Test Bank For Psychology, 14th Edition by Carole Wade Carol Tavris Samuel R Sommers 2024 Chapter 1-1 by welldoneassistant

TEST BANK For Prepared by:

Alan Swinkels St. Edward’s University

Psychology Fourteenth Edition Carol Wade Dominican University of California

Carol Tavris Samuel R. Sommers Tufts University

Lisa M. Shin Tufts University

TOTAL ASSESSMEN T Topic/

Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

GUIDE

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

Learning Objective POP QUIZ 1

Multiple Choice

1,3,4,6-10

2,5

POP QUIZ 2

Multiple Choice

2-7,9,10

Multiple Choice

1,4

3,8,11

True/False

1-7 4

1-3

Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense 1.1.A – Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. 1.1.B – Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues.

Thinking Critically about Psychology 1.2.A – Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decisionmaking. 1.2.B – Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology.

Short Answer Essay

1 6,7,9,10

15,25-27

13,14,20,21,23 , 24

Integrative Essay Multiple Choice

16,18,19

12,17,22

True/False

8,9,15,16,19,23, 24

10-14,17,18, 20-22

Short Answer

5-7

6,8

Essay

3,4

Integrative Essay A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory

Multiple Choice

28,29,32,34,35,3 7, 39-47,49,5154,58,59,61,62,6 4,65,6874,76,78

50,56,60,67,75 ,77,79

True/False

25-48,50-64

Short Answer

9,11-14

1.3.A – Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. 1.3.B – Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

38,48,57,63

30,31,33,36,55 ,66

Essay

Integrative Essay

(Continued on next page)

Topic/

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Multiple Choice

80,82-84, 89, 91, 93,97,101, 102,104,107,108

87,94,96,98,10 0

81,86,88, 90,92,95,99,10 3

True/False

65,66,6973,78,80-82,8486

67,68,7477,79, 83

Short Answer

15,16,18

Analyze It

Learning Objective Psychological Science Perspectives 1.4.A – List and describe five pillars of psychological science. 1.4.B – Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry.

Essay

Integrative Essay

What Psychologists Do 1.5.A – Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. 1.5.B – Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists.

Multiple Choice

113,114,116120, 122124,127

True/False

87-106

Short Answer

19,23

Essay Integrative Essay

110,112,115, 128,129

121,125,126

20,22

111

Name __________________________________________________________

Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 1

1. Psychology is defined as a scientific discipline concerned with __________. a. understanding how the larger social structure impacts the thoughts of individual people b. behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment c. providing mental health care to the community at large d. manipulating behavior, with the goals of reducing the prevalence of psychological disorders and maintaining an ordered society

The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than on emotion or anecdote is called __________. a. b. c. d.

Some forerunners of psychological science proposed the concept of phrenology, which in Greek means __________. a. b. c. d.

Sigmund Freud John Locke William James Wilhelm Wundt

__________ emphasized understanding the purpose of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description. a. b. c. d.

a map of thoughts a map of behavior study of the mind study of mental diseases

Who established the first psychological laboratory in 1879? a. b. c. d.

applied psychology critical thinking functionalism introspection

Structuralism Functionalism Humanism Behaviorism

__________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James

c. Wilhelm Wundt d. E. B. Titchener

Which current psychological pillar focuses on how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems? a. b. c. d.

The __________ perspective is a pillar of psychology that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. a. b. c. d.

biological learning cognitive sociocultural

Matsumo studies how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially. Matsumo most likely is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. b. c. d.

10.

the learning pillar the cognitive pillar the developmental pillar the psychodynamic pillar

industrial/organizational developmental educational psychometric

In almost all states in the U.S., a __________ is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology. a. b. c. d.

doctorate master‘s degree medical degree certificate from a psychoanalytic institute

Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 1 Answer Key

Rationale: Psychology is a science that uses empirical methods to investigate behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment. (Remember the Facts, Moderate, LO 1.1.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Rationale: Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote. Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments and to resist claims that have no support. (Understand the Concepts, Moderate, LO 1.2.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Rationale: Phrenology is a Greek word meaning ―the study of the mind.‖ Phrenologists argued that different brain areas accounted for specific character and personality traits, such as stinginess and religiosity. (Remember the Facts, Moderate, LO 1.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior, whereas structuralism examined the basic elements of the mind. (Understand the Concepts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the founder of modern, scientific psychology. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior. It is a fundamental pillar of contemporary psychology. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.4.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology)

Rationale: The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Biological psychologists study how these physical events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memories, emotions, and vulnerability to mental disorder. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.4.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology)

Rationale: Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time. (Remember the Facts, Moderate, LO 1.5.A, APA 1.1 Describe concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

10.

Rationale: In almost all states, a license to practice clinical psychology requires a doctorate. Most clinical psychologists have a Ph.D., some have an Ed.D., and some have a Psy.D. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.5.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Name __________________________________________________________

Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 2

Which observation helps to explain why so many people seek guidance from psychics? a. b. c. d.

_________ is the first step in the process of critical thinking. a. b. c. d.

William James Joseph Gall John Locke E. B. Titchener

__________ is to what as ________ is to why in the understanding of behavior and mental events. a. b. c. d.

introspection functionalism phrenology behaviorism

__________, a student of Wilhelm Wundt‘s, popularized Wundt‘s general approach to scientific psychology and applied the name structuralism to it. a. b. c. d.

Defining terms Asking questions and being willing to wonder Analyzing assumptions and biases Examining the evidence

Which pursuit was a classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits, and did not disappear until well into the 20th century? a. b. c. d.

There is empirical evidence that many psychic predictions are accurate. Seeing a psychic is cheaper than seeing a therapist, and the benefits are about the same. Belief in psychic abilities gives people a sense of control and predictability. Psychics use subliminal messaging to manipulate people‘s beliefs.

Functionalism; structuralism Structuralism; functionalism Psychoanalysis; structuralism Functionalism; psychoanalysis

One of the leading proponents of functionalism was __________. a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt

d. Florian Schneider

__________ argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time, because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. a. b. c. d.

