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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 1. The term “psychology” comes from the Greek words psyche and logos. What does logos mean? a. the study of a subject b. the soul c. logic d. discipline ANSWER: a 2. According to historians, when and where did the “birth” of psychology occur? a. 1859 in England b. 1879 in Germany c. 1883 in the United States d. 1909 in Austria ANSWER: b 3. According to Wilhelm Wundt, what was the focus of psychology? a. to understand functions of behaviour b. to understand unconscious motivation c. the scientific study of observable behaviour d. the scientific study of conscious experience ANSWER: d 4. What did Wilhelm Wundt believe the focus of psychology should be? a. studying stimulus-response associations b. questioning the nature of existence c. examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience d. determining people’s unconscious motivation for behaviour ANSWER: c 5. Who established the first psychological research laboratory in the United States at John’s Hopkins? a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. John Watson d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: b 6. In 1954, what movement did Abraham Maslow’s book Motivation and Personality help fuel? a. functionalism b. humanistic psychology c. individual psychology d. self-help ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 7. What is the world’s largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology in Canada? a. The Structuralists b. Western Psychological Society c. World Psychology Organization d. Canadian Psychological Association ANSWER: d 8. What were the first two major schools of psychology? a. functionalism and behaviourism b. behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory c. behaviourism and Gestalt psychology d. structuralism and functionalism ANSWER: d 9. Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious
experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 10. Which type of psychologist was most likely to use the technique of introspection? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. cognitive d. humanist ANSWER: a 11. Mariska is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious
reactions to several stimuli. Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct a study like this? a. structuralist b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 12. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and recording all her feelings and impressions as she
experiences them. Which school of psychology was most well-known for using this sort of technique? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 13. To learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down
all of his impressions as they came to him. What is the biggest limitation to this method? a. It relies on sensation and perception. b. It is overly objective and empirical. c. The experiences cannot be verified. d. There is no test-retest reliability. ANSWER: c 14. Dr. Asgaard believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first
necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Which psychologist would be most likely to share Dr. Asgaard’s views? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: d 15. Which modern field in psychology is closest to the school of psychology known as structuralism? a. sensation and perception b. evolutionary psychology c. clinical psychology d. social psychology ANSWER: a 16. Which school of psychology focused on understanding the purpose of behaviour? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. neodynamism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 17. Which statement is most likely to be made by a researcher who studies pain perception from a functionalist
perspective? a. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain. b. We can study pain only by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli. c. We can study pain only if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood. d. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the role of pain in human survival and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology adaptation. ANSWER: d 18. Who most heavily influenced the functionalist pioneer William James? a. Charles Darwin b. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner d. John Watson ANSWER: a 19. Which school of psychology stressed that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than
the individual components of consciousness? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism ANSWER: d 20. Dr. Smythe believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand
the role that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. With which school of thought are Dr. Smythe’s views most consistent? a. structuralist approach b. behaviourist approach c. functionalist approach d. psychoanalytic approach ANSWER: c 21. Dr. Ramos believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the role that
emotions play in survival and adaptation. With which theorist are Dr. Ramos’s views most consistent with? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. Edward Titchener d. William James ANSWER: d 22. What is the term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts? a. phenomenological flow b. stream of consciousness c. transcendental meditation d. existential awareness ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 23. Who established the first experimental laboratory in Canada in 1891? a. Stanley Hall b. James Baldwin c. Brenda Milner d. Wilder Penfield ANSWER: b 24. Who was one of the founders of neuropsychology in Canada and was well known for her pioneering work
with the patient known as H.M.? a. Mary Ainsworth b. Brenda Milner c. Mary Wright d. Doreen Kimura ANSWER: b 25. Which university offered the first psychology course offered at a Canadian university in 1838? a. McGill b. Dalhousie c. Concordia d. Simon Fraser ANSWER: b 26. What was an early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology
and behaviourism? a. Gestalt psychology b. functionalism c. pragmatism d. structuralism ANSWER: b 27. In 1939, Canada’s largest organization for psychology was founded. What is it called? a. Association for Applied Psychologists in Canada b. American Psychological Association c. Association of Psychologists of Canada d. Canadian Psychological Association ANSWER: d 28. Who was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology? a. Mary Calkins b. Anna Freud c. Margaret Washburn Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. Leta Hollingworth ANSWER: c 29. What is Leta Hollingworth most well-known for? a. debunking theories that proposed that women are inferior to men b. founding one of the early psychology laboratories in America c. being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology d. being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association ANSWER: a 30. Which psychologist proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behaviour? a. G. Stanley Hall b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b 31. Which theoretical orientation insisted that observations be verifiable? a. behaviourism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism ANSWER: a 32. What did John B. Watson argue that psychologists should do? a. confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill b. use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness c. abandon the study of consciousness d. concern themselves with the intentionality of behaviour ANSWER: c 33. According to John Watson, what primarily governs behaviour? a. personal motives b. heredity c. environment d. unconscious desires ANSWER: c 34. Which statement would a strict behaviourist most likely agree with? a. The primary causes for human behaviour are unknown. b. Human behaviour is caused primarily by environmental factors. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. Human behaviour is caused primarily by inherited factors. d. Human behaviour is caused primarily by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors. ANSWER: b 35. What did Watson state that psychologists should study? a. only the things that people or other animals do, because those are observable behaviours b. only the things that people do as a result of experience, because reflexes are not valid behaviours c. things that people do, think, and feel d. only the things that people think and feel, because those are psychological processes ANSWER: a 36. Ariadne believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the
experiences they have. With which type of psychology are Ariadne’s views most consistent? a. functionalist b. structuralist c. psychoanalytic d. behaviourist ANSWER: d 37. Lynelle teases her brother and then he starts crying. If you describe the teasing as a stimulus, and the crying
as a response to that stimulus, what type of analysis are you conducting? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. psychoanalytic d. functionalist ANSWER: b 38. Which school of psychology was most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. Gestaltism ANSWER: c 39. If Dr. Scott chooses to conduct experiments with animals to exert more experimental control over the study,
which type of researcher is Dr. Scott? a. psychoanalytic b. behaviourist c. structuralist d. Gestaltist ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 40. Dr. Tsang is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Which
type of psychologist is Dr. Tsang? a. behaviourist b. structuralist c. Gestaltist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 41. Which statement best reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? a. With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with. b. In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans. c. A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject. d. It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans. ANSWER: c 42. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems. What
did he call this procedure? a. rational-emotive therapy b. behaviour modification c. primal therapy d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: d 43. According to Sigmund Freud, what determines an individual’s personality? a. strivings for superiority b. forces in the unconscious c. self-actualizing tendencies d. forces in the environment ANSWER: b 44. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty
member states: “Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions.” Which theorist is this faculty member’s view most similar to? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Carl Rogers c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 45. What did Freud conclude are the dominant causes of psychological disturbances? a. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. unrealistic demands from family and friends d. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way ANSWER: b 46. How did Freud’s theories about human behaviour differ from prevailing viewpoints in the early 1900s? a. He proposed the existence of free will. b. He saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behaviour. c. He emphasized environmental forces on behaviour. d. He saw abnormal behaviour as resulting from biological causes. ANSWER: b 47. Why did many psychologists resist psychoanalysis? a. because of its use of introspection b. because of its emphasis on unconscious motivation c. because of its focus on the role of heredity d. because of its explanations in terms of stimulus-response associations ANSWER: b 48. Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus
exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Which perspective matches Liserel’s views toward the study of psychology? a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. structuralist d. cognitive ANSWER: b 49. What do behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? a. an emphasis on the role of sexuality in behaviour b. the implication that people are not necessarily in complete control of behaviour c. the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behaviour d. a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research ANSWER: b 50. Much like Freud, Skinner’s views on human behaviour were controversial and often criticized. Which
controversies were predominant for each of Freud and Skinner? a. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s suggestion that free will was an illusion b. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s belief that maladaptive behaviour was biological in origin c. Freud’s insensitive treatment of patients and Skinner’s violation of existing animal ethics rules d. Freud’s focus on conscious processes and Skinner’s focus on unconscious processes ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 51. Which statement best reflects the current status of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? a. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology. b. Freud’s views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on
current mainstream psychology. c. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology. d. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on other areas of mainstream psychology. ANSWER: c 52. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to
repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. B F Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: c 53. With which individual is B. F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? a. Abraham Maslow b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: c 54. Janet trained her dog to sit on command by rewarding the dog’s behaviour of sitting with a dog biscuit and
praise. Which psychological perspective’s methods did Janet use? a. psychoanalysis b. humanism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 55. A study determines that rats can be trained to press a lever if lever pressing is followed by the presentation
of food. Of the following theorists, who would be most likely to have devised this study? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Abraham Maslow b. F. Skinner c. CHOICE BLANK d. William James ANSWER: c
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 56. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty
member states, “Sure, people have emotions and thoughts and dreams, but you don’t have to study those things in order to predict behaviour.” Which theorist’s views are most similar to the views held by this faculty member? a. Sigmund Freud b. b. F. Skinner c. William James d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 57. What is most likely to be studied by a behaviourist? a. animal training methods b. emotional reactions to trauma c. reaction time in response to complex words d. how children develop humour ANSWER: a 58. Marissa wants to study people’s emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard,
tells her that her study should focus on observable behaviours, rather than thoughts or feelings. Which psychological perspective is consistent with Bernard’s advice? a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. humanist d. behavioural ANSWER: d 59. Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and then
