M A S T E R ST H E S I S S U S T A I N A B L EU R B A ND E S I G N B Y : WR I S H I T E S HS A R K A R
JonnaEkhol m,Per JohnDahl Def enc e:Sept ember17,2020 Publ i c at i on:Sept ember21,2020
TOWARDSANI NTERACTI VEWI NTERCI TY
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A C K N O WL E D G E M E N T
Thi st hes i spr oj ec twoul dnothav ebeenpos s i bl ewi t houtt he c ons t antgui danc eands uppor tf r om s omeoft hemos t not abl epr of es s i onal sands pec i al i s t si nt hef i el dofur bandes i gn. Mys i nc er egr at i t udees pec i al l ygoest o: Mi s aghMot t aghi PhDs t udent Ar c hi t ec tandUr banDes i gner SWEDENWATERRESEARCH|VASYD Loui s eLรถv ens t i er ne Ar c hi t ec tMSA,Seni orLec t ur er Cour s eLeaderSUDes-Sus t ai nabl eUr banDes i gn Boar dMemberofSUDes URBANLab Ni naEl i as s on Ar k .SAR/ MSA Pl an-oc hex pl oat er i ngs c hef Ki r unaMuni c i pal i t y Onaper s onal not e,Iam deepi l ygr at ef ul t omyf ami l yf ort hei r unbounds uppor tdur i ngt hes et woy ear sofmymas t er sl i f e.Las t butnott hel eas t ,Iam t hank f ult omys ec ondf ami l ySUDeswi t h whom Ihadt hec hanc et ogr owandl ear nandmai nt ai n c ont i nuousmot i v at i on.Thel ear ni ngc ur v ei sal way supwar dswi t h y oual l .
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' ' Whet heraci t yi svi ewedassaf e,comf or t abl e,desi r abl e andaest het i cal l ypl easi ngcani mpactsi gni f i cant l yoni t s abi l i t yt oat t r actpeopl e,t osaf eguar deconomi cvi t al i t yand t oi nst i l lci vi cpr i de.I nwi nt erci t i es,i ti sessent i alt obui l di na waywhi chpr ovi dest her malcomf or tespeci al l yi nout door publ i candsemi publ i cspace.Car ef ulmi cr ocl i mact i c pl anni ngi scr i t i calt ocount er actpeopl e’ st endencyt o hi ber nat e.Weshoul dnothavet ost r uggl eagai nstcl i mat e. I nst ead,wemustf or mal l i anceswi t hi t . ' ' -Nor manPr essman( Wi nt erCi t i esAssoci at i on)
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D e s i g nT o o lB o xf o r Wi n t e rC i t i e sb yR a l p hE r s k i n e
I r 60 kut 1, sk 99 (R 3 us si a) R 12 eyk 2, j 85 avi 3 k( I ce l an d)
Wi nt erci t i es,asexper i encedbymany nor t her ncommuni t i es,of f erl esseropt i onsf or f aci l i t at i ngout dooract i vi t i es.I ti sof t en per cei vedasanegat i vef or cewhi chposes i nconveni entandcost l yl i vi ngcondi t i onsanda hi ndr ancef orembr aci ngheal t hi erl i f est yl eand r ecr eat i onal oppor t uni t i es. Despi t e wi nt er weat hercondi t i onst hatcanexi stf orapar tof t heyear ,t hebui l tenvi r onmentofmany nor t her nci t i esdoesl i t t l et oembr acet he nt erci t i est endt of ocusonkeepi ng cl i mat e.Wi peopl ei ndoor s,andr emovi ngt hem f r om t he st r eet sandci vi cspaces.
Akeyur bandesi gnchal l engei st ocr eat e envi r onment st hatf aci l i t at e out dooract i vi t i es f orbot hwi nt erandsummerseasons.Thr ough wi nt erdesi gn,peopl ecanbeencour agedt o r et ur n out door sand be mor e act i ve i nt he publ i cr eal m.Hence,anur bandesi gner ,i ti s i mpor t antt ounder st andhow t her el at i onshi p bet weenur banf or m,seasonalvar i at i onsand gni f i canti mpactont he mi cr ocl i mat ehaveasi humanout dooract i vi t y .
F 31 ai rb , 51 an 6 ks (U SA ) T 13 hom , 67 ps 8 on (C an ad a) R o 63 va , 00 ni 0 em i( Fi nl an d)
Whi l et her ei s no exactdef i ni t i on ofwi nt er ci t i es,Pr essmansuggest edt hatwi nt erci t i es usual l ysat i sf yf i vecondi t i ons. They commonl y exper i ence t emper at ur es bel ow 0°C,t he pr eci pi t at i on i s exper i ence mai nl yi nt hef or m ofsnow,whi l ehavi ng l i mi t eddayl i ghthour sandt hesecondi t i onsar e exper i encedsever almont hsi n successi on,occur r i ngper i odi cal l yever yyear wi t ht hel astcondi t i onbei ngt hatt hecl i mat e exhi bi t s not abl e seasonalvar i at i ons.( Davi d Chapman,2018)
K ru 22 i n , 90 a( 6 Sw ed en )
D E S I G NF O RWI N T E RC I T I E S
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P h o t o -h t t p s : / / g e h l p e o p l e . c o m/ b l o g / w i n t e r a c t i v i t i e s /
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L O C A T I O N Ki r unaorGi r on,i st henor t her nmost muni ci pal i t yofSwedeni nt heLapl andandi s al so,geogr aphi cal l y ,t hel ar gestonewi t h ar ound20, 000km2ar ea.I ti sl ocat ed145km nor t hoft hear ct i cci r cl e,speci al l yf al l i ngunder t heTundr ar egi on. I ti smostf amousmai nl ybecausei st hel ar gesti r onor edeposi toft hewor l d,al t hough, r ecent l yt heci t yhasgai nedmor epr omi nence duet oi tmovi ngar ound3km east . Duet ot hegeogr aphi cl ocat i on, i ti spossi bl et o exper i encet hemi dni ghtsunandpol arni ghti n t heci t y .Thi smeanst hatt hesunwi l lshi ne24 hour sadaybet weenr oughl yt hel astweekof Mayunt i lt hemi ddl eofJul y .Theopposi t e happensi nt hewi nt er-f r om t hef i r stweekof Decemberunt i lt hesecondweekofJanuar y , Ki r unahaszer ohour sofsunl i ghtperday . However ,t hi sdoesn' tmeant hati t ' scompl et el ydar k;whent heni ghti st hel ongest ,t her ei s dayl i ght / t wi l i ghtf orar oundonehourdur i ng mi dday . TheKi r unaMuni ci pal i t yi ncl udessever alsmal l vi l l agesandset t l ement sscat t er edar ounda r at herl ar gewi l der nessar eaappr oxi mat el y t hesi zeofSl oveni a.Thebi ggestandmost vi si t edi ncl ude:Jukkasj är vi ,Abi sko,Kar esuandoandVi t t angi .
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / w w w . l t u . s e / r e s e a r c h / s u b j e c t s / a r b e t s v e t e n s k a p / N y h e t e r o c h a k t u e l l t / I me d i a G e n u s f r a g o r v i k t i g a n a r n y a K i r u n a b y g g s u p p 1 . 9 8 4 7 0 ? l =e n
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R E G I O N A LQ U A L I T I E S Ther egi oni smai nl ypopul aracr osst hewor l d asamaj ort our i stdest i nat i ondur i ngbot h wi nt erandsummer .Thewi nt er sexper i encea peeki nt our i stact i vi t i eswi t hi nt her egi on mai nl yi nAbi skoandRi ksgr ĂĽnsenwhi chl i es i nt henor t hofKi r unaduet ot hevi ewi ngoft he nor t her nl i ght s.Peopl ef r om al lovert hewor l d comeher et owi t nesst hepi ct ur esquel andscapeandunspoi l tnat ur easwel lasf or spor t sl i keski i ngandgokar t i ng.
T O U R I S M
ni ngi soneoft hemaj orqual i t i esast he R E S E A R C HMi r egi onsi t sonahuger eser veofi r onor e.Most
i mpor t antmi ni ngact i vi t i esar ecar r i edmai nl y i nKi r unabyt heSwedi shst at eownedmi ni ng companyLKAB.Mi ni ngi sal sodonei nMal mber get ,andatt heGr uvber getandLeveäni emi sur f acemi nesi nSvappavaar a.
M I N I N G
Ther egi onal soboast sasanot abl er esear ch basef orsci ent i f i cact i vi t i esaswel lasspace r esear ch.Themai nr esear chst at i onsar et he Esr angeSpaceResear chCent r ei nKi r una andt heSci ent i f i cResear chCent r ei nAbi sko.
