. Nearby communities will contribute actively to the detoxification process.

BUILDING MATERIAL HUB

In the east Jakarta industrial area near Pulo Gadung, a new warehouse for used building material warehouse will be built. It is a non-profit NGO which collects, sorts and distributes building material. The warehouse offers vocational education in building, which teaches students to dismantle buildings in the right way (to enhance their reuse potential)

It builds on the existing focus of the industrial area. Currently it houses many small businesses selling crafted wooden furniture.

New profession: Building harvesteer.

Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/learning/natures-solution-to-plastic-pollution-the-amazing-power-of-the-wax-worm.html 2024/11/10 23:38

Biodigestion +

96% of DKI Jakarta’s rivers is badly polluted. (National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS).

To understand how te restore balance to the riverecosystem, I’ve looked into different strategies and actions. This paragraph names the strategies that I’ve read about the most:

Building material

PAVING BLOCKS LIME FOR CONRETE

REEFS

STICKY RICE MORTAR SOAP

BIOGAS

BIOCOMPOSITE ADHESIVE

Total of annual seashell waste is 45,35 million kg Total of seashell waste is 124 271 kg a day

LIME

111 844 kg seashells a day (90% of the total weight) is transformed into powder. The calcium carbonate-rich seashells share similar properties to cement, a suitable alternative to concrete. optimum level of replacement 4% of cement. (with higher compressive strength than regular concrete)(hard shells)

Total of rice waste of all DKI Jakarta’s residence is 1,67 million kg a day

STICKY RICE MORTAR

rice can be used as adhesive as an alternative to cement.

The bricks of the Great Wall of China are held together by sticky rice mortar. Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic−organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.

Source: https://www.academia.edu/29154006/Production_of_Glues_from_Animal_Bones 20240216 14:47

From 1kg bones roughly 100g - 200g glue can be made.

ADHESIVE FOR BIOCOMPOSITE

From 1kg bones roughly 100g200g of fat can be extracted From this fat soap can be made between 80-100%.(Extracting fat from bones)

Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/utilization-of-bones/#:~:text=From%20them%20are%20manufactured%20soap,to%20obtain%20cargoes%20of%20bone. 20240216 14:47

Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103571341A/en20240217 17:47

PRECIOUS ITEMS LEATHER

INSULATION

PRECIOUS ITEMS FURNITURE

CONSTRUCTION

MYCELIUM BLOCKS

Mycelium blocks can be produced by combining organic waste streams with fungal cultivation. By-products such as sawdust, rice husks, coffee grounds, or straw are collected from local households and sterilized to remove competing organisms. Selected fungal spores (mycelium) are then inoculated into this substrate, which is placed in reusable molds. As the mycelium grows, it binds the material into a dense, lightweight, and durable block. After a controlled growth period, the blocks are dried to stop further development.

BIOCOMPOSITE

Biocomposites are materials created by combining natural fibers with bio-based resins. Fibers such as bamboo provide strength and flexibility, while resins derived from starch, soy, or other plant-based polymers act as a binding matrix. The process begins by preparing and treating fibers to improve adhesion, then mixing them with the chosen resin. This mixture is pressed or molded into shapes under heat and pressure, allowing the resin to harden and encapsulate the fibers. The result is a lightweight, durable, and biodegradable composite suitable for construction, product design, or everyday applications

Source: shells: https://dirtsoilandmore.com/how-to-use-crushed-shell-in-your-landscaping/#:~:text=Crushed%20shell%20ground%20covering%20allows,in%20and%20erode%20the%20 soil. 20240216 15:05

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/1/623#:~:text=To%20that%20end%2C%20mollusc%20shells,concrete%2C%20such%20as%20river%20sand. 20240216 15:40

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/271/1/012059/pdf#:~:text=It%20can%20be%20concluded%20that%20the%20clam%20shell%20is%20the,Noel%20D. 20240216 15:05

4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515437/ 20240217

5) https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/310056-contents-and-waste-handling-of-green-she-5737b8c7.pdf 20240217 20:51

+ Material innovation

AN EXAMPLE: ADDING VALUE TO RICE

To illustrate the possibilities of developing a more divers productline over time, material innovation of rice is explained. Rice can be composted or used to produce biogas. These are relatively simple procedures, that don’t need much technological inginuity.

Rice however has more potential. Cooked rice is a starchy substance which can potentially be used to produce a biopolymer with adhesive properties.

STICKY RICE MORTAR

Sticky rice mortar was used around 500 CE as the adhesive material between the bricks of the Great Wall of China. Sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic− organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.

Source:https://www.stmi.ac.id/

Source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100530093704.htm 2024/05/01 13:45

Source: left image: https://www.fptindia.com/blog/starch-processing

Source: right image: https://suurmond.com/nl/?

Use for BIOGAS

1,210 million m³ - 2,017 million m³ biogas per day.

Research the potential of STICKY RICE MORTAR

Still produce between 741 912 m³ - 1,236 million m³ biogas per day (without adding rice)

COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITIES

To research the possibilities of rice-based biopolymer, a collaboration with university in polymer chemistry and polymer chemistry company can be formed.

NOW OR LATER?

The equipment is quite specialized, which makes it interesting a bit later in the process of the development of Pasar DETOX. It can bring more variety in the productline.

A little help from my friend ChatGPT helped me breakdown the process and the tools necessary to be able to research ricebased biopolymer. It shows the equipment is specialized, but not very complex.

“Extraction of Starch:

Rice contains starch, a complex carbohydrate that can be extracted. The starch serves as the primary component for creating a polymer.

Modification of Starch:

The extracted starch may undergo modifications to improve its adhesive properties. Chemical or physical treatments can be applied to alter the structure of the starch molecules.

Polymerization:

The modified starch can be subjected to polymerization, a process where smaller molecules (monomers) link together to form a larger polymer. This can be achieved through chemical reactions or enzymatic processes.

Adhesive Formulation:

The resulting polymer can then be formulated into an adhesive by adding other ingredients or modifying its composition to achieve the desired properties.

Testing and Optimization:

The adhesive formulation should be tested for its adhesive strength, durability, and other relevant characteristics. The formulation may need further optimization based on the intended use, such as in construction applications.”

“It’s important to note that creating a reliable and effective adhesive involves detailed knowledge of polymer chemistry and material science. While the concept of using rice-based materials for adhesives is interesting, the specific formulation and processing steps would require experimentation and research to achieve optimal results.

Additionally, it’s essential to consider factors such as the environmental impact, costeffectiveness, and performance characteristics of the rice-based adhesive compared to traditional adhesives.”

“Creating an adhesive used in the building sector from cooked rice involves several processing steps. While the specific machinery needed may vary depending on the scale of production and the desired characteristics of the adhesive, here is a general outline of the machinery that might be involved:”

“Cooking Equipment:

Large industrial-scale cooking vessels or tanks for cooking and processing the rice. The rice needs to be cooked to extract starch, a key component for the adhesive.

Starch Extraction Equipment:

Machinery for extracting starch from the cooked rice. This can involve a combination of grinding, washing, and separation processes to isolate the starch.

Starch Modification Equipment:

Equipment for modifying the extracted starch to enhance its adhesive properties. This may include chemical or enzymatic modification processes.

Polymerization Equipment:

Reactors or polymerization equipment for initiating the polymerization process, where starch molecules link together to form a larger polymer. This could involve chemical reactions or enzymatic polymerization.

Mixing and Formulation Equipment:

Mixing equipment to combine the polymer with other additives or ingredients to formulate the adhesive. This equipment ensures a consistent and homogenous mixture.

Testing and Quality Control Equipment:

Laboratory equipment for testing the adhesive properties, including adhesive strength, viscosity, and other relevant characteristics. Quality control measures are essential to ensure the consistency and performance of the adhesive.

Packaging Machinery:

Machinery for packaging the final adhesive product. This can include filling, sealing, and labeling equipment.

Safety and Environmental Control Systems:

Systems for ensuring the safety of the production process and environmental controls to manage any by-products or emissions generated during production.

Utilities and Infrastructure:

Adequate utilities such as water, steam, and electricity supply, as well as a well-designed infrastructure to support the production process.”

“If you are considering setting up a production facility for rice-based adhesives, it would be advisable to consult with experts in the field of adhesive manufacturing and polymer chemistry. They can provide guidance on the most suitable equipment and processing methods based on your specific requirements.”

+ Energy

The electricity used in DKI Jakarta is about 37278 kWh per day

1 person uses 1,173 kWh/year or 3,2 Wh/day (2022)

Jakarta relies on fossil fuels

BIOGAS COMPARED TO NATURAL GAS

The combustion of gas, like natural gas, produces carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is a greenhouse gas. The carbon in biogas comes from plantmatter that fixed carbon from atmospheric CO₂. This is why biogas production is carbon-neutral and does not add to greenhouse gas emissions.