measures changes in observable behaviour. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with Caroline’s method? a. cognitive b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: c 60. Which statement best reflects Skinner’s view of behaviourism? a. It focused on the importance of free will. b. It focused on the study of behaviour and its consequences. c. It encouraged speculative statements about consciousness. d. It included hypotheses about motives and goals. ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 61. Who would have been most likely to say, “You think that you’re in control of your own behaviour, but
you’re not truly in control”? a. B. F. Skinner b. Abraham Maslow c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: a 62. What was the dominant school of thought in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s? a. behaviourism b. structuralism c. Gestaltism d. functionalism ANSWER: a 63. Which group would be most likely to suggest that people can have complete control over their own
destinies? a. psychoanalysts b. humanists c. behaviourists d. Gestaltists ANSWER: b 64. Which school of psychology takes the most optimistic view of human nature? a. structuralism b. behaviourism c. humanism d. functionalism ANSWER: c 65. Which type of psychologist would NOT generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behaviour? a. evolutionary psychologist b. humanist c. cognitive psychologist d. behaviourist ANSWER: b 66. Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate believes that Oliver’s research is only useful
for understanding chimpanzees and cannot generalize to humans. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate apparently take? a. cognitive b. biological Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. humanistic d. evolutionary ANSWER: c 67. Which theoretical viewpoint is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow? a. cognitive approach b. humanism c. structuralism d. biological approach ANSWER: b 68. Which statement would NOT be made by a humanist? a. Research on animals has no relevance to understanding human behaviour. b. Humans have a basic need to fulfil their potential. c. The behaviour of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances. d. Humans are unique. ANSWER: c 69. What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour? a. unconscious sexual urges b. outcomes of an individual’s responses c. biochemical processes d. self-concepts ANSWER: d 70. Micha tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist most
likely say about Micha? a. Micha simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practise assertive behaviours. b. Micha should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity. c. Micha will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority. d. Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfil his potential. ANSWER: d 71. Who would be most likely to state that each person has a drive to grow and fulfil his or her potential? a. Sigmund Freud b. b. F. Skinner c. G. Stanley Hall d. Abraham Maslow Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: d 72. Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government
intervention with more rights for individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. Which psychological perspective do this editor’s views reflect? a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. behavioural d. psychodynamic ANSWER: b 73. According to humanists, why are animal studies of little relevance to understanding humans? a. Animals do not develop mental disorders. b. Animals do not have a self-concept. c. Animals have a much shorter period of development. d. Animals cannot communicate their thoughts to us. ANSWER: b 74. What has been humanism’s most important contribution to psychology? a. the concept of free will b. the method of introspection c. innovative treatments for psychological problems d. a focus on the measurable and verifiable aspects of behaviour ANSWER: c 75. Which organization was established in 1939 to advance psychology as a science in Canada, and continues to
play a vital role in the field? a. APA–Canada b. Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) c. Association of Canadian Experimental Psychologists (ACEP) d. Canadian Society of Psychologists (CSP) ANSWER: b 76. What is NOT an area of specialization in applied psychology? a. industrial and organizational psychology b. counselling psychology c. educational psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: d 77. Which type of psychology is the most prominent and widely practiced professional specialty in the field of Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology applied psychology? a. school b. developmental c. cognitive d. clinical ANSWER: d 78. In addition to clinical psychologists, which other professionals also assess and treat psychological disorders? a. nurses b. occupational therapists c. teachers d. psychiatrists ANSWER: d 79. Who are two married African American psychologists who published work in 1947 on prejudice which was
later cited in a landmark U.S., Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation? a. Marty Seligman and Elizabeth Loftus b. John and Mary Ainsworth c. Kenneth and Mamie Clark d. Clark and Regina Hull ANSWER: c 80. Which branch of psychology is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders? a. counselling psychology b. developmental psychology c. clinical psychology d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: c 81. Which type of psychologist would be the greatest help to you if you were having problems with depression? a. social psychologist b. motivational psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. clinical psychologist ANSWER: d 82. Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is very paranoid and experiences
hallucinations. Which type of psychologist should Michael contact for help? a. physiological psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. developmental psychologist Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. experimental psychologist ANSWER: b 83. Which type of applied psychology was most stimulated by World War II? a. industrial psychology b. clinical psychology c. educational psychology d. neurological psychology ANSWER: b 84. What was one of the first areas of clinical psychology to develop? a. personnel psychology b. counselling psychology c. psychological testing d. sports psychology ANSWER: c 85. What contributed most to the development of clinical psychology? a. the advent of high-speed computers b. an increase in the number of people earning advanced degrees in psychology c. high demand for the screening of military recruits and treatment of traumatized war veterans d. an increase in public awareness of the symptoms of psychological disorders, and the rise of
behaviourism ANSWER: c 86. Which statement best describes clinical psychologists? a. Clinical psychologists have Ph.Ds. b. Clinical psychologists do research. c. Clinical psychologists are behaviourists. d. Clinical psychologists are licensed. ANSWER: d 87. Which of the following is NOT included under the umbrella of applied psychology? a. cognitive psychology b. school psychology c. counselling psychology d. industrial/organizational psychology ANSWER: a 88. Which term refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge? a. introspection b. application Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. empiricism d. cognition ANSWER: d 89. What is a relatively recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious
events? a. psychoanalysis b. cognitive psychology c. physiological psychology d. behavioural psychology ANSWER: b 90. Who is most closely associated with the cognitive perspective on language? a. Noam Chomsky b. b. F. Skinner c. Abraham Maslow d. David Buss ANSWER: a 91. Which psychological approach contends that psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully
understand behaviour? a. cognitive psychology b. clinical psychology c. developmental psychology d. behaviourism ANSWER: a 92. What is most likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist? a. factors that determine group cohesiveness b. whether a job incentive program is effective c. play behaviour in preschool children d. strategies used by students to solve puzzles ANSWER: d 93. Programmers who were working on a chess-playing supercomputer asked a psychologist from their
university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to help with this project? a. structural b. educational c. behavioural d. cognitive Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: d 94. Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language-recognition capabilities. Which type of
psychologist could probably give Darnell the most help in developing this computer system? a. clinical b. cognitive c. humanistic d. behavioural ANSWER: b 95. When did the cognitive perspective surpass the behavioural perspective in influence, according to results
from a recent study? a. 1925 b. 1955 c. 1975 d. 1995 ANSWER: c 96. Who demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke emotional responses such as pleasure
and rage in animals? a. Roger Sperry b. James Olds c. B.F. Skinner d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b 97. Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres. Whose
research should Annabel read? a. Roger Sperry b. Carl Rogers c. Alfred Adler d. John B. Watson ANSWER: a 98. The Human Genome Project involves a large number of scientists who are trying to determine the
biochemical nature of all the genes on each chromosome in the human body. These scientists come from a variety of areas, including psychology. Which type of psychologist is most likely to work on this project? a. behavioural b. biological c. clinical d. applied ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 99. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to have a copy of Hebb’s The Organization of Behavior on
her bookshelf? a. a psychoanalyst b. an industrial/organizational psychologist c. a humanistic psychologist d. a neuroscientist ANSWER: d 100. Which theoretical perspective is most likely to be associated with studies using animals? a. behavioural and biological b. psychoanalytic and cognitive c. clinical and psychoanalytic d. biological and clinical ANSWER: a 101. Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities
in brain chemistry. With which perspective are Professor Vasquez’s beliefs most consistent? a. behavioural b. biological c. cognitive d. clinical ANSWER: b 102. According to Donald Hebb, what is the key to understanding the organization of behaviour? a. measurement of observable behaviour b. introspection c. analysis of unconscious conflicts d. activity at the neuronal level ANSWER: d 103. Research in neuroscience owes a great deal of its inspiration to Donald Hebb, who wrote the book The
Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. What did Hebb theorize about? a. the importance of behaviourist models of learning for understanding how neurons work b. the concept of cell assemblies, and the importance of neuronal processes for behaviour c. the importance of unconscious experiences, and the role of cell assemblies for the execution of behaviour d. the role of social interaction for the organization of the cortex during childhood ANSWER: b 104. What was demonstrated by Hastorf and Cantril’s classic study (1954) on rule infraction in football games? a. the impact of gender-typed activities on self-esteem b. the onset of antisocial personality disorder Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. the impact of concussion on the mental health of athletes d. the subjectivity of perception ANSWER: d 105. Differences have been observed between males and females in their performance on spatial tasks. Which
statement does NOT explain such these observations? a. There are disparities in the everyday activities of males and females which may lead to the advantage seen by males in their performance on spatial tasks. b. Males and females differ in genetic makeup. c. Males and females are given and encouraged to play different types of toys. d. Males are smarter than females. ANSWER: d 106. Approximately what percentage of Canada’s population was born in another country? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% ANSWER: d 107. Several factors have contributed to the recent increased interest in research dealing with “cultural”
variables in psychology. Which of the following is NOT one of these contributing factors? a. depersonalization of human beings by modern psychology b. various groups (such as civil rights groups and women’s groups) arguing that society has paid little attention to human diversity c. increased ethnic diversity in North America d. increased contact with non-Western cultures due to advances in communication and travel ANSWER: a 108. What is most likely a topic of study for a cultural psychologist? a. how travel affects openness to experience in children b. how cognitive errors lead to racism c. determining the genes associated with skin colour d. whether people in different cultures solve puzzles in the same way, or differently ANSWER: d 109. Which psychological approach examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for a
species? a. physiological b. humanist c. clinical d. evolutionary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: d 110. Professor Immel conducts research that examines whether people with particular personality traits have
greater success with dating and reproduction. What type of psychological research is Professor Immel conducting? a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. behavioural ANSWER: b 111. What is the most important aspect of natural selection? a. aggressive interactions with members of other species b. passing on genes to the next generation c. locating a source of food d. establishing a territory ANSWER: b 112. In which visual-spatial task do females tend to perform somewhat better than males, on average? a. map reading b. memory for locations c. maze learning d. mental rotation of images ANSWER: b 113. Which early psychologist would be most likely to endorse the tenets of evolutionary psychology? a. Edward Titchener b. John Watson c. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: c 114. When did evolutionary psychology emerge as a modern discipline? a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s ANSWER: c 115. Damion wants to investigate whether specific dating patterns among young adults are the result of evolved
predispositions. With whom would Damion most likely choose to work with if he could work with a psychologist who has made a significant contribution in this area of research? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. David Buss b. B.F. Skinner c. Herbert Simon d. Carl Jung ANSWER: a 116. If Dr. Laker is an evolutionary psychologist who studies nutrition and hunger, what is a likely topic of
study for Dr. Laker? a. hunger in response to specific times of day when meals normally occur b. cravings associated with foods that are necessary for survival c. the relationship between eating and depression d. body image associated with exposure to TV and magazine advertisements ANSWER: b 117. Females tend to place more emphasis on potential mates’ economic resources than do males. What would
