Qatar University College of Engineering Department of Architecture and Urban Planning-DAUP
Urban Planning Legislation MUPD 610 Dr. Yasser Mahgoub ymahgoub@qu.edu.qa
Qatar Urban Planning Experience
Urban Planning Legislations In Doha Topics History and Impact of Legislations • Periods: – – – – – – –
Pre-oil conditions (vernacular urbanism and architecture) Modernization period (evolution and major changes) Globalization period (international and regional changes) Post-Globalization period Sustainability (QSAS/GSAS) Master Plans for future development 2022 FIFA World Cup … and beyond!
Qatar Timeline
1939 - Oil reserves 1916 - Britain controls Qatar's external affairs in return for guaranteeing its protection.
1871-1913 - Turkish Ottoman forces establish a garrison at the emir's invitation.
1867 - Conflict with neighboring Bahrain over territorial claims; Doha is all but destroyed.
1700s - Migrants establish pearling and trading settlements along the coast of present-day Qatar.
discovered. Exploitation is delayed by World War II. Oil comes to replace pearling and fishing as main source of revenue.
Qatar Timeline
1972 - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani 1971 - Independence
1968 - Britain withdraw its forces from the Gulf.
1961 - OPEC
1950s - Oil revenues fund the expansion and modernization of Qatar's infrastructure.
Qatar Timeline
2003 - Constitution approved by voters
2002 - War against Iraq.
2001 - Settles long-running border disputes with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
1999 - Municipal elections, the first democratic polls since 1971
1996 - AlJazeera satellite TV launches, as an independent channel.
Qatar Timeline
2008 - St Mary's Roman 2007 - LSE. Qatar and Dubai become the two biggest shareholders of the London Stock Exchange
2005 - LNG. Qatar and the US launch a $14 billion joint project to build the world's largest liquefied natural gas plant.
2005 - Constitution comes into effect
2003 - Prince Tamim was named as crown prince by the emir.
Catholic Church becomes the first official Christian church inaugurated in Qatar.
Qatar Timeline
2013 - Sheik Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani reins.
2010 - 2022 FIFA World Cup bid was won.
2009 - Trade ties with Israel are cut over Gaza offensive.
2008 - Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree final delineation of borders.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events Pre-Oil • 1700s - Migrants establish pearling and trading settlements along the coast of present-day Qatar. • 1867 - Conflict with neighboring Bahrain over territorial claims; Doha is all but destroyed. Seeds of independence are shown when Britain signs a treaty which recognizes Qatar as a separate entity, rather than a dependency of Bahrain. • 1871-1913 - Turkish Ottoman forces establish a garrison at the emir's invitation. • 1916 - Deal signed under which Britain controls Qatar's external affairs in return for guaranteeing its protection.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events Oil • 1939 - Oil reserves discovered. Exploitation is delayed by World War II. Oil comes to replace pearling and fishing as main source of revenue. • 1950s - Oil revenues fund the expansion and modernization of Qatar's infrastructure. • 1961 - Qatar joining OPEC.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events Independence • 1968 - Britain announces that it will withdraw its forces from the Gulf. Qatar negotiates with Bahrain and present-day United Arab Emirates on forming a federation. • 1971 - Independence - Qatar becomes independent on 3 September. • 1972 - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani takes power. • 1990 August - After Iraq invades Kuwait, Qatar says it will allow foreign forces on its soil. Qatari troops later take part in the liberation of Kuwait. • 1995 - Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa takes power.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events •
• •
1996 - Al-Jazeera satellite TV launches, as an independent channel. Based in Qatar but broadcasting to much of the Arab world, it establishes a reputation for its news coverage and willingness to tackle controversial issues. 1999 - Municipal elections, the first democratic polls since 1971, mark the start of a democratization program. 2001 March - Qatar settles long-running border disputes with Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events Iraq war • 2002 - Qatar looms large in US plans for a possible war against Iraq. Its alUdeid air base is developed and expanded. Washington says it will deploy US Central Command staff to Qatar. • 2003 March-April - Qatar-based US Central Command forward base serves as the nerve centre in the US-led military campaign in Iraq. • 2003 April - Voters approve a new constitution, which provides for a 45member parliament with 30 elected members and the rest selected by the emir.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events • • •
2003 August - The emir names his younger son Prince Tamim as crown prince. 2005 June - Qatar's first written constitution comes into effect, providing for some democratic reforms. 2005 November - Qatar and the US launch a $14 billion joint project to build the world's largest liquefied natural gas plant. Most of the gas will be exported to the US.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events • •
•
2007 September - Qatar and Dubai become the two biggest shareholders of the London Stock Exchange, the world's third largest stock exchange. 2008 March - St Mary's Roman Catholic Church becomes the first official Christian church inaugurated in Qatar. Christians were previously not permitted to worship openly. 2008 December - Saudi Arabia and Qatar agree final delineation of borders and pledge to boost co-operation after diplomatic relations restored in March.