1m3 biogas = 6kWh

NATURAL GAS USAGE

1223 m3 (or 3600 ft3/day) in 2022

LPG Indonesia relies on imports to cope with a shortage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The consumption of LPG rose to 6.67 million metric tons in 2016, up 1.5 percent from 2015, according to the data from the Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry. The domestic production of LPG dropped to 2.24 million metric tons in 2016 from 2.27 million the previous year. This has led to an increase in LPG imports to 4.42 million metric tons in 2016 from 4.3 million in 2015.

The LPG shortage was rooted in a massive energy programme launched by the government in 2007 to switch from kerosene to LPG as cooking fuels. Meanwhile, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) recorded that 24.8 million households rely on firewood for cooking. An analysis of the LPG programme found that the programme mostly benefited higher and medium income households in suburban areas. In fact, it doesn’t significantly lower the average number of energy-poor people in rural areas. This situation has become a driving force for those people to continue using wood as a cooking fuel. Since 2007 the number of LPG users increases and that of kerosene users declines and the number of firewood users also increases. Some people who already have access to LPG still like to use firewood (it’s said: due to specific recipes).

Firewood cooking has been a cultural tradition and a social practice. Even on a business level, the firewood tradition matters. A tofu company in East Java maintains the use of wooden and stone devices, as well as firewood.

FUEL TAX = 10% since January 2024, public transport = 5% It has become more expensive to drive a vehicle due to this tax since Januari 2024.

Source: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/natural-gas-consumption

Source: https://en.tempo.co/read/1827051/jakarta-raises-motor-vehicle-fuel-tax-to-10-percent

Source: https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/04/06/dilemma-of-energy-used-for-cooking-in-indonesia.html

Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092084/household-electricity-consumption-per-capita/ 2024/02/17 11:40

Source: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Sustainable%20Energy%20Transition%20Roapmap%20for%20Jakarta_FINAL.pdf

Source: All things energy related DKI Jakarta 2024/02/17 11:13

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Indonesias-Mix-Energy-Policy_fig1_235302221

Source: Sustainable biofuel industry Jakarta in 2025, 2024/02/17 11:13

+ Collaborations with Start-ups

PRECIOUS PLASTICS:

Precious Plastic is a global, open-source initiative founded in 2013 by Dutch designer Dave Hakkens. The project shares free designs for small-scale recycling machines that can shred, melt, and mold plastic waste into new raw materials and useful products. By making these tools and knowledge accessible, Precious Plastic enables local communities, makers, and entrepreneurs worldwide to turn plastic waste into opportunity. Today, the movement has grown into a global network of workshops and innovators, creating sustainable businesses, reducing pollution, and giving plastic a valuable second life.

REBRICKS

Rebricks is a social enterprise in Jakarta, founded in 2018 by Novita Tan and Ovy Sabrina. The company collects and processes multilayered plastics such as plastic bags and bubble wrap, which are usually rejected by recycling plants into into eco-friendly paving blocks and construction bricks that meet national standards. These durable products are used for sidewalks, parking areas, and public spaces, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional materials. By transforming thousands of kilograms of plastic waste, Rebricks not only helps reduce pollution and landfill pressure but also shows how innovation and entrepreneurship can turn environmental problems into valuable resources.

MOMWORK

Empowering Moms to Become Foodpreneurs

MomWork was founded in 2020 by Holy Sie. It is a Jakartabased startup dedicated to transforming mothers into food entrepreneurs. It implements micro cloud kitchens, to enable moms to operate food businesses from home. The platform offers comprehensive support, including product development, marketing, and promotional activities, allowing mothers to focus on cooking while MomWork handles the business aspects. This company has been recognized for its innovative approach to empower women in the food and beverage industry. In our conversations Holy Sie has explained that she would like the company to add a service for circular use of old frying oil from

Source: https://www.preciousplastic.com/ 2023/12/04 20:51

Source: https://rebricks.id/ 2023/12/04 21:11

Source: https://www.linkedin.com/company/itsmomwork/ 2024/01/24 10:10

Source: id.usembassy.gov 2023/11/05 08:36

households and restaurants. This frying oil can be processed into biodiesel or soaps. By giving waste oil a second life, they can reduce pollution, prevent damage to waterways and create a renewable energy source. It would turn everyday kitchen waste into a valuable resource.

Pasar Beringharjo - Yogyakarta

TYPOLOGY RESEARCH PASAR DETOX

Pasar Beringharjo is a stacked market building that used to be a market square. This page shows an analysis of the building and use.

Aranya Community Housing - Doshi

TYPOLOGY RESEARCH HOUSING

There are various examples of architecture that could be used to to elevate low-income communities economically and prevent gentrification. Among them I specifically looked into different project by the architect Doshi for inspiration.

Although I didn not copy and paste any of his buildings into the design, this typology research made me become aware of the fact that apartments are the perfect pieces of architecture to prevent single plot development, or ‘fastfashion’ type of development. Apartments are therefore a great architectural method to prevent gentrification.

TO ADDRESS THE COURSE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHINESE INDONESIANS

This chapter is about the interconnections between social dynamics, space and mobility. It has proven to be relevant in my thought process, but not as easy to explain in a 45 minute presentation.

ediSskcart and int erc snoitcenno between social d ynamics , s pace and mobilit y

nosseL s on so c ai l yd

OF DETOX ECONOMY

RICH IN CULTURE, BUT TROUBLED

Indonesia is rich in cultural and religious diversity, but also deals with periodic eruptions of violence directed at minority groups. Among the most frequently targeted have been the ethnic Chinese and Christian communities.

The ethnic Chinese have historically often been viewed politically of economically advantaged, dating back to period before the VOC. This perception has made them vulnerable during times of national stress, economic crisis, or political transition.

A HISTORY OF VIOLENT OUTBURSTS

The earliest recorded mass violence against Chinese Indonesians occurred in 1740, when Dutch colonial forces, fearing rebellion and economic competition, orchestrated a brutal massacre in Batavia (now Jakarta), killing an estimated 10,000 ethnic Chinese. This was rooted in colonial economic anxieties: the Chinese had become prominent in trade and tax collection and were encouraged by the Dutch to strengthen their own trade position. This provoked envy and fear among both the Dutch and the native population.

Not all, but a large portion of Chinese Indonesians are christians. Christianity spread among Chinese communities in Indonesia especially under Dutch colonial influence and continued into the post-colonial era.

After the failed coup attempt in 1965, attributed to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), the country experienced a violent anti-communist purge. In this climate of fear and militarized propaganda, ethnic Chinese were often associated with communism. As a result, they became targets of mass violence, cultural suppression, and surveillance. Over 500,000 people were killed. Chinese Indonesians suffered both

physical and symbolic erasure, including bans on the Chinese language, Chinese names, and Chinese cultural expressions. The most recent major outbreak of anti-Chinese violence occurred during the riots of 1998, at the height of the Asian Financial Crisis and the collapse of Suharto’s authoritarian regime. Riots swept through major cities such as Jakarta, targeting ChineseIndonesian homes, businesses, and individuals. More than 1,000 people were killed, and hundreds of women were raped, in what many scholars consider a coordinated pogrom fueled by longstanding socio-economic resentment.

Surprisingly, in 2012 Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, better known as Ahok, was elected Deputy Governor of Jakarta. Ahok, of Chinese descent and a Christian, ran with Joko Widodo (Jokowi), then the gubernatorial candidate. Their reformist political programme appealed to urban middle-class voters frustrated with corruption and inefficiency. Ahok benefited from Jokowi’s broader ethnic and religious acceptability.

In 2014, when Jokowi was elected President of Indonesia, Ahok automatically succeeded him as Governor of Jakarta. During this period he rapidly changed urban governance, making it more efficient, promoting anti-corruption, and implementing infrastructure-based solutions to Jakarta’s longstanding problems, including flooding, housing shortages, and public space access.

- RPTRA (Ruang Publik Terpadu Ramah Anak) — “ChildFriendly Integrated Public Spaces

- Flood Defense and Drainage Infrastructure

- Rumah Susun (Low-Income Public Housing/“Vertical Kampungs”)

- Bureaucratic Reform and Anti-Corruption

- Education and Health Social Services

A root and course of violence against Chinese Indonesians in Indonesia

I’m taking a short side-track, to emphasize the importance of uplifting lower income-level groups. This is about the interconnections between periodic violence, ethnicity, socio-economic profile and religion and their spatial and environmental effect.

In 2017, Ahok ran for re-election as Governor of Jakarta. Initially leading in the polls, he gained strong support for his anti-corruption agenda, effective bureaucratic reforms, and infrastructure programmes. However, his ethnicity and religion eventually became political weapons. A manipulated video of a 2016 campaign speech was interpreted as blasphemy, sparking one of the largest protests in Indonesia’s history. The movement was not only religious but also discriminatory, using Ahok’s Chinese-Christian identity as a symbol of “foreign” influence. He was sentenced to two years in prison for blasphemy.

