TEST BANK Sensation and Perception by Goldstein and James Brockmole
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction to Perception Chapter 2. The Beginning of the Perceptual Process Chapter 3. Neural Processing Chapter 4. Cortical Organization Chapter 5. Perceiving Objects and Scenes Chapter 6. Visual Attention Chapter 7. Taking Action Chapter 8. Perceiving Motion Chapter 9. Perceiving Color Chapter 10. Perceiving Depth and Size Chapter 11. Hearing Chapter 12. Hearing II: Location and Organization Chapter 13. Speech Perception Chapter 14. The Cutaneous Senses Chapter 15. The Chemical Senses
CHAPTER 1. 1 : Perceiving machines that can negotiate the environment with humanlike ease A : were developed by computer scientists in the 1960s B : were developed by computer scientists in the 1970s C : were developed by computer scientists in the 1990s D : have yet to be developed
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Correct Answer : D 2 : Because perception is something you experience interesting in its own right. A : Intermittently B : when necessary C : when important D : constantly
, knowing about how it works is
Correct Answer : D 3 : The only way to see, hear, taste, smell, and feel what you want to experience is by A : identifying stimulus inputs B : discriminating among similar stimuli C : developing necessary cognitive constructs D : activating sensory receptors
.
Correct Answer : D 4 : Stevens auditory receptors were damaged failing to use hearing protection when working in a loud environment. As a result, we can expect that . A : the areas of his brain associated with auditory perception will have diminished considerably in size B : he is almost certainly permanently and completely disabled and likely to require assistance to live independently C : he will be unable to work without special support, such as the use of hearing aids D : his auditory experiences will differ from those of an individual whose receptors have not been damaged Correct Answer : D 5 : Which of the following is the first category of the stages in the perceptual process? A : stimuli B : neural Processing C : serendipity D : behavioral responses Correct Answer : A 6 : The process of transforming energy in the environment into electrical energy in the neurons is called . A : refraction B : transduction C : reduction 1/9
D : Construction Correct Answer : B 7: is the step in the perceptual process that is analogous to what happens during an ATM withdrawal, when pressure from button press becomes electrical energy, and then becomes a mechanical response resulting in the dispensing of money. A : Knowledge B : Transference C : Action D : Transduction Correct Answer : D 8 : The specific term for the stimulus on the receptors in visual processing is the A : transduced image B : environmental stimulus C : visual image D : perception
.
Correct Answer : C 9 : The image projected on the retina is best described as a(n) A : representation B : environmental stimulus C : replication D : scale model
of the actual stimulus.
Correct Answer : A 10 : Which brain structure is responsible for creating perceptions and producing other high level functions such as language, memory, and thinking? A : brain stem B : cerebral cortex C : hypothalamus D : occipital lobe Correct Answer : B 11 : Visual form agnosia is a problem of the A : action B : attention C : transduction D : recognition
step of the perceptual process.