Qatar Timeline A chronology of key events • • •
2009 January - Qatar cuts trade ties with Israel over Gaza offensive. Was sole Gulf state to have trade ties with Israel. 2010 November - Qatar wins bid to host 2022 FIFA World Cup. 2013 July - Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa handover power to Sheik Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
History of Urbanism in Qatar
Doha 1947
Doha 1956
Doha 1959
Doha 1963
Doha 1966
Doha 1971
Doha 1973
Doha 1977
Doha 1988
Doha 1995
Doha 2003
Doha 2007
Doha 2008
Doha Data
A brief background to planning in Qatar
A brief background to planning in Qatar • As the country began to develop after the Second World War, the natural resources of Qatar – chiefly oil and gas as there are no adequate alternative resources – were seen to be steadily depleting as they were converted into revenue to the State. • That revenue was perceived to be of two sorts: – those which produced funds that were converted into infrastructural development of one sort or another, and – those that were transformed into revenue generating assets designed to provide income in compensation for the steadily depleting resources.
• Because of the complete dependency of the State’s economy on oil and gas it was considered necessary to extend them in terms of value and time as far as possible into the future. • This was a common theme in countries rich in these resources and concerned about what they perceived to be threats from the West, leading to the establishing of OPEC in 1960, with Qatar joining in 1961.
Urbanity of modernization (1972 – 1984).
Qatar Master Plans Timeline
2010 – FIFA World Cup Announcement
2007 Pacific Consultants International (PCI), Japan
2005 - Llewylin Davis
Urban growth in Doha based on evaluated GIS data. (Source: Wiedmann, Salama and Mirincheva 2014)
Current mega-projects in the metropolitan area of Doha (Source: Salama and Wiedmann, 2013)
Urbanity of modernization (1972 – 1984).
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005 • The capital Doha - situated directly at the Persian Gulf on the eastern border of the peninsula of the state Qatar - is one the fastest growing cities of the world. • To study future expansion prospects of the city the Urban Planning & Development Authority of the city has selected and invited seven international offices to a competition called "Greater Doha Master Plan - Area One" in the summer 2005. • Like all modern coastal cities of the world Doha is dominated by the magic of the water and gradually starts to explore possibilities to open up the urban structure to the sea. • The image of the concentric radiating pattern of the classical Arabesque, an ornamentic which has its origin in the Islamic art, is the basic idea for the future urban concept and development.
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005 • Starting from the Corniche, a circular bay in the heart of the city, the astral formation will expand into the urban city fabric. Astral desert streams will generate fresh air corridors and define the image of the city in the desert. The spacious Morning Star Canal will provide the inner city ring with the beneficial water. The outer plots of the arabesque will form a technology belt comprising commercial and industrial areas as well as future research facilities. Through extensive afforestation a parklike surrounding will enclose and subdivide this for the future of Doha significant area.
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
Doha Master Plan, Qatar, 2005
The Qatar National Master Plan 2007 • The State of Qatar is experiencing unprecedented growth in its economy and population driven by increasing gas and oil revenues, guided by the vision for a thriving economy and a pivotal role in regional economic, social, and cultural development. Pursuant to this vision, the Urban Planning and Development Authority (UPDA) is undertaking a number of major planning projects, including Qatar National Master Plan (QNMP). The Qatar National Master Plan will be a comprehensive master plan that will guide physical development of Qatar through the year 2032. The Master Plan will cover different planning levels, namely National, Regional/Municipality, City, and Detailed Areas (Zones), as well as urban design proposals for selected road segments and neighborhoods. The Master Plan will include all aspects of development including transportation, infrastructure, environmental protection and land uses.
The Qatar National Master Plan 2007 • In the Master Plan, the current demographic statistics and economic projections will be analyzed to develop project growth scenarios and to assess cumulative impacts of recent large scale development projects. These will be a base to propose solutions to and integrated mitigation measures against negative impacts of traffic, infrastructure capacity, public service needs and future land uses. A Transportation Model will be incorporated and utilized for both macro and micro planning impact analysis and solutions. The existing master plans for large-scale development, including Education City, Pearl of the Gulf, Lusail Development, Doha International Airport, Doha Port, etc. will be integrated into one master plan for future development, with consideration of the Qatar Petroleum (QP) Planning Areas of Dukhan, Ras Laffan, and Messaieed which have independent authority for planning purposes.
The Qatar National Master Plan 2007 • Description of Actual Services Provided: – Evaluate all current road and public transport proposals – Recommend an integrated system ranging from low capacity short public transport routes based on people mover technology such as monorail to the high capacity longer distance heavy rail technology – Propose public transport technology that is appropriate to the adjacent land use plan – Form a complete public transport system
The Qatar National Master Plan 2007
Doha Municipality Historic Overview
Doha Municipality Historic Overview â–ş
The history of municipalities in Qatar goes back to 1963 AD when the Municipality of Qatar, the oldest municipality in the State, was established by virtue of law No.11/1963 AD on the organization of the Municipality of Qatar, it comprised 36 articles. Some of the provisions of law No.11/1963 were amended by law No.15/1963.