an evolutionary psychologist suggest is the main reason for this preference among modern females? a. Ancestral females with this preference got a larger territory. b. Ancestral females with this preference could acquire more food. c. Ancestral females with this preference had more mates. d. Ancestral females with this preference had more offspring. ANSWER: d 118. If an evolutionary psychologist were studying sleep and dreams, what would be a likely topic? a. What is the symbolic meaning of dreams? b. Do sleep patterns change across the life span? c. Are sleep disorders controlled by environmental influences? d. Does sleep benefit health and survival? ANSWER: d 119. Which statement best reflects the current thinking about evolutionary psychology? a. It is a simplistic rehash of ideas proposed by Charles Darwin over 140 years ago. b. It is a widely accepted approach to the study of human behaviour. c. It is a radical perspective supported by a small group of fringe scientists. d. It is a thought-provoking, innovative perspective that is rapidly gaining influence. ANSWER: d 120. What is the basic goal for the approach of positive psychology? a. to have a positive impact on scientific fields outside psychology b. to create a more positive experience for psychologists’ patients c. to treat all patients with positive or progressive methods d. to study the positive aspects of human behaviour and experience Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: d 121. What is one of the main areas of interest for positive psychologists? a. situations that facilitate health and well-being b. symptoms of common disorders c. acquisition of wealth and social status d. factors involved in making first impressions ANSWER: a 122. Seligman believed that psychology was too focused on negative aspects of human behaviour, including
pathology, weakness, damage, and suffering. Which new perspective within psychology did this inspire him to initiate? a. Gestalt psychology b. positive psychology c. optimistic psychology d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: b 123. Which statement is a criticism of the recent positive psychology approach? a. Although it claims to be positive, it is actually focused on very damaging aspects of human
behaviour. b. Dividing human experience into “positive” and “negative” is oversimplified. c. The approach is just a restatement of behaviourist principles from decades ago. d. Positive psychologists refuse to acknowledge that negative traits exist, and this is counterproductive to progress. ANSWER: b 124. Dr. Andrus studies the factors that predict good sleep habits and the ability to relax. She believes that both
sleep and relaxation are key to living a balanced life, as well as being happy and productive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Andrus appear to take? a. positive b. psychoanalytic c. behaviourist d. cognitive ANSWER: a 125. According to your text, what is psychology? a. a school of thought and an occupation b. a science and a profession c. a theory and an academic discipline d. a cognitive process and a philosophy ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 126. What is a key change that has occurred in psychology over the past few decades? a. Fewer psychologists now work in colleges and universities. b. Psychologists have gone from being specialists to being generalists. c. The number of clinicians is decreasing. d. Psychology has become less applied in its focus. ANSWER: a 127. Which area is considered an experimental area of psychology? a. clinical b. perception c. organizational d. education ANSWER: b 128. What kind of psychologist would focus on how aggressive behaviour changes as a function of age? a. social psychologist b. behavioural psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. physiological psychologist ANSWER: c 129. What is likely to be of most interest to a developmental psychologist? a. effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home b. dynamics of small-group decision making c. use of physical exercise as a means of combating depression d. effect of anxiety on problem-solving behaviour ANSWER: a 130. What area of psychology includes a specific focus on people who are elderly? a. developmental psychology b. psychometrics c. experimental psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: a 131. Chiwe is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. In which of the following
would you expect that Chiwe is most interested? a. how people relate to each other and influence each other b. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations c. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behaviour d. the ways in which behaviour and mental processes change over a lifetime Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: a 132. Which question would a social psychologist be most likely to ask? a. How stable is personality over the life span? b. Why do we like some people and not others? c. What effect does anxiety have on test performance? d. Do people who are antisocial think differently than other people? ANSWER: b 133. Dr. Evoy does research that has examined the behaviour of individuals when they are in groups, as well as
when they are alone. She has found that people tend to conform to the opinion of a dominant person within a group, and that this opinion tends to be much different than the opinion that would form if the individual were alone. Based on this information, which sort of psychologist do you think Dr. Evoy is? a. social psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. cognitive psychologist d. psychometrist ANSWER: a 134. Which of the following is NOT likely to conduct experiments? a. a social psychologist b. a psychometrist c. a psychiatrist d. a developmental psychologist ANSWER: c 135. Which area of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of the endocrine system in
the regulation of behaviour? a. cognitive psychology b. physiological psychology c. developmental psychology d. psychometrics ANSWER: b 136. Phillip is a graduate student whose major area of interest is physiological psychology. What would Phillip
be most interested in? a. the ways in which genetic factors influence and determine behaviour b. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations c. how people relate to each other and influence each other d. the ways in which behaviour and mental processes change over a lifetime ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 137. What would an experimental psychologist be most likely to ask? a. What effect does reward have on learning? b. How do hormones affect behaviour? c. What are the stages of problem solving? d. Why do we like some people and not others? ANSWER: a 138. What type of psychologist studies information processing and decision making? a. social b. psychometric c. cognitive d. educational ANSWER: c 139. What would be of greatest interest to a cognitive psychologist? a. information processing b. adolescent identity crisis c. behaviour in small groups d. interpersonal attraction ANSWER: a 140. Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. What would Ramon be
most interested in? a. short-term and long-term memory disruptions b. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations c. brain regions associated with language d. how people relate to each other and influence each other ANSWER: a 141. Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. What would Marie be
most interested in? a. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations b. how people relate to each other and influence each other c. the ways in which behaviour and mental processes change over a lifetime d. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behaviour ANSWER: a 142. Which type of psychologist would most likely be interested in developing a test that would allow him or
her to predict how someone would respond across a variety of situations? a. cognitive psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. physiological psychologist Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. personality psychologist ANSWER: d 143. Which area of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests,
and developing new statistical techniques? a. psychometrics b. social psychology c. cognitive psychology d. educational psychology ANSWER: a 144. What would a psychologist who specializes in psychometrics most likely be concerned with? a. counselling b. animal experimentation c. relationship between brain chemistry and behaviour d. developing intelligence tests ANSWER: d 145. Which term refers to a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders? a. clinician b. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist d. psychometrist ANSWER: b 146. Which statement best describes the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist? a. Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists receive medical training. b. Clinical psychologists tend to take a non-medical approach to the treatment of psychological
disorders. c. Psychiatrists cannot prescribe drugs. d. A clinical psychologist has a medical degree. ANSWER: b 147. What degree does a psychiatrist typically have? a. BLM in psychology b. medical degree c. Ph.D. in pharmacology d. doctorate in physiology ANSWER: b 148. Which area is most likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology? a. counselling psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology b. personality psychology c. developmental psychology d. experimental psychology ANSWER: a 149. Which area is most similar to clinical psychology? a. personality psychology b. social psychology c. psychometrics d. counselling psychology ANSWER: d 150. What is primarily an applied area of psychology? a. social psychology b. industrial/organizational psychology c. cognitive psychology d. physiological psychology ANSWER: b 151. In which type of psychology would a psychologist work on trying to increase job satisfaction and
productivity in a large company? a. counselling psychology b. industrial and organizational psychology c. clinical psychology d. psychometrics ANSWER: b 152. What would be expected of an industrial/organizational psychologist? a. providing group or individual psychotherapy b. providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems c. testing and counselling children who are having difficulty in school d. working to improve employee morale and attitudes ANSWER: d 153. What would be expected of a clinical psychologist? a. study the effects of reward on learning b. conduct psychotherapy c. study the factors that motivate behaviour d. examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and task performance ANSWER: b 154. Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. What is Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology another way of saying this? a. Psychology is rational. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Psychology is behavioural. d. Psychology is speculative. ANSWER: b 155. Researchers in psychology have to “see it to believe it.” Which approach to knowledge is this orientation
most consistent with? a. empiricism b. humanism c. structuralism d. functionalism ANSWER: a 156. Which of the early fields in psychology most emphasized the principle of empiricism? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviourism c. humanism d. functionalism ANSWER: b 157. What is the difference between the common-sense approach to human behaviour and the psychological
approach? a. empiricism b. the use of logic c. the focus on neurological explanations d. the rigour of peer review ANSWER: a 158. Which principle requires data and documentation? a. subjectivity b. multifactorial causation c. empiricism d. theoretical diversity ANSWER: c 159. Which of the following qualifies as empirically based knowledge? a. logically consistent knowledge b. intuitive knowledge c. knowledge acquired through observation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. knowledge acquired through insight ANSWER: c 160. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of empiricism? a. observation b. documentation c. speculation d. skepticism ANSWER: c 161. Which statement is consistent with the idea that psychology is empirical? a. Conclusions should be guided by theories. b. Conclusions should be based on direct observation. c. Research should focus on underlying internal events. d. Reason and logic are primary to psychology. ANSWER: b 162. Psychologists need to use agreed-upon measurement tools so that other researchers can objectively evaluate
the results of the research. Which underlying theme does this aspect of psychology illustrate? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Psychology is empirical. ANSWER: d 163. Liam is reading a magazine article about a new “wonder drug” and finds himself wondering who
participated in the study and what evidence the claims are based on. Which idea does Liam’s thinking illustrate? a. Sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. b. Single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. c. Motives and expectations can colour our experiences. d. Information needs to be viewed with a certain degree of skepticism. ANSWER: d 164. John Watson’s rejection of introspection and insistence upon laboratory methods is consistent with which
of your text’s unifying themes? a. Psychology is empirical. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. ANSWER: a 165. Which term refers to a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. empirical set b. theory c. hypothesis d. sociohistorical context ANSWER: b 166. Which of the following best defines a theory? a. explanation of unobservable phenomena b. related speculations that are based on common sense c. system of interrelated ideas used to explain some observation d. string of unrelated observations ANSWER: c 167. Dr. Kline takes an eclectic approach to treating psychological disorders. She often prescribes medications
that influence neurotransmitter levels, but she also works with her clients to change their behaviour and help them understand the impact of social factors in their problems. Which underlying theme does Dr. Kline’s approach to therapy illustrate? a. Differing theoretical perspectives can provide a more complete understanding of behaviour. b. Motives and expectations can colour our experiences. c. Unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behaviour. d. Our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behaviour. ANSWER: a 168. In trying to understand the psychology of addiction, Dr. Jackson focuses on the neurochemical changes that
occur, Dr. Fong focuses on the consequences that people experience for their behaviour, and Dr. Wenkle focuses on the cognitive processes that people use in choosing their actions. Which underlying theme does the different perspectives of these three professionals help to illustrate? a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Psychology is empirical. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. ANSWER: d 169. What is NOT a reason for psychology’s theoretical diversity? a. Data can often be interpreted in several different ways. b. Psychology lacks adequate objective data to support theory. c. We need more than one theory to cover the variety of data available today. d. Different theories focus on different aspects of behaviour. ANSWER: b 170. One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles, whereas another looks to the
unconscious for an explanation. What is most likely happening in this scenario? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives. b. The two psychologists are probably using different sociohistorical contexts. c. Insufficient data have been collected to support either explanation. d. One of the two psychologists is mistaken. ANSWER: a 171. In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology.