Correct Answer : D 12 : Which statement best describes the steps of the perceptual process? A : The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at perception. B : The steps are unidirectional, starting at the environmental stimulus and ending at knowledge. C : The steps are unidirectional, starting at transduction and ending at recognition. D : The sequence of steps is dynamic and constantly changing. 2/9
Correct Answer : D 13 : If a person sees the unambiguous rat stimulus, and then views the ambiguous rat-man figure, the person will most likely report seeing . A : a rat, because of the effect of knowledge B : a man, because we tend to see things that match our species C : a rat, because of the effect of action D : a rat or a man equally Correct Answer : A 14 : Justin forgot to wear his glasses to class so the writing he sees on the chalk board is blurry. Even so, he is sure it says Pop Quiz! because he knows that there are pop quizzes in the class and he can read the P and the Q. What allows him to read the board? A : bottom-up processing B : oblique processing C : top-down processing D : compression Correct Answer : C 15 : processing is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors. A : Bottom-up B : Oblique C : Top-down D : Receptor Correct Answer : A 16 : Trying to read a note written by someone with poor handwriting involves A : only top-down processing B : only bottom-up processing C : both top-down and bottom-up processing D : only data-based processing
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Correct Answer : C 17 : The physiological level of analysis involves the relationship between A : stimulus-and-physiology only B : physiology-and-perception only C : stimulus-and-perception only D : both stimulus-and-physiology and physiology-and-perception
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Correct Answer : D 18 : Kimmy is casting shadows on the wall and watching whether her cat Tiger jumps at the shadows or not. She uses different hand motions to see if there is a difference in whether Tiger jumps or not. Kimmy is informally studying which relationship? A : the stimulus-physiology relationship B : the physiology-perception relationship C : the stimulus-perception relationship D : the perception-behavior relationship 3/9
Correct Answer : C 19 : Cognitive influences affect level of analysis. A : only the physiological B : only the psychophysical C : both the physiological and psychophysical D : neither the physiological nor psychophysical Correct Answer : C 20 : The psychophysical method in which stimuli of varying intensities are presented in ascending and descending orders in discrete steps is called the method of . A : limits B : constant stimuli C : searching D : scaling Correct Answer : A 21 : When using the method of limits, the absolute threshold is determined by calculating . A : the stimulus intensity detected 66% of the time B : the stimulus intensity detected 75% of the time C : the stimulus intensity detected 100% of the time D : the average of the cross-over values Correct Answer : D 22 : The method of limits takes into account the variability of human perception by A : consistently presenting subliminal stimuli to avoid bias B : using deception to hide the true purpose C : averaging the results of a number of trials D : measuring brain activity concurrently
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Correct Answer : C 23 : Fechners and Webers methods not only made it possible to measure the ability to detect stimuli, but also made it possible to . A : determine mechanisms responsible for experiences B : identify the subconscious rationales for the responses C : provide scientific justification for introspection D : localize brain lesions responsible for poor performance Correct Answer : A 24 : The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them is called the . A : necessary difference B : difference threshold C : discriminant equation D : determinant level 4/9
Correct Answer : B 25 : Based on the dark adaptation curve, you would expect the absolute threshold to time in a darkened room increases. A : get larger B : remain unchanged C : get smaller D : vary unpredictably
as
Correct Answer : C 26 : One of the important limitations of the knowledge derived from determining thresholds is that . A : perception includes far more than just what happens at the threshold B : the methods are based fundamentally on introspection C : the outcomes are of extremely limited reliability D : generalization from the laboratory to real life is not possible Correct Answer : A 27 : Ilsa recently had a stroke that has damaged her ability to name objects. Her neurologist shows Ilsa a pen and asks her to name what it is. This is best described as a test of . A : recognition B : Magnitude C : reaction time D : description Correct Answer : A 28 : The game Whack-a-Mole, in which the player must whack randomly appearing moles with a hammer as quickly as possible when they peek their heads out, is best described as a task. A : recognition B : magnitude C : reaction time D : Description Correct Answer : C 29 : Tina is a medical laboratory worker who is being trained to read the results of certain laboratory tests. In this phase of her training, she looks at prepared slides and then writes a summary of what she sees. This task is best described as a(n) task. A : recognition B : magnitude C : reaction time D : description Correct Answer : D 30 : Which methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception? A : description B : the phenomenological methods 5/9
C : reflection D : classical psychophysical methods Correct Answer : D 31 : Fechners psychophysical methods . A : are important from a historical perspective only B : were developed in the early 1960s C : showed that mental activity cannot be measured quantitatively D : are currently used to test a persons hearing and vision Correct Answer : D 32 : The first step in the procedure for is to present the participant a standard stimulus and assign a numerical value to that stimulus. A : Recognition B : Description C : phenomenological method D : magnitude estimation Correct Answer : D 33 : The method of magnitude estimation yields a measure of A : objective B : perceived C : difference D : absolute
magnitude.
Correct Answer : B 34 : As a part of the interview process for his dream job quality control at a small, luxury chocolate manufacturer Tony is asked to taste small pieces of chocolate and then describe what he tastes. Tony is most likely being asked to provide a(n) . A : phenomenological report B : magnitude estimation C : adaptation curve D : absolute thresholds Correct Answer : A 35 : The question What do you see? is asking about A : sensation B : discrimination C : recognition D : perception
.