Ahok’s earlier success reflects the potential for minority inclusion in Indonesia’s democracy, while his downfall shows its fragility in the face of populist, religious, and racial politics. The anti-Chinese sentiment present throughout history had not disappeared in 2012; it was only temporarily outweighed by public desire for reform before resurfacing during the 2016 elections.

SPATIAL DIMENSION OF UNSAFETY

A concerning, yet logical outcome in Jakarta’s urban planning has been the development of gated communities for middle and upper income households. Many are currently being developed, and although detailed data on the ethnic composition of these neighbourhoods is scarce, qualitative evidence suggests a substantial presence of Chinese Indonesians. In the neighbourhood where part of my family lives, most inhabitants are of Chinese descent. This trend appears to be driven by a combination of security concerns, rooted in historical violence, and socioeconomic factors. Consequently, these areas reinforce residential segregation, which can further fuel polarized rhetoric.

MOBILITY OF INCOME CLASSES

This segregation and perceived unsafety reflect sharp differences in mobility and environmental impact between income groups. Mobility is deeply shaped by wealth. For wealthier inhabitants, life unfolds mostly indoors: within gated communities, offices, malls, and cars. Private vehicles and ride-hailing services allow them to move quickly between enclosed spaces, limiting their exposure to the city’s streets. By contrast, low-income residents experience a largely outdoor life. Daily routines take place in alleyways, markets, and public spaces, where walking, motorcycles, and public transport are the main means of getting around. This contrast reveals how economic status not only influences access to mobility, but also defines how and where everyday life is lived.

FOCUS ON UPLIFTING LOWER-INCOME LEVELS

My conclusion from this selection of historical violent events against Chinese Indonesians, is that it is historically been fueled by previous political and economical advancement, and has become what seems almost a ‘latent structural resentment’. It is not always visible, but will come out explosively when put under pressure, history has shown repeatedly. If socio-economic resentment can be reduced in future generations, Indonesian society will have a better chance of living together peacefully and in a healthier, more environmentally sustainable way. This requires a focus on uplifting the urban poor, lower-income, lower-middle-income, and middle-income groups, as well as supporting the potential labor force and unemployed.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre 2024/01/12 21:03

Source: https://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacre-holocaust-killings-1965 2024/01/12 21:10

Source: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27991754 2023/05/12 21:00

SOURCES

LITERATURE

INTERVIEWS

SEMINAR

WEBSITES

DATA

ecruoS library

INTERVIEWS

Dr. Jossep Frederick William (Senior Advisor to the deputy Minister of Forestry, Environment and Pollution)

Regular conversations about Jakarta and pollution. About hydroponics and urban farming and recycling habits.

Tjan Soen Eng (President Commissioner at Asuransi Bina Dana Arta, Jakarta)

Regular conversations during our visit about Jakarta in general and about the way Jakarta is developing.

Holy Setyowati Sie (CEO & Founder at MomWork)

Regular conversations about the social dynamics in Jakarta. We talked a lot about the tension between Chinese Indonesians and native Indonesians. But also about the dynamic between men and women and the role of women after marriage.

Silvia de Vaan (CEO & founder of SweepSmart)

I interviewed Silvia twice about the waste system in Jakarta and about the plans SweepSmart is working on. The direction I took in my graduation project is supplementary to the efforts of waste and recycling organisations that work in Jakarta.

Willem Ottevanger (Senior Advisor/Researcher River dynamics and Inland Navigation at Deltares)

I interviewed Willem Ottevanger to understand river dynamics and to see if my first design ideas could potentially work. He gave me valuable information about changing the structure of water ways.

CORRESPONDENCE ON THE COURSE THE GRADUATION RESEARCH

Cor Wagenaar (Head of the Expertise Center Architecture, Urbanism and Health, RUG Groningen)

Cor reviewed my proposal at the beginning and connected me with Daliana.

Daliana Suryawinata (Director & founder of SHAU-Bandung)

Daliana gave short feedback on some ideas along the graduation process. I didn’t get a chance to meet her.

Rogier van den Berg (Global Director for WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities)

Rogier and I had a conversation about my graduation topic when I was writing my graduation proposal. He referred me to WRI Indonesia. We also had a conversation about mentorship. This conversation made me realize that I needed a mentor with skills complementary to my own, which is why I chose to ask my friend and ex-colleague Jeroen de Willigen.

SEMINAR

Online seminar, Putu Natih: Putting multidimensional poverty indicators into the government’s radar: Leaving no one behind in 2045 Indonesia’s vision. 2023/11/17 14:00-15:30

I joined an online seminar during my trip to Jakarta about indicators used to assess poverty in Indonesia. It was a presentation by Putu Natih. My contribution to the discussion was the fact that ‘time spent on economic activity’ (until the minimum wages are earned). should also be an indicator.

Sources

LITERATURE

Buitenweg, H., Bandoeng, ISBN: 90.6077.555.4

Coates, K.S.. A Global History of indigenous Peoples: Struggles and Survival, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004

Davis, M., Planet of the Slums, Toronto: Verso, 2007

Daws, G., Fujita, M., Archipelago, The islands of Indonesia, University of California Press, 1999

Heisel F., Kifle B., Lessons of Informality: Architecture and Urban planning for Emerging Territories – concepts from Ethiopia. Basil: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, 2016

De Jong, J.J.P., De waaier van het fortuin, 2000, Sdu Den Haag

Kern, L., Gentrification is Inevitable and other lies. Toronto: Verso, 2022

Keuning, S.J., van der Mark, D.F.W., Palte, J.G.L., van Dijk, C., Indonesië, 1987 Staatsuitgeverij Den Haag

Kullmann, K., 2011, Thin parks / thick edges: towards a linear park typology for (post)infrastructural sites, Journal of Landscape Architecture, ISSN 1862-6033, UC Berkeley

Lewis, N., An Empire of the East, Travels in Indonesia, 1993, Jonathan Cape, London

Lubis, M., De geschiedenis van Indonesie, Het land onder de regenboog, De Lange/Van Leer bv. Deventer

McGill University, How the other half builds, Volume 1: Space, Centre of Minimum Cost Housing, Montreal, 1984/12

Memmi, A., The Colonizer and the Colonized. Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2003

Monk, K.A., de Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G., The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku

Mörtenböck, P., Mooshammer, H., Informal Market Worlds Atlas: The architecture of economic pressure. Rotterdam: NAI010 Publishers, 2015

Nitti, R., Dahiya, B., Community Driven Development in Urban Upgrading, The World Bank, 2004/07

Payne, J., Ongerept Maleisië, de biologische diversiteit, 1985, New Holland, ltd, London

van Roosmalen, P.K.M., Bouwen in de Archipel. Burgerlijke openbare werken in Nederlands-Indië en Indonesië 1800–2000, Walburg Pers in Zutphen, 2004

van Roosmalen, P.K.M., Indonesian Design 2005 Building in tropical style, 2024/03/15 16:29

Van Roosmalen, P., Ontwerpen aan de stad. Stedenbouw in Nederlands-Indië en Indonesia (1905-1950), Technische Universiteit, Delft, 2008 (PhD-thesis, English summary, propositions)

Rutten, Prof. Dr. L.M.R., De geologie van Ned. Indië., 1932 van Reybrouck, D., Revolusie

de Soto, H., Het mysterie van het kapitaal: waarom kapitalisme zo’n succes is in het westen maar faalt in de rest van de wereld. Utrecht: Het Spectrum B.V., 2000

Tjiook-Liem, P., Chinezen uit Indonesië

Vollmer, D., Grêt-Regamey, A., Rivers as municipal infrastructure: Demand for environmental services in informal settlements along an Indonesian river, EHT Zurich, Singapore, 2023/10/02 van Voorst, R., De beste plek ter wereld, Uitgeverij Brandt, Amsterdam 2016

Widodo, J., Form Follows Political Paradigm: a reflection on Indonesia’s new capital city, Futurarc (2022-12-07)

Indie in woord en beeld, pictoral Nederlands-East-Indies

Indonesia from the air, PT Hampuss and Times Editions

Volken en stammen van Indonesië

Weerzien met Indie, Waanders Uitgevers (two books containing short information modules about Indonesia)

Internet sources

Jakarta facts

https://www.city-facts.com/jakarta-raya/population – City Facts: Jakarta Raya population (2024/05/07 20:40)

https://colonialarchitecture.eu/ – Delft university inventory (2024/02/01 10:40)

https://data.humdata.org/dataset/indonesia-high-resolutionpopulation-density-maps-demographic-estimates – HUMdata: Indonesia: High Resolution Population Density Maps (2024/02/01 11:30) https://jakartaglobe.id/business/bps-unemployment-rate-drop-signalsrecovery-male-earn-28-more-than-females – Jakarta Globe: BPS unemployment rate drop signals recovery (2024/05/07 20:59)

