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Bernard BlistĂšne est aujourdâhui directeur honoraire du MusĂ©e national dâart moderne-Centre Pompidou. Conservateur au MNAM Ă partir de 1984, il a amplement contribuĂ© Ă la constitution de la collection dâArte Povera du MusĂ©e. Directeur des MusĂ©es de Marseille de 1990 Ă 1997, il consacre sa premiĂšre exposition Ă la prĂ©sentation de la totalitĂ© de la collection dâArte Povera du MNAM et rend en parallĂšle hommage au photographe Paolo Mussat Sartor, lâun des protagonistes complices du mouvement dĂšs le dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1970. Il a publiĂ© de trĂšs nombreux travaux sur le mouvement.
Quel est votre rapport Ă lâArte Povera ?
BERNARD BLISTĂNE:âMon rapport Ă Arte Povera tient dâabord de la relation que jâai entretenue avec Giancarlo Politi, lâĂ©diteur de la revue Flash Art Ă Milan, qui publie en novembredĂ©cembre 1967, lâarticle : « Appunti per una guerriglia » (Notes pour une guĂ©rilla), de Germano Celant. Jâai, pendant de trĂšs nombreuses annĂ©es, travaillĂ© avec Giancarlo Politi, qui mâavait fait confiance puisque jâĂ©tais correspondant français de sa revue, puis rĂ©dacteur en chef de Flash Art France. Jâaimais en lui comme je lâaime toujours aujourdâhui son goĂ»t jamais dĂ©menti pour toutes formes de guĂ©rillas. Politi ne sâest jamais cantonnĂ© Ă soutenir un mouvement. Il est tout sauf un idĂ©ologue et je crois quâil est pleinement un guerrillero de lâart. Peut-ĂȘtre lâa-t-il fonciĂšrement Ă©tĂ© parce quâil a pleinement vĂ©cu ce que les italiens appellent « les annĂ©es de plomb » (anni di piombo), et quâil ne peut imaginer que lâart ne soit pas lâĂ©cho critique de la rĂ©alitĂ© sociale et politique du contexte dans lequel il se dĂ©veloppe. Et puis, Politi a quelque chose de ce que les Italiens ont appelĂ© « lâopĂ©raĂŻsme », ce mouvement ouvrier et courant marxiste du dĂ©but des annĂ©es 1960, issu de la revue Quaderni Rossi fondĂ©e par le dissident Raniero Panzieri qui, je crois, sous-tend le meilleur de la crĂ©ation des annĂ©es 1960 et des annĂ©es 1970, et qui, bien Ă©videmment, voit favoriser et Ă©clore la notion dâArte Povera.
Câest donc Flash Art et la relation de fraternitĂ© que jâentretiens depuis presque 50 ans avec Politi, qui mâa fait venir Ă Milan pour travailler sur la revue et mâa permis dâavoir une certaine familiaritĂ© avec diffĂ©rents artistes, qui mâa donnĂ© Ă©galement de comprendre que lâItalie des annĂ©es 1970 Ă©tait en pleine Ă©bullition crĂ©atrice. Je suis nĂ© en 1955âjâĂ©tais donc trĂšs jeune Ă lâĂ©poqueâ et ce rapport avec Arte Povera sâest aussi doublĂ© dâune relation critique que je pouvais avoir vis-Ă -vis de la situation de lâart en France, que je trouvais probablement moins exaltante, peut-ĂȘtre davantage liĂ©e Ă ce que nous appelions les « Trente Glorieuses », qui nâavaient Ă mes yeux probablement pas le mĂȘme impact
Bernard BlistĂšne is currently honorary director of the MusĂ©e National dâArt Moderne at Centre Pompidou. As MNAM curator since 1984, he has contributed greatly to the creation of the museumâs Arte Povera collection. As Director of the MusĂ©es de Marseille from 1990 to 1997, his first exhibition presented the full MNAM Arte Povera collection while also paying tribute to the photographer Paolo Mussat Sartor, a fellow traveler of the movement since the early 1970s. BlistĂšne is the author of many published works on Arte Povera.