Functionalists Structuralists Psychoanalysts Fundamentalists

Some psychologists work in basic psychology, conducting research, whereas others work in applied psychology. The two approaches are __________. a. diametrically opposed to one another b. complementary c.

based in very different perspectives

d. identified by the amount of education the psychologist has acquired

The term __________ is unregulated, and so, a practitioner in this area may have an advanced professional degree or no degree at all. a. b. c. d.

10.

clinical psychologist psychiatrist psychoanalyst psychotherapist

A __________ is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats psychological disorders, and takes a more biological approach compared to other psychotherapists. a. b. c. d.

psychiatrist psychoanalyst LCSW MFCC

Chapter 1 – Pop Quiz 2 Answer Key

Rationale: Although there is no evidence that psychic abilities exist, belief in psychic powers persists. One reason may be that ―psychics‖ give people a sense of control and predictability in a confusing world. (Analyze It, Moderate, LO 1.1.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Rationale: Being willing to ask questions and not take things for granted is the first step toward critical thinking. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.2.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Rationale: Phrenology is a discredited theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: Wundt‘s name is often associated with stucturalism, but it was actually his student, Edward Bradford Titchener, who originated that name for that general approach to psychology. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: Structuralism focused on describing the basic elements that composed the mind and functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.)

Rationale: Wundt is associated with structuralism (although his student, E. B. Titchener, coined that term). Freud is associated with psychoanalysis. James is associated with functionalism. Schneider is associated with Kraftwerk. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: One of functionalism‘s leaders was William James (1842–1910), an American philosopher, physician, and psychologist who argued that searching for building blocks of experience, as Wundt and Titchener tried to do, was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. (Remember the Facts, Moderate, LO 1.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains)

Rationale: The two approaches are complementary: applied psychology has direct relevance to human problems, but without basic psychology, there would be little knowledge to apply. (Understand the Concepts, Moderate, LO 1.5.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Rationale: A psychotherapist is simply anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy. The term is not legally regulated; in fact, in most states, anyone can say that they are a therapist without having any relevant training at all. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.5.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

10.

Rationale: A psychiatrist is a medical doctor trained to diagnose and treat psychological disorders. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 1.5.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology)

Multiple Choice Questions

Psychology is a __________ that explores behavior and mental processes. a. b. c. d.

philosophical discipline scientific discipline medical field branch of sociology

Answer: b Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychology can be defined generally as the scientific discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes, and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Psychology is defined as a scientific discipline concerned with __________. a. improving the mental health of the members of society who are most affected by psychological disorders b. behavior and mental processes, and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment. c.

understanding the history of social influences on, and current concerns of, an individual operating within a culturally defined role

d. understanding the role of the individual within the larger, abstract concept of ―society‖ Answer: b Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychology is a science that uses empirical methods to investigate behavior and mental processes, and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Dr. Ramirez is interested in studying how people think, feel, and act on a daily basis. Dr. Ramirez is most likely a(n) __________. a. b. c. d.

sociologist biologist psychologist economist

Answer: c Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: LO 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychology is a science that uses empirical methods to investigate behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism‘s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

Which type of evidence is considered valid in psychological research? a. theoretical b. psychic c. hypothetical d. empirical Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Empirical means relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

Empirical findings are those that __________. a. b. c. d.

rely on observation, experimentation, or measurement characterize an entire set of research data are gathered in a field setting, outside of a laboratory compare research participants of different ages at the same time

Answer: a Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Empirical means relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

Which conclusion is true regarding scientific psychological findings? a. b. c. d.

They are always in opposition to popular psychology. They always stand in opposition to conventional thinking and ―common sense.‖ Experiments must be conducted in a laboratory. They can confirm or expand existing beliefs and knowledge.

Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychological findings need not be surprising or counterintuitive to be important. Sometimes they validate common beliefs and then explain or extend them.

Scientific psychology (i.e., ―real‖ psychology) differs from popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives in that it is based on __________. a. b. c. d.

popular opinion ideas derived from prominent psychoanalysts empirical evidence philosophical theories

Answer: c Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: All science is based on empirical evidence; psychology is a science; therefore, psychology is based on empirical evidence.

Dr. Schwartzman argues that reliable knowledge about behavior is gained through observation and experimentation. Dr. Schwartzman is most likely a __________. a. pseudopsychologist b. popular psychologist c.

psychic

d. psychologist Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychological science is inquiry based on research and empirical evidence, which is gathered by precise observation, experimentation, and measurement.

Which activity would give the most accurate view of psychology? a. listening to a radio call-in show facilitated by a therapist b. consulting social media sites on the Internet to see what the popular opinion is regarding when to begin toilet training an infant c. reading a self-help book about how to get over a breakup d. reading a newspaper article on the causes of bullying, which describes some of the current empirical research evidence Answer: d Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Real psychology bears little relation to popular psychology and its pseudoscientific relatives found on the Internet, on television, and in thousands of self-help books. It is based on scientific research and empirical evidence.

10.

Which proposal helps to explain why so many people rely on the advice of psychics? e. There is empirical evidence that some psychic predictions are accurate. f. Seeing a psychic is cheaper than seeing a therapist, although the benefits to mental health are about the same. g. Belief in psychic abilities gives people a sense of control and predictability. h. Psychics use carefully constructed and concealed environmental cues to manipulate people‘s mental states. Answer: c Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Although there is no evidence that psychic abilities exist, belief in psychic powers persists. One reason may be that ―psychics‖ give people a sense of control and predictability in a confusing world.

11.

Aarno is newly divorced and has gone to a psychic to find out what the future of his love prospects look like. What is the best explanation for why Aarno has gone to a psychic? a. Psychics are alarmingly correct about relationships, jobs prospects, and future earnings. b. Aarno wants to feel some sense of control and predictability in this area of his life. c.

Aarno knows that adhering to what the psychic says will lead to a successful love outcome.

d. Psychics, clairvoyants, and astrologers are part of the overall psychological enterprise and are considered to be scientific practitioners. Answer: b Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Although there is no evidence that psychic abilities exist, belief in psychic powers persists. One reason may be that ―psychics‖ give people a sense of control and predictability in a confusing world.

12.

The ability to make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons, rather than emotion or anecdote, is called __________. a. b. c. d.

applied psychology critical thinking functionalism introspection

Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote. Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments and to resist claims that have no support.

13.