Correct Answer : D 36 : The question What is it? is asking about A : sensation B : discrimination C : recognition D : perception
.
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Correct Answer : C 37 : Classical psychophysical methods opened the way for the founding of scientific psychology by providing methods to measure . A : an aspect of the mind B : neurological activation C : response bias D : multicultural effects Correct Answer : A 38 : Nelia is riding in a car and notices that stationary objects closer to her move faster than stationary objects that are further. Nelia is using the technique regarding perception of a stimulus. A : detection B : search C : phenomenological D : magnitude estimation Correct Answer : C 39 : Michaela lives near the railroad tracks and often hears the loud bangs associated with cars being added to trains. When a friend of hers is visiting, the friend becomes alarmed at the sounds, wondering what they are but Michaela is able to reassure her friend that it is a normal train-related sound. Michaelas skills, at least in this situation, are superior to her friends. A : recognition B : detection C : search D : adjustment Correct Answer : A 40 : Abdel works for a company that designs adapted products to help people who have trouble grasping items. Today he is meeting with children who have difficulty grasping as a result of traumatic brain injury and has provided them with a supply of crayons that have been adapted in various ways. Abdel watches as the children color with the crayons. Which question is he most likely asking? A : How quickly do the children react to the crayons? B : How do the children interact with the crayons? C : How do the children describe the crayons? D : Can the children identify the crayons? Correct Answer : B 41 : The spectrum is a band of energy ranging from gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum to AM radio and AC circuits at the long-wave end. A : light B : sound C : electromagnetic D : perceptual Correct Answer : C 7/9
42 : According to Ludy Benjamin, if changes in physical stimuli always resulted in similar changes in perception of those stimuli, . A : the world would be unbearably complex B : remediation of sensory deficits would be impossible C : there would be no need for psychology D : the neurophysiology of perception would be clear Correct Answer : C
ESSAY 43 : Discuss the difference between sensation and perception. Correct Answer : Sensation is often identified as involving simple “elementary” processes that occur right at the beginning of a sensory system, as when light stimulates receptors in the eye. In contrast, perception is identified with complex processes that involve higher-order mechanisms such as interpretation and memory that involve activity in the brain. It is therefore often stated that sensation involves detecting elementary properties of a stimulus (Carlson, 2010), and that perception involves the higher brain functions involved in interpreting events and objects (Myers, 2004).? 44 : Name the five questions about the perceptual world outlined in the text and provide an example for each. Correct Answer : What is the perceptual magnitude of a stimulus? What is the identity of the stimulus? How quickly can someone react to the stimulus? How can what is “out there” be described? How can someone interact with what is “out there?” Examples will vary. ? 45 : List seven steps from a stimulus in the environment to an action by the perceiving individual, illustrating each step with an example. Correct Answer : Stimulus in the environment Stimulus passes through the environment to the receptors Receptor processes Neural processing Perception Recognition Action Examples will vary. 46 : (a) Define top-down and bottom-up processing. (b) Discuss how the rat-man demonstration is used to exemplify the distinction between these two types of processing. Correct Answer : Bottom-up processing (also called data-based processing) is processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors. Top-down processing (also called knowledgebased processing) refers to processing that is based on knowledge. ? The rat–man demonstration shows how recently acquired knowledge (“that pattern is a rat”) can influence perception. When individuals are initially shown a figure that looks like a rat, they are more likely to identify an ambiguous rat-man figure as a rat while those who initially see a man are more likely to identify it as a man, 47 : Name and provide examples of the three relationships used to study perceptual processes. Correct Answer : Relationship A: The stimulus–perception relationship Relationship B: The stimulus–physiological relationship Relationship C: The physiology–perception relationship 8/9