What is your relationship with Arte Povera?
BERNARD BLISTĂNE:âMy relationship with Arte Povera stems first and foremost from my relationship with Giancarlo Politi, editor of the Milan-based magazine Flash Art, which featured an article by Germano Celant in the November-December 1967 issue, âAppunti per una guerrigliaâ [Notes on a guerrilla war]. I worked with Politi for many years, first as French correspondent for his magazine, then as editor-in-chief of Flash Art France. What I liked about him then as now is his enduring taste for all forms of guerrilla action. He never confined himself to supporting a movement. He is anything but an ideologue; I consider him a true âguerrilla of artâ. The fundamental reason for this may be that he lived through what the Italians call the âYears of Leadâ [anni di piombio] and can only imagine art as the critical echo of the social and political reality of the context in which it develops. Whatâs more, Politi has absorbed something of operaismo, 1 a workers movement and Marxist current of the early 1960s, born from the pages of Quaderni Rossi, the magazine founded by the dissident Raniero Panzieri. This movement, I believe, underpins the best of artistic creation from the 1960s and 1970s and of course helped foster the notion of Arte Povera. So it was Flash Art and the brotherly relationship I have shared for nearly fifty years with Politiâwho brought me to Milan to work on his magazine and through whom I gained a certain familiarity with a number of different artistsâthat revealed to me an Italy in full creative ferment in the 1970s. I was born in 1955 and so quite young at the time, and my view of Arte Povera was complemented by a critical relationship with the art scene in France, which I probably found less exhilarating, perhaps more strongly linked to what we call the Trente Glorieuses2 and to my mind probably without the same social, political, and aesthetic impactâexcept of course in the case of an artist such as Daniel Buren. My relationship with Arte Povera was thus an attempt at taking both a critical and politically engaged stance towards creativity itselfâletâs call it a âpoiesisââthat I sensed was deeply rooted in the times.

Manifesto âArte Povera. Appunti per una guerrigliaâ da Flash Art no. 5 NovembreâDicembre 1967,
Archivio Flash Art.
social, politique et esthĂ©tique, si ce nâest Ă©videmment avec un artiste comme Daniel Buren. Ce rapport Ă lâArte Povera Ă©tait donc Ă la fois, pour moi, la tentative dâun rapport critique et Ă©galement engagĂ© Ă la crĂ©ation. Appelons cela « une poĂŻĂ©tique » que je trouvais profondĂ©ment ancrĂ©e dans le contexte de lâĂ©poque.
Comment dĂ©finiriez-vous lâ« Arte Povera » ?
BB:âJe me garderai bien de le dĂ©finir, tant ses protagonistes sont divers et « lâactivitĂ© critique la moins exacte des sciences humaines » comme aime Ă le dire le grand historien de lâart JeanClaude Lebensztejn, mais je ne saurais envisager Arte Povera en le dissociant de la personnalitĂ© de celui qui lâa portĂ©, structurĂ© et pour qui je conserve respect et admiration. Je veux parler bien sĂ»r de Germano Celant. Mais puisque vous me demandez une dĂ©finition nĂ©cessairement incomplĂšte, je commencerais peut-ĂȘtre par vouloir situer Arte Povera et son actionâdisons-mĂȘme son activismeâdans ce momentum italien si profondĂ©ment liĂ© aux annĂ©es de plomb que jâĂ©voquais Ă lâinstant.
JâĂ©tais Ă la fois fascinĂ© et effrayĂ© par la multiplication des conflits politiques entre marxisme, communisme dâun cĂŽtĂ© et de lâautre les mouvements libĂ©raux. Je me souviens dâavoir justement dĂ©couvert Ă Milan la revue nĂ©e en 1964 de Toni Negri qui sâappelait Classe Operaia (Classe OuvriĂšre), ainsi que lâorganisation Lotta Continua (Lutte Continue), nĂ©e de cette gauche extraparlementaire de stratĂ©gie dâinsurrection

How would you define Arte Povera?