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/20/3197 – MDPI: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Kelurahan Kampung Melayu (2024/05/07 20:17) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1423886/indonesia-jakartapopulation-by-gender-and-age/025/04/05 – Statista: Jakarta population by gender and age (2023/12/07 19:50)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population –World Population Review: Jakarta population (2024/02/20 07:16) https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-8l4/Kampung-Melayu/ –Topographic Map: Kampung Melayu elevation map (2023/10/07 19:37) https://megacityjakarta.weebly.com/population-characteristic.html –Weebly: Population characteristics of Jakarta (2023/10/07 20:07)

https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/ – SIPSN: Waste system Indonesia, 2018

Internet sources

https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/11/13/ministry-jicasign-deal-to-kick-off-mrt-east-west-corridor-project.html – MRT Public Transportation (2023/11/13) https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population –World population review: Netherlands Population 2023 (2023/12/07 21:05)

Jakarta facts

https://www.city-facts.com/jakarta-raya/population – City Facts: Jakarta Raya population (2024/05/07 20:40)

https://colonialarchitecture.eu/ – Delft university inventory (2024/02/01 10:40)

Climate

https://www.climate.top/indonesia/jakarta/precipitation – climate.top: average precipitation Jakarta (2023/09/11 12:15) https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/de-hoofdmoot-van-dejaarneerslag – KNMI: “De hoofdmoot van de jaarneerslag” (2023/09/11 15:15)

Housing

https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-inthe-rain-and-the-umbrellas – Ciliwung Merdeka: An Urban Kampung’s Fight to Regain Its Rights City Without Slum – Statistics Indonesia (2017) https://dev.earth-auroville.com/vikas-community-1991-1998/ – Auroville Earth Institute (2024/01/17 10:01) https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/226091468417040569 – Development Projects: Indonesia National Slum Upgrading Project – World Bank (2024/02/17 12:01)

https://journal.pubmedia.id/index.php/ijgaes/article/view/3232 –Research: City Without Slum, Statistics Indonesia, 2017, (2024/02/07 12:35)

https://data.humdata.org/dataset/indonesia-high-resolutionpopulation-density-maps-demographic-estimates – HUMdata: Indonesia: High Resolution Population Density Maps (2024/02/01 11:30) https://jakartaglobe.id/business/bps-unemployment-rate-drop-signalsrecovery-male-earn-28-more-than-females – Jakarta Globe: BPS unemployment rate drop signals recovery (2024/05/07 20:59) https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/20/3197 – MDPI: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Kelurahan Kampung Melayu (2024/05/07 20:17) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1423886/indonesia-jakartapopulation-by-gender-and-age/025/04/05 – Statista: Jakarta population by gender and age (2023/12/07 19:50) https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population –World Population Review: Jakarta population (2024/02/20 07:16) https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-8l4/Kampung-Melayu/ –Topographic Map: Kampung Melayu elevation map (2023/10/07 19:37) https://megacityjakarta.weebly.com/population-characteristic.html –Weebly: Population characteristics of Jakarta (2023/10/07 20:07) https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/ – SIPSN: Waste system Indonesia, 2018

https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/11/13/ministry-jicasign-deal-to-kick-off-mrt-east-west-corridor-project.html – MRT Public Transportation (2023/11/13)

https://www.archify.com/id/archifynow/kampung-susun-produktiftumbuh-cakung-provides-vertically-stacked-residences-with-economicspaces – Archify Australia (2023/11/17 12:56) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338613/ – Slum Upgrading and Health Equity PMC (2024/11/26 17:02)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population –World population review: Netherlands Population 2023 (2023/12/07 21:05)

Climate

Roy A., Urban Informality https://www.wiego.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Urban-Informality-Roy.pdf, Journal of the American Planning Associarion, 2005

https://www.climate.top/indonesia/jakarta/precipitation – climate.top: average precipitation Jakarta (2023/09/11 12:15)

https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/de-hoofdmoot-van-dejaarneerslag – KNMI: “De hoofdmoot van de jaarneerslag” (2023/09/11 15:15)

Roy A., Alsayyad, N., Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America, Lexington Books, 2004, (2024/05/13 18:25)

Housing

https://jakartaglobe.id/news/kampung-susun-jakartas-urban-activistslove – jakartaglobe.id (2024/05/22 08:13)

https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slumrehabilitation/what-is-a-slum/ – habitatforhumanity.org.uk (2024/03/11 10:12)

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/245161468779979383/pdf/ 299260CDDno10850UrbanUpgrading.pdf – World Bank: Indonesia National Slum Upgrading Project (2024/05/22 09:13)

https://journal.pubmedia.id/index.php/ijgaes/article/view/3232 –Research: City Without Slum, Statistics Indonesia, 2017, (2024/02/07 12:35)

https://www.archify.com/id/archifynow/kampung-susun-produktiftumbuh-cakung-provides-vertically-stacked-residences-with-economicspaces – Archify Australia (2023/11/17 12:56)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338613/ – Slum Upgrading and Health Equity PMC (2024/11/26 17:02)

Roy A., Urban Informality https://www.wiego.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Urban-Informality-Roy.pdf, Journal of the American Planning Associarion, 2005

https://ugovern.eu/kampung-susun-participatory-housing-design-injakarta/ – UGovern: Kampung Susun participatory housing design in Jakarta (2025/05/19 15:28)

Roy A., Alsayyad, N., Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America, Lexington Books, 2004, (2024/05/13 18:25)

https://www.cityfacts.com/jakarta-raya/population – City Facts: Jakarta Raya population (2025/01/12 11:32)

https://jakartaglobe.id/news/kampung-susun-jakartas-urban-activistslove – jakartaglobe.id (2024/05/22 08:13)

https://vtnarchitects.net/dong-anh-house-pe198.html – VTN3 (2024/09/25 18:30)

https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slumrehabilitation/what-is-a-slum/ – habitatforhumanity.org.uk (2024/03/11 10:12)

Waste

https://ccet.jp/projects/waste-bank – CCET: Waste Bank project (2023/12/20 16:21)

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/245161468779979383/pdf/ 299260CDDno10850UrbanUpgrading.pdf – World Bank: Indonesia

National Slum Upgrading Project (2024/05/22 09:13)

https://ecoseptic.com.au/how-much-wastewater-does-a-personproduce/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20in%20developed%20countries, %2D76%20liters)%20per%20day – Ecoseptic: How Much Wastewater Does a Person Produce? (2024/03/11 22:36)

https://en.tempo.co/read/1867125/jakarta-launches-rdf-plant-project-inrorotan – Tempo: Jakarta launches RDF plant project in Rorotan (2024/09/07 16:13)

https://helpmecompost.com/compost/basics/how-much-does-compostweigh/ – HelpMeCompost: How Much Does Compost (Really) Weigh? (2024/03/11 21:05)

https://invest.jakarta.go.id/potential-projects/114/jakarta-sewerage –Invest Jakarta: Jakarta Sewerage (2025/05/17 10:23) https://jakita.jakarta.go.id/media/download/eng/edisi_2_2020.pdf –Jakarta Government: PDF report (2024/05/13 18:25) https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/05/13/en-kelola-2500-tonsampah-per-hari-rdf-plant-rorotan-ditargetkan-selesai-akhir-2024 –Kompas: RDF Plant Rorotan project (2024/05/13)

https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/06/17/addressinginequality-and-urban-segregation-in-jakarta.html – Jakarta Post: Inequality and Urban Segregation (2023/10/04) https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/publication/2017/12/27/ceca588654e6a95644 aae652/pendataan-rw-kumuh-dki-jakarta-2017.html – Statistics Indonesia: Pendataan RW Kumuh DKI Jakarta 2017 (2023/12/20 15:34) https://jakartaglobe.id – What Is Kampung Susun and Why Do Jakarta's Urban Activists Love It? (2024/08/26 07:09) https://jpi.or.id/en/news/rusunawa-a-closer-look-at-affordablehousing-options-in-jakarta/ – JPI: Rusunawa – affordable housing in Jakarta (2025/04/10 14:33) https://nextlivin.com/the-difference-between-rusunawa-and-rusunami/ – NextLivin: Difference between Rusunawa and Rusunami (2025/04/10 14:41)

https://ugovern.eu/kampung-susun-participatory-housing-design-injakarta/ – UGovern: Kampung Susun participatory housing design in Jakarta (2025/05/19 15:28)