48 : Describe the method of limits and how it is used. Correct Answer : In the method of limits, the experimenter presents stimuli in either ascending order (intensity is increased) or descending order (intensity is decreased). For example, suppose an experimenter is studying the perception of tones. On the first series of trials, the experimenter begins by presenting a tone with an intensity we will call 103, and the observer indicates by a “yes” response that he hears the tone. This response is indicated by a Y at an intensity of 103 in the far left column of the table. The experimenter then presents another tone, at a lower intensity, and the observer responds to this tone. This procedure continues, with the observer making a judgment at each intensity until he responds “no,” he did not hear the tone. This change from “yes” to “no,” indicated by the dashed line, is the crossover point, and the threshold for this series is taken as the mean between 99 and 98, or 98.5. The next series of trials begins below the observer’s threshold, so that he says “no” on the first trial (intensity 95), and continues until he says “yes” (when the intensity reaches 100). Notice that the crossover point when starting below the threshold is slightly different. Because the crossover points may vary slightly, this procedure is repeated a number of times, starting above the threshold half the time and starting below the threshold half the time. The threshold is then determined by calculating the average of all of the crossover points.? 49 : What is meant by the absolute threshold? What about the difference threshold? Correct Answer : The absolute threshold is the smallest stimulus level that can just be detected. The difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them. 50 : Why is the difference between physical and perceptual important? Correct Answer : What physical measuring instruments record and what we perceive are two different things. The Hermann grid creates an “illusory perception” in which we perceive dark spots that aren’t physically present. But sometimes we fail to perceive stimuli that are physically present. Perception is psychology, not physics, and perceptual responses are not necessarily the same as the responses of physical measuring devices.?
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CHAPTER 2 1 : Our perception of the environment begins with A : energy B : the proximal stimulus C : the distal stimulus D : cognition
.
Correct Answer : C 2 : Visible light is between A : 100; 400 B : 400; 700 C : 500; 1000 D : 900; 1500
and
nm within the electromagnetic spectrum.
Correct Answer : B 3 : A wavelength of 10,000 meters would fall in the spectrum. A : X-rays B : radio wave C : infrared rays D : gamma rays
range of the electromagnetic
Correct Answer : B 4 : The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of electromagnetic energy that is produced by and is radiated as . A : electric charges; waves B : magnetism; waves C : electric charges; magnetism D : magnetism; electric charges Correct Answer : A 5 : The structure of the eye that provides about 80% of the eyes focusing power is the A : iris B : pupil C : cornea D : lens
.
Correct Answer : C 6 : Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called . A : inhibition B : reflection C : accommodation D : assimilation Correct Answer : C 1 / 12
7 : The ciliary muscles change the shape of the focusing power. A : iris B : pupil C : cornea D : lens
, providing about 20% of the eyes
Correct Answer : D 8 : Loreleis mother is 60 years old, and, because of the condition called difficult time bringing near objects into focus. A : cataracts B : diplopia C : presbyopia D : retinitis pigmentosa
, she has a
Correct Answer : C 9 : In , the eyeball is too long, resulting in difficulty seeing far objects. A : axial myopia B : refractive myopia C : axial hyperopia D : refractive hyperopia Correct Answer : A 10 : Individuals with myopia may have difficulty seeing are also referred to as being . A : nearby; farsighted B : nearby; nearsighted C : distant; farsighted D : distant; nearsighted
objects clearly. Often times, they
Correct Answer : D 11 : Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This might be because . A : Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate B : Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate C : Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged D : Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read Correct Answer : A 12 : The visual pigment molecules are contained in the A : inner segments of the visual receptors B : outer segments of the visual receptors C : axons of the rods D : axons of the cones
.
Correct Answer : B 2 / 12
13 : reacts to light to start the process of transduction. A : Opsin B : Retinal C : Choroid D : Thyric acid Correct Answer : B 14 : The isomerization of a single pigment molecule triggers what is best described as a A : chain reaction B : ballistic expansion C : hyperactive potential D : hypopolarization wave
.
Correct Answer : A 15 : Which of the following is true about the difference between the rods and the cones? A : The rods control vision in high illumination conditions, and the cones controlvision in low illumination conditions. B : The rods are packed in an area called the fovea, and the cones are found more in the peripheral retina. C : There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 6 million cones. D : The only difference between the rods and the cones is physical shape. Correct Answer : C 16 : A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is A : macular degeneration B : retinitis pigmentosa C : presbyopia D : retinal hypopolarization
.