Critical thinking involves __________. a. b. c. d.

looking for other people‘s personal flaws or weaknesses using intuition to assess claims made by researchers using evidence to make objective judgments documenting research flaws based on a researcher‘s hidden agenda

Answer: c Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote. Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments and to resist claims that have no support.

14.

Critical thinking shows us that on matters of __________, all ideas are not created equal. a. b. c. d.

fact opinion personal preference feeling

Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Many scientists have observed that it‘s good to be open-minded, but open-mindedness does not mean that all opinions are created equal and that everybody‘s beliefs are as good as anyone else‘s. An opinion that ignores reality is not equal to any other.

15.

Monique is doing an Internet search on a topic before writing a term paper. Her critical thinking skills are rather poor, so she is likely to __________. a. b. c. d.

question the sources of all material she finds need to conduct her own experiments on the topic rely primarily on the material that appears at the top of the Google search results find the best information through social media sites

Answer: c Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: A team of researchers found that most college students are easily tricked by Internet results. They tend to rely on the material that comes up at the top of the results list, without assessing its credibility.

16.

The first step in critical thinking is to be curious and ask questions. After raising a general question, the next step is to __________.

a. b. c. d.

examine the evidence define terms avoid emotional reasoning consider other interpretations

Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Defining terms is the second step of the five important critical thinking guidelines. Vague or poorly defined terms in a question can lead to misleading or incomplete answers.

17.

To avoid bias, critical thinkers try to identify the __________ on which claims and arguments rest. a. b. c. d.

creative questions questions unspoken assumptions uncertainty

Answer: c Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: One of the five critical thinking steps is to analyze assumptions and biases. Critical thinkers try to identify and evaluate the unspoken assumptions on which claims and arguments may rest.

18.

Beliefs that are taken for granted are called __________. a. b. c. d.

assumptions traits reinforcers archetypes

Answer: a Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: An assumption is a belief that is taken for granted.

19.

A(n) ___________ becomes a(n) ___________ when it keeps a person from considering evidence fairly. a. b. c. d.

fact; assumption assumption; bias bias; assumption fact; bias

Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Biases can often remain hidden until someone points them out to us.

20.

Critical thinkers analyze their assumptions and those of others. Compared to the others, which statement best demonstrates this skill? a. ―My boss won‘t let me work from home, but her decision is based on the belief that employees are more productive at the office.‖ b. ―I think my partner is cheating on me, but I‘m too angry right now to think logically.‖ c. ―It‘s OK to admit that I don‘t know the answer when my son asks me a question.‖ d. ―There‘s probably no single reason why people commit crimes.‖ Answer: a Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Rationale: All of the statements reflect good critical thinking skills, but only the statement about working from home involves analyzing an assumption. Specifically, the employee has concluded that the boss‘s decision is based on a specific assumption that may or may not be correct.

21.

―I really want to believe that my vague recollection of an incident that occurred at Disneyland when I was a preschooler is true, but that doesn‘t mean that it is true.‖ Which critical thinking guideline does this statement illustrate? a. b. c. d.

Examine the evidence. Define your terms. Don‘t oversimplify. Avoid emotional reasoning.

Answer: d Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: This is part of the analyze assumptions and biases step in critical thinking.

22.

Examining the evidence is an important component of critical thinking, but we can‘t always conduct the necessary research on our own to support or question a claim. That‘s when we need to rely on __________. a. b. c. d.

accepting generalizations common sense reliable sources gut instinct

Answer: c Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Reliable sources exercise critical thinking themselves. They have education or experience in the field in which they claim expertise. They do not pressure people to agree with them. They are trusted by other experts in the field and share their evidence openly.

23.

Which statement illustrates using an anecdote to support a claim? a. b. c. d.

―My gut feeling is that it isn‘t the right time to get married.‖ ―I know that marriage doesn‘t work out, because both of my uncles ended up divorced and alone.‖ ―That is my opinion, and nothing is going to change my mind.‖ ―What evidence is there to support your claim?‖

Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Generalizing from a personal experience (an anecdote) or from a few examples to everyone is a type of oversimplification.

24.

When critical thinkers consider alternative explanations, they should ___________ . a. identify the most likely one right from the start, then gather evidence that supports that conclusion b. generate as many reasonable interpretations of the evidence as they can, before settling on the most likely one c. suspend their search for finding a single explanation, and recognize that every behavior is due to both known causes and some causes that can never be known d. disregard any notions of ―correctness‖ and simply adopt the explanation that seems most plausible under the current circumstances Answer: b Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Critical thinkers do not assume that theories or facts are either correct or incorrect. Instead, they consider other interpretations before deciding on the most likely one. Critical thinking also requires tolerating uncertainty.

25.

―My memory of getting knocked down by a wave at Newport Beach could be based on what my parents told me later in life, not on my own recollection of the event.‖ Which critical thinking guideline does this example illustrate?

a. b. c. d.

Define your terms. Avoid emotional reasoning. Weigh conclusions. Analyze assumptions and biases.

Answer: c Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Critical thinkers consider other possible interpretations by creatively generating as many reasonable explanations of the topic at hand as possible before settling on the most likely one.

26.

Randy meets a Californian who grows his own vegetables and refuses to eat nonorganic food. Randy concludes that Californians are overzealous about nutrition. Which critical thinking guideline did Randy overlook? a. b. c. d.

Don‘t oversimplify. Define your terms. Weigh conclusions. Examine the evidence.

Answer: a Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: This is an example of generalizing from a personal experience, a common form of oversimplification.

27.

―I may never know for sure whether some of my childhood memories are real or accurate.‖ Which critical thinking guideline does this statement illustrate? a. b. c. d.

Define your terms. Examine the evidence. Weigh conclusions. Ask questions and be willing to wonder.

Answer: c

Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Critical thinkers are willing to accept a state of uncertainty when there is little or no evidence, the evidence permits only tentative conclusions, or the evidence seems strong only until new evidence throws beliefs into disarray.

28.

In their research studies, contemporary psychologists rely heavily upon __________. a. b. c. d.

empirical evidence anecdotes based on their personal experience individual case descriptions phrenology

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Modern psychologists rely heavily on empirical evidence, which means evidence that is derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement.

29.