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Ki r unahasunk nownandundoc ument ed hi s t or ymuc hbef or e1600mai nl yi nhabi t edby t heSami popul at i onac r os st hec ount r i esof Nor way ,Sweden,Fi nl andandRus s i a. Cent ur i esbef or eKi r unawasf oundedi n1900, t hepr es enc eofi r onor eatKi i r unav aar aand Luos s av aar ahadbeenk nownbyt hel oc al Sami popul at i on.I n1696,Samuel Mör t ,a book k eeperoft heKengi swor k s ,wr ot eon r umour saboutt hepr es enc eofi r oni nt het wo hi l l s .Theor ebec amebet t erk nownaf t eri t wasr epor t edbyaSami man,i n1736t o Swedi s haut hor i t i es .Soonaf t eri twas r epor t ed,t heSwedi s hs eni orenf or c ement of f i c erandc ar t ogr apherandmapperAnder s Hac k z el l mappedt heKi r unaar eai n1736and gav et hemount ai nsoft hear eat hei rSwedi s h l anguagenamesFr edr i k sber gandBer get Ul r i k aEl eonor a,af t ert heKi ngofSweden Fr edr i kIandhi swi f eUl r i k aEl eonor a. Ther ewasnoi mmedi at emi ni ngef f or t s des pi t et hehugef i ndi ng,bec aus eoft he r emot el oc at i onandt hehar s hc l i mat e.Some or ewasex t r ac t edi nt he19t hc ent ur y .I twas ex t r ac t edi ns ummerandt r ans por t edi n wi nt er ,us i ngs l edsdr awnbyr ei ndeerand hor s es .Howev er ,t hec os t swer ehi ghandt he qual i t yoft hephos phor usor epoor ,unt i l ,i n 1878,t heGi l c hr i s t Thomaspr oc es s ,i nv ent ed bySi dneyGi l c hr i s tThomasandPer c y Gi l c hr i s t ,al l owedf ort hes epar at i onof phos phor usf r om t heor e.
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I n1884,pl anni ngf ort her ai l wayl ay outwas s t ar t ed.Thepr ov i s i onal r ai l waybet ween Lul eåandMal mber getwasf i ni s hedi n1888 andt hef i r s tt r ai nl ef tMal mber geti nMar c h. Ar oundt hes amet i me,t heEngl i s hc ompany wentbank r uptandhadt os el l t hel i net ot he Swedi s hs t at ef or8mi l l i onSwedi s hc r owns , ar oundhal ft heamounti ni t i al l yi nv es t ed.Af t er as i gni f i c antr ebui l d,t her ai l wayt oGäl l i v ar e c oul dbeus edagai nandi r onor ewas ex t r ac t edatMal mber getbyAk t i ebol aget Gel l i v ar eMal mf äl t( AGM) . Att hei ni t i at i v eofRober tSc houg,t he Luos s av aar aKi i r unav aar aAk t i ebol ag( LKAB) wasf oundedi n1890.I n1893,Gus t afBr oms bec ameCEO ofbot hLKABandAGM.The c ont i nuat i onoft her ai l wayl i net oNar v i kwas c ont r ov er s i al ,bec aus eopponent sf ear edt he i nf l uenc eofRus s i aonani nt er nat i onal r ai l way l i ne. Thedec i s i ont obui l dwasf i nal l yt ak eni n 1898.Ther ai l wayc amet oKi r una15Oc t ober 1899andt heSwedi s handNor wegi ans ec t i onswer ej oi ned15Nov ember1902.For LKAB,t hegr eatex pens eal mos tl edt obank r upt c yi n1901,j us taf t ert heor emi ni ngat Ki i r unav aar ahads t ar t ed.Ki ngOs c arI Ionl y openedt her ai l wayl i ne14J ul y1903,pr ef er r i ngs ummerov erwi nt ert ot r av el nor t h. Ar c hi t ec t sPerOl ofHal l manandGus t afWi c k manwer eappoi nt edt odes i gnt hec i t y ,t obe bui l tatHauk i v aar a,nearbot hi r onor emi nes . On27Apr i l 1900,Hal l man' spl anwasof f i c i al l y ac c ept ed.
Gus t afBr omspr opos edt onamet he s et t l ement sKi r una,as hor tandpr ac t i c al namet hatc oul dal s obepr onounc edby Swedi s hs peak i ngi nhabi t ant s .Thename meansr oc kpt ar mi gani nSami andFi nni s h. LKABappoi nt edHj al marLundbohm,whohad f i ni s hednei t herhi ghs c hool norhi sgeol ogy s t udi es ,asl oc al manageri nKi r una. I n1948,Ki r unagai nedc i t yr i ght sands t ar t ed t or ec ei v el ar geamount sofmoneyf r om t he mi ne.Thec i t yc ent r ewasr enov at eds t ar t i ng i n1953;mos tbui l di ngsbui l tbef or e1920wer e demol i s hedandr epl ac ed,andmanyoft he c ur r entbui l di ngswer ebui l ti nt hef ol l owi ng per i od.Thet owngr ewandnew nei ghbour hoodswer ebui l t ,aswel l asnew apar t mentbui l di ngsandv i l l asi nex i s t i ng nei ghbour hoods .Thear eai sc ur r ent l yk nown asLombol owasbui l ti nt he1960s . Ther edev el opmentofKi r unai sa r ec ons t r uc t i onpr oj ec t ,ast heKi r unav aar a mi ne,r unbyLKAB,under mi nest hec ur r ent t ownc ent er .Sev er al bui l di ngsar et obe mov edordemol i s hed.Thet ownc ent eri st o bemov ed3k i l omet er st ot heeas t .I n2004,i t wasdec i dedt hatt hepr es entc ent r eoft he muni c i pal i t ywoul dhav et ober el oc at edt o c ount ermi ni ngr el at eds ubs i denc e.The r el oc at i onwoul dbemadegr adual l yov ert he c omi ngdec ade.OnJ anuar y8,2007,anew l oc at i onwaspr opos ed,nor t hwes tt ot hef oot oft heLuos s av aar amount ai n,byt hel ak eof Luos s aj är v i .Thef i r s tac t ual wor konmov i ng t het ownwasdonei nNov ember2007,when wor kont henewmai ns ewagepi pes t ar t ed.
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / F i l e : B y g g a n d e t _ a v _ R i k s g r %C 3 %A 4 n s b a n a n . j p g
B R I E FH I S T O R Y
1899
Ear l y1600
Rai l waycamet oKi r una
Samiear l ys et t l ement s
1900
Ki r unaci t ymas t erpl anwaspr opos ed
1890
L KABwasf ounded
1990
F i r s tI ceHot elwasbui l t
1960
1957
Ki r unaObs er vat or yf ounded
Ki r unaAi r por twasopened
2007
Movi ngofKi r unacent r epr opos ed
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C U L T U R E
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C U L T U R E&I D E N T I T Y I D E N T I T I E S
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R E G I O N A LF L O R A
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R E G I O N A LF A U N A
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K I R U N AM U N I C I P A L I T Y
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N A T I O N A LI N T E R E S T S Uni nhabi t edMount ai ns:
Envi r onment alCode:
Tour i sm &Cul t ur e:
Themuni ci pal i t ycover sanar eaof20, 000 km2,wher el ar gepar t sconsi stofmount ai n ar eas.Theent i r emount ai nr angei scover ed bypr ovi si onsi nChapt er4oft he Envi r onment alCode.Pessi nki ,Rost uand t hewhol ewest er nmount ai nscover edby§5 " unbr okenmount ai n" .Wi t hi nunbr oken mount ai ns,onl y bui l di ngsandf aci l i t i esf or r ei ndeerhusbandr y ,r esi dentpopul at i on, sci ent i f i cr esear chort heact i veout doorl i f e. Ot hermeasur esi nt hear easmayonl ybe t akeni ft heydonotchanget he char act erof t hear eas.Ar easbet ween unbr oken mount ai nar easar e desi gnat edi nsect i on2 asnat i onali nt er est sf ort our i sm andout door l i f e,pr i mar i l ymobi l eout doorl i f e.I nt he muni ci pal i t yt her ear et wo smal l ernat i onal par ksandmanyl ar geandsmal lnat ur e r eser ves,par t l yf ori tsci ent i f i cr esear ch par t l yf orf or estconser vat i onsocal l ed mount ai nf or estr eser ve.Addi t i onalnat ur e r eser vei nvest i gat edbyt hecount y admi ni st r at i veboar d.Themaj or i t yoft he r eser vepr oposal sar ei nt he east er npar tof t hemuni ci pal i t yandi nJukkasj är vi bygden.