Which unifying theme from your text do these disputes illustrate? a. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. b. Psychology is empirical. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. ANSWER: d 172. In the late 19th century, psychology’s rapid growth as a laboratory science was due, in part, to its
fascination with which model discipline? a. sociology b. philosophy c. zoology d. physics ANSWER: d 173. Freud’s theory was based, in part, on prevailing values during his lifetime. Based on this idea, which
context influences psychology’s development? a. hypothetical b. empirical c. multifactorial d. sociohistorical ANSWER: d 174. In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of
physics, because in his era, physics was admired as a “model” science. Which unifying theme from your text does Wundt’s attempt to imitate physics illustrate? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Psychology is theoretically diverse. ANSWER: b 175. World War I and World War II stimulated the growth of psychology as a profession. Which unifying theme
from your text does this influence illustrate? a. Psychology is empirical. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology b. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. c. Psychology is theoretically diverse. d. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. ANSWER: d 176. The civil rights movement and the women’s movement raised concerns about whether basic psychological
principles could be applied to groups other than white males. Consequently, psychologists began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for research studies. Which underlying theme does this change in practice illustrate? a. Motives and expectations can colour our experiences. b. Science evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Theoretical diversity is an important component in science. d. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. ANSWER: b 177. Which of the following is best supported by the fact that your performance in this course will be affected
by both personal and situational factors? a. a multifactorial causation of behaviour approach b. a psychoanalytic approach to explaining behaviour c. an empirical explanation of behaviour d. a sociohistorical explanation of behaviour ANSWER: a 178. Lily believes that if all violent media programming were banned, aggressive behaviour would almost
completely disappear. Which statement suggests that many psychologists would disagree with Lily? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. c. Perception is often subjective. d. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. ANSWER: a 179. What would you focus on if you were using a multifactorial approach to explain your performance in a
course? a. only those factors that you can measure objectively b. the features of your environment that control your reactions to stimuli c. both personal and situational factors d. the relationship between you and your professor ANSWER: c 180. Zoe believes that Samantha has trouble forming long-term relationships because her parents were overly
strict and because Samantha inherited a very stubborn personality. Which view is this type of explanation for Samantha’s current behaviour most consistent with? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. Heredity and the environment jointly influence behaviour. b. Perception is often subjective. c. Psychology is empirical. d. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. ANSWER: a 181. What does the concept of culture refer to? a. individuals’ collective unconscious b. demographic characteristics of a population c. widely shared customs, beliefs, and values among members of a group d. genetic predisposition to behave in a particular way ANSWER: c 182. Which term refers to widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms? a. ethnicity b. sociohistoric context c. culture d. psychometrics ANSWER: c 183. Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend and she enjoyed it so much that she ate everything on her
plate. Later she was surprised that he had found her behaviour somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. Which underlying theme does the couple’s miscommunication illustrate in this case? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage. ANSWER: d 184. What are researchers attempting to describe when they talk about the distinction between nature and
nurture? a. personality and preference b. heredity and experience c. behaviour and attitude d. experience and environment ANSWER: b 185. Dr. Escher believes that individuals may have a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that
the disorders will not develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Which underlying theme do Dr. Escher’s views reflect? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. ANSWER: d 186. Which statement best characterizes people’s understanding of reality? a. It is culturally determined. b. It is highly objective. c. It is highly subjective. d. It is genetically determined. ANSWER: c 187. Which theme is most consistent with the fact that Princeton students “saw” Dartmouth students engage in
twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game? a. reliance on empirical evidence b. unconscious motivation c. multifactorial causation of behaviour d. subjectivity of perception ANSWER: d 188. In criticizing the structuralists’ reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two
people could view the same stimulus quite differently. Which unifying theme from your text does James’s argument illustrate? a. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context. d. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. ANSWER: a 189. Rafael and Lydia met for a blind date. Rafael had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic
and vivacious. During their date, Lydia was friendly, but she was quite shy and didn’t initiate much of the conversation. Still, Rafael thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people he has met, and he can’t wait to see her again. Which theme does Rafael’s reaction to his date with Lydia illustrate? a. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes. b. Cultural heritage has a large impact on behaviour. c. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. d. Unconscious motivation has little impact on overt behaviour. ANSWER: c 190. Carly was in favour of the proposed convention centre; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed
people, she found that 70 percent of those she questioned were in favour of the project. Colin’s survey found that 75 percent of those he surveyed were against building the convention centre. Which idea does these differing survey results support? a. Motives and expectations can colour our experiences. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology b. Sciences do not exist in a cultural vacuum. c. Theoretical diversity is an important component in science. d. Single-cause explanations are often inaccurate. ANSWER: a 191. What is the scientific method designed to do? a. counteract subjectivity b. utilize subjectivity c. enhance subjectivity d. ignore subjectivity ANSWER: a 192. Which statement is the best advice for developing sound study habits? a. Make yourself comfortable in your study area by having your favourite music playing. b. Try to avoid interrupting your study time with breaks. c. Tackle simple, routine tasks before taking on larger tasks. d. Plan your study schedule in advance. ANSWER: d 193. Diane has a cup of chocolate chips on her desk while she is studying, and she eats one each time she
finishes a page of notes. What does this tactic accomplish? a. It provides necessary glucose for Diane’s brain. b. It causes a distraction that will ultimately disrupt Diane’s learning. c. It leads Diane to rush through her studying. d. It provides an immediate reward to make up for the distant reward of a good grade. ANSWER: d 194. Which type of psychology is consistent with the systematic use of rewards in developing effective study
habits? a. functionalism b. humanism c. structuralism d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 195. Which conclusion is supported by research comparing “successful” to “unsuccessful” students? a. Successful students and unsuccessful students attended class equally often. b. Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students. c. Successful students used an instructor’s office hours more than unsuccessful students. d. Successful students made better use of the textbook than did unsuccessful students. ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 196. Which of the following is most likely to be associated with poor grades, according to research findings? a. being absent from class b. changing answers on a multiple-choice test c. rewarding yourself for studying d. overlearning the material ANSWER: a 197. According to research findings, what has been found to be associated with higher grades? a. writing down everything your instructor says b. attending class regularly c. putting off studying until just before an exam d. not changing answers on tests ANSWER: b 198. Which statement is good advice for getting more out of lectures? a. Look for hints or common clues from the instructor about what is important. b. Resist the temptation to anticipate what is coming next. c. Wait until after class for questions, rather than interrupting the lecture. d. When you take notes, try to be a “human tape recorder.” ANSWER: a 199. Which suggestion is most likely to help you get more out of lectures? a. reading the text material after hearing the lecture b. avoiding the temptation to anticipate what the lecturer will say next c. trying to write down everything the lecturer says d. asking questions as soon as you think of them ANSWER: d 200. What is a counterproductive strategy for note taking? a. Trying to record the lecturer’s comments verbatim. b. During the lecture, trying to anticipate what’s coming next and searching for deeper meanings. c. Asking questions during the lecture. d. When the material is especially complex, reading ahead on the topic to be covered in class. ANSWER: a 201. Which of the following is typical of “test-wise” students? a. a knack for identifying “trick” questions b. being skilled at using clues contained within a test to improve their scores c. being particularly knowledgeable about the subject matter being tested d. tendency to score high on standardized tests ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology 202. What do most people tend to do when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, according to research
findings? a. change a right answer to a wrong answer b. change a wrong answer to a right answer c. change a right answer to a wrong answer and back again to the right answer d. change a wrong answer to another wrong answer ANSWER: b 203. What is good advice for someone about to take a multiple-choice test? a. Do the most difficult and time-consuming questions first. b. Stick with your first answer. c. Always read each question completely. d. As you read the question, try to avoid the temptation to anticipate the answer. ANSWER: c 204. What is suggested by the word “critical” in the term “critical thinking”? a. Effective critical thinkers tend to be judgmental of others’ views. b. Thinking is essential to success in our culture. c. Critical thinkers are vigilant about their thinking. d. The skills of effective thinking are learned early in life. ANSWER: c 205. Why are critical thinking skills sometimes called transcontextual skills? a. If you have critical thinking skills, you can teach them to others. b. Context determines when these skills are necessary. c. The skills allow you to determine the role of context in a given problem. d. These skills are useful in a wide variety of situations. ANSWER: d 206. Which skill is generally involved in the spatial tasks that males tend to do better than females? a. processing verbal directions to a specific location b. identifying objects in a visual field c. remembering locations d. mentally rotating objects ANSWER: d 207. Which explanation is most likely to be used by an evolutionary psychologist to explain gender differences
in spatial abilities? a. When they are young, males are more likely than females to be encouraged to engage in spatially oriented activities. b. The principles of natural selection tend to operate differently in males and females. c. Through evolution, males were classically conditioned to develop certain kinds of spatial abilities. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. Division of labour between the sexes in hunting and gathering societies created different adaptations
for males and females. ANSWER: d 208. Which question should you ask if you wish to critically evaluate evolutionary hypotheses regarding gender
differences in spatial abilities? a. Are there alternative explanations for the results, such as differences in experience between males and females? b. Are there other differences between males and females that are more important, such as differences in intelligence? c. Are there other data that confirm this difference, such as performance among professional athletes? d. Are there ethical reasons that we should not conduct this research, such as the risk of stereotyping females? ANSWER: a 209. Suppose that there is evidence that ancestral females travelled long distances to acquire food, or that males
required good memory for locations to find their way home. Why would this evidence be important for the critical evaluation of hypotheses about evolved sex differences in spatial ability? a. This evidence runs counter to the hypothesized selective pressures that would have created existing sex differences. b. This evidence supports the notion that these sex differences are learned. c. This evidence is irrelevant because ancestral gender roles have no importance for understanding modern socialization processes. d. This evidence is important for predicting what people in primitive societies will be able to do if they are tested for spatial abilities. ANSWER: a
