A principal purpose of a personal insolvency regime is to rehabilitate insolvent debtors and restore their economic capacity.111 In circumstances in which there is no prospect of repayment (or the societal cost of enforcing repayment outweighs the value of the repayment), there is no benefit to enforcement for creditors. However, the extent to which policy makers can and will allow debt forgiveness is a political decision and will depend on the context. Excessive filing costs can deter debtors from filing for personal insolvency.112 These obstacles should be removed for low-income and asset debtors. Examples of jurisdictions with frameworks to alleviate filing costs for low-income and asset debtors are Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, and the United Kingdom (and Wales).113 Regimes can target these procedures at those who are genuinely unable to meet their obligations. Digitalization also holds some promise as a means of lowering costs and increasing accessibility. In October 2020, Australia introduced a digital bankruptcy application process for personal bankruptcy.114 Another avenue for the protection of individual debtors is credit reporting frameworks. Many jurisdictions responded to the COVID-19 crisis by temporarily altering credit reporting frameworks to limit the long-term reputational harm to debtors temporarily unable to meet their debt obligations as a result of the pandemic. Crises tend to lower the credit scores of affected borrowers. A study of the impact of natural disasters on the financial health of US residents in affected regions found that credit scores declined by as much as 22 points.115 Forbearance programs to temporarily pause or reduce installments for a limited time were used in the COVID-19 pandemic by 57 percent of the 65 countries surveyed by the International Committee on Credit Reporting.116 During the forbearance period—often three or six months and in some places up to a year—accounts were “frozen/paused” so that clients were reported as current even if payments were reduced or suspended. To reflect the forbearance programs, credit reporting bureaus implemented or used existing special reporting codes to flag the type of facilities affected by COVID-19. In the United States, the CARES Act provided for 180 days of forbearance for federally backed loans, and credit providers were encouraged to consider their own programs for similar modification.117 The main credit reporting agencies adjusted their algorithms to ensure that accounts affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were not negatively impacted. Kenya, Malaysia, and Greece took a more direct approach by barring the submission of negative credit data for a period of six months, nine months, and the pandemic period, respectively. During the prescribed period, credit bureaus did not include delinquency data on the credit report and scores. Four countries—Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Tanzania—did not implement any specific measures to protect borrowers, which was largely consistent with the health policy positions of these countries during the pandemic. In the absence of any relief, delinquencies affected the borrowers’ credit report and score in the ordinary manner. Policies suspending adverse reporting on borrowers during a grace period should be phased out with an eye toward maintaining the integrity of the credit reporting system. In the absence of complete information, credit providers lack a full view of borrowers, and they may adopt a cautious lending approach that is counterproductive to the recovery. Suppression of data also introduces operational challenges. In the absence of data, TransUnion estimates that when full file information reporting resumed in Kenya, 12 percent of borrowers shifted to a high-risk score, reflecting increasing delinquencies.118 In addition, banks’ requests for credit bureau reports declined from 3.1 million a month in March 2020 to a low of 1.6 million in June 2020, but recovered to 3.6 million in December 2020.119
Conclusion Debt is critical to prosperity and progress, but the complexity of the problems that arise when debtors cannot meet their obligations requires sophisticated legal and institutional frameworks. This is true
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