This guidebook aims to bring citizen-driven innovation to policy makers and change agents around the globe, by spreading good practice on open and participatory approaches as applied to digital service development in different nations, climates, cultures, and urban settings. The guidebook explores the concept of Smart Cities through a lens that promotes citizens as the driving force of urban innovation. Different models of Smart Cities are presented, showing how citizen-centric methods have been used to mobilize resources to respond to urban innovation challenges in a variety of situations, objectives and governance structures. The Living Lab approach strengthens these processes as one of the leading methods for ‘agile development’ or the rapid prototyping of ideas, concepts, products, services and processes in a highly decentralized and user-centric manner. By adopting these approaches and promoting citizen-driven innovation, cities around the world are aiming to alleviate the demand