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/learning/natures-solution-toplastic-pollution-the-amazing-power-of-the-wax-worm.html – NY Times: Nature’s solution to plastic pollution (2024/11/10 23:38) https://www.scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&contex t=jessd – Scholarhub UI: Waste bank study (2024/02/04 13:27) https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-ofwaste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html – The Jakarta Post: The struggle of waste banks (2024/09/07 17:05)

https://www.cityfacts.com/jakarta-raya/population – City Facts: Jakarta Raya population (2025/01/12 11:32)

https://vtnarchitects.net/dong-anh-house-pe198.html – VTN3 (2024/09/25 18:30)

Waste

https://ccet.jp/projects/waste-bank – CCET: Waste Bank project (2023/12/20 16:21)

https://ecoseptic.com.au/how-much-wastewater-does-a-personproduce/#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20in%20developed%20countries, %2D76%20liters)%20per%20day – Ecoseptic: How Much Wastewater Does a Person Produce? (2024/03/11 22:36) https://en.tempo.co/read/1867125/jakarta-launches-rdf-plant-project-inrorotan – Tempo: Jakarta launches RDF plant project in Rorotan (2024/09/07 16:13)

Energy https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/natural-gasconsumption – CEIC Data: Indonesia natural gas consumption (2024/02/01 12:06) http://www.ccop.or.th/epf/indonesia/indonesia_petroleum.html – CCOP: petroleum (2024/02/01 13:40) http://daemeter.org/new/uploads/20160105233051.Smallholders_Book_0 50116_web.pdf – DAIMETER: (2024/02/01 14:20) https://en.tempo.co/read/1827051/jakarta-raises-motor-vehicle-fuel-taxto-10-percent – Tempo: Jakarta raises motor vehicle fuel tax (2024/09/22 07:06)

https://helpmecompost.com/compost/basics/how-much-does-compostweigh/ – HelpMeCompost: How Much Does Compost (Really) Weigh? (2024/03/11 21:05)

https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/SAFE/prototyping/lineup/idn/201512/index.html Indonesia (LAPAN): (2024/02/01 15:20)

https://www.mo.be/nieuws/weg-naar-duurzame-palmolie-uit-indonesielang Weg naar duurzame palmolie uit Indonesië is lang - MO* (2024/02/01 12:20)

https://journal.iagi.or.id/index.php/FOSI/article/viewFile/48/19 19 (iagi.or.id)

https://www.profor.info/sites/profor.info/files/Oil Palm_Case Study_LEAVES_2018.pdf – Profor: Palm Case Study (2024/02/01 12:50)

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092084/household-electricityconsumption-per-capita/ – Statista: Household electricity consumption per capita (2024/02/17 11:40)

https://www.mo.be/nieuws/weg

https://journal.iagi.or.id/index.php/FOSI/article/viewFile/48/19

(iagi.or.id)

https://www.profor.info/sites/profor.info/files/Oil Study_LEAVES_2018.pdf

https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092084/household consumption-per per capita (2024/02/17

https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/04/06/dilemma energy-used-for energy used for https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge products/Sustainable%20Energy%20Transition%20Roapmap%20for%20 Jakarta_FINAL.pdf for Jakarta (2024/02/17

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU Turbine Working

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Indonesias Policy_fig1_235302221 (2024/02/17 11:13)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1 2020_fig1_354989126 (2024/03/11 20:37)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location basins-grouped less_fig1_248516751 according to resource https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Oil Indonesia_fig2_335928567 (2024/02/17 11:32)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sections Indonesia-Katili Indonesia, Katili,

https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-inthe-rain-and-the-umbrellas – Ciliwung Merdeka: An Urban Kampung’s Fight to Regain Its Rights City Without Slum – Statistics Indonesia (2017) https://dev.earth-auroville.com/vikas-community-1991-1998/ – Auroville Earth Institute (2024/01/17 10:01)

https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/226091468417040569 – Development Projects:

https://invest.jakarta.go.id/potential-projects/114/jakarta-sewerage –Invest Jakarta: Jakarta Sewerage (2025/05/17 10:23) https://jakita.jakarta.go.id/media/download/eng/edisi_2_2020.pdf –Jakarta Government: PDF report (2024/05/13 18:25) https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/05/13/en-kelola-2500-tonsampah-per-hari-rdf-plant-rorotan-ditargetkan-selesai-akhir-2024 –Kompas: RDF Plant Rorotan project (2024/05/13) https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/learning/natures-solution-toplastic-pollution-the-amazing-power-of-the-wax-worm.html – NY Times: Nature’s solution to plastic pollution (2024/11/10 23:38) https://www.scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&contex t=jessd – Scholarhub UI: Waste bank study (2024/02/04 13:27) https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-ofwaste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html – The Jakarta Post: The struggle of waste banks (2024/09/07 17:05)

https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/04/06/dilemma-ofenergy-used-for-cooking-in-indonesia.html – Jakarta Post: Dilemma of energy used for cooking (2024/10/04 23:54)

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledgeproducts/Sustainable%20Energy%20Transition%20Roapmap%20for%20 Jakarta_FINAL.pdf – UNESCAP: Sustainable Energy Transition Roadmap for Jakarta (2024/02/17 11:13)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU – YouTube: Kaplan Turbine Working and Design (2024/03/11 20:37)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Indonesias-Mix-EnergyPolicy_fig1_235302221 – ResearchGate: Indonesia’s energy policy mix (2024/02/17 11:13)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Indonesia-Oil-Palm-Map-USDA2020_fig1_354989126 Indonesia Oil Palm Map USDA, 2020

Energy https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/natural-gasconsumption – CEIC Data: Indonesia natural gas consumption (2024/02/01 12:06) http://www.ccop.or.th/epf/indonesia/indonesia_petroleum.html – CCOP: petroleum (2024/02/01 13:40) http://daemeter.org/new/uploads/20160105233051.Smallholders_Book_0 50116_web.pdf – DAIMETER: (2024/02/01 14:20) https://en.tempo.co/read/1827051/jakarta-raises-motor-vehicle-fuel-taxto-10-percent – Tempo: Jakarta raises motor vehicle fuel tax (2024/09/22 07:06)

obtain%20cargoes%20of%20bone – Scientific American: Utilization of bones (2024/02/16 14:47)

https://suurmond.com/nl/? – Suurmond (2024/01/17 12:31)

Sources

Circularity

https://dirtsoilandmore.com/how-to-use-crushed-shell-in-yourlandscaping/#:~:text=Crushed%20shell%20ground%20covering allows,in%20and%20erode%20the%20soil – Dirt Soil & More: How to use crushed shell (2024/02/16 15:05)

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757899X/271/1/012059/pdf#:~:text=It%20can%20be%20concluded%20that% 20the%20clam%20shell%20is%20the,Noel%20D – IOP Science: Clam shell study (2024/02/16 15:05)

https://id.usembassy.gov – U.S. Embassy Indonesia (2023/11/05 08:36)

https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/310056-contents-andwaste-handling-of-green-she-5737b8c7.pdf – Neliti: Waste handling of green shells (2024/02/17 20:51)

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103571341A/en – Google Patents: CN103571341A (2024/02/17 17:47)

https://rebricks.id/ – Rebricks (2023/12/04 21:11)

https://www.academia.edu/29154006/Production_of_Glues_from_Animal _Bones – Academia: Production of glues from animal bones (2024/02/16 14:47)

https://www.fptindia.com/blog/starch-processing – FPT India: Starch processing (2024/01/21 09:55)

https://www.linkedin.com/company/itsmomwork/ – LinkedIn: ITSMOMWORK (2024/01/24 10:10)

https://www.mdpi.com/20763417/13/1/623#:~:text=To%20that%20end%2C%20mollusc%20shells,conc rete%2C%20such%20as%20river%20sand – MDPI: Mollusc shells in concrete (2024/02/16 15:40) https://www.preciousplastic.com/ – Precious Plastic (2023/12/04 20:51) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100530093704.htm –ScienceDaily: Shell concrete research (2024/05/01 13:45)

https://www.scmp.com/weekasia/economics/article/3223564/indonesian-fishermen-activists-fearloss-marine-life-islands-sea-sand-exportsresume?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3223564 – SCMP: sea-sand exports resume (2024/01/17 12:31) https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/utilization-ofbones/#:~:text=From%20them%20are%20manufactured%20soap,to%20 obtain%20cargoes%20of%20bone – Scientific American: Utilization of bones (2024/02/16 14:47) https://suurmond.com/nl/? – Suurmond (2024/01/17 12:31)

Green spaces

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/012 042/pdf –

IOP Science: Urban green spaces for supporting healthiness in Jakarta during the COVID-19 pandemic (2024/01/17 12:01) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/12/03/green-homesresilient-cities-tackling-indonesia-housing-crisis – World Bank: Green homes & resilient cities, tackling Indonesia housing crisis (2025/05/19 15:14)