Rhianna Rhianna has decided to major in psychology. She is very interested in human behaviour and would like to have a career where she could help people. Rhianna takes the approach that people are very much influenced by their experiences. In fact, she’s working with one of her professors on a research project in which they are looking at the effects of self-reward on study habits. Rhianna believes that she can take this knowledge and use it in other settings, like the workplace, in order to help people improve their productivity. 210. Which psychological approach is consistent with Rhianna’s perspective that people are influenced by their
experiences? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behaviourist d. sociocultural ANSWER: c 211. Which concept is consistent with the research project that Rhianna is working on? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. Skinner’s behaviour modification b. Titchener’s introspection c. Rogers’s humanism d. Pavlov’s stimulus-response learning ANSWER: a 212. Which type of psychologist is Rhianna’s professor most likely to be? a. clinical b. structuralist c. biological d. educational ANSWER: d 213. What sort of psychologist will Rhianna be if she uses her ideas to help people improve their productivity in
the workplace? a. experimental b. clinical c. industrial/organizational d. career ANSWER: c 214. Which unifying theme is reflected by Rhianna’s use of research to investigate her ideas about human
behaviour? a. Psychology is theoretically diverse. b. Psychology is empirical. c. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage. d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective. ANSWER: b 215. Who is most closely associated with the notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the
scientific study of conscious experience? a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. John B. Watson ANSWER: b 216. Which of the following reflects the main focus of the school of psychology known as functionalism? a. understanding the purpose of behaviour b. understanding the basic elements of consciousness c. deriving general principles of learning Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology d. deriving general principles of the unconscious mind ANSWER: a 217. Which school of psychology suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed? a. humanism b. behaviourism c. structuralism d. functionalism ANSWER: b 218. Who is most closely associated with the concept that unconscious motivations influence our overt
behaviour? a. Carl Rogers b. Wilhelm Wundt c. B.F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 219. Who stated that people do not have free will, because behaviour is fully controlled by external stimuli? a. B.F. Skinner b. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: a 220. Which school of psychology emphasizes the unique qualities of individual people and suggests that we
have a drive for personal growth? a. humanism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. functionalism ANSWER: a 221. During World War II, many academic psychologists were needed to serve other roles. Which role was most
likely for a psychologist at that time? a. clinician b. physician c. teacher d. military leader ANSWER: a 222. What would NOT likely be studied by a cognitive psychologist? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology a. how we remember things b. how children develop language c. how we perceive colour d. how people reason to solve problems ANSWER: c 223. In using the scientific approach, what do psychologists NOT attempt to do? a. overcome human subjectivity b. make their observations as objective as possible c. seek knowledge via the most reliable route possible d. overcome human empathy ANSWER: d 224. Which “newer” area of psychology is most similar to the “older” school of thought known as
functionalism? a. evolutionary psychology b. humanistic psychology c. clinical psychology d. positive psychology ANSWER: a 225. Which career setting is most common for a psychologist? a. elementary schools b. colleges or universities c. hospitals or clinics d. private practice ANSWER: d 226. Which approach do researchers in psychology take to address the fact that our experiences of the world are
highly subjective? a. They also try to remain somewhat subjective. b. They try to simplify their research problems. c. They consistently apply the scientific method. d. They emphasize the study of internal mechanisms. ANSWER: c 227. If you reward yourself for achieving study goals, which concept are you applying? a. empiricism b. positive psychology c. unconscious motivation d. behaviour modification Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology ANSWER: d 228. According to research, what proportion of crucial ideas from a lecture are found in the average student’s
notes? a. no more than 25% b. less than 40% c. approximately 50% d. nearly 80% ANSWER: b
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology 1. Which goal of science is most closely associated with determining how to measure fear or identify lying? a. understanding and prediction b. measurement and description c. application and control d. testing and reporting ANSWER: b 2. What do we call any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or
observed in a study? a. confounds b. variables c. correlations d. hypotheses ANSWER: b 3. Forensic profilers use information about known serial killers to make statements about the likely next steps of
a new killer and to anticipate a pattern of behaviour. Which goal of the scientific enterprise does this reflect? a. application and control b. measurement and description c. testing and reporting d. understanding and prediction ANSWER: d 4. Which goals of science are reflected in the use of reinforcement principles to modify a child’s unruly
behaviour? a. understanding and prediction b. application and control c. measurement and description d. testing and reporting ANSWER: b 5. What is a theory? a. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations b. a preliminary proposal that has yet to be tested c. a statement of research results that have been proven correct d. a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables ANSWER: a 6. There are multiple goals in science, and researchers move between goals at various points in their research. If
a researcher has a lot of data about the measurement of fear reactions and uses those data to generate a theory about fear, how have the researcher’s goals changed? a. from application to control Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology b. from control to description c. from description to understanding d. from understanding to application ANSWER: c 7. Which of the following is NOT a primary ethical consideration for psychologists? a. Psychologists should not participate in torture. b. Researchers should tell the truth c. Researchers should only cause harm if deemed scientifically necessary. d. Researchers should present their findings accurately. ANSWER: c 8. Which of the following is NOT a case of scientific misconduct reported within the profession of psychology? a. falsifying and/or fabricating data b. fraud in the reporting of research, procedures or methodology c. using unwitting participants in experiments d. striving for a representative sample ANSWER: d 9. In the United States, from 1932 to 1972, a group of black men who had syphilis were enrolled in a study but
were never told they had the disease, nor were they ever treated for it. This was a case of ethical abuse in the history of clinical research. What was the name of the study? a. Georgia STD Experiment b. Tulsa Syphilis Investigation c. Tuskegee Syphilis Study d. New York Longitudinal STD Study ANSWER: c 10. If Dr. Patry has tested a hypothesis and the findings have failed to support the hypothesis, what influence
will this have on Dr. Patry’s theory? a. It will support the theory because hypotheses attempt to disprove theories. b. It will have little effect on the theory because hypotheses are merely predictions based on the theory. c. It will require that the theory be reconsidered because hypotheses allow the theory to be tested. d. It will cause the theory to be rejected because the hypothesis, and therefore the theory, is unsupported. ANSWER: c 11. What is an underlying goal typical of theory construction? a. to guide future research by generating new hypotheses b. to obtain concrete findings that are accepted by other scientists c. to initiate a standard step-like process that quickly moves toward the truth d. to complete a circular process that is self-fulfilling Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology ANSWER: a 12. Dr. Marqueta predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people because “misery
loves company.” Which term characterizes Dr. Marqueta’s prediction about the behaviour of people? a. theory b. hypothesis c. analysis d. application ANSWER: b 13. What is a hypothesis? a. a conclusion drawn from an experiment b. a system by which an experiment is designed c. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations d. a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables ANSWER: d 14. Which of the following is a testable hypothesis? a. Fear is defined as an emotional reaction to a change in stimuli. b. Fear is an adaptive response that keeps us safe. c. Fearful children are less likely to be injured when playing at school. d. There are likely differences in how people experience fear. ANSWER: c 15. Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task, they will make more
errors. Which term is Dr. Licciardi’s prediction an example of? a. theory b. inferential statistics c. hypothesis d. operational definition ANSWER: c 16. Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class.
What is the scientific term for Dr. Malm’s prediction? a. operational definition b. inferential statistics c. hypothesis d. theory ANSWER: c 17. A researcher is measuring the heart rate of subjects in a study about anxiety, because heart rate changes in a
predictable way when people are anxious. In this study, what is heart rate? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology a. negatively correlated with anxiety b. independent variable c. confounded variable d. operational definition of anxiety ANSWER: d 18. Several researchers are working on different experiments that are designed to test whether a person’s
confidence can be changed over time. They want to be able to compare their results when they are done. They agree that they will all use the same test in order to measure confidence. What have the researchers done? a. They agreed to use the same independent variable. b. They agreed to use the same hypothesis. c. They agreed on an operational definition of confidence. d. They agreed to remove a confounding variable. ANSWER: c 19. Which of the following is an operational definition of aggression? a. Aggression is an emotional response rather than a cognitive response. b. Aggression is caused by fear. c. Aggression will lead victims to become more aggressive. d. Aggression is measured by the number of times one person hits another person. ANSWER: d 20. Dr. Dieringer wants to study attachment patterns in single-parent families. She plans to define the strength of
attachment as the time it takes for the parent to respond when the infant starts to cry. Why is this operational definition important? a. It allows others to understand exactly what Dr. Dieringer means by “attachment.” b. It allows Dr. Dieringer to generate a scientific hypothesis. c. It prevents research assistants from violating ethical guidelines for psychological research. d. It requires a double-blind research design. ANSWER: a 21. Terry has a theory and has formulated a testable hypothesis. What is the next step that Terry needs to take in
the scientific method? a. choosing the statistical procedures b. selecting the research methods c. refining the theory based on the hypothesis d. collecting the data ANSWER: b 22. Dr. Hessels is examining how different people respond to frightening events. She will have participants walk
through a haunted house at a local amusement park, and each participant will be outfitted with a heart monitor. She will use the changes in heart rate as a measure of stress. What are two ways that such changes in heart rate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology can be described? a. an operational definition and an independent variable b. confounded variable and a physiological recording c. a physiological recording and an independent variable d. an operational definition and a dependent variable ANSWER: d 23. During which stage of the scientific method would a researcher provide data to the general public? a. analyzing the data b. drawing conclusions c. reporting the findings d. debriefing participants ANSWER: c 24. What is a scientific journal? a. a personal diary kept by a scientist b. a detailed record of the daily procedures followed in conducting a study c. a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles d. a collection of biographies of famous scientists ANSWER: c 25. A group of students are administered a series of written questions designed to assess their attitudes,
opinions, and behaviour related to studying. What is this method called? a. a psychological test b. a questionnaire c. a paper-based interview d. a direct observation ANSWER: b 26. A psychologist monitors changes in the subject’s heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. What is
this data-collection technique called? a. archival records b. direct observation c. psychological testing d. physiological recording ANSWER: d 27. Ted uses a personality test as one of the dependent measures in his study. What data-collection technique is
Ted using? a. direct observation b. survey c. case study Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. psychological test ANSWER: d 28. Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees.