In contrast to current psychologists, ancient scholars explored human nature primarily through __________. a. b. c. d.

empirical evidence experimentation trained introspection insights inferred from anecdotes

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Unlike modern psychologists, scholars of the past did not rely heavily on empirical evidence. Often their observations were based simply on anecdotes or descriptions of individual cases.

30. _________ , a 17th-century philosopher, proposed that that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experience, and this notion continues to influence many psychologists today. a. b. c. d.

Hippocrates Sigmund Freud Anaximander John Locke

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Many ideas investigated by modern scientific psychologists can be traced to roots in philosophy.

31.

Many great thinkers from history were interested in questions that today would be called ―psychological.‖ What did these thinkers have in common with modern psychologists? a. b. c. d.

They offered classes or self-study programs for people who wanted to overcome their deficiencies. They compared anecdotal evidence to firsthand observation of individual cases. They used empirical evidence to determine fundamental truths about the human condition. They had the desire to describe, predict, understand, and modify human behavior to increase human knowledge and happiness.

Rationale: Many of the great thinkers of history, from Aristotle to Zoroaster, raised questions that today would be called ―psychological.‖ Like today‘s psychologists, they wanted to describe, predict, understand, and modify behavior in order to add to human knowledge and increase human happiness.

32.

__________ had inferred that the brain is the ultimate source of all pleasures and sorrows long before it was verified, and he is now known as the originator of modern medicine. a. b. c. d.

Hippocrates Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud John Locke

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Hippocrates, known as the founder of modern medicine, observed patients with head injuries and inferred that the brain must be the ultimate source of our pleasures as well as sorrows.

33.

The statement "High school seniors with higher SAT scores will have higher college GPAs" is an example of _____________ behavior. The statement "Older adults have slightly higher scores on spatial ability tests than do younger adults" is an example of _______________ behavior. a. b. c. d.

predicting; modifying describing; understanding understanding; modifying predicting; describing

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychological scientists want to describe, predict, understand, and modify behavior in order to add to human knowledge and maximize human happiness.

34.

Phrenology, a pseudoscience prominent in the early days of the development of psychological science, means __________ in Greek. a. b. c. d.

a map of thoughts a map of behavior study of the mind study of mental diseases

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Phrenology is a Greek word meaning ―study of the mind.‖ Phrenologists argued that different brain areas accounted for specific character and personality traits, such as stinginess and religiosity.

35.

Phrenology __________. a. b. c. d.

is a modern perspective in psychology is the study of the thought processes and behaviors of criminals is a theory arguing that the mind works by associating ideas arising from experiences is a pseudoscience relating the bumps on one‘s head to personality traits

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Phrenology is a discredited theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits.

36.

Andie claims that phrenology is a pseudoscience and not a true science. Compared to the others, which statement best supports her claim? a. When phrenologists found large ―stealing bumps‖ on the head of a person who was not a thief, they concluded that other positive bumps held this characteristic in check.

b. Most of the phrenologists received inadequate training in the analysis of head bumps, so there were variations in their predictions. c. Phrenologists relied heavily on the theories of Charles Darwin, yet they could not link the pattern of bumps to successful evolutionary adaptations. d. When ―bumps‖ did not accurately explain a person‘s characteristics, the phrenologists explained the contradiction by hypothesizing the existence of traumatic childhood experiences. Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Phrenologists explained inconsistencies by claiming the existence of other traits that counteracted the inconsistency. This suggests that the phrenologists did not challenge their beliefs when the empirical evidence conflicted with them.

37.

_________ was a classic pseudoscientific theory that related bumps on the head to personality traits and did not disappear until well into the 20th century? a. b. c. d.

Introspection Functionalism Phrenology Behaviorism

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Phrenology is a discredited theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits.

38.

Aloysius, a business owner, sought the help of a friend to find out which potential employees were likely to be loyal and honest if hired. The friend examined the bumps on the heads of all the applicants and gave Aloysius a list of the employees he should hire. Aloysius‘s friend most likely is a(n) __________. a. sociologist

b. alchemist c. psychiatrist d. phrenologist Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Phrenology is a discredited theory that relates bumps on the head to personality traits.

39.

Who established the first psychological laboratory in 1879? a. b. c. d.

Sigmund Freud John Locke William James Wilhelm Wundt

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

40.

The first psychological laboratory was officially established by Wilhelm Wundt in __________. a. b. c. d.

the United States Denmark Germany Russia

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was officially established in Leipzig, Germany, by Wilhelm Wundt.

41.

The first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science was __________, a. b. c. d.

William James Joseph Gall John Locke Wilhelm Wundt

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt, in 1873, was the first person to publicly state his intention to make psychology a science.

42.

__________ is revered by psychologists because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science. a. b. c. d.

Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud Joseph Gall

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychologists especially revere Wilhelm Wundt because he was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science and because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal.

43.

Wilhelm Wundt is known for __________. a. b. c. d.

initiating the movement to make psychology a science developing guidelines for critical thinking establishing phrenology as a science training medical doctors to treat mental illness

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science. His laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal.

44.

__________ is revered by psychologists because his laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal. a. b. c. d.

René Descartes Aristotle Sigmund Freud Wilhelm Wundt

Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science. His laboratory was the first to have its results published in a scholarly journal.

45.

Researchers in Wilhelm Wundt‘s laboratory studied __________. a. b. c. d.

phrenology psychology sociology chemistry

46.

A famous laboratory was established in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. The goal of this laboratory was the study of __________. a. b. c. d.

psychology phrenology sociology chemistry

47.

The research method used by Wilhelm Wundt, in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations and emotional reactions, is called __________. a. b. c. d.

trained introspection experimentation conceptual proliferation armchair psychology

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Trained introspection was the research method popularly used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations and emotional reactions. The goal of trained introspection was to break down behavior into its most basic elements, much as a chemist might break down water into hydrogen plus oxygen.

48.

In 1883, Gunther received a letter saying he had been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gunther would be trained to __________. a. b. c. d.

analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements listen intently while people tell him about their depression or nervousness determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior carefully feel the bumps on a person‘s head to determine their character traits

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Trained introspection was the research method popularly used by Wilhelm Wundt in which volunteers were taught to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations and emotional reactions. Wundt trained his students to detect the basic elements of human consciousness.

49.