â–ş
In the first amendment article, it was stated to replace the title of law No.11/1963 "Organization of the Municipality of Qatar" by "Organization of the Doha Municipality ". In accordance with this article, the name of the Municipality of Qatar was replaced by Doha Municipality.
Doha Municipality Historic Overview â–ş
â–ş
â–ş
The first paragraph of article 2 states the creation of Doha Municipality which shall have a legal personality and be considered as a public institution. Its goal is to use the best means to develop Doha in construction and health domains. Since its creation, Doha Municipality, with its various departments and units, has realized many achievements, among which facilitating and accelerating transactions and consultations related to all municipal services, through scientific organized planning. The Municipality supported these plans and programs with legislations and laws to protect these achievements. Doha Municipality is in the capital of Qatar, Doha, and supervises the city of Doha which borders were determined by law No.16/1988 AD. Its total area is 121.500.000 m2
Doha Municipality Historic Overview â–ş
â–ş
The city witnessed a great heath and urban revolution and Doha Municipality made huge efforts, supported by the Municipality and Urban Planning Ministry, to develop and promote the city and improved its services allowing Doha to become what it is now. Among the most important regions and districts of Doha Municipality: Al-Badeh, al-Jesra, Mushayreb, al-Najada, al-Ghanem al-Atee, Wadi alSayl, al-Rumayla, Freij Abdul Aziz, New Doha, al-Nerkab, Rawdat alKhayl, al-Mansoura, Nejma, Umm Ghowalina, al-Khuleyfat, Ras Bu Abud, Umm Lakhba, Dahl al-Hamam, Al-Merkhiya, South Khalifa, Freij Kilb, al-Masila, Freij Ben Omran, al-Sad, al-Dafna, Naeeja, al-Hilal, alThamana, Aniza, and the airport.
Doha Municipality Historic Overview ►
The competences of Doha Municipality are as follows:
►
1- Suggest new policies, programs, plans, decisions, budgets for the development and urbanization of the Municipality, and improving its public facilities, in coordination with specialized departments in the Ministry.
►
2- Implement general cleanness projects, collect garbage from buildings and institutions, sweep streets, dispose of garbage, write contravention tickets for violators, fight pests and rodents, and organize campaigns in houses, streets, and regions, in accordance with set plans and technical standards.
►
3- Supervise, maintain, manage gardens and parks and prepare them for the public according to plans and programs set by the specialized department at the Ministry.
Doha Municipality Historic Overview â–ş
4- Issue building, maintenance, and demolishment licenses, control building execution to make sure they are in conformity with plans and specifications adopted by specialized authorities, issue building finalization certificates, write contravention tickets for violators, and correct violations.
â–ş
5- Inspect places were food is exposed, sold, stored, stocked, transferred, produced, control the implementation of laws, by-laws and resolutions related to food and their validity to be consumed by humans, and take legal measures against violators, in accordance with rules and regulations set by the Food Control Department.
â–ş
6- Issue permits for commercial, industrial, and public shops and advertisement, billboards, and posters, and inspect these shops to ensure they are in conformity with laws related to permits and rules and regulations established by the Commercial Shops and Markets Department.
Doha Municipality Historic Overview ►
7- Supervise cemeteries, and carry out burial procedures.
►
8- Supervise the Municipality's industrial zones, regarding ensuring cleanness, construction licenses, commercial licenses, and advertisement licenses; coordinate with specialized government authorities about public facilities for necessary services.
►
9- Maintain roads, sidewalks, and light poles in cities and villages in coordination with the Public Work Committee.
►
10- Coordinate with the Administrative and Financial Affairs Department in the Ministry to complete transactions related to its employees and workers' affairs.
►
11- Estimate the Municipality budget based on the estimation of machines, material, and equipments needed to execute its plans, and spend funds within its annual budget limits.
Doha Municipality Historic Overview ►
12- Manage warehouses of Municipality's necessities, equipments, and supplies.
►
13- Control markets and commercial shops and organize their work schedule; control peddlers and grant them licenses.
►
14- Transfer neglected and wandering animals and organize their sheltering in barns.
►
15- Collect Municipal fees and revenues in coordination with the Administrative and Financial Affairs Department in the Ministry.
►
16- Fight begging in accordance with adopted regulations.
►
17- Suggest the creation of public water closets.
Qatar Experience ► ► ►
►
CENTRAL MUNICIPAL COUNCIL Introduction The first municipal council in Qatar was formed in the early 1950s and it was reorganized in 1956. Doha municipality came into being in May 1963. The Ministry of Municipal Affairs was established in 1972 as a government body responsible for supervising the functions of municipalities. Decree No 4 for 1963 organized, for the first time, the election and appointment of the members of the municipal council. Law No 11for 1963 followed. It stipulated that the municipal council is formed by a decree and that the appointment of the members is based on the nomination of the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture. The first joint meeting of municipal councils in the country was held in 1983. Most of the credit goes to this meeting in deciding to form a central municipal council to replace the numerous municipal councils.
End