BB:âI would hesitate to define it. Its protagonists are so diverse and âcriticism is the least exact of social sciencesâ, as the great art historian Jean-Claude Lebensztejn likes to say. At the same time, I would not be able to envision Arte Povera dissociated from the person who supported and structured it, and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration. Iâm referring, of course, to Germano Celant. But since youâre asking me for a necessarily incomplete definition, I would start by situating Arte Povera and its actionâor indeed its activismâin the Italian momentum that was so deeply rooted in the Years of Lead I mentioned just now. I was both fascinated and disturbed by the spate of political conflicts between Marxism and communism, on the one hand, and the liberal movements, on the other. I remember I had just discovered, in Milan, Toni Negriâs magazine Classe Operaia [Working Class], inaugurated in 1964, and the extraparliamentary leftist worker-insurrection organization Lotta Continua [Ongoing Struggle], both of which embodied a similar strategic idea to that later expressed in the premises of Arte Povera. I remember the movements advocating labor strikes at Pirelli, Fiat, and elsewhere. Unlike their counterparts in France, they encompassed both labor and student movements. Remember the scene from Michelangelo Antonioniâs film Zabriskie Point (1970)! I later read the book by Nanni Balestrini, Vogliamo Tutto (1971) [We Want Everything], a very important work that described





BB:âCelant a fait Ă©voluer son conceptâce quâil appelait « une expression libre »âet avec lui les artistes, comme tout guerrier fait Ă©voluer sa stratĂ©gie, qui est aussi une stratĂ©gie dâinfiltration du cadre socio-politique et de ses transformations. Voyez lâIgloo de Giap [(1968), de Mario Merz] : « Si lâennemi se concentre, il perd du terrain, sâil se disperse, il perd sa force ». De ce point de vue, jâai toujours Ă©tĂ© fascinĂ© de voir lâextrĂȘme mobilitĂ© de ces diffĂ©rents artistes, selon les contextes, selon les situations dans lesquelles ils se trouvaient. Mais jâai aussi toujours Ă©tĂ© fascinĂ© par le fait que ce soit, dans les moments de prise de conscience partagĂ©e, quand mĂȘme une expĂ©rience collective. Je veux dire quelque chose qui a Ă©tĂ© portĂ© par un critique, certes, mais Ă©galement dans une volontĂ© de dĂ©finir des stratĂ©gies de groupe et de dĂ©finir ce que jâappellerais un langage immĂ©diat. Un langage immĂ©diat, au demeurant, par opposition Ă Marcel Duchamp, qui lui se tient rĂ©solument dans le non-langage. Or, je ne connais pas de destruction du langage chez les artistes dâArte Povera, mais plutĂŽt ce que jâappelle en soulignant lâimpact de Wilhelm Reich, Herbert Marcuse et dâautres sur ces artistes, « une forme de synthĂšse entre phĂ©nomĂ©nologie et marxisme » et qui sâaffirme souvent par des titres et slogans trĂšs simplesâ« Tutto », « Odio », « Direzione », « Cannone semovente », « CittĂ Ideale »âtels des concepts et des actions qui peuvent ĂȘtre reçus de maniĂšre trĂšs immĂ©diate. Je crois par ailleurs quâil est trĂšs important de remarquer quâil nây a pas grand-chose de Marcel Duchamp dans lâArte Povera. Je veux dire par lĂ quâil nây a pas grand-chose de ce que lâĂ©crivain-

much of Marcel Duchamp in Arte Povera. What I mean is that there is not much of what the Italian Marxist writer Maurizio Lazzarato had to say about Duchamp and the Ăloge de la Paresse [Praise of Laziness], Duchamp and the idea of non-work. On the contrary, there is the idea of taking up the question of work very seriously and moving away from the allure exerted in the 1970s by Duchamp, who had long questioned the qualities attributed to artists: creativity, freedom, autonomy. Arte Povera, in a certain way, is an attempt to do just the opposite, and that was a very bold stance to take, given that Duchamp had become for many the epitome of creativity. It seems to me, however, that the Italians were attempting to invest that idea of creativity with a certain form of idealism and broad