Chapt erMB oft heEnvi r onment alCode r epor t sspeci alpr ovi si onsf ormanagementof l andandwat er . Theconser vat i onval uest hatexi sti nt hese ar easar ei nt hei rent i r et yofnat i onali nt er est , whi chgi vest henat ur alandcul t ur al envi r onmentst r ongpr ot ect i on.Expl oi t at i on andot heri nt er vent i onsar eonl yper mi t t edi fi t canbedonei nawayt hatdoesnot si gni f i cant l yhar mt hear eas' nat ur aland cul t ur alenvi r onment ali nt er est s. Except i onsappl yi ft hei nt er esti n conser vat i onr i skscount er act i ngur ban devel opmentort hel ocalbusi nesscommuni t y , ori ff aci l i t i esf ort ot aldef ensear eneeded.I f t her ear especi alr easons,f aci l i t i esf ort he ext r act i onofval uabl esubst ancesand mat er i al smaybeper mi t t ed. Sect i on1appl i est oal lar easment i onedi n ot hersect i onsi nChapt er4.Thear eas speci f i edi n§§28ar e,wi t hr egar dt ot he hatexi sti nt he nat ur alandcul t ur alval uest ar eas,i nt hei rent i r et yofnat i onali nt er est .Thi s meansi . a.t hatt hear easspeci f i edi nch.§2 i sofnat i onali nt er estwi t hr egar dt ot hear ea' s nat ur eandcul t ur alval ues,butt hati naddi t i on t hei nt er est soft our i sm andout doorl i f e, especi al l yt hevar i abl eout doorl i f e,mustbe t akeni nt oaccountwhenassessi ngt he per mi ssi bi l i t yofdevel opmentcompani esor ot heri nt er vent i onsi nt heenvi r onment .
I nar east hatar eofnat i onali nt er estf or nat ur alandcul t ur alval ues,i naddi t i on,t he i nt er est soft our i sm andout doorl i f e, especi al l yt hevar i abl eout doorl i f e,mustbe t akeni nt oaccountwhenassessi ngwhet her expl oi t at i onorot heri nt er vent i onsi nt he envi r onmentar eper mi t t ed.Thenat i onal i nt er esti ncl udest hear eaal ongt heE10f r om j ustnor t hofKi r unat ot henat i onalbor derwi t h Nor waybet weent heunbr okenmount ai n ar eas,bot hsi desofTor neäl vennor t hof Kur r avaar a,Kal i xäl venupt oKal i xf or sand al ongKönkämääl venupt oMaunuandt he ar eaal ongPul suj är vi vägenbet weent he bor der . Thebi l lt ot heNat ur alResour cesActNRL nowMBdef i nes“ Lei sur ebui l di ngsshoul d onl ybeal l owedi ft hei nt er est sofnat ur e conser vat i on,cul t ur alher i t ageconser vat i on andout doorl i f ecanbemetatt hesamet i me andi ft hebui l di ngsenabl eacompr ehensi ve useoft hear easf orr ecr eat i on( Bi l l 1978/ 79, 213) . Theent i r eTor net r äskar ea,i ncl udi ngal l bui l di ngs,i swi t hi nt wonat i onali nt er est sf or out doorl i f eMB4:2andMB3:6. Al ll andl anguagest hatexi st ,r egar dl essof whet heri ti shousi ng,busi nessesorf aci l i t i es connect edt ohousi ngandt our i sm,t he muni ci pal i t yconsi der st obecompat i bl ewi t h t hepur poseofnat i onali nt er est s.
Sour c e:Ki r unaMuni c i pal i t yOv er v i ewPl an
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T hema i npr ev a i l i ngwi nddi r ec t i onsa r ef r om s out hwes t , s out ha nd nor t h.S out ht o s out hwes twi nds c ont r i but e t oa r ound 39% a nd nor t h wi ndsa r ound10% ofa nnua l wi nds .S out hwes twi nds ,a s nt hewi ndr os e s howni di a gr a m, a r et hes t r onges ta nd c ol des t .
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C L I M A T E&WE A T H E R Temper at ur esi nKi r unavar ywi del y bet ween seasons r angi ng f r om 12째 C t o 15째 C.Feat ur esoft he cl i mat ei ncl ude l ong andver ycol dwi nt er sandshor tcoolt omi l d summer s.Thever yl ow t emper at ur esdur i ng par toft heyearr esul ti nper maf r ost ,whi ch st r ongl yaf f ect sveget at i on.Att hel ocalscal e Ki r una' scl i mat ei si nf l uencedbyst ar k ,whi ch af f ect st emper at ur e and t opogr aphy wi ndpat t er ns. Topogr aphi calshadowsal socause i nhomogeneouswar mi ngoft hel and,whi ch gener at est her malwi nds.Snow coverper i od ext endsf r om Oct obert i l lMay . I tshoul dal sobenot edt hatt hought he sunl i ghthour sar emor edur i ngt hewar mest mont hs,sun el evat i ons ar er el at i vel yl ow, r angi ngf r om 0째i nDecembert o45째i nJune. Thi shasagr eati mpactwhi l e desi gni ngt heout doorspaces.
3 3
3 4
P h o t o -N i s h a tT a s n i a
D E M O G R A P H I C S Ki r unahasadecl i ni ngpopul at i onsi nce1980s wi t ht hecur r entnumber sbei ngar ound22, 906. Thedecl i nehasbeenl i nkedt ot he devel opmentoft hel abourmar ketandi t ’ s r at i onal i zat i on. The downwar d t r end was br okeni n2006whent hepopul at i onr oseby 100butsi ncet heni thasmai nt ai nedast eady gr aph. The over al lpopul at i on densi t yi s 1. 1 per son/ sq.km. I dal sobenot edf r om t hegr aphst hatt he tshoul numberofpeopl eovert heageof50year si s ar ound 45% oft he t ot alpopul at i on whi ch i s duet omaj orr et i r ement si nt hepubl i cand busi nesssect or s.Thi smeanst her ehasbeen i ncr eased pr essur e on t he heat h and soci al car ef aci l i t i esf ort heel der l yal ongwi t hhousi ng needs. Theyoungerpopul at i onper ent agei sl ow compar ed t ot he popul at i on.Thi si s due t o l esseropt i onsi nt heeconomi csect or . ,i twasr ef l ect edby Dur i ngar ecentst udy sever alyoung women t hatdi d notseem t o haveanyr ealopt i onsot hert hanmar r yi ngand st ar taf ami l yormovi ngt oot hermuni ci pal i t i es l i ke St ockhol m.Women mor et han men ar e l eavi ngt hemuni ci pal i t yatayoungage. Oneoft heconcer nst hatal socameoutwas t hatsegr egat i onwoul dpot ent i al l ybecomean i ssue as many ofnewl y bui l tf l at s wi l lbe l easehol dsandt henewhousi ngswi l l bemor e expensi vet or ent . Mor ewoment hanmenhaveuni ver si t y nal loft hecount ymuni ci pal i t i es.I n educat i oni 201 1,40% ofwomenand28% ofmeni nt he count y ,bet weent heageof2564hadsome f or m ofuni ver si t yeducat i on.
P o p u l a t i o nD e n s i t y -S w e d e n
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / w w w . r e s e a r c h g a t e . n e t / f i g u r e / L o c a t i o n o f s t u d y p o p u l a t i o n M a p s h o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i n S w e d e n b y mu n i c i p a l i t y _ f i g 1 _ 2 6 7 5 5 6 1 5
P o p u l a t i o ng r a p h
A g eV a r i a n c eo fI n h a b i t a n t s
H o u s e h o l dS i z e
3 5
3 6
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / w w w . n p s . d k / c a s e / l k a b /
E C O N O M I CS I T U A T I O N Bot ht heNor r bot t enandNor dl andcount i es havest r ongeconomi ces.Theeconomyi nt he Ki r unaar eai sont her i set hankst oi r on or er el at edact i vi t i es,whi l eNar vi kusesi t s advant ageousgeogr aphi calposi t i onand r el i esont hest at usofbei ngat r anspor thub. I r onor et r anspor t at i ont hr ought hei cef r ee por tofNar vi ki samongt hekeyeconomi c act i vi t i esher e.Tour i sm i sanot heri mpor t ant sour ceofi ncomei nt her egi on,especi al l yon t heSwedi shsi deoft hebor der( e. g. Ri ksgr änsenskir esor t ) .Over al l ,t heeconomy i nt heNar vi kar eai smuchmor edi ver si f i ed t hani nKi r una. GDPpercapi t ai nKi r unai sabovet henat i onal aver age.I twas103% oft henat i onalaver age i n2000and239% ofSweden’ saver agei n 2010.Nor r bot t encomes2ndaf t erSt ockhol m i nt er msofGDPpercapi t aval ues( outof21 count i esi nSweden)( SCB2014) .Over al l , Nor way’ sGDPl eveli shi ghert hanSweden’ s. TheNor wegi anGDPpercapi t a( pr i cel evel adj ust ed)was95% abovet heEUaver agei n 2012( EU=27)( SSB2014) .GDPpercapi t ai n Nor dl andwas17% bel ownat i onalaver agei n 201 1.Nor dl andt akes13t hpl aceoutof19 count i esi nNor waywheni tcomest oGDPper capi t aval ues( SSB2014) .GDPpercapi t ai n PPSi nNor r bot t eni shi ghert hani nNor dl and ( 34700agai nst29500i n2010) .Looki ngat t heEU27i ndex( =100) ,GDPpercapi t ai n PPSi nNor r bot t enwas42% andi nNor dl and 20% abovet heEU27i n2010.