Water

https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12150934.pdf – JICA: The Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta, Indonesia (2012) http://perkumpulanidea.or.id/floods-and-the-climate-crisis-inindonesia/#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20country%27s%20most,recorded% 20in%20Indonesia%20in%202021 – Floods and the Climate Crisis in Indonesia - IDEA (2024/05/17 11:32) https://www.pwri.go.jp/icharm/training/2009seminar/6_dudi_indonesia. pdf – PWRI: Flood Impact Assessment on Road Network and Healthcare Access in Jakarta (2024/01/21 20:30) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339469280_Urban_water_sys tems_Development_of_microlevel_indicators_to_support_integrated_policy (2023/11/20 19:10) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X08001861 –Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households (2023/11/20 22:30) https://www.preventionweb.net/organization/national-agency-disastermanagement-badan-nasional-penanggulangan-bencana – National Disaster Management Office (BNPB) (2023/11/20 22:10)

https://www.fastcompany.com/90930858/the-strange-story-of-indias-

Green spaces

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/200/1/012 042/pdf –IOP Science: Urban green spaces for supporting healthiness in Jakarta during the COVID-19 pandemic (2024/01/17 12:01)

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/12/03/green-homesresilient-cities-tackling-indonesia-housing-crisis – World Bank: Green homes & resilient cities, tackling Indonesia housing crisis (2025/05/19 15:14)

Ciliwung river

https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-inthe-rain-and-the-umbrellas – Anabata (2024/03/11 21:00)

https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/indonesia/biodiversity – Biodiversity / Indonesia (2024/10/07 22:10)

https://en.tempo.co/read/1803468/flood-hits-east-jakartaneighborhoods-as-ciliwung-river-overflows – Tempo (2024/03/11 11:16) https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-agar-efektief-normalisasi-ciliwungdifokuskan-ke-sejumlah-segmen – Kompas (2025/05/19 15:02)

Water https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12150934.pdf – JICA: The Simulation Study on Climate Change in Jakarta, Indonesia (2012) http://perkumpulanidea.or.id/floods-and-the-climate-crisis-inindonesia/#:~:text=It%20is%20the%20country%27s%20most,recorded% 20in%20Indonesia%20in%202021 – Floods and the Climate Crisis in Indonesia - IDEA (2024/05/17 11:32)

https://www.pwri.go.jp/icharm/training/2009seminar/6_dudi_indonesia. pdf – PWRI: Flood Impact Assessment on Road Network and Healthcare Access in Jakarta (2024/01/21 20:30)

https://www.kompas.id/baca/metro/2023/07/04/sodetan-ciliwungsudah-berfungsi – Kompas (2024/01/12 20:37)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339469280_Urban_water_sys tems_Development_of_microlevel_indicators_to_support_integrated_policy (2023/11/20 19:10)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ciliwung-River-basin-and-locationof-the-Jabodetabek-area-Three-major-cities-arelocated_fig17_307450648 – ResearchGate (2024/01/12)

https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/research/rdiri/file/kiyou/5-12.pdf –Ritsumeikan University (2024/03/11 11:02)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X08001861 –Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households (2023/11/20 22:30)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027277141731190 3 – ScienceDirect: Transport of pollution along the Ciliwung River (2024/01/12 21:00)

https://www.preventionweb.net/organization/national-agency-disastermanagement-badan-nasional-penanggulangan-bencana – National Disaster Management Office (BNPB) (2023/11/20 22:10)

(2024/01/12 21:03)

https://time.com/4055185/indonesia

Subsidence

https://360info.org/how

(2025/02/21 00:00)

https://360info.org/jakarta

360Info (2025/02/16 22:55)

https://dev.dinaslhdki.id/publikasi/laporan

(2025/02/17 00:11)

https://theaseanpost.com/article/managing

– The ASEAN Post (2025/02/16

https://theowp.org/why

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397516306816

ScienceDirect (2025/02/20

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0197397516306816

ScienceDirect (2025/01/12

Data

https://atlas-for-the-end world.com/world_maps_main.html#world_map_target Maps (atlas-for-the-end https://www.atlasenkaart.nl/toonkaart.php?kaart=5514 hydrografisch en Geologische Indonesië door Winkler https://data.go.id/dataset/170

OpenStreetMap Indonesia: https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2014701

Geologische kaart van (universiteitleiden.nl) https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/i ndonesia/c8h0vm00009v4jjz

https://voi.id/en/news/292148 – Voi.id: The Ciliwung River Is Said To Be A New Renewable Energy Source (2024/03/11 19:38)

https://www.fastcompany.com/90930858/the-strange-story-of-indiaswild-water-tank-sculptures – FastCompany: India’s water tank sculptures (2023/11/20 23:00)

Helophytes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Watersphere#:~:text=Another%20to wer%20in%20Oklahoma%2C%20built,and%20is%20located%20in%20Ed mond – Union Watersphere, (2024/03/11 21:34)

https://www.ecofyt.nl/hoe/meest-gesteldevragen#:~:text=De%20grootte%20van%20een%20helofytenfilter,en%204 %20m%C2%B2%20per%20persoon – (2024/09/15 23:11)

https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article/5/2/221/88196/Jakarta-watersupply-provision-strategy-based-on – Jakarta water supply, H2Open Journal | IWA Publishing, (2023/10/11 23:00)

https://www.ielrc.org/activities/conference_0901/content/Bakker%20Jak arta.pdf (2024/02/11 12:03) https://image.slidesharecdn.com/4-140605215935phpapp02/95/waterworks-city-presentation-jakartaindonesia-4638.jpg?cb=1402006389 (2024/03/11 20:11)

History

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53064404r – Map: G.P.F. Cronenberg, Batavia urban plan 1866 (date unknown, approximate historical reference)

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27991754 – BBC News (2023/05/12 21:00)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre – Wikipedia (2024/01/12 21:03)

https://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacreholocaust-killings-1965 – Time (2024/01/12 21:10)

Subsidence

https://360info.org/how-jakarta-has-dug-itself-into-a-hole/ – 360Info (2025/02/21 00:00)

https://360info.org/jakarta-acts-to-stop-being-the-next-atlantis/ –360Info (2025/02/16 22:55)

https://dev.dinaslhdki.id/publikasi/laporan-kualitas-air – Dinas LHK DKI (2025/02/17 00:11)

https://theaseanpost.com/article/managing-jakartas-water-related-risks – The ASEAN Post (2025/02/16 22:45)

https://theowp.org/why-is-jakarta-sinking/ – The OWP (2025/02/16 22:24)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/02/20 09:35)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/01/12 12:11)

Data

https://atlas-for-the-end-of-theworld.com/world_maps_main.html#world_map_target – AFEW - World Maps (atlas-for-the-end-of-the-world.com) (2023/10/20 09:35)

https://www.atlasenkaart.nl/toonkaart.php?kaart=5514 – Java Orohydrografisch en Geologische en Vulkaankaart, een antieke kaart van Indonesië door Winkler Prins uit 1908 (atlasenkaart.nl)

https://data.go.id/dataset/170-situ-jabodetabek – Perkumpulan OpenStreetMap Indonesia: data 170 Situ Jabodetabek (2023/10/07 22:27)

https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2014701 –Geologische kaart van Java - sheet 1 | Digital Collections (universiteitleiden.nl)

https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/i ndonesia/c8h0vm00009v4jjz-att/12078622_01.pdf – JICA: PDF-rapport (2023/10/07 22:30)

https://kaart.edugis.nl/v2/#configurl=maps/geology.json EduGIS

(2023/10/07 22:30) https://kaart.edugis.nl/v2/#configurl=maps/geology.json livingatlas-dcdev.opendata.arcgis.com/404

Indonesia | Living Atlas

https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/ and raster map data at 23:11)

https://www.openstreetmap.org/export 23:01)

https://www.openstreetmap.org/ https://www.wri.org/data/data (wri.org) (2023/10/05 https://www.wur.nl/web/show/search?id=88776&langid=43&from=&to=& webid=26098&searchid=88564&keyword=indonesie#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=in donesie&gsc.page=1 –

Weebly: Population characteristics of Jakarta (2023/10/07 20:07)

https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/ – SIPSN: Waste system Indonesia, 2018

https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/11/13/ministry-jicasign-deal-to-kick-off-mrt-east-west-corridor-project.html – MRT Public Transportation (2023/11/13)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/netherlands-population –World population review: Netherlands Population 2023 (2023/12/07 21:05)

Climate

https://www.climate.top/indonesia/jakarta/precipitation – climate.top: average precipitation Jakarta (2023/09/11 12:15) https://www.knmi.nl/over-het-knmi/nieuws/de-hoofdmoot-van-dejaarneerslag – KNMI: “De hoofdmoot van de jaarneerslag” (2023/09/11 15:15)