__________ is a research method popularized by Wilhelm Wundt in which trained volunteers take as long as 20 minutes to report their inner experiences during a 1.5-second experiment. a. b. c. d.

Conceptual proliferation Critical thinking Experimentation Trained introspection

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: After they had been trained, volunteers might take as long as 20 minutes to report their inner experiences during a 1.5-second experiment in the case of trained introspection.

50.

Most psychologists eventually rejected the method of trained introspection in psychological research as being too __________. a. b. c. d.

objective subjective expensive time-consuming

Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Most psychologists eventually rejected trained introspection as being too subjective, but Wundt is still usually credited with formally initiating the movement to make psychology a science.

51.

In the United States, Wilhelm Wundt‘s ideas were popularized by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt‘s approach the name __________. a. structuralism

b. psychoanalysis c. functionalism d. behaviorism Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: In the United States, Wundt‘s ideas were popularized in somewhat modified form by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt‘s approach the name structuralism.

52.

In the United States, Wilhelm Wundt‘s ideas were popularized by one of his students, __________, who gave Wundt‘s approach the name structuralism. a. b. c. d.

Sigmund Freud John Watson William James E. B. Titchener

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: In the United States, Wundt‘s ideas were popularized in somewhat modified form by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt‘s approach the name structuralism.

53.

Like Wundt, structuralists in the United States during the early days of psychology hoped to analyze __________ into basic elements. a. b. c. d.

sensations, images, and feelings cognitive processes such as language and computation the purpose of different behaviors sociocultural beliefs

Answer: a

Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Like Wundt, structuralists hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements.

54.

Which school of thought in psychology used the method of trained introspection in research studies? a. b. c. d.

phrenology structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis

Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: One of Wundt‘s favorite research methods was called trained introspection—training volunteers to carefully observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions. In the United States, Wundt‘s ideas were popularized in somewhat modified form by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt‘s approach the name structuralism.

55.

The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they ____________. a. b. c. d.

collaborated with Charles Darwin and applied his ideas to the study of human behavior provided the first subject matter for study, and a methodology for studying it found a way to link personal, social, and cultural experiences into a unified theory rejected introspection as an experimental strategy in favor of dream analysis

Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness through the use of introspective techniques.

56.

A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange. Compared to the others, which early school of psychology is this research most likely a part of? a. b. c. d.

psychoanalysis functionalism behaviorism structuralism

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Structuralists hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements.

57.

A person is asked to look at an apple and then describe the various elements that make up their perception (e.g., color, shape, size, etc.). Compared to the others, which early school of psychology is this research most likely a part of? a. b. c. d.

psychoanalysis functionalism behaviorism structuralism

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Breaking down the different components of a perception such as taste was the goal of structuralism. In this example, the research participant is asked to break down their visual perception of an apple into its elemental components.

58.

__________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind. a. b. c. d.

Functionalism Structuralism Humanism Behaviorism

59.

Reliance on introspection got structuralists into trouble because __________. a. b. c. d.

despite their training, introspectors often produced conflicting reports they failed to generate an intensive program of research they emphasized the purpose of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description trained introspection was rejected as being too objective

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: One reason for the demise of structuralism is that introspection often produced conflicting reports.

60.

__________ emphasized the purpose of behavior as opposed to its analysis and description. a. b. c. d.

Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Phrenology

Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior, whereas structuralism examined the basic elements of the mind.

61.

Which functionalist wrote that attempting to grasp the nature of the mind through introspection was ―like seizing a spinning top to catch its motion‖? a. b. c. d.

William James Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud E. B. Titchener

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Attempting to grasp the nature of the mind through introspection, wrote William James, is ―like seizing a spinning top to catch its motion‖ or trying to turn on the lights ―quickly enough to see how the darkness looks.‖

62.

One of the founders of functionalism was __________.

a. b. c. d.

Sigmund Freud William James Wilhelm Wundt E. B. Titchener

Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: One of functionalism‘s leaders was William James, an American philosopher, physician, and psychologist who argued that searching for building blocks of experience, as Wundt and Titchener tried to do, was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing.

63.

Two psychologists, Eddie and Bill, walk into a bar, and each orders a beer. Eddie says, ―Look at that golden nectar…the bubbles, the foam, the slight fruit notes on my tongue, the amber color; man, that’s a beer!‖ Bill says, ―This‘ll get me drunk.‖ Eddie most likely endorses ____________, whereas Bill most likely favors _______________ . a. b. c. d.

functionalism; structuralism structuralism; psychoanalysis structuralism; functionalism structuralism; phrenology

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Eddie is emphasizing the structural components of the drink, much like E. B. Titchener might; Bill is emphasizing a functional outcome of the drink, much as William James might do.

64.

How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology? a. functionalism

b. phrenology c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives.

65.

__________ argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. a. b. c. d.

Functionalists Structuralists Psychoanalysts Titchnerians

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: One of functionalism‘s leaders was William James, an American philosopher, physician, and psychologist who argued that searching for building blocks of experience, as Wundt and Titchener tried to do, was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing.

66.

Compared to the others, which question is a structuralist MOST likely to ask? a. b. c. d.

What happens when an organism sleeps? How does an organism sleep? Why does an organism sleep? When does an organism sleep?

Answer: a

Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: The structuralists asked what happens when an organism does something, whereas the functionalists asked how and why.

67.

__________ wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help an organism adapt to the environment, so they looked for the underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes. a. b. c. d.

Rationalists Structuralists Fundamentalists Functionalists

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalism emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and was inspired by Darwin‘s theory of how species adapt to their environment.

68.

Compared to the others, which early school of psychological thought was most influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? a. b. c. d.

phrenology structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalism emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and was inspired by Darwin‘s theory of how species adapt to their environment.

69.

Which school of thought in psychology tried to explain how specific behaviors and mental processes help an organism adapt to the environment? a. b. c. d.

phrenology structuralism functionalism psychiatry

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalism focused on explaining the purpose of behavior and the way various behaviors allow an organism to adapt to the environment.

70.

__________ first broadened the field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and the ―stream of consciousness.‖ a. b. c. d.

Rationalists Functionalists Fundamentalists Structuralists

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalists felt free to pick and choose among many methods, and they broadened the field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and what William James called the ―stream of consciousness.‖

71.