He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. What research technique is Jackson using? a. meta-analysis b. direct observation c. psychological testing d. archival research ANSWER: d 29. Of the following pairs, which pair contains two data-collection techniques that are most likely to involve
direct contact between the researcher and the research participant? a. direct observation and interviews b. questionnaires and interviews c. archival research and questionnaires d. archival research and psychological testing ANSWER: a 30. Ling answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of
current issues. What is this method of data collection called? a. a questionnaire b. archival research c. a standardized psychological test d. direct observation ANSWER: a 31. Canadian Olympic athletes wear red. What do some studies suggest about this colour? a. It provides a performance disadvantage compared to other colours. b. It causes more aggressive behaviour as compared to other colours. c. It inhibits aggressive behaviour as compared to other colours. d. It provides a performance advantage over other colours. ANSWER: d 32. Which term refers to how a researcher collects empirical data? a. statistical procedures b. hypothesis testing c. research methods d. archival recording ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology 33. What does a researcher do when conducting an experiment? a. in-depth investigation of an individual subject through detailed documentation b. observation of behaviour as it occurs in its natural environment c. systematic observation or measurement of two variables to see whether there is an association
between them d. manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result ANSWER: d 34. Which approach is defined by manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing
the changes in a second variable? a. experimental approach b. survey approach c. testing approach d. correlational approach ANSWER: a 35. In an experiment, which term refers to the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher? a. stimulus variable b. dependent variable c. control variable d. independent variable ANSWER: d 36. What is an independent variable in an experiment? a. a variable that provides an alternative explanation for the results of the experiment b. a variable that is held constant across experimental conditions c. a variable that the experimenter believes will change in value because of systematic correlations that
exist in the experiment d. a variable deliberately manipulated by the experimenter ANSWER: d 37. A group of researchers investigates the effects of a vitamin supplement on animal memory. During the first
part of the study, the animals learn to run a maze while they are not receiving the supplement; in the second part of the study, the animals learn to run a different maze while they are receiving the supplement. In each case, the researchers count how many trials it takes before the animals can run the maze pattern without making any errors. What is the independent variable in this study? a. the number of trials it takes to run the maze without making any errors b. the trials in which the supplement is used c. the presence or absence of the supplement in the animal’s diet d. the two different mazes used ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology 38. A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room that is decorated with red
than in a room that is decorated with blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. What is the independent variable in this study? a. the colour of the decorations in the room b. the amount of food consumed in the red room c. the amount of food consumed in the blue room d. the participants in each group ANSWER: a 39. Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room had taped
conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers found that the plants grew better in the room that had the conversations playing. In this study, what would you call the type of room (silent versus conversation)? a. placebo b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. extraneous variable ANSWER: b 40. Researchers who were studying memory had participants learn a list of words after consuming a soft drink
with caffeine or a decaffeinated version of the same soft drink. The researchers then counted the number of words that were recalled from the list. In this study, what would you call the type of beverage (caffeinated or decaffeinated)? a. extraneous variable b. dependent variable c. confounding variable d. independent variable ANSWER: d 41. What is a dependent variable? a. a variable that changes value because of the systematic manipulation in an experiment b. a variable deliberately manipulated by an experimenter c. a variable that the experimenter is depending on to cause something to happen in an experiment d. a variable held constant across experimental conditions ANSWER: a 42. Researchers tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for 24,
36, or 48 hours. In this study, what is the dependent variable? a. the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived b. the physical coordination of the control group c. the male-only group of participants Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. the physical coordination skills of participants ANSWER: d 43. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving
the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard; the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a T-shirt. In this study, what is the dependent variable? a. the parking lot b. the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to c. the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions d. the directions given ANSWER: b 44. A group of researchers conducts a study to determine if a child’s performance is affected by the presence of
other children. First, the children are taken to a room with no other children and timed while they complete a puzzle. Later, the same children are taken to a room with four other children and timed while they complete a similar puzzle. In this study, what do you call the length of time it takes to complete the puzzle? a. extraneous variable b. control variable c. dependent variable d. independent variable ANSWER: c 45. An industrial designer wants to determine if the new design for a piece of office equipment will result in
fewer errors. The designer sets up a machine with the old design in one room, and a machine with the new design in a second room. He counts how many errors are made using each of the two machines. In this study, what do you call the number of errors made? a. extraneous variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. control variable ANSWER: b 46. If we view an experiment as an attempt to establish a cause–effect relationship, which of the following can
be viewed as the “cause” in an experiment? a. the independent variable b. the dependent variable c. the hypothesis d. the theory ANSWER: a 47. A researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-gender groups participated more in
group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to mixed-gender groups. In this experiment, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology what is the dependent variable? a. whether or not the group was mixed-gender b. how much the clients’ mental health improved c. the clients’ attitudes toward group therapy d. the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions ANSWER: d 48. Nula is conducting a study in which one group is exposed to loud music while completing a writing
assignment and the other group has quiet conditions. Further, Nula examines the effect of gender within these groups. Therefore, she is examining the effects of both noise and gender on participants’ performance on a writing task. Which of the following reflects the type of variables present in this study? a. one independent variable and two dependent variables b. one control variable and two independent variables c. one independent variable, one control variable, and one dependent variable d. two independent variables and one dependent variable ANSWER: d 49. What differs between an experimental group and a control group? a. The characteristics of the participants. b. Only the experimental group is measured for the dependent variable. c. Nothing except the experience of the independent variable. d. Only the control group experiences the independent variable. ANSWER: c 50. In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was asked to group the items on a list into
categories while trying to memorize them. A second group was told to rhyme each of the words on the list. In this study, which group is the control group? a. the group that was told to categorize b. the group in which the participants remember the most items from the list c. the group that was told to rhyme d. a third group that was not given special instructions ANSWER: d 51. In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer’s disease, half the patients
were given the actual drug while the other half of the patients were given a placebo (sugar pill). In this study, which group is the control group? a. the group that showed no evidence of an improvement in their memory b. the group that received the actual drug c. the group that received the placebo d. no control group in this study ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology 52. Phong and Mikaela both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on
reaction time. Phong is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while Mikaela follows her normal sleep routine. Which group is Phong in? a. the independent variable group b. the control group c. the dependent variable group d. the experimental group ANSWER: d 53. What is the purpose of the control group? a. to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable b. to correlate the dependent variable with the independent variables c. to make statistical significance more likely d. to make the experiment more complex ANSWER: a 54. A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One
group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive standard rat food. What types of groups are represented in this study? a. The high-protein group is an experimental group; the standard food group is a control group. b. Both groups are experimental groups. c. Both groups are control groups. d. The high-protein group is a control group; the standard food group is an experimental group. ANSWER: a 55. A researcher has children watch 30 minutes of violent television, and then counts the number of times they
hit each other afterward in a one-hour play period as a measure of aggression. What can you conclude from this study? a. TV violence causes violent behaviour in children. b. TV violence is correlated with violent behaviour in children. c. You can’t conclude anything until you know the rates of violence displayed by children. d. You can’t conclude anything because you have nothing to compare to the aggression after the TV viewing. ANSWER: b 56. A group of researchers wanted to determine whether children would behave more aggressively after
watching television programming. One third of the children in the study watched a violent television show and one third of the children watched a non-violent television program. If the remaining children are in a control group, what should happen to them? a. Half should watch a violent show and half should watch a non-violent show. b. They should listen to the radio. c. They should be the group monitored for violent behaviour. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. They should not watch a television show. ANSWER: d 57. Jack believes that patrons in his bar will be more likely to leave a tip if the tip jar already has some money in
it. To test this belief, he has the tip jar empty about half the time when a customer approaches the bar; the rest of the time he ensures there is at least $5.00 in the jar when a customer approaches. In Jack’s experiment, which is the control group? a. the patrons who see an empty tip jar b. all the patrons who leave the bar without tipping c. the patrons who see a tip jar that contains at least $5.00 d. all the patrons who leave a tip when they leave the bar ANSWER: a 58. Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not
under stress. When he randomly selected ten participants and exposed them to high levels of stress, he found that nine of the participants developed colds. What critical piece is missing from Dr. Prutherow’s study? a. a dependent variable b. a testable hypothesis c. a group without stress d. a group without colds ANSWER: c 59. What is an extraneous variable? a. the same thing as a dependent variable b. a variable, other than the independent variable, that may influence the dependent variable c. a variable that is completely irrelevant to both the independent and dependent variables d. a variable that affects the control group but not the experimental group ANSWER: b 60. Mandy thinks that people who work hard will always succeed. She grew up in a very wealthy
neighbourhood and noticed that all of her friends who worked hard became successful. In this example, which statement best describes wealth and hard work? a. They are correlated. b. They are confounded. c. They are independent. d. They are dependent. ANSWER: b 61. A researcher is studying two groups of children. One group includes children who are 10 years old and the
other group includes children who are 5 years old. Which variable would be confounded with age in this study? a. gender b. height Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology c. aggression d. income ANSWER: b 62. Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have
more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. What is the problem with this experimental design? a. The age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable. b. There are two control groups and no experimental group. c. There is no dependent variable in the experiment. d. The time allowed for the decision is confounded with the independent variable. ANSWER: a 63. What is most important for reducing the likelihood of extraneous variables? a. experimental methods b. correlational methods c. random assignment d. random sampling ANSWER: c 64. What is random assignment? a. Subjects are free to choose which group or condition they would like to be in. b. All variables have an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental condition. c. All people have an equal likelihood of being selected from the study. d. All subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups or conditions. ANSWER: d 65. Dr. Kalmagura plans on introducing a new exam review procedure in his chemistry classes. To check the