Ciliwung river

Housing

https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-inthe-rain-and-the-umbrellas – Anabata (2024/03/11 21:00) https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/indonesia/biodiversity – Biodiversity / Indonesia (2024/10/07 22:10)

https://en.tempo.co/read/1803468/flood-hits-east-jakartaneighborhoods-as-ciliwung-river-overflows – Tempo (2024/03/11 11:16) https://www.kompas.id/artikel/en-agar-efektief-normalisasi-ciliwungdifokuskan-ke-sejumlah-segmen – Kompas (2025/05/19 15:02)

https://anabata.com/design=inverted-umbrella-as-drought-solution-inthe-rain-and-the-umbrellas – Ciliwung Merdeka: An Urban Kampung’s Fight to Regain Its Rights City Without Slum – Statistics Indonesia (2017) https://dev.earth-auroville.com/vikas-community-1991-1998/ – Auroville Earth Institute (2024/01/17 10:01)

https://www.kompas.id/baca/metro/2023/07/04/sodetan-ciliwungsudah-berfungsi – Kompas (2024/01/12 20:37)

https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/226091468417040569 – Development Projects: Indonesia National Slum Upgrading Project – World Bank (2024/02/17 12:01)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ciliwung-River-basin-and-locationof-the-Jabodetabek-area-Three-major-cities-arelocated_fig17_307450648 – ResearchGate (2024/01/12)

https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/research/rdiri/file/kiyou/5-12.pdf –Ritsumeikan University (2024/03/11 11:02)

https://journal.pubmedia.id/index.php/ijgaes/article/view/3232 –Research: City Without Slum, Statistics Indonesia, 2017, (2024/02/07 12:35)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027277141731190 3 – ScienceDirect: Transport of pollution along the Ciliwung River (2024/01/12 21:00)

https://voi.id/en/news/292148 – Voi.id: The Ciliwung River Is Said To Be A New Renewable Energy Source (2024/03/11 19:38)

https://www.archify.com/id/archifynow/kampung-susun-produktiftumbuh-cakung-provides-vertically-stacked-residences-with-economicspaces – Archify Australia (2023/11/17 12:56) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338613/ – Slum Upgrading and Health Equity PMC (2024/11/26 17:02)

Helophytes

Roy A., Urban Informality https://www.wiego.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/Urban-Informality-Roy.pdf, Journal of the American Planning Associarion, 2005

https://www.ecofyt.nl/hoe/meest-gesteldevragen#:~:text=De%20grootte%20van%20een%20helofytenfilter,en%204 %20m%C2%B2%20per%20persoon – (2024/09/15 23:11)

Roy A., Alsayyad, N., Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America, Lexington Books, 2004, (2024/05/13 18:25)

https://iwaponline.com/h2open/article/5/2/221/88196/Jakarta-watersupply-provision-strategy-based-on – Jakarta water supply, H2Open Journal | IWA Publishing, (2023/10/11 23:00)

History

https://jakartaglobe.id/news/kampung-susun-jakartas-urban-activistslove – jakartaglobe.id (2024/05/22 08:13) https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/slumrehabilitation/what-is-a-slum/ – habitatforhumanity.org.uk (2024/03/11 10:12)

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53064404r – Map: G.P.F. Cronenberg, Batavia urban plan 1866 (date unknown, approximate historical reference)

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27991754 – BBC News (2023/05/12 21:00)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre – Wikipedia (2024/01/12 21:03)

https://time.com/4055185/indonesia-anticommunist-massacreholocaust-killings-1965 – Time (2024/01/12 21:10)

Subsidence

https://360info.org/how-jakarta-has-dug-itself-into-a-hole/ – 360Info (2025/02/21 00:00)

https://360info.org/jakarta-acts-to-stop-being-the-next-atlantis/ –360Info (2025/02/16 22:55) https://dev.dinaslhdki.id/publikasi/laporan-kualitas-air – Dinas LHK DKI (2025/02/17 00:11)

https://theaseanpost.com/article/managing-jakartas-water-related-risks – The ASEAN Post (2025/02/16 22:45)

https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/245161468779979383/pdf/ 299260CDDno10850UrbanUpgrading.pdf – World Bank: Indonesia National Slum Upgrading Project (2024/05/22 09:13) https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/06/17/addressinginequality-and-urban-segregation-in-jakarta.html – Jakarta Post: Inequality and Urban Segregation (2023/10/04) https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/publication/2017/12/27/ceca588654e6a95644 aae652/pendataan-rw-kumuh-dki-jakarta-2017.html – Statistics Indonesia: Pendataan RW Kumuh DKI Jakarta 2017 (2023/12/20 15:34) https://jakartaglobe.id – What Is Kampung Susun and Why Do Jakarta's Urban Activists Love It? (2024/08/26 07:09) https://jpi.or.id/en/news/rusunawa-a-closer-look-at-affordablehousing-options-in-jakarta/ – JPI: Rusunawa – affordable housing in Jakarta (2025/04/10 14:33) https://nextlivin.com/the-difference-between-rusunawa-and-rusunami/ – NextLivin: Difference between Rusunawa and Rusunami (2025/04/10 14:41)

https://theowp.org/why-is-jakarta-sinking/ – The OWP (2025/02/16 22:24) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/02/20 09:35) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/01/12 12:11)

Data

https://atlas-for-the-end-of-theworld.com/world_maps_main.html#world_map_target – AFEW - World Maps (atlas-for-the-end-of-the-world.com) (2023/10/20 09:35)

https://www.atlasenkaart.nl/toonkaart.php?kaart=5514 – Java Orohydrografisch en Geologische en Vulkaankaart, een antieke kaart van Indonesië door Winkler Prins uit 1908 (atlasenkaart.nl)

https://data.go.id/dataset/170-situ-jabodetabek – Perkumpulan OpenStreetMap Indonesia: data 170 Situ Jabodetabek (2023/10/07 22:27) https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2014701 –Geologische kaart van Java - sheet 1 | Digital Collections (universiteitleiden.nl)

https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/i ndonesia/c8h0vm00009v4jjz-att/12078622_01.pdf – JICA: PDF-rapport (2023/10/07 22:30)

https://kaart.edugis.nl/v2/#configurl=maps/geology.json EduGIS

https://jakita.jakarta.go.id/media/download/eng/edisi_2_2020.pdf –Jakarta Government: PDF report (2024/05/13 18:25) https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2024/05/13/en-kelola-2500-tonsampah-per-hari-rdf-plant-rorotan-ditargetkan-selesai-akhir-2024 –Kompas: RDF Plant Rorotan project (2024/05/13) https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/learning/natures-solution-toplastic-pollution-the-amazing-power-of-the-wax-worm.html – NY Times: Nature’s solution to plastic pollution (2024/11/10 23:38) https://www.scholarhub.ui.ac.id/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1154&contex t=jessd – Scholarhub UI: Waste bank study (2024/02/04 13:27) https://www.thejakartapost.com/paper/2022/06/28/the-struggle-ofwaste-banks-to-recycle-and-repurpose-trash.html – The Jakarta Post: The struggle of waste banks (2024/09/07 17:05)

Energy

https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/indonesia/natural-gasconsumption – CEIC Data: Indonesia natural gas consumption (2024/02/01 12:06)

http://www.ccop.or.th/epf/indonesia/indonesia_petroleum.html – CCOP: petroleum (2024/02/01 13:40) http://daemeter.org/new/uploads/20160105233051.Smallholders_Book_0 50116_web.pdf – DAIMETER: (2024/02/01 14:20) https://en.tempo.co/read/1827051/jakarta-raises-motor-vehicle-fuel-taxto-10-percent – Tempo: Jakarta raises motor vehicle fuel tax (2024/09/22 07:06)

https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/SAFE/prototyping/lineup/idn/201512/index.html Indonesia (LAPAN): (2024/02/01 15:20)

https://www.mo.be/nieuws/weg-naar-duurzame-palmolie-uit-indonesielang Weg naar duurzame palmolie uit Indonesië is lang - MO* (2024/02/01 12:20) https://journal.iagi.or.id/index.php/FOSI/article/viewFile/48/19 19 (iagi.or.id)

https://www.profor.info/sites/profor.info/files/Oil Palm_Case Study_LEAVES_2018.pdf – Profor: Palm Case Study (2024/02/01 12:50) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1092084/household-electricityconsumption-per-capita/ – Statista: Household electricity consumption per capita (2024/02/17 11:40)

https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/04/06/dilemma-ofenergy-used-for-cooking-in-indonesia.html – Jakarta Post: Dilemma of energy used for cooking (2024/10/04 23:54)

https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledgeproducts/Sustainable%20Energy%20Transition%20Roapmap%20for%20 Jakarta_FINAL.pdf – UNESCAP: Sustainable Energy Transition Roadmap for Jakarta (2024/02/17 11:13)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0p03UTgpnDU – YouTube: Kaplan Turbine Working and Design (2024/03/11 20:37)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Indonesias-Mix-EnergyPolicy_fig1_235302221 – ResearchGate: Indonesia’s energy policy mix (2024/02/17 11:13)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Indonesia-Oil-Palm-Map-USDA2020_fig1_354989126 – Indonesia Oil Palm Map, USDA, 2020, (2024/03/11 20:37)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-map-of-Indonesianbasins-grouped-according-to-resource-volumes-Those-withless_fig1_248516751 – Location map of Indonesian basins, grouped according to resource (2024/02/17 12:13)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Oil-and-Gas-Reserves-inIndonesia_fig2_335928567 – Oil and Gas Reserves in Indonesia (2024/02/17 11:32)