Historically, __________ set the course of psychological science by emphasizing the causes and consequences of behavior. a. b. c. d.

functionalists rationalists fundamentalists structuralists

Answer: a Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Functionalists wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for the underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes. This approach outlived functionalism, and continues to be important.

72.

__________ founded the field of psychoanalysis. a. b. c. d.

Sigmund Freud William James Wilhelm Wundt E. B. Titchener

Rationale: Sigmund Freud was the founder of the field of psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Wundt is referred to as the founder of modern scientific psychology.

73.

Which school of thought in psychology emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind? a. b. c. d.

phrenology structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

74.

__________ concluded that his patients‘ distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously. a. b. c. d.

Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud E. B. Titchener

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Sigmund Freud became convinced that many of his patients‘ symptoms had mental, not physical, causes. He attributed the symptoms to unconscious memories, motives, and conflicts.

75.

Which statement regarding Sigmund Freud is true? a. b. c. d.

The Mind Cure Movement was the title of Sigmund Freud‘s first book. Freud argued that many of his patients had symptoms due to physical, rather than mental, causes. Freud‘s concepts had a profound influence on the philosophy and popular culture of the 20th century. Freud‘s concepts were widely accepted by the scientific community during his time, especially by empirically oriented psychologists.

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Freud had a profound influence on philosophy and popular culture, even though his concepts were not readily accepted by the scientific community. According to Sigmund Freud, his patients‘ distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that had occurred in their early childhood and that were too threatening to be remembered consciously.

76.

Which attribute did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the disorders he observed in patients? a. b. c. d.

external consequences brain physiology the unconscious mind free will

Answer: c Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Freud‘s entire theory centered on the unconscious.

77.

Which theory of personality and approach to psychotherapy emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts?

a. b. c. d.

functionalism phrenology structuralism psychoanalysis

Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior.

78.

Psychoanalysis is __________. a. a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one‘s own conscious cognitive processes b. a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts c. a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior d. a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations Answer: b Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior.

79.

Which school of thought in psychology evolved into an elaborate theory of personality that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts? a. phrenology b. structuralism c. functionalism

d. psychoanalysis Answer: d Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains Rationale: Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy emphasizing the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior.

80.

The __________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. a. biological b. learning c. cognitive d. sociocultural Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Biological psychologists study how these physical events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memories, emotions, and vulnerability to mental disorder.

81.

Fourteen-year-old Yulya is grumpy all the time and quarrels with her mother often. Her mother believes it is because of her daughter‘s raging hormones. Yulya‘s mother is taking a __________ approach to explaining Yulya‘s behavior. a. b. c. d.

sociocultural biological learning cognitive

Answer: b

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.

82.

Which pillar of modern psychology focuses on bodily events and their effects on behavior, feelings, and thoughts? a. b. c. d.

the biological perspective the cognitive perspective the evolutionary perspective the psychodynamic perspective

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The biological perspective focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.

83. The biological pillar of psychology would include research investigating _____________ . a. b. c. d.

motivation intelligence genetics life span development

Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The biological pillar includes research in neuroscience, genetics, sensation, and consciousness.

84.

The pillars of psychology act as a kind of ___________ for constructing the activities in that discipline. a. b. c. d.

thermostat recipe target blueprint

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Psychological science can be thought of as a structure supported by five pillars, all of which rest on a shared and sturdy foundation. If the field of psychology were a building, its blueprints would incorporate those pillars..

85.

What are the five pillars upon which the field of psychology is built? a. structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, introspection, the unconscious b. social, cultural, biological, developmental, mental c. biological, cognitive, developmental, social/personality, mental and physical health d. cognitive, learning, perception, identity, memory Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Rationale: The pillars themselves rest on research methods, which is the core foundation of any science, psychology included.

86.

Professor Yumimoto is a psychologist investigating the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits in human beings. Professor Yumimoto is most likely a __________. a. b. c. d.

biological psychologist learning theorist cognitive researcher cultural psychologist

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Psychologists who take a biological perspective study how physical events interact with events in the external environment to produce perceptions, memories, emotions, and vulnerability to mental disorder. They also study how the mind and body interact in illness and health and investigate the contributions of genes in the development of abilities and personality traits.

87.

Older adults with low levels of the chemical acetylcholine in their brains may develop memory loss. Which overall psychological perspective does this best relate to? a. b. c. d.

biological cognitive sociocultural learning

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Biological psychologists study the influences of the nervous system, hormones, brain chemistry, heredity, and evolutionary influences on humans. Because the statement emphasizes the role of a brain chemical in memory loss, this is the best answer.

88.

Which research pursuit would be most likely relate to the cognitive pillar of psychology? a. b. c. d.

Agnes polls college students regarding their reactions to short-term stressors. Fritz wants to investigate the nature and duration of short-term memory. Bettina proposes that genetic influences drive the development of language skills. Ollie thinks that emotional expression is systematically related to a person‘s gender identity.

Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Memory and its functions form a core element of the cognitive pillar of psychology.

89.

The study of perception would be related to the _________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

developmental social/personality biological cognitive

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The cognitive pillar of psychology includes research investigating cognition, perception, memory, and intelligence.

90.

A cognitive psychologist wants to investigate the mental barriers that impede the passage of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, but she‘s having a difficult time capturing that phenomenon in human research participants. Which alternative might she use, consistent with her general perspective on the field? a. publish her speculations on how the process might work, but admit that they are only speculations b. design a computer program to simulate this complex transaction within the human mind

c. poll a very large number of people regarding their opinions on this process, then go with the popular consensus d. enlist the help of a geneticist to isolate gene clusters that might be related to general memory functions Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Because many of the mechanics of human thought remain hidden from direct observation, cognitive psychologists sometimes design computer programs that model how humans perform complex tasks.

91.

The __________ is a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, intelligence, and other areas of behavior. a. b. c. d.

biological perspective learning perspective cognitive perspective sociocultural perspective

Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes in perception, memory, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.

92.

Which modern psychological perspective focuses on how people reason, remember, think, and solve problems? a. b. c. d.

the learning perspective the cognitive perspective the sociocultural perspective the psychodynamic perspective

Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes in perception, memory, thinking, and other areas of behavior.