I r o n o r eM i n i n g
T o u r i s mS e r v i c e s
P u b l i cS e c t o r
Thel ocaleconomygener at i oni sdi vi ded bet ween3mai npr of essi ons-Mi ni ng,Tour i sm and Space Resear ch.I r onor e mi ni ng and al l i edact i vi t i esmai nt ai nedbyLKAB account f or 19. 6% ofempl oyment .I nt hi sr egar d, Ki r unai sver ydependentonLKABasi t s act i vi t i esar ewel li nt egr at edi nal lsect or sof l ocaldevel opment . Tour i sm seesar ound300peopl eempl oyed di r ect l y .Thr oughoutt heyear ,f i shi ngand hunt i ng ar e popul aract i vi t i esbybot hl ocal s andt our i st s.Vi si t scanbedonet ot hemi ne, t he chur ch and di f f er entr esear ch agenci es, suchasAbi skoSci ent i f i cResear chSt at i ont he I nst i t ut eofSpacePhysi csorEsr ange.Tour i st s canexper i encet hesami cul t ur e,par t i cul ar l yi n combi nat i onwi t hwi nt eract i vi t i essuchasdog sl eddi ng. ,manycomet ot hemount ai nst o I nsummer hi keupt oKebnekai se,t owal kont r ai l ssuch asKungsl edenandNor dkal ot t r ut a,ort ohi kei n t henat i onalpar ks. Thepubl i csect oral socont r i but est o17% of l ocalempl oyment .
R e s e a r c hA c t i v i t i e s
Sour c e:Ki r unaNor dr egi o
3 7
3 8
-K I R U N A ’ SP I O N E E R Luos s av aar aKi i r unav aar aAB ( publ ) ,whi c hi s abbr ev i at ed t o LKAB, i s an i nt er nat i onal hi ght ec hmi ni ngandmi ner al gr oupt hatmi nes andpr oc es s esNor r bot t en' suni quei r onor ef or t hegl obals t eelmar k et .I ti soneofSweden' s ol des ti ndus t r i alc ompani es and i s whol l y owned byt he Swedi s hs t at e.The c ompany r unsi t ’ si r onor emi nesi nKi r una&Mal mber get whi c har ebot hl oc at edi nt henor t hofSweden. Thej our neys t ar t edmai nl yduet ot hef ar mer Las unLas s i whobr oughtapei c eofs t onebac k t omer c hant si nT or neaandi tt ur nedoutt obe i r onor e. Si nc et hen,t her ewasnol ook i ngbac kf ort he c ompany whi c h was f or med i n 1890.Thi s ev ent ual l yl ed t ot he c r eat i on oft he Ki r una modelc i t yaswes eenow i nor dert of ac i l i t at e hous i ngf ort hewor k er s . AsofnowLKABi ss t i l l t hel ar ges tc ont r i but ort o t heec onomi cs ec t orofKi r una.
L K A B ’ SM i n i n gI n t e r e s t s
C r o s s s e c t i o no fK i r u n aO r emi n e
O r eT r a n s p o r t S o u r c e -h t t p s : / / w w w . l k a b . c o m/ e n /
3 9
U r b a nd e f o r ma t i o na r e a
4 0
P h o t o : h t t p s : / / w w w . b u s i n e s s i n s i d e r . c o m. a u / a s w e d i s h mi n e i s a l mo s t o n t o p o f a c i t y s o t h e y r e mo v i n g t h e c i t y 2 0 1 4 3
T H EP R O B L E M Hj al marLundbohm andhi st eam,whi l e bui l di ngt hemodelci t yKi r unai n1900was unawar eoft hef actt hatt hebui l tar eawas si t t i ngovert hei r onor edeposi tangl edat60 degr eest owar dst heci t y . Duet oext ensi vemi ni ng,t hel andf or m beneat h t heci t yhadst ar t edt odef or m andshi f t .Thi s wasf i r stconf i r medi n2004byt hemi ni ng companyLKAB,r esponsi bl ef ormi ni ngi nt he ar ea.Af t ernumer ousmeet i ngsatvar i ous pol i t i call evel s,i twasf i nal l ydeci dedi n2007 t hatt he cur r entci t ycent r e and sur r oundi ng par t sest i mat edt obeaf f ect ed,wi l l bemoved3 km t ot heeast .Thi sbasi cal l y meanst hatt he ci t ywaspr oposedt obemovedf r om i t scur r ent l ocat i onwhi chi sanunpr ecedent eddeci si on. Ther ehavebeenquest i onsast ohow t heci t y wi l lmai nt ai ni t ' sur banchar act er ,i t ' si dent i t y andst r ong cul t ur alher i t agei ft hewhol e pr ocessofmovi ngi sf ol l owed.Thi sl edt ot he muni ci pal i t yt oor gani zeacompet i t i onf ort he pr oposalofanew ci t ycent r ewhi chwi l lr ef l ect ont heci t y' sher i t ageandwi l lushera sust ai nabl edevel opmentandr el ocat i on pr ocessi nt hef ut ur e.Thepr oposalmadeby Whi t eAr chi t ect s was sel ect ed i n 2013 and si ncet hent i l ldat e,t hecompl et epr ocessof r el ocat i oni sunder way .ThenewCi t yHal l desi gnedbyHenni ngLar senhasbeen he f i r stbui l tst r uct ur ei nt he const r uct ed ast newci t ycent r e.
S e c t i o n a l 3 dd i a g r a ms h o w i n gt h ep r o j e c t e dd e f o r ma t i o n
S o u r c e -A l a mys t o c kp h o t o s
4 1
Theci t i zendi al oguecont i nuesandt akes pl acei nt henewmeet i ngpl acest hatar e emer gi ng-i nt henewCi t yHal l ,Kul t ur huset andonSt adst or get .TheKi r unapor t alcr eat es aphysi calandvi r t ualar enaf orur ban t r ansf or mat i on,ur banr ecycl i ngand const r uct i oni nsubar ct i ccl i mat e. Anewci t yi sdevel opi ngt ot heeastt hatf ul f i l l s Thewi shesandhopesoft hepeopl eofKi r una andbr i ngswi t hi ti mpor t antf unct i ons, bui l di ngsandmemor i es.I nst epwi t hi t s devel opment ,t henewci t yi semer gesf r om t heexi st i ngone.Ki r unahasr eadi nessf or gr owt hi nsever aldi f f er entdi r ect i onssoasnot t obehi nder edbye. g.f ut ur emi ner aldeposi t s butal sot ocopewi t hacur r ent l yunknownsi ze ofgr owt h. Ur bandevel opmentt akespl acest epbyst ep andpl acef orspace.Thef i r stst epi st heci t y cent erand St adst or get .
4 2
I ma g eS o u r c e Wh i t eA r c h i t e c t s
N E WC I T YC E N T R EP R O P O S A L P R O C E S ST O O L SI NK I R U N A4 E V E RP R O P O S A L
K i r u n aD i a l o g u e
K i r u n aP o r t a l
K i r u n aB i e n n a l e
3 S o u r c e Wh i t eA r c h i t e c t s4
Aspert henewc i t yc ent r epr opos al put f or war d by Whi t eAr c hi t ec t s ,Ci t y Squar ei s Ki r una' smos tc ent r al andpubl i cpl ac eand t hepl ac ewher emos tv i s i t or sandr es i dent swi l l t ouc ht hems el v esdai l y .Formanyv i s i t or s ,t he s quar eandt het ownhal l ar et hef i r s t i mpr es s i onsy ougetoft henew Ki r una.The des i gn i sai med f ort he peopl e who wi l lbe mov i ngt oandf r om t hec i t yc ent r eonan ev er y daybas i sandt hedes i gnt ak es adv ant ageoft hi spot ent i al . Thehex agonal s hapeoft hes quar eas pr opos edi nt hedes i gnc r eat esgoods pac es andal s opr ot ec t sf r om t hewi ndt oget herwi t h c ar ef ul l ypl ant edv eget at i on.