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sections-across-WesternIndonesia-Katili-1981_fig2_312092249 – Sections across Western Indonesia, Katili, 1981, (2024/03/17 11:37)

https://360info.org/how-jakarta-has-dug-itself-into-a-hole/ – 360Info (2025/02/21 00:00)

https://360info.org/jakarta-acts-to-stop-being-the-next-atlantis/ –360Info (2025/02/16 22:55)

https://dev.dinaslhdki.id/publikasi/laporan-kualitas-air – Dinas LHK DKI (2025/02/17 00:11)

https://theaseanpost.com/article/managing-jakartas-water-related-risks

– The ASEAN Post (2025/02/16 22:45)

Sources

https://theowp.org/why-is-jakarta-sinking/ – The OWP (2025/02/16 22:24) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/02/20 09:35)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0197397516306816 –ScienceDirect (2025/01/12 12:11)

Data

https://atlas-for-the-end-of-theworld.com/world_maps_main.html#world_map_target – AFEW - World Maps (atlas-for-the-end-of-the-world.com) (2023/10/20 09:35) https://www.atlasenkaart.nl/toonkaart.php?kaart=5514 – Java Orohydrografisch en Geologische en Vulkaankaart, een antieke kaart van Indonesië door Winkler Prins uit 1908 (atlasenkaart.nl) https://data.go.id/dataset/170-situ-jabodetabek – Perkumpulan OpenStreetMap Indonesia: data 170 Situ Jabodetabek (2023/10/07 22:27) https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2014701 –Geologische kaart van Java - sheet 1 | Digital Collections (universiteitleiden.nl)

https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/i ndonesia/c8h0vm00009v4jjz-att/12078622_01.pdf – JICA: PDF-rapport (2023/10/07 22:30)

https://kaart.edugis.nl/v2/#configurl=maps/geology.json – EduGIS livingatlas-dcdev.opendata.arcgis.com/404 – Average Household Size in Indonesia | Living Atlas (2023/10/07 22:01)

https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/ – Natural Earth » vector and raster map data at 1:10m, 1:50m, and 1:110m scales (2023/10/07 23:11)

https://www.openstreetmap.org/export – OpenStreetMap (2023/10/07 23:01)

https://www.openstreetmap.org/ – OpenStreetMap (2023/10/07 22:10) https://www.wri.org/data/data-lab Data Lab | World Resources Institute (wri.org) (2023/10/05 10:01) https://www.wur.nl/web/show/search?id=88776&langid=43&from=&to=& webid=26098&searchid=88564&keyword=indonesie#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=in donesie&gsc.page=1 – WUR (2024/10/07 23:01)

Articles

Alfianarrochmah, I., Nugroho, A.S.B., Handayani, T.N., The Influence of Resident’s Income Level on Rusunawa Perceptions of Satisfaction, Convenience, and Management, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta

Adeline, E. H. (2019, October 22). Infiltration capacity in flood mitigating Jakarta. Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta. (Bode men ondergrond)

Aprilia, A., Tezuka, T., & Spaargaren, G. (2012). Household solid waste management in Jakarta, Indonesia: A socio-economic evaluation. Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Aprilia, A. (2021, October). Waste management in Indonesia and Jakarta: Challenges and way forward. ASEF Europe. (Over afval en afvalsysteem)

Bakker, K., & Kooy, M. (2008). Governance failure: Rethinking the institutional dimensions of urban water supply to poor households. Elsevier. University of British Columbia, Canada. (Kaart over pipeline)

Brinkman, J. J., & Hartman, M. (2010). Land subsidence and urban development in Jakarta. (Tekening van subsidence)

Budiyono, Y., Aerts, J. C. J. H., Tollenaar, D., & Ward, P. J. (2016, March 17). River flood risk in Jakarta under scenarios of future change. VU University Amsterdam.

(Overstromingskaartjes)

Counihan, C.H., An Incremental Intervention in Jakarta: An Empowering Infrastructural Approach for Upgrading Informal Settlements –University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2017 Delinom. R., M., Groundwater management issues in the Greater Jakarta area, Indonesia, Research Centre for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),Bandung, p.p. 43, 44, 49.

Eilander, D. (2016). Harvesting social media for generation of near real-time flood maps. Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands. Elsevier.

Farid, M. (2022). Flood prediction due to land cover change in the Ciliwung River Basin. Institut Teknologi Bandung. (Kern bron voor Ciliwung)

Hariyanto, N. M., & Putro, S. (2014, June). Banjir dan penyakit diare di Kecamatan Jatinegara, Jakarta Timur. Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia.

Klippera, I.G., Zipfa, A., Lautenbach, S., Flood Impact Assessment on Road Network and Healthcare Access at the example of Jakarta, Indonesia, Heidelberg University, 2021/04/02 Konnikova, M., How norms change https://www.newyorker.com/science/mariakonnikova/how-norms-change, the Newyorker 2017, (2023/12/02 21:01)

Koto, J., & Negara, R. B. (2018, February 28). Study on rivers pollution in DKI Jakarta. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace. (Water quality critical level)

Luo, P. (2016, March 14). Overview of Jakarta water quality statement under urban development. UNU-IAS. (Watershed info & water demand)

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THANK YOU!

onkcA wled ge stnem

Acknowledgements

From starting my bachelor’s in 2007 to obtain a teacher’s degree in Fine Arts and Design, through an unfinished bachelor in Building, Mechanics Design and Architecture, to years of professional practice in Urbanism in various roles at the Gemeente Groningen and now, finally, in 2025, a completed Master’s degree in Urbanism. My graduation marks the closing of another chapter in what feels like a lifetime of learning. I want to take a moment to thank everyone who supported me throughout this journey, and especially during my graduation project.

To my mentor and friend Jeroen de WIlligen: Thank you for pushing me towards urbanism all those years ago. Thank you for the time spent on reflecting on my research and story during the graduation process. And for asking the key questions that helped shape the project. I know my process is not at all like a diesel engine. So thank’s for bearing with me.

To my committee Pauline van Roosmalen and Jossep Frederick William (Welly), Thank you for both your sharp feedback and encouraging words. You kept me grounded, creative and precise. I loved brainstorming with you and I left every conversation a little wiser than before.

To Markus Appenzeller: Thank you for your extraordinary advice over the past years. It has helped me chart the course of my journey through urbanism at the academy. I am very excited to discover where the journey will lead in the future!

Also, a special thanks to Fabricio Furni, Tom van Luinen and Marcos Suarez Menendes for providing access to all the academic research material a designer could hope for but usually doesn’t have access to. The content of my work wouldn’t have been this rich without it.

Thank you for the interesting interviews: Rogier van den Berg, Willem Ottenvanger, Silvia de Vaan. Your knowledge helped me in the right direction. (WRI Indonesia, River dynamics, Waste system and culture.)

To my family in Indonesia, thank you. I feel fortunate to know you. Meeting you was a great adventure and we had lots of fun!

Special thanks to Gwen, Soen Eng, Holy, Ivan, Conrad, Irine, Lisa, Jimmy, Evi, Charly, Reni, Mulia, Ipoh Leony, Ipoh Catharine and Ipoh

Mei Hwa. Thank you for your support and help during our visit in November 2023. I am in awe of how dedicated you were in helping with my research and how you helped me understand Jakarta and, more broadly, Indonesia.

Dear Vera van der Molen and Rutger van Houten: Thank you for lending me your flat when I was in the premaster program!

Dear friends, family and colleagues from Groningen: Thank you!

Dear mentors Rob Brink and Leonie Rupert: Thank you! And management team at Gemeente Groningen: Thank you for giving me the opportunity to pursue this Master’s degree.

To all my friends from the academy, thank you for this journey together! With special thanks to: Tessa Laarman and Bas Tiben for helping me shape my final presentation.

Thank you Laura Nijmeijer, Marija Satibaldijeva and Menno van der Heijden for being present during my exam. I cried, you were there. It was great. And of course, thank you as well for the many times I could crash on your couches..

Thank you dad, for our trip together and thank you dad and Aukje for all the interesting literature I have access to throughout the years, because of your great library.

Thank you mom for your support!

And last but not least, to my love, Ruben, thank you for these past few years, for keeping life fun and me sane, safe, happy and wellfed during trying times. Thank you, Stella and Kalle, for the very happy breaks between deadlines.

© 2025 Hannah Liem

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