93.

Some psychologists are interested in the totality of human experience ―from the cradle to the grave‖; in other words, the ___________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

biological cognitive social developmental

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Lifespan development—how people continuously grow, change, and evolve—is a central focus for many psychologists.

94.

Jerzy is interested in how a person‘s sense of identity changes during the transition from middle school to high school, a research topic that most likely falls under the __________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

mental and physical health developmental cognitive biological

Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: The developmental pillar includes topics such as learning, lifespan development, identity, and language skills.

95.

Whitman is studying for an upcoming exam in his Introductory Psychology course. ―I‘m trying to recall the five pillars of psychology, that rest on the foundation of research methods and provide the blueprint for the field,‖ he announces aloud, to no one in particular. ―I know they‘re biological, social and personality, cognitive, mental and physical health, and…and…‖ Which pillar is Whitman forgetting? a. b. c. d.

motivation and emotion genetics consciousness developmental

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Research methods informs various pillars or perspectives in psychology, which in turn help shape the research interests of people in that discipline.

96.

Understanding the relative contribution of situational forces and personal traits to the enactment of a behavior is a primary focus of researchers investigating the ____________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

social/personality mental and physical health motivation and emotion biological

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Rationale: Social psychologists examine the power of different situations to shape people‘s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality psychologists focus on relatively stable patterns of behavior, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual across contexts and over time.

97.

Compared to the others, which type of psychologist is likely to focus on measuring relatively stable traits that might differ across individuals? a. b. c. d.

mental health practitioner learning theorist biological psychologist personality psychologist

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Using clever methods to infer mental processes from observable behavior, cognitive researchers have been able to study phenomena that were once only the stuff of speculation, such as emotions, motivations, insight, and the kind of ―thinking‖ that goes on without awareness .

98.

Dr. Sardonicus was lecturing to her Introductory Psychology students: ―We would do well to remember that behavior almost always occurs within a particular cultural context, and even when it doesn‘t, a person‘s prior cultural background nonetheless has an impact on future behavior.‖ Dr. Sardonicus is emphasizing the _________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

cognitive mental health social/personality physical health

Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Social behavior occurs, understandably, within a social and cultural context, which is why the term sociocultural is often used in this regard.

99.

Some friends were discussing what they‘d learned during the first week of Introductory Psychology. ―Individual differences are where it‘s at, man,‖ said Patrice. ―Traits determine behavior.‖ ―I must respectfully disagree,‖ replied Gino. ―The situations that people find themselves in have a powerful influence on how they‘ll act.‖ ―Maybe,‖ countered Alphonse, ―but let‘s not forget the important role of genetics.‖ ―Huh,‖ grunted Gloria. ―Sick in the mind, sick in the body; simple as that.‖ Which enthusiastic student is making the clearest case for the importance of social psychology as a pillar of the discipline? a. b. c. d.

Patrice Gino Alphonse Gloria

Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Gino is clearly endorsing the role of the situations and environments people find themselves in as a determinant of behavior.

100.

Investigating how job-related stress affects a person‘s physical and mental well-being represents the ___________ pillar of psychology. a. b. c. d.

social/personality cognitive mental and physical health developmental

Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Understanding the effects of stressors is a key component of the mental and physical health pillar of psychological science.

101.

The mental and physical health pillar of psychological science would be most likely to include research investigating ____________ . a. b. c. d.

diagnosable psychological disorders the development of a sense of identity how memory skills aid intellectual functioning the link between sensation and perception

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Mental health concerns often involve the diagnosis of psychological disorders.

102.

Crime dramas sometimes feature the (highly fictitious) reading of a deceased person‘s will, which usually begins, ―So-and-so, being of sound mind and body.‖ ―Sound mind and body‖ would be most closely related to the __________ pillar of psychological science. a. b. c. d.

mental and physical health developmental cognitive biological

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Would that we all had a sound mind and body, all the time. Psychologists often investigate the forces that work against that outcome.

103.

Psychologists may endorse one pillar of their science more than another, but as a group, all psychological scientists recognize that ___________ underlies all of the pillars. a. research methodology b. application c. sociology

d. abstract theory Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology Rationale: Psychology is a science; sciences are empirical; being empirical means relying on evidence gained through the research process.

104.

Early psychology was dominated by __________. a. b. c. d.

Black men White men White women Hispanic men

Answer: b Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Early psychologists were limited to White men.

105.

What were the consequences of having the field of psychology dominated by White men in its early history? a. b. c. d.

Some early psychology research was used to justify and perpetuate discrimination. Research findings were limited to only White men as participants. Limited comparisons between diverse groups were made in early research. Women of color formed their own professional organization in the field.

Answer: a Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Much of the early research in psychology were purported to demonstrate reliable race and sex differences in intelligence, memory, personality, psychological disorders, physical coordination, and moral development.

106.

Which statement best represents the acceptance of women and people of color into the field of psychology? a. Women and people of color were welcomed into psychology from the very beginning. b. Women and people of color have still not successfully engaged in the field of psychology. c. It took decades of challenging many biases for women and people of color to find a place in psychology. d. After schools accepted women into their Ph.D. programs, they were readily accepted into the profession. Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Women and people of color had to work very hard to overcome the existing biases inherent in the early history of psychology.

107.

__________ psychology spurred the growth of research on topics that had long been ignored in psychology, including motherhood, menstruation, domestic violence, gender roles, and sexist attitudes. a. b. c. d.

Applied Basic Feminist Behavioral

Answer: c Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Feminist psychology is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of gender, sexuality, and social structures on thought, emotion, and behavior.

108.

__________ is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of gender, sexuality, and social structures on thought, emotion, and behavior. a. b. c. d.

Applied psychology Basic psychology Behavioral psychology Feminist psychology

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Feminist psychology is a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of gender, sexuality, and social structures on thought, emotion, and behavior.

109.

The feminist movement in psychology was important because it __________. a. b. c. d.

refocused psychology on the study of the mind and mental processes allowed women to become therapists in a fully legal and licensed way forced graduate programs in psychology to enroll women critically examined the male bias in psychotherapy

Answer: d Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: As women began to enter psychology in greater numbers in the 1970s, they documented evidence of a pervasive bias in the research methods used and in the very questions that researchers had been asking. Feminist psychologists worked to correct this imbalance.