Correct Answer : A 17 : In the early stages of peripheral vision. A : macular degeneration B : retinitis pigmentosa C : presbyopia D : retinal hypopolarization
, peripheral rod receptors are destroyed leading to poorer
Correct Answer : B 18 : The blind spot is located . A : in the fovea B : in the vitreous C : where the optic nerve leaves the eye D : at the optic chiasm Correct Answer : C 19 : Nina does a demonstration of seeing the blind spot, in which a grid pattern surrounds the black dot that disappears when it falls on the blind spot. What does Nina most likely see in the 3 / 12
area where the dot disappears? A : a blurry gray area B : a white circle C : nothing D : a continuation of the grid pattern Correct Answer : D 20 : The episode of Mythbusters cited in the textbook demonstrated that dark adaptation was the reason why . A : poker players wear sunglasses B : pirates wore eyepatches C : cardinals have good night vision D : cats have good night vision Correct Answer : B 21 : To isolate the rod portion of the dark adaptation curve, researchers A : use rod monochromats as the participants B : present the stimulus foveally C : present the stimulus in the periphery D : use cone monochromats as participants
.
Correct Answer : A 22 : The rod-cone break in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about A : 30 seconds B : 2 minutes C : 7 minutes D : 30 minutes
in the dark.
Correct Answer : C 23 : When visual pigments become bleached they are A : dead B : fully regenerated C : color sensitive D : detached from the opsin
.
Correct Answer : D 24 : Rushton demonstrated that the physiological mechanism behind dark adaptation is A : visual pigment regeneration B : the enzyme cascade C : modular organization D : photon remission
.
Correct Answer : A 25 : Cone spectral sensitivity is measured by having the observer A : look up and blink B : look straight forward without blinking C : look directly into a light
.
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D : look to the side of a flashing light Correct Answer : C 26 : The peak in the spectral sensitivity curve is about the cones. A : 700 nm; 400 nm B : 450 nm; 800 nm C : 500 nm; 560 nm D : 600 nm; 450 nm
for the rods, and about
for
Correct Answer : C 27 : The Purkinje shift . A : occurs when reds appear brighter than blues in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions B : occurs when blues appear brighter than reds in well-lit conditions, but blues appear brighter than reds in dim conditions C : occurs when details that are easily seen in well-lit conditions become more difficult to see in low-light conditions D : demonstrates the importance of eye movements in visual pigment regeneration Correct Answer : A 28 : There are A:2 B:3 C:4 D:7
different cone receptors, each with different absorption spectra.
Correct Answer : B 29 : The three major parts of a neuron are A : dendrites, cell body, and axon B : axon, nerve fiber, and receptor C : receptor, transmitter, and median D : receptor, dendrites, and conductor
.
Correct Answer : A 30 : The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is mV. A : 70 B : 10 C:0 D : +19 Correct Answer : A 31 : Which of the following statements best defines the propagated response? A : Once a response is triggered, the response travels the length of the axon without decreasing in amplitude. B : Once a response is triggered, the response gradually increases in amplitude as it travels 5 / 12
down the length of the axon. C : The response increases the positive charge of the chlorine ions throughout the length of the axon. D : The number of negative potassium ions increase the closer the impulse is to the dendrites. Correct Answer : A 32 : As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows that . A : the amplitude of the action potential increases B : the amplitude of the action potential decreases C : the amplitude of the action potential may increase or decrease, depending on the stimulus D : the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases Correct Answer : D 33 : The upper limit of a neurons firing rate is estimated to be A : 20 B : 100 C : 800 D : 4400
impulses per second.
Correct Answer : C 34 : At the beginning of the action potential, nerve fiber. A : positive potassium B : negative potassium C : positive sodium D : negative sodium
ions flow from outside the nerve fiber into the
Correct Answer : C 35 : The flow of ions that create the action potential are caused by the changes in the the nerve fiber. A : suppression B : permeability C : accommodation D : assimilation
of
Correct Answer : B 36 : Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called the next neuron. A : electrolytes B : collagens C : neurotransmitters D : glial cells
that are released across the synapse to
Correct Answer : C 37 : The analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites. A : needle in a haystack 6 / 12