effectiveness of the new procedure, he is going to have half his students try the new technique for one semester, while the remaining students review in the way they have always done in the past. He asks each student to decide whether they would like to use the new technique or the standard technique. What procedure is illustrated in this example? a. a double-blind research design b. informed consent in research c. the use of non-random assignment d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: c 66. Braeden received a poor performance evaluation in his job last year. Since then, Braeden has started
working through his lunch hour, taken on four special projects, and enrolled in night classes to upgrade his computer skills. Why will it be hard for Braeden to figure out the cause if he receives a better evaluation at his next performance? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology a. He failed to use a double-blind procedure to test his hypothesis. b. None of the actions he took are likely to be related to his overall job performance. c. The three actions he took are confounded with each other. d. He didn’t formulate a research hypothesis before implementing the changes. ANSWER: c 67. In a study of the effect of fatigue on task performance, participants were asked to complete a series of
puzzles. One day, all participants completed puzzles after 24 hours without sleep. On another day, the same participants completed puzzles after sleeping for at least eight hours. What research design is used in this study? a. between-subjects design b. within-subjects design c. single-blind design d. interaction design ANSWER: b 68. Dr. Shingwauk designed an experiment in which participants listened to a persuasive speech delivered either
by a very tall person or a person of average height. In addition, the speeches were delivered by people wearing either business clothes or casual clothes. Dr. Shingwauk asked listeners to fill out a survey about impressions of the speaker’s credibility. In this study, what is Dr. Shingwauk looking to determine? a. Does a double-blind procedure lead to greater credibility of speakers, independent of the effects of appearance? b. Do height and clothing style interact to influence judgments of credibility? c. Does persuasion interact with any other factors? d. Does persuasion influence our perception of height and clothing? ANSWER: b 69. What does it mean when there is an interaction between two variables? a. The measurement of the dependent variable depends on the effect of the independent variable. b. The measurement of one dependent variable gets added to the measurement of another. c. The effects of one independent variable get added to the effects of another. d. The effects of one independent variable depend on the effects of another. ANSWER: d 70. What is the main advantage associated with the experimental method? a. its precise control b. its ability to be generalized to multiple contexts c. its ability to duplicate real life in the laboratory d. its appeal to participants ANSWER: a 71. Which research method gives researchers the ability to infer a cause-and-effect relationship? a. correlational Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology b. experimental c. case history d. empirical ANSWER: b 72. What is a disadvantage of the experimental method? a. Experiments often can’t be done for practical or ethical reasons. b. Only one variable can be studied at a time. c. Length of time necessary to complete the study. d. Inability to generate cause-and-effect conclusions. ANSWER: a 73. Shelley is a researcher who studies disabilities resulting from head injuries. She has chosen to use non-
experimental methods because of some of the limitations of experiments. Which limit would most likely cause problems for Shelley’s research? a. It is not ethical to conduct experiments with people with disabilities. b. People cannot be randomly assigned to a group that experiences a head injury. c. Disability cannot be operationally defined. d. Experiments cannot be used to study interaction effects. ANSWER: a 74. What do researchers do when conducting descriptive or correlational research? a. They simultaneously manipulate two or more independent variables. b. They systematically describe patterns of behaviour and discover relationships among variables. c. They manipulate a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observe whether there are
changes in a second variable as a result. d. They expose subjects to two closely related treatment conditions. ANSWER: b 75. Donnie wants to know whether attractive waiters make more tips. He has a group of people rate the
attractiveness of five different waiters, and he gets the waiters to tell him how much money they make in tips every night for a month. What type of research design has Donnie used? a. quasi-experimental design b. correlational design c. experimental design d. case study design ANSWER: b 76. What do naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common? a. They can show causal relationships. b. The results obtained cannot be analyzed statistically. c. They do not directly observe behaviour. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. They do not manipulate the variables under study. ANSWER: d 77. A researcher goes to a playground for an hour each day for two weeks and makes notes when children are
playing together. He records the number of times that a girl and a boy are playing together, when boys play only with other boys, and when girls play only with other girls. Which research method is the researcher using? a. experiment b. naturalistic observation c. correlation d. case study ANSWER: b 78. What do we call recording all instances of an event for a particular time period (such as how many times an
older brother strikes his younger brother during a given week) without the subjects’ awareness? a. naturalistic observation b. compiling a case study c. creating an archive d. correlational research ANSWER: a 79. You are sitting on a park bench in a major metropolitan area from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and you note the number
of people who walk by, whether or not they litter, and their sex. What type of research method are you using? a. naturalistic observation b. case study c. correlation d. casual observation ANSWER: a 80. A group of researchers wanted to investigate allegations of sexual harassment on a company’s assembly
line. To make their observations, the researchers took jobs working on the assembly line and pretended to be new employees. What type of research is being conducted in this example? a. correlational research b. case study c. unethical research d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: d 81. A local hospital wanted to assess the way its patients were being treated. The hospital hired several
researchers to act as patients and record the way hospital personnel handled the admitting and preliminary evaluation procedures. What sort of research is being conducted in this example? a. naturalistic observation b. correlational research Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology c. reactivity d. case study ANSWER: a 82. Jolyn believed that there were gender differences in driving habits. To test this hypothesis, she stood near a
quiet intersection. Jolyn recorded the gender of each driver who approached a stop sign, and also whether the individual came to a complete stop before proceeding into the intersection. What sort of research is Jolyn conducting? a. psychological testing b. naturalistic observation c. experiment with two dependent variables d. case study research ANSWER: b 83. What is a distinct advantage of naturalistic observation? a. It allows behaviour to be studied in realistic settings. b. It allows for random sampling. c. It reduces reactivity among participants. d. There is a wider range of statistical procedures that can be used. ANSWER: a 84. What is a major problem with naturalistic observation? a. It works well with animals but is virtually useless for studying human behaviour. b. Researchers have a difficult time determining whether a setting is truly natural. c. It is limited by the constraints of random sampling and random assignment. d. It is difficult to observe behaviour without having an influence on that behaviour. ANSWER: d 85. Stephanie is observing a group of adolescents at the mall and documenting their rate of swearing. The group
keeps looking over at Stephanie and pointing at her, and they get louder and more obnoxious the longer she observes them. Which term best describes Stephanie’s effect on the group? a. demand characteristics b. disrupting c. reactivity d. confounding ANSWER: c 86. Which technique is most likely to prove useful in determining why one particular child is afraid to go to
school? a. descriptive study b. case study c. naturalistic observation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. experiment ANSWER: b 87. Dr. Kincaid was interested in the topic of musical genius. In the initial part of the investigation, Dr. Kincaid
carefully observed and compiled detailed files on three individuals who were musical geniuses. What sort of research is Dr. Kincaid conducting? a. correlational b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. case study ANSWER: d 88. In which of the following would there be the greatest risk of effects of subjectivity and selective attention? a. conducting a placebo-control trial b. compiling a case study c. running experimental studies d. conducting surveys ANSWER: b 89. NASA wanted to know if extended periods of weightlessness would have an impact on long-term
circulatory function. The agency located seven former astronauts who had spent more than one month in space under conditions of weightlessness, and tested all aspects of their cardiovascular function. What sort of research did NASA conduct in this situation? a. experimental research b. survey research c. case study research d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: c 90. One of your friends is writing a research paper and wants to obtain information about the depth of personal
information people typically reveal during a first date. Directly observing a large number of people during a first date will be difficult, so your friend asks for your advice on the best way to collect this type of data. What would be the best research option for your friend to use? a. case study b. survey c. archival research d. double-blind observational study ANSWER: b 91. Estavan received a questionnaire in the mail asking about his general buying habits. He was asked to
identify the specific products that he typically buys, and the amount of each product that he typically uses. Which type of research will Estavan have taken part in if he completes the questionnaire and returns it? a. archival research Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology b. naturalistic observation c. survey method d. case study approach ANSWER: c 92. Surveys may be important to gather information on important social issues that may have legal and public
policy implications. Which of the following is such a topic? a. how troops of baboons display territoriality b. whether the presence of food-related cues can cause an increase in the amount of food that people eat c. the criminal victimization of Aboriginal people in Canada d. whether Canadians prefer Pepsi or Coke ANSWER: c 93. Which type of research allows psychologists to study the widest range of phenomena? a. descriptive research b. introspective research c. developmental research d. experimental research ANSWER: a 94. Trevor plans to study the relationship between individuals’ responses to highly stressful situations and their
overall health. He decides he must use correlational research, rather than experimental research, to investigate this problem. What is the most likely reason that Trevor chose a correlational method? a. Correlational studies have higher internal validity than experiments. b. Correlational research can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study. c. Correlational studies tend to be more accurate than experiments. d. Correlational research can be used to study direct relationships, but not inverse or indirect relationships. ANSWER: b 95. What is perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive research methods? a. the inability to identify cause-and-effect relationships b. the fact that these methods usually focus attention too narrowly on a single variable c. the restriction to very small samples d. an insensitivity to ethical concerns ANSWER: a 96. Eric just completed a correlational study, and his results reveal that people who take more showers have
higher income. Eric wonders whether certain types of jobs might both pay more and cause people to get dirtier. Which term reflects Eric’s interpretation of his results? a. reactivity Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology b. third variable problem c. sampling bias d. interaction effects ANSWER: b 97. Your professor handed out a list of all the grades for all four exams in your class. In which situation would
you use descriptive statistics? a. You want to know your average in this course. b. You want to know whether your score on the most recent exams is significantly higher than your previous exams. c. You want to know whether your exam score is significantly higher than your friend’s. d. You want to know whether your grade in this course is higher than your grade in another course. ANSWER: a 98. What type of statistics would you use if you wanted to summarize and organize your data? a. computational b. mathematical c. descriptive d. inferential ANSWER: c 99. What is the score that falls exactly in the centre of a distribution of scores, such that half the scores fall
below that score and half the scores fall above it? a. median b. mean c. standard deviation d. mode ANSWER: a 100. What is the median of the following set of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 ANSWER: c 101. Kaley added up the amount of money she made on four paycheques and then divided that number by four.
Which measure of central tendency did Kaley use? a. mode b. mean c. median d. midpoint Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology ANSWER: b 102. What does the mode of a group of scores represent? a. its association with another group of scores b. the midpoint c. its central tendency d. its variability ANSWER: c 103. Tian tells you that 17 out of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last
exam. Which statement details the same concept? a. The standard deviation for that exam was 62 points. b. The mode for that exam was 62 points. c. The mean for that exam was 62 points. d. The median for that exam was 62 points. ANSWER: b 104. When the scores for a recent chemistry exam were calculated, the mean was 60 and the median was 65.