A c t i v i t yp r o p o s a l i nt h ec i t yc e n t r e
A c c e s s i b i l i t y
E v e n tg a t h e r i n g 4 4
I ma g eS o u r c e Wh i t eA r c h i t e c t s
A c t i v a t i o n
I mp r o v i n gq u a l i t y
C r e a t i n go p p o r t u n i t i e s
C r e a t i n gr e s i l i e n c e
Thec ent r al s quar ec anber eac hedf r om al l di r ec t i onsequal l yi nanat ur alway . Thes quar e andi t ss ur r oundi ngbui l di ngshav eac l earand l oc al l yanc hor eddes i gnt hatex pr es s es Ki r una' suni quei dent i t y . Thes quar e,t heex t ent ofwhi c hex t endsbey ondwhati spl anned t he t r av elc ent erac r os s Mal mv ägen t ot he t ownhal landt henei ghbor hoodnor t hoft he t ownhal l ,i sl i nedwi t hbui l di ngswi t h bus i nes s esont hegr oundf l oor s . Thedes i gnpr opos al i sav er ygoodex ampl eof how t owor kwi t ht hepubl i cr eal mf orades i gn i nt er v ent i oni nas ubar c t i cc l i mat e.Ast hi s c onnec t sdi r ec t l ywi t ht henat ur alqual i t i esof t hear ea,t hes epr i nc i pl esar ehi ghl i ght edf ori t s r el ev anc ei nt hepr oj ec tdes i gnatal at ers t age.
S o u r c e Wh i t eA r c h i t e c t s
I ma g eS o u r c e Wh i t eA r c h i t e c t s
4 5
N E WC I T YC E N T R EP R O P O S A L
4 6
D R I V I N GQ U E S T I O N S
H o ww i l lt h ec u r r e n tu r b a np r o p o s a lr e a c tt of u r t h e rd e f o r ma t i o na n dr e l o c a t i o no ft h ec i t yi nf u t u r e ? H o wc a nt h en e x tp h a s eo ft h ec i t y ' se x p a n s i o nb ed e s i g n e dma i n t a i n i n gt h ep r o p o s e dc h a r a c t e ra sw e l la s i n t e g r a t i n gw i t hn a t u r e ? C a nt h ec i t ys t r e n g t h e ni t ' sc u l t u r a li d e n t i t y ? C a nK i r u n ab et h emo d e lw i n t e rc i t yo ft h ea r c t i c s ?
4 7
0 3 P A R T
M A P P I N GC I T Y S I T E Q U A L I T I E S 4 8
4 9
Ar ea-1. 9km2
5 0
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / w w w . v i a mi c h e l i n . c o m/ w e b / M a p s ? a d d r e s s =k i r u n a
S I T EL O C A T I O N Thesi t ei sl ocat edi nTuol l uvaar a,ar ound4km f r om t hecur r entKi r unaCi t yCent r eandar ound 1km f r om t heNew Cent r e.Theexi st i ngE10 hi ghwayi sbei ngr el ocat edduet ot he def or mat i on and wi l lnow r un al ong t he si t e boundar y .Thi swi l lenhanceconnect i vi t yf r om Abi skot owar dsLul eåandSt ockhol m,so,t he si t el ocat i onwi l lsubsequent l ygai nmor e pr omi nencei nt hecul t ur alcor r i dor .TheKi r una sal sol ocat edwi t hi n2. 5km.Thear ea Ai r por ti i sal so a hot spotf orconnect i onst o unspoi l t nat ur eandr ecr eat i onalt r ai l s.
EXI STI NG TRAI NSTATI ON
EXI STI NG CI TYCENTRE
DESI GNSI TE
NEW CI TYCENTRE
PROPOSED TRAI NSTATI ON
E 1 0H i g h w a y E x i s t i n gv e h i c u l a rt r a f f i c
Al lt hei mpor t antf unct i onsi ncl udi ng ndust r y ,r ai lt r anspor t ,r esear ch heal t hcar e,i cent r esandr et ai lar easar ei ncl osepr oxi mi t y . The publ i ct r anspor ti s notadequat et o al l t hesear easandt hi si scur r ent l ywi t hi nt he Muni ci pal i t y' spl anni ngpr ocesst oi mpr ovet hi s i nphasesal ongwi t ht her el ocat i onpr ocedur e oft heol dci t y .
T r a i nr o u t e 5 1
5 2
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / C a t e g o r y : A e r i a l _p h o t o g r a p h s _o f _K i r u n a
S I T EI D E N T I T Y
Themai nandonl yexi st i ngst r uct ur ei nt he si t ei st heTuol l uvaar aol dmi ne( TGA 190282)whi chi sapar tofi dent i t yoft he mi ni ngci t y .Mi ni ngher ewasst oppedl ongago asr i cheri r onor eswher ef oundi n Ki r unavaar aandLuossavaar amount ai ns.
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / C a t e g o r y : A e r i a l _p h o t o g r a p h s _o f _K i r u n a
5 3
E X I S T I N GT R A N S P O R T
EXI STI NG TRAI NSTATI ON
E 1 0H i g h w a y E x i s t i n gv e h i c u l a rt r a f f i c T r a i nr o u t e 5 4
G R E E N B L U ES T R U C T U R E
N a t u r er e s e r v e F o r e s ta r e a P a r k s B r o w n f i e l ds i t e M e a d o w s 5 5
F U N C T I O N A LZ O N I N G Theci t y ,asdesi gnedi nt he1900wi t hnewer bui l di ngsi n1950sand1970s,i spr et t ymuch t hesameconsi st i ngoft hemi xeduse r esi dent i alar easembeddedwi t hi nt he l andscape.Onesi deoft heci t y’ sbor der consi st soft heKi r unavaar ami near easol el y asani ndust r i alzone.Theot heri ndust r i al zonei sal ongt hesout heast er ncor neredge oft heci t yconsi st i ngcur r ent l yofsome aut omobi l ef act or i esandaccessor i es.Thi s ar eai ssl at edt oi ncr easeal ongt heeast er n bor derpar al l elt ot hepr oposedgr owt h y ,aspert hemuni ci pal di r ect i onoft heci t over vi ewpl an. Ther et ai lzonei smai nl yatt hecur r entci t y cent r eal t houghaf ewconsumerser vi cesar e cl oset ot hei ndust r i alar ea. Thegr eenar easconsi st i ngofmai nl yf or est zonesaswel laspar kswi t hi nt heci t yscape connectt hesout heast er nzonewi t ht he Tuol l uvaar aTGAol dmi near eat her eby cr eat i ngacor r i dorf ornat ur almovementof l ocalf auna.
M i x e d u s er e s i d e n t i a l I n d u s t r i a l R e t a i l C e me t e r y 5 6
P a r k s / f o r e s te t c .
E X I S T I N GD R A I N A G E Theci t yandt hesi t ear ewel li nt egr at edwi t h t hedr ai nagesyst em duet ot henat ur al gr adat i onoft hesi t e.Thel ocat i onofsmal l , medi um aswel lasl ar gewat erbodi es f aci l i t at et hemovementofwat erwhent he snowmel t st her ebypr event i nganywat er l oggi ngwi t hi nt heci t ypr emi ses.
5 7
5 8
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / C a t e g o r y : A e r i a l _p h o t o g r a p h s _o f _K i r u n a
S I T EI M A G E S
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / C a t e g o r y : A e r i a l _p h o t o g r a p h s _o f _K i r u n a
P h o t o -M i c k eS t å l n a c k e
5 9
S I T EI M A G E S
6 0
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / c o mmo n s . w i k i me d i a . o r g / w i k i / C a t e g o r y : A e r i a l _p h o t o g r a p h s _o f _K i r u n a
5 2 0
5 0 0
4 9 0
4 8 0
4 7 0
4 6 0
T O P O G R A P H Y
5 1 0
5 3 0
5 4 0
4 4 0
5 5 0 4 5 0 4 6 0 4 7 0 4 8 0
6 1
0 4 P A R T
V I S I O N&S T R A T E G I E S
6 2
D E S I G NS T R A T E G I E S 1.Bal ancedur bangr owt h
4.Ext endi ngI dent i t y&Cul t ur e
2.Res i l i entL ands cape
3.Summer Wi nt er
5.Al t er nat eeconomi es -f ocusonf ut ur e
6 3
5 . 1D E S I G NP R O C E S S Thedesi gnpr ocessi st houghtofconsi der i ng t hepr econdi t i onsconsi st i ngoft henewl ypr oposedci t ycent r e,t heexi st i ngTGAmi nest r uct ur esandt heE10hi ghwaywhi chi spr oposed t ober el ocat edandwoul dt henr unt hr ought he sout her nedgeoft hesi t et her ebydi vi di ngt he pr oposedcent r eandt hesi t e. Thegr eencent r alpar kpr oposedi nt henew desi gn hasal so been consi der ed whi ch wi l l hel pi nt heshapi ngoft heur banf or mi nt he l at erst agesoft hedesi gnpr ocess.