romanticism that Duchamp had clearly decried, but that many artists were rushing into at the time. So yes, there is an evolution, a transformation, and Celant was right in saying some twenty years later that âthe true pertinence of the movement lay in the fact that it never succumbed to an ideologyâ. It might be interesting to see if that transformation echoed in some way the transformations of those terrible Years of Lead that went on for so long in Italy. Because when you look at the chronology of these Marxist currents in Italy, they began in the early 1960s and ended more or less towards the 1980s, which is a considerable amount of time and history. We are often told that the assassination of Aldo Moro marked the point of no return, when the violence became not only Marxist but also neofascist. Of course I will not fall into the error of equating or even comparing



personnalitĂ©s absolument diffĂ©rentes, certains venant du maoĂŻsme, dâautres Ă©tant davantage dans une sorte de spontanĂ©isme. Tout comme le Théùtre Pauvre de Jerzy Grotowski a Ă©tĂ© une source, une matrice, alors que Grotowski lui-mĂȘme, disait des artistes dâArte Povera quâils nâavaient rien Ă voir avec son idĂ©e du théùtre pauvre. Ceci est en partie vrai, mais aussi en partie faux, car le goĂ»t que les artistes dâArte Povera avaient pour les matĂ©riaux primaires tels que le carton, les journaux, la terre, se retrouve Ă©galement dans le théùtre de Grotowski, dans sa pensĂ©e et dans sa mĂ©thode. Je pense que ce tronc commun est en quelque sorte un ciment pour beaucoup de ces artistes.
Quelles sont les thĂ©matiques rĂ©currentes dans la production des artistes dâArte Povera ?
Y en a-t-il qui vous interpellent en particulier ?
BB:âLâun des traits communs des artistes dâArte Povera, câest de dĂ©construire les choses et de ne pas privilĂ©gier le matĂ©riau comme une fin en soi. Il est probable quâau sein des artistes du mouvement, il y ait aussi un distinguo entre le matĂ©riau et le matĂ©riel. Les artistes dâArte Povera nâont pas la sculpture, par exemple, comme objectif. Ils recherchent plutĂŽt le processus, lâexpĂ©rience ; ils ont plutĂŽt un regard critique sur la production esthĂ©tique. Pour reprendre le mot, ils sont plutĂŽt « anesthĂ©tiques ». Comme dâune certaine façon, dâailleurs, Celant reconnaissait dans lâintuition de son exposition IM spatio, image, espace, la


the caged pigs, the observer experienced a sort of realization of an alienation from the living. And it was in 1969 that one of the greatest filmmakers of the time [Pier Paolo Pasolini â ed.] created his masterpiece of eroticism and violence, Porcile [Pigsty]. The fundamental differences among Arte Povera artists prevents the characteristics of the movement from being reducible to a few notions or examples. What relation is there between Pistoletto and his Oggetti in meno [Minus Objects] of 1965 and Kounellisâs rapport with Antiquity and his Greek homeland as expressed in his 1972 âcollaborationâ with Pulcinella, where Stravinskyâs score becomes a painting? What relation is there between an artist such as Merz, who hailed from paintingâwith his idea of resurrecting the primitive yurt of anthropologists in his reconstruction of the absolutely fundamental and primal form of the iglooâ, and Fabroâs idea of erecting something of the avant-garde relationship with space in his sculptural formulations linked to Italian history and culture? Arte Povera is this relationship with the elements, with heat and cold; it is unquestionably, in all its diversity, something of this âItalian identityâ, to borrow from the title of the exhibition that Celant enacted at Centre Pompidou in 1981, where the sculptural vocabulary of the exhibited artists testified to the plethora of different and specific pursuits.
In this galaxyâclearly the offspring of an intuition, ruled by conflicts and oppositions but still affording vitality to a processual activity grounded in different practices and merging with the exigencies of experiential realityâ, it was inevitable that certain