Later, the professor discovered that one score had been recorded incorrectly; it had been entered into the computer as a 5, instead of as a 50. What will happen to the mean and median once the score is entered correctly? a. The mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same. b. Neither the mean nor the median for the exam will be affected. c. The median for the exam will change, but the mean will stay the same. d. Both the mean and the median for the exam will change. ANSWER: a 105. Carla earned 78 points on her statistics exam. Ten of the students in her class earned higher scores than she
did, and ten students earned lower scores than she did. Based on this information, what can you conclude about Carla’s score? a. It is the mean for her class. b. It is the median for her class. c. It is the standardized score for her class. d. It is the mode for her class. ANSWER: b 106. In Margaritte’s sociology discussion group, four of the five students are between the ages of 19 and 23; the
fifth student is 54 years old. Which statistic should Margaritte use if she wants to report the statistic that best represents the typical age for her discussion group? a. The mean or the median because these numbers are typically the same. b. The mean or the standard deviation so that additional statistics can be calculated. c. The median or the mode because these numbers will best represent the typical class member. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. The mean or the mode because these numbers are not affected by extreme scores in the distribution. ANSWER: c 107. What can be said about a distribution of scores where the mean is lower than the median and mode? a. The median and mode must be the same. b. The standard deviation is high. c. The distribution is positively skewed. d. The distribution is negatively skewed. ANSWER: d 108. What does the standard deviation tell you about the variability in a data set? a. When variability is high, the standard deviation is small. b. The standard deviation does not reflect the variability in the data set. c. A large standard deviation means that there is a great degree of variability in the data set. d. As variability increases in a data set, the standard deviation becomes more variable as well. ANSWER: c 109. Dr. Greyeagle calculated descriptive statistics for the age of residents in a nursing home. She reported the
mean age as 75 years, with a standard deviation of 10 years. Later she found that she had made an error in her calculations. One resident’s age was entered as 27 when it should have been 72. What will happen to the standard deviation when this correction is made? a. It will decrease. b. It will increase. c. It will not change. d. It will increase, but only if the mean remains the same. ANSWER: a 110. Carmella is in a class where the scores on the second midterm exam ranged from 75 to 85 points. Conrad is
taking the same course, but in his section the scores ranged from 50 to 98 points. In this example, what can be said about the standard deviations in the two classes? a. The standard deviation will be lower in Carmella’s class. b. The standard deviations will be negatively correlated. c. The standard deviation will be less predictable in Carmella’s class. d. The standard deviation will be higher in Carmella’s class. ANSWER: a 111. If the distribution of test scores for a midterm is normal, approximately what percentage of the class should
have a score that falls within two standard deviations of the mean? a. 34 percent b. 68 percent c. 95 percent d. 99 percent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology ANSWER: c 112. Terry’s midterm test score falls at the 10th percentile. How many classmates scored the same or lower than
Terry? a. 0 percent b. 10 percent c. 90 percent d. 100 percent ANSWER: b 113. If you wanted to predict test scores based on amount of time spent studying, which statistic would you need
to use? a. variance b. correlation coefficient c. standard deviation d. central tendency ANSWER: b 114. What does the correlation coefficient measure? a. the central tendency b. the degree of relationship between two variables c. the difference between the largest and smallest scores in a data set d. the amount of variability in a data set ANSWER: b 115. What would we likely find if we were to measure the height and weight of 100 adult women and calculate a
correlation coefficient on the data?? a. Height and weight are negatively correlated. b. Height and weight are increasingly correlated. c. Height and weight are positively correlated. d. Height and weight are uncorrelated. ANSWER: c 116. Suppose a researcher discovered a +0.87 correlation between the length of a person’s toes and the number
of shoes the person owns. In general, who would you predict to own the most shoes? a. people with large toes b. people with medium-sized toes c. people with either very large or very small toes d. people with small toes ANSWER: a 117. Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of summer than they will Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology during the cold spells of winter. Which statement best reflects Dr. Macator’s prediction? a. Temperature and aggression are uncorrelated. b. Temperature and aggression are negatively correlated. c. Temperature and aggression are positively correlated. d. Temperature is independently correlated with aggression. ANSWER: c 118. The Ministry of Health found that people who used diet drugs had more heart valve defects than people
who had not taken any diet drug. Which statement best reflects this finding? a. Heart valve defects and diet drug use are independent of one another. b. Heart valve defects are positively correlated with the use of diet drugs. c. Heart valve defects and use of diet drugs are negatively correlated. d. Heart valve defects and diet drug use are interactive variables, with no correlational relationship. ANSWER: b 119. Imagine that the personality traits of openness and extraversion are positively correlated. Andrea just took
two tests that measure openness and extraversion, respectively. If Andrea’s score in openness is extremely low, what would you predict about her extraversion score? a. She would most likely score at the low end of the extraversion scale. b. It is impossible to predict how she is likely to score on the extraversion scale without more information. c. Her extraversion score would be corrected based on her openness score. d. She would most likely score around the mean of the extraversion scale. ANSWER: a 120. Dr. Vishnu has found that students who score higher than 85 percent on the first midterm tend to earn
scores of 75 percent or better on the final exam, while students who score less than 60 percent on the first midterm often end up with a failing grade on the final exam. What can be said about the relationship between scores? a. Students who do poorly on the first midterm do not improve. b. Students who do poorly on the first midterm give up and study less for the final. c. Scores on the first midterm and the final exam are positively correlated. d. Scores on the first midterm and the final exam are negatively correlated. ANSWER: c 121. Suppose a researcher discovered a strong negative correlation between the length of people’s hair and the
amount of money they paid for their automobile. In general, what could you predict about people’s hair length if you know that they paid very little for their cars? a. They have very long hair. b. They have either very long or very short hair. c. They have mid-length hair. d. They have very short hair. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology ANSWER: a 122. Mice who received caffeine in their diets made fewer errors in a maze-running task than mice who had not
received caffeine. What does this suggest about the use of caffeine and maze-running errors among mice? a. They are positively correlated. b. They are weakly correlated. c. They are uncorrelated. d. They are negatively correlated. ANSWER: d 123. As the size of a crowd increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. What is the
relationship between the number of people in a crowd and the likelihood of helping? a. They are negatively correlated. b. They are indirectly correlated. c. They are uncorrelated. d. They are positively correlated. ANSWER: a 124. Imagine that the personality traits of conscientiousness and extraversion are negatively correlated.
Vladimir’s scores fit the typical pattern. If Vladimir’s score in conscientiousness is extremely low, how would he score on extraversion? a. He would probably score close to the median on the extraversion scale. b. He would most likely score at the low end of the extraversion scale. c. It is impossible to predict how he is likely to score on the extraversion scale without more information. d. He would most likely score at the high end of the extraversion scale. ANSWER: d 125. Suppose that students who work fewer hours at their jobs tend to have higher grade point averages and they
also tend to get more sleep. What would the correlation coefficient be if we were to correlate the two variables of grade point average and number of hours of sleep? a. greater than 1, but less than 2 b. equal to 0 c. less than zero, but greater than –1 d. greater than 0, but less than 1 ANSWER: d 126. Dr. Hackle has found that no matter how students score on the first midterm, all the students in her class
tend to score between 75 percent and 80 percent on her final exam. Which value would best represent the correlation between the grades? a. near –1 b. near 0 c. near 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology d. near 2 ANSWER: b 127. What is represented by a correlation coefficient of zero? a. absence of correlation between two variables b. a negative correlation between two variables c. a perfect linear correlation between two variables d. a positive correlation between two variables ANSWER: a 128. Of the following, which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between the two
variables being measured? a. +3.45 b. +0.65 c. 0.00 d. –0.89 ANSWER: d 129. Of the following, which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between the two variables
being measured? a. +0.95 b. +0.01 c. –0.69 d. –4.50 ANSWER: b 130. Of the following correlation coefficients, which one would allow the most accurate predictions of one
variable based on the other variable? a. +1.23 b. +0.65 c. 0.00 d. –0.79 ANSWER: d 131. Of the following correlation coefficients, which one would yield the least accurate predictions of one
variable based on the other variable? a. +0.99 b. +0.17 c. 0.00 d. –0.49 ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology 132. Dr. Zelke surveys 50 university students to discover the relationship between textbook price and ratings of
readability. Dr. Zelke finds that for these two variables, the correlation coefficient is –0.70. What does this indicate? a. More expensive books tend to receive lower readability ratings than less expensive books. b. Increasing the price of a book will lead people to think that it is more readable. c. Less expensive books tend to receive lower readability ratings than more expensive books. d. There is no relationship between book price and ratings of readability. ANSWER: a 133. What could we conclude if the correlation coefficient between amount of exposure to television violence
and aggressive behaviour was found to be +0.43? a. Watching television violence tends to cause aggressive behaviour. b. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the most aggressive. c. Television violence is uncorrelated with aggressive behaviour. d. People who watch the most television violence tend to be the least aggressive. ANSWER: b 134. Which statement about correlations is NOT accurate? a. A and B correlate +1.00; therefore, they are causally related. b. A and B correlate +1.00; if you know A, you can predict B without error. c. A and B correlate –1.00; if you know A, you can predict B without error. d. A correlation of +0.90 gives better predictability than a correlation of +0.60. ANSWER: a 135. Which situation is an example of using inferential statistics? a. A public poll reports that 75 percent of the population supports picnics. b. The government reports that it must implement a 5 percent cut in spending. c. The national bank reports that consumer debt is significantly higher than last year at this time. d. A teacher indicates that most students scored between 55 and 65 on the test. ANSWER: c 136. You’ve been keeping records of your car’s gas consumption for the past three years. In which situation
would you use inferential statistics? a. You want to know your car’s average gas consumption. b. You want to know whether this week’s gas consumption is typical for your car. c. You want to know the highest and lowest consumption across the three years. d. You want to know whether winter consumption is significantly different from summer consumption. ANSWER: d 137. What do we call statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions? a. significant b. descriptive Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.
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