T U O L L U V A A R AT G A
0 5 P A R T
D E S I G NP R O C E S S
6 4
P R O P O S E DC I T YC E N T R E
R E L O C A T E DE 1 0H I G H WA Y
Thebui l t f or mi sf i r stconsi der edasanur ban mass wi t hapr oposedhei ghtof45st or eys andt hencompar edwi t ht heci t ycent r ehei ght andst r uct ur es.Thecent r alhi l l yar eawi t ht he wat erbodi esi sassumedt obet hecent r al voi dzonewhi chhast hepot ent i alt oopenup andi nt egr at ewi t ht henat ur all andscape.
6 5
Thegr eenaxesar econsi der edt obet he anchor i ngpoi nt sf ort hedesi gni ni t i at i on t her ebygi vi ngt hear easomeki ndofdi r ect i on andbr eaki ngt heur banmassi nt osect or sas pert heexi st i ngnat ur all andscapewhi chal so opensupt hevol ume.
6 6
Newconnect i onsar et r i edt obef or medwi t h t heexi st i ngE10hi ghwayandt heci t ycent r e. Onei nt er est i ngf eat ur ei nt hedesi gnpr ocess wast her eal i zat i ont hatt heconnect i onscan r unt hr ought hegr eencor r i dor st her ebygi vi ng anuni quechar act ert ot heur banf l owand mobi l i t ywi t hi nt hesi t e.
6 7
Thehi er ar chyofconnect i onsar epr oposedas acont i nui t yt husset t i ngadi al oguebet ween nat ur eandt hebui l tenvi r onment .Thi swoul d event ual l yf or m di f f er enti nt er act i onspaces wi t hi nt heconnect i onst hatar ef or eseent obe di ver seandvar i ed.
6 8
Thepr oposedcent r alsquar ei sal r eady expect edt obet hemagnetandcul mi nat i onof di f f er entact i vi t i es.Hence,acont i nuous cul t ur alconnect i oni spr oposedbet weent he mai ncul t ur alf unct i onoft hesi t eandt he cent r alsquar e.Thecul t ur alher i t ageoft he ci t yi sconsi der edast hef ocalpoi ntf ort he desi gn.
6 9
Ther esul ti st hepr oposedf or m consi der i ngal l t hesef act or sandt hei ri nt er r el at i onswi t hi n t hesi t e.
7 0
7 1
0 6 P A R T
D E S I G NP R O P O S A L
7 2
Themast erpl ani st hecul mi nat i onofal lt he desi gnpr ocedur esofwor ki ngwi t ht heur ban vol ume,shapi ngi tbyr espect i ngt henat ur al condi t i ons,pr oposi ngconnect i onswi t ht he cent r eandbr i ngi ngt hecul t ur alf ocusont o t hesi t e. Thegr eenaxi si spr oposedt obecont i nued t owar dsnor t heastwhi chcancr eat ei nt er est i ngcul t i vat edgr eenar easf ori nt er act i on. Thegr eencor r i doral somai nt ai nscont i nuous l i vi ngconnect i onwi t ht henat ur alf or estwhi ch canof f erat r ul yuni queexper i encel i vi ng wi t hi nnat ur e. Thepr oposedbui l tf or m hasbeenst agger ed aspert hel ocat i onandi nt er act i onwi t ht he gr eener yt husr esul t i ngi nt hedevel opmentof di f f er entsuper bl ocks. Anat ur et r ai li spr oposedt hr ought hesi t e i or henor t t he connect ngt hef l aoft hwestwi ht sout heast er ngr eenst r uct ur epr oposi nga per f ectget awaybot hf ort her esi dent sand t our i st s. Themast erpl ani senvi si onedt obea cont i nuat i onoft heci t y’ sbui l tf or m soast o gi veani mpr essi ont hatt hedef or medexi st i ng ci t yi sr eemer gi ngandexpandi ngt owar dst he nor t heast .
M A S T E RP L A N C I T YS C A L E
7 4
Azoom i noft hemast erpl anshowi ngt he hi ghl i ght i ngqual i t i espr oposedi nt hedesi gn ar et heCul t ur alar ea,Thenat ur um ofKi r una t opr omot ewhol esomeknowl edgeaboutt he envi r onmentoft her egi onandi t squal i t i esand t het our i stcampwi t hi nwal ki ngdi st ancef r om t heci t ycent r e.
M A S T E RP L A NZ O O MI N
7 5
Thi si saf ul l s ec t i onoft hes i t ehi ghl i ght i ngt he f unc t i onal qual i t i espr opos ed.Her ey ouc an s eet hei nt egr at i onoft hev ar i ousf unc t i ons wi t ht heex i s t i nggr eens t r uc t ur e.
S I T ES E C T I O NC C
7 6
C
C 7 7
7 8
O V E R A L L3 DV I E W
7 9
6 . 2N E T WO R KI D E N T I T I E S Thecur r entci t yst i l lf unct i onswel li nt er msof net wor ksandcr eat i ngsoci alpocket sf ort he communi t yatt hesamet i memai nt ai ni ng di al ogue wi t h nat ur e and gr eener y .Taki ng cuesf r om t heexi st i ngpl an,t henewdesi gn pr oposalhasbeenmadeanal ysi ngt he net wor kskeepi ngt henat ur alf l ow i nst eadof t hei r ongr i dpat t er n.
P R O P O S E DN E T WO R K
K I R U N A -T H EM O D E LC I T Y Becauseoft heuni quel ocat i onoft hesi t e,t he i nt egr at i onoft hegr eennet wor ki spr oposedso ast omai nt ai nt henat ur alcont i nui t yand shapi ngi tasanaxi sf ort hebui l t f or m gener at i on.
Hj al marLundbohm hadcr eat edaModelCi t y , whi chmadeKi r unaf amousbot hnat i onal l yand i nt er nat i onal l y .I tcont ai nedacl i mat eadj ust ed ci t ypl anandal soapl anf orsoci al devel opmentwi t hi nt heci t y . ( Ki r unakommun201 1)
G R E E NN E T WO R KA SA X E S 8 0
T R A N S P O R TN E T WO R K
P E D E S T R I A NN E T WO R K
Thel ocalt r anspor tnet wor ki spr oposedasa l oopconnect i ngt hemai nf unct i onalr egi ons andt heci t ycent r eal ongwi t hi nt er connect i ng pedest r i anl i nkagesf oref f i ci entsof tmobi l i t y dur i ngwi nt er .
8 1
D E N S I T Y
P R O P O S E DF U N C T I O N
Thedensi t yi shi ghmai nl yt owar dst heci t y cent r eandt henor t h.t hebui l tf or mi nbet ween hasal owerdensi t yi nor dert oi nt egr at ewi t h t henat ur alcondi t i ons.
Var i ousf unct i onsar epr oposedkeepi ngi n mi ndt hepr oxi mi t yf r om t heci t ycent r ewi t h most l ymi xeduse r esi dent i alar eas.
M i x e du s e R e s i d e n t i a l C o mme r c i a l C u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h / E d u c a t i o n
8 2
P R O P O S E DH E I G H T
1 3s t o r e y
P R O P O S E DD R A I N A G E
4 5s t o r e y Her eyoucanseet hepr oposedhei ght soft he bui l tf or m aspert hedensi t ywi t hmai nl yl ow hei ghtr esi dent i alar easof13st or eysand aver agehei ghtof45st or eys.
6 8s t o r e y
Thedr ai nagei spr oposedal ongt her oad net wor kaspernat ur algr adat i onoft hesi t ef or ef f i ci entf l ow.Thust heser vi cescanbe ef f i ci entmanageddur i ngal lseasons.
8 3
6 . 3B A L A N C E DG R O WT H Wi t ht hecur r entsi t uat i onwi t hdef or mat i onas wel lasf ut ur er i ski ft hemi ni ngi ssupposedt o i ncr ease,t heonl ypossi bi l i t yf ort heci t y’ s f ut ur egr owt hi st owar dsnor t handnor t heast . Thecompar at i vel yf l att opogr aphyandot her geogr phi calcondi t i onsf aci l i t at et hi spr oposal . Thel ocat i onofi ndust r i esal ongeasti sal soa goodf act orf ort hepr oj ect eddevel opment .
U R B A NG R O WT HT O WA R D SN O R H T E A S T&E A S T D E F O R M A T I O NT I M E L I N ED U ET OE V A C U A T I O N
Y E A R2 0 2 0
Y E A R2 0 3 5
The r out ef r om I ce Hot eli n Jukkasj ar vit o Abi sko& Nar vi kt hr oughKi r unai sapopul ar cul t ur al net wor kwhi chconnect st hecor r i dort o St ockhol m.Hence t he pr oj ect ed gr owt h can st r engt hen t he cul t ur alt i es bet ween t hese pl aces t her eby enhanci ng t he i dent i t y of Ki r una.
N A R V I K
A B I S K O I C E H O T E L K I R U N A S T O C K H O L M
P R O J E C T E DG R O WT HT OM E R G EWI T HJ U K K A S J Ă„ R V I
Y E A R2 0 5 0
Y E A R2 1 0 0
8 6
8 7
Thepr oposeddesi gnal sor espect st he nat i onali nt er estoft her egi onbyal l owi ng f ort henat ur algr azi ngt r ai loft he r ei ndeer saswel lasl ocalf auna. Thi sal sohel psi nensur i ngt hecont i nui t y oft hei ndi genousSamil i vel i hoodwhose oneoft hemai nsour ceofi ncomei s r ei ndeerher di ngandt our i sm ser vi ces.
8 8
Thebl uenet wor kact sasaspont aneous connect i onal ongt het opogr aphy ,whi l e hel pi ngwi t ht hedr ai nagewhent hesnow st ar t st omel t . I tal socont r i but est omai nt ai ni ng t he nat ur alwat err eser veoft hear ea.
8 9
Ther esul ti sar esi l i entbl ueandgr een net wor kt hatmai nt ai nst henat ur al connect i onsandf or msacont i nuous di al oguewi t hnat ur e.
9 0
Av i ewf r om t hegr eennet wor ks howi ng howt hepl ac ec anbeper c ei v edi nt he wi nt er .
9 1
Thedet ai lpl anshowshowar esi dent i al nei ghbour hoodcancoexi stand i nt egr at ewi t ht hel andscape.Thedesi gn i sdonei nawaysoast oconnectt he nat ur et r ai lwi t ht henei ghbour hoodas wel lasmai nt ai nr el at i onwi t ht hegr een net wor k.Di f f er entmat er i al sf ort heur ban f l oorhavebeenpr oposedasperl ocat i on soast oi nt egr at ewi t hnat ur e.
D E T A I LP L A N1
9 2
A
A
D E T A I LP L A N1
9 3
Thesect i onshowst hecont i nui t yofi nt er act i vesemi pr i vat espacesi nt henei ghbour hoodhavi ngqual i t i esl i ket hewi nt er gar denwhi chenabl esi nt er act i oneven dur i ngwi nt er
9 4
A
A
S E C T I O NA A
9 5
U n s p o i l tN a t u r e
R e t a i l
E l d e r l yH o me H e a l t h c a r e
R e c r e a t i o n a lT r a i l
Wi n t e rG a r d e n
S n o ws t o r a g e
The3dsect i onshowt hequal i t i esal ong t heeast westst r i pwi t hdi f f er ent nei ghbour hoodf unct i onsandhowt he bui l tf or mi sal waysi ncont i nuousdi al oguewi t ht hegr eener y .
9 6
T r a n s p o r t
U n s p o i l tN a t u r e
T r a n s p o r t
R e c r e a t i o n a lT r a i l
Wi n t e rG a r d e n
3 DS E C T I O N A LV I E W
9 7
6 . 5S U M M E R|WI N T E R B L O C KC H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
Heatgener at edf r om t hemi neandadj acentr ecycl i ng st at i oncanbeusedt omai nt ai nt emper at ur es f orencl osed bl ockpl ant at i ons
Resi dent i alar easatl owerhei ght s f ormaxi mi sedsol araccess
Act i vat edgr oundf l oorf ormi xedf unct i ons
Typi calbl ockst r uct ur e
Hi ghsout her nf acadest obl ockt hewi nt erwi nds
Encl osedpl ant at i onst of aci l i t at e ur banf ar mi ngdur i ngwi nt er
Heat edpavement&si dewal k Heat edsi dewal kf oreasyaccessdur i ngwi nt er
9 8
T Y P O L O G I E S Thebl ocksar emi xedkeepi ngi nmi ndt he cl i mat i cf act or ssoast oachi eve maxi mi zedsunl i ghtandpr ot ect i onf r om wi nt erwi nds.
T YPEA-MI XEDUSE APART MENT BL OCK
AREA-10001200M2APPROX.
T YPEB-SI NGL EF AMI L Y I NDI VI DUALHOUSI NG AREA-150M2
T YPEC-ROW HOUSE AREA-120M2
T YPED-SI NGL EF AMI L Y MI XEDUSE
AREA-150M2
T YPEE-SI NGL EF AMI L YVI L L A AREA-120M2
9 9
S T R E E TT Y P O L O G I E S
Di f f er entst r eett ypol ogi eshavebeenpr oposedasperst r eet hi er ar chi esf or2mai nr easons.Onei st hatt hest r eet shave i nt er connect edgr eennet wor kswhi chser veasveget at i onas wel lasspacef orsnowst or agei nwi nt er .Thi swi l lf ur t herhel p i nef f i ci entdr ai nagewhent hesnowst ar t st omel t .The pedest r i annet wor ksal somai nt ai nsof tmobi l i t ydur i ngwi nt er f ort heel der l y .Thest r eetwi dt hsof25m and15m havebeen pr oposedf orpubl i ct r anspor t .Wher et her ear emi xeduse bui l di ngsandshoppi ngst r eet s,t hebui l di ngcanopi escan ser veasapr ot ect edencl osur edur i ngwi nt er .
COMMERCI ALSTREET 25m
LOCALSTREET
15m
Thest r eet sof12m and9m ar emai nl yf orcar sandpedest r i an i nt her esi dent i alnei ghbour hoodsemphasi zi ngpedest r i an net wor ks.
NEI GHBOURHOOD STREETTYPE11 2m
NEI GHBOURHOOD STREETTYPEI I 9m
S E C T I O ND E T A I LS H O WI N GAT Y P I C A LP E R I M E T E RB L O C K 1 0 2
1 0 3
WI N D F L O W
Her eyoucanseet hesout hnor t h el evat i onshowi ngt hegener alst r uct ur eof t hebui l tf or m wi t hhi gherbui l di ngs t owar dst hesout ht obl ockt hewi nt er wi ndsandbui l di ngsofl owerhei ght s gr adual l yt owar dst henor t hwhi chal so f aci l i t at est hef l owofsummerwi nds.
1 0 4
S U N L I G H TH O U RA N A L Y S I S
M A R C H2 1
J U N E2 1
Ihavedonesunl i ghthouranal ysi st o under st andmor eabouthowmuch sunl i ghthour scanbeachi evedi nt he publ i candsemi pr i vat ear east hr ought he desi gn.j une21showst hatt heur ban ar eascanmai nt ai ngr eat eramountof sunl i ghthour sf orout dooract i vi t i es.
1 0 5
1 0 6
WI N T E RV I E W-N E I G H B O U R H O O DC O U R T Y A R D
S U M M E RV I E W-N E I G H B O U R H O O DC O U R T Y A R D
1 0 7
6 . 6E X T E N D I N GI D E N T I T Y&C U L T U R E
C U L T U R A LC O N N E C T I O NWI T HC E N T R E
C U L T U R EA ST H EF O C A LP O I N TO FK I R U N A
Thecul t ur alcent r ei st hef ocalpoi ntoft hedevel opmentwi t ha concent r at edbl endoft her i chhi st or yt hatKi r unaexhi bi t s.I ti sal sot he cent r ef r om wher ef ur t herconnect i onst ot heNat ur um,t het our i st campaswel last henat ur et r ai l sar eest abl i sed. Var i ousl ocalcent r esar eal sopr oposedi nt hedesi gnwi t hi neach di st r i ctsot hateachar eahasi t ’ sownf l avour s. Thenewci t ycent r eandt hepr oposedcul t ur alcent r econnect st hese l ocalcent r essot hatt hewhol ear eahasacont i nuousnet wor k.
1 0 8
L O C A LC E N T R E SC R E A T ED I V E R S I T I E S
R e s i d e n c e s
C i t yC e n t r e
Thei l l ust r at i onshowshow t hecul t ur alcent r ei s i nt er connect edwi t ht hemaj or f unct i onsi nt hesi t emai nl ywi t h t heci t ycent r e,t henat ur um t he t our i stcampsandnat ur et r ai l sas wel lasconnect i onwi t ht he r esi dent i alnei ghbour hoods.
T o u r i s m
C u l t u r a lC e n t r e
N a t u r u mK i r u n a
N a t u r a lF o r e s t
C O N N E C T I O NF L O WT H R O U G HC U L T U R A LC E N T R E
1 0 9
Thedet ai lpl anshowst hecul t ur alcent r eand squar ewhi chi nt er act sdi r ect l ywi t ht he Nat ur um andt her esear chcent r e.Thedesi gn f ort hespacei sdonei nawaysoast o pr omot eout doori nt er act i on.Thecul t ur al squar ecanbeusedf oravar i et yofact i vi t i es t hr oughoutt heyear .Thespacecanbeut i l i zed f orwi nt erspor t s,Ski i ng,cul t ur alevent s, wi nt ermar ket sanddi spl ayofscul pt ur esand exhi bi t i onwor ksi nwi nt erwhi chcanenabl e t her esi dent saswel last our i st st ost ay out door sf ormor eamount soft i me.
D E T A I LP L A N2
1 1 0
D E T A I LP L A N2
1 1 1
S E C T I O NB B
1 1 2
Thesect i onshowst heser i esofspacesf r om t hecul t ur alsquar el eadi ngt ot henat ur um and f or estr et r eat .Thedesi gni spr oposedkeepi ng t hesi l osandr eusi ngi tasvi ewi ngspot sf or t het our i st saspar toft henat ur eeducat i on. Thear eacanof f ermagni f i centsi ght l i nes t owar dst heci t ycent r eduet ot het opogr aphy .
B
B
1 1 3
Thesi l osar eani nt egr alpar toft hei dent i t yof t heci t yandsi t e.Reusi ngt hem i nt oavi ewi ng spotf ornat ur et our i sm canbeani cei deat o st r engt hent her el at i onbet weennat ur eand cul t ur ei nKi r una.
1 1 4
V I E WO FN A T U R U MK I R U N AI NS U M M E R
1 1 5
6 . 7A L T E R N A T EE C O N O M Y -F O C U SO NF U T U R E Ar es ear c hbas ehav ebeenpr opos edwhi c h t oget herc onnec t i ngt heSpac er es ear c h c ent r eandt hef ut ur eaut omobi l ei ndus t r y ,c an ac tasanec onomi cdr i v erf ort hear ea.
1 1 6
Resear chi nst i t ut i onsi nt hi sar eacan connectuni ver si t i esl i keLul eĂĽwhi ch cani ncr easeanddi ver si f yt hej ob sect or .Thi scanbeamaj orf act ort o enabl et heyout ht ost ayandwor ki n Ki r una.Onemaj oract i vi t yi st het our i st sect or ,sokeepi ngt hi si nmi nd,a t our i stcampi spr oposedwi t hi n wal ki ngdi st ancef r om t heci t ycent r e si ncet hecur r entci t ydoesnothavea dedi cat edt our i stspace.Asi ti sbesi de t heE10hi ghway ,act i vet our i sm can bedevel opedwi t hot herr egi onswhi ch canst r engt hent heeconomyand event ual l yshi f tt hedependenceoft he ci t yf r om mi ni ng.
T o u r i s m
C i t yC e n t r e
N a t u r a lF o r e s t
I n d u s t r y
S p a c eR e s e a r c h
U n i v e r s i t y/E d u c a t i o n E n e r g y
C O N N E C T I O NF L O WT H R O U G HR E S E A R C HB A S E
1 1 7
D E T A I LP L A N3
1 1 8
Thedet ai lpl anshowst hedesi gnf ort he t our i stcampar eassetwi t hi nnat ur e.The dedi cat edspacecanof f ert het our i st swi t h vi ewi ngoft henor t her nl i ght si nwi nt eraswel l asaget awayt onat ur el i vi ngi nt hef or est dur i ngsummer .t hust heact i vi t i escanhel pt o st r engt hent hel ocaleconomybygener at i ng di r ectandi ndi r ectj obs.
D E T A I LP L A N3
1 1 9
1 2 0
WI N T E RV I E WO FT O U R I S TC A M P
1 2 1
6 . 8P H A S I N GP R O P O S A L
1 2 2
1 2 3
R E F L E C T I O N S Theai m oft hi spr oj ec twer e: i )t oc r eat ei nt er es t i ngout doors pac eswhi c h ar eappeal i ngaswel l asi nt er ac t i v eev en dur i ngdar kwi nt er ss ot hatt hec l i mat ei snot per c ei v edasabar r i erwhi l el i v i ngi na s ubar c t i cc i t y . i i )t odev el opas us t ai nabl edes i gnpr opos al t hati shi ghl ybas edont hec ont ex tandi si n c oher enc ewi t ht hes t r ongnat ur al l ands c ape oft hear ea. i i i )t oenv i s i ont hef ut ur eofKi r unaasac i t y whi c hwi l l c anr el ymor eons us t ai nabl e ec onomi esr at hert hans our c est hatt endt o t hr eat eni t ' sv er yex i s t enc e. Pr i mar yands ec ondar ys t udi esonav ai l abl e r es ear c hdat ar el at edt owi nt erc i t i eshav e ai dedi nt hedes i gnout c ome.Thewhol e pr oc es shasbeenc hal l engi ngy etr ewar di ng t ot hepoi ntofi ni t i at i ngt het houghtpr oc es son f ur t herr es ear c hac t i v i t i es .
I ti sunder s t andabl eandt houghtpr ov ok i ng t hatt hought hedes i gnf orwi nt erc i t i esc anbe ac hi ev edt hr oughdi f f er entdes i gnt ool box es ,i t i ss t i l l i mpos s i bl et ogener al i z et hedes i gn met hods i nc et hemi c r oc l i mat ev ar i es di s t i nc t l y ,f orex ampl ebet weenSc andi nav i an ar c t i candNor t hAmer i c anar c t i cr egi ons . Mor eov er ,i ts houl dbehi ghl i ght edt hat wher easmanyr es ear c hpr opos al swer e pr ov i dedf ordes i gni nt er v ent i onsi nwi nt er c i t i esonat heor et i c al bas i s ,v er yf ewpr ac t i c al ur bandes i gnshav ebeenpr opos eds of ar whi c hc anbr oadent heway sf ordev i s i ng s t r at egi cur banpr i nc i pl esf orwi nt erc i t y des i gn. Henc ef ur t herr es ear c hc anbei ni t i at eds oas t oi ndul gei nt omor edet ai l sr egar di ng c ompar i ngt hedes i gns t r at egi esbas edon di f f er entl oc at i onsaswel l asbr i dgi ngt hegap bet weenr es ear c handi mpl ement at i on.
0 7 P A R T
C O N C L U S I O N S 1 2 4
P h o t o -h t t p s : / / w w w . l a s u e d e e n k i t . s e / l i c e h o t e l u n p a l a i s d e s g l a c e s e t e r n e l /
Thedes i gnpr opos al env i s i onsar es i l i ent Ki r unawhi c hdoesnot y i el dt odi f f i c ul t c ondi t i ons ,r at her mov esf or war d omi y wel c ngev er one t ot hi sc i t y .
Asawi nt erc i t y ,t he pr opos al c at er st ot he ec onomi ci nequi t yat pr es ent ,pr ov i di ng di r ec t i onsf r om a mi ni ngdependentc i t y t owar dsas el f uf s f i c i entc i t y .
Thepr opos al of f er s nat ur al ex pans i onand gr owt hoft hec i t y r es pec t i ngt he pr ec ondi t i onsand c onnec t i ngal l t he pos i t i v er egi onal qual i t i es .
Ther es ul ti sa s us t ai nabl ewi nt erc i t y pr ov i di ngat t r ac t i v e i nt er ac t i ons pac es t husenc our agi ng peopl et ol i v eand wor ki nKi r una.
S e ey o uK i r u n a !
Ament almapofhowIhavei magi ned Ki r unadur i ngmywhol edesi gnpr ocess andhowKi r unacanof f ersomet hi ngf or ever yone.
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TOWARDSANI NTERACTI VEWI NTERCI TY
JonnaEkhol m,Per JohnDahl Def enc e:Sept ember17,2020 Publ i c at i on:Sept ember21,2020