110.

Some psychologists work in basic psychology, conducting research, whereas others work in applied psychology. The two approaches are __________. a. diametrically opposed b. complementary c.

based in very different perspectives

d. identified by the amount of education the psychologist has Answer: b Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: The two approaches are complementary: applied psychology has direct relevance to human problems, but without basic psychology, there would be little knowledge to apply.

111.

Ursula is a psychologist investigating the course of language development in infants. Ursula‘s role as a psychologist is best defined as ___________. a. b. c. d.

a basic psychology researcher an applied psychology researcher an educational psychologist a psychometric psychologist

Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Basic psychology research asks questions about behavior for its own sake.

112.

One reason why people in the general public are often confused about what psychologists do is that __________. a. b. c. d.

psychologists themselves are often confused about what it means to be a psychologist psychology has never been established as a recognized academic discipline there is widespread disagreement among psychologists about the proper role for psychologists there is a wide variety of psychology specialties and roles psychologists can play in the community

Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Ludy T. Benjamin, a renowned historian of psychology, has said that the public ―has minimal understanding of psychology as a science and even less appreciation for what psychological scientists do‖ or how psychological research contributes to human welfare.

113.

__________ is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application. a. b. c. d.

Basic psychology Clinical psychology Applied psychology Educational psychology

Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for its practical application.

114.

__________ is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance. a. Basic psychology b. Clinical psychology c. Applied psychology

d. Educational psychology Answer: c Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance and the application of psychological findings.

115.

A major point of difference between basic research and applied research is that __________. a. basic research involves experimentation, and applied research involves psychiatry b. basic research studies physical processes, and applied research studies mental processes c. basic research studies only humans, whereas applied research studies both nonhuman animals and human beings d. basic research is performed to acquire knowledge, and applied research is performed to solve practical problems Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Basic research focuses on the acquisition of knowledge, whereas applied research attempts to use that basic knowledge to solve human problems.

116.

__________ is the aspect of psychology that is least recognized and understood by the public. a. b. c. d.

Research psychology Clinical psychology Applied psychology Educational psychology

Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Research psychology is the aspect of psychology that is least recognized and understood by the public.

117.

__________ psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition. a. b. c. d.

Industrial/organizational Psychometric Educational Experimental

Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Experimental psychologists conduct laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition.

118.

Dr. Ayoob studies how people change and grow over time physically, mentally, and socially. Dr. Ayoob is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. b. c. d.

industrial/organizational developmental educational psychometric

Answer: b Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Rationale: Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time.

119.

__________ psychologists are concerned with group decision-making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, and many such organizational issues. a. b. c. d.

Educational Developmental Industrial/organizational Experimental

Answer: c Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Industrial/organizational psychologists study behavior in the workplace. They are concerned with group decision-making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, personnel selection, marketing strategies, equipment and software design, and many other issues.

120.

__________ psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality. a. b. c. d.

Educational Developmental Experimental Psychometric

Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Psychometric psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities, aptitudes, interests, and personality.

121.

Linda is a clinical psychologist. The educational program she attended to start her professional practice required her to complete a literature review instead of a dissertation. Linda‘s advanced degree is most likely a(n) __________. a. b. c. d.

Ph.D. Psy.D. M.D. Ed.D.

Answer: b Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: The Psy.D. degree focuses on professional practice and typically requires the student to complete an extensive theoretical paper or literature review instead of a dissertation. Clinical programs leading to a Ph.D. or Ed.D. require completion of a dissertation.

122.

In the United States, which type of professional must generally have a doctoral degree in psychology? a. b. c. d.

clinical psychologists psychoanalysts psychiatrists psychotherapists

Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: In almost all states, a license to practice clinical psychology requires a doctorate.

123.

A(n) __________ is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats psychological disorders, and often adopts a biological approach to treatment. a. psychiatrist b. psychoanalyst c. LCSW

d. MFCC Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: A psychiatrist is a medical doctor trained to diagnose and treat psychological disorders.

124.

The term __________ is unregulated, and so, a practitioner in this area may have an advanced professional degree or no degree at all. a. clinical psychologist b. psychiatrist c. psychoanalyst d. psychotherapist Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: A psychotherapist is simply anyone who does any kind of psychotherapy. The term is not legally regulated; in fact, in most states, anyone can say that they are a therapist without having any training at all.

125.

Dr. Braun has been treating a child with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin as the basis of treatment. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braun is a __________. a. b. c. d.

psychiatrist psychoanalyst clinical psychologist school psychologist

Answer: a

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Unlike psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and other therapists cannot write prescriptions in most states.

126.

A psychiatrist is a therapist __________. a. b. c. d.

with a Psy.D. degree trained in psychoanalysis who is required to have an M.D. degree who is not legally required to have any degree at all

Answer: c Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners, such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Because psychiatrists have M.D. degrees, they typically take a biological approach to treatment.

127.

In almost all states, a __________ is required to obtain a license to practice clinical psychology. a. b. c. d.

doctoral degree master‘s degree medical degree certificate from a psychoanalytic institute

Answer: a Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: In almost all states, a license to practice clinical psychology requires a doctorate. Most clinical psychologists have a Ph.D., some have an Ed.D., and some have a Psy.D.

128.

Which major reason led to the formation of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)? a. Psychotherapists were losing their ―human touch‖ by relying too much on psychology‘s empirical findings. b. Academic-research psychologists were unschooled in current therapeutic methods of psychology. c. There were many differences in training and attitudes between scientists and many therapists. d. Clinical psychologists wanted to be able to prescribe drugs. Answer: c Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: There are differences in training and attitudes between scientists and many therapists regarding the need for psychotherapists to be trained in research methods. These differences contributed to the formation of the Association for Psychological Science (APS).

129.

Which statement about psychologists‘ roles in the general community is true? a. Psychologists are prohibited by law from working for, or with, government agencies. b. Clinical psychologists frequently contribute to their communities, but there are few opportunities for research psychologists to do the same. c. Research psychologists frequently contribute to their communities, but there are few opportunities for clinical psychologists to do the same. d. All types of psychologists can contribute to their communities by helping to solve problems and answer important questions. Answer: d Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Rationale: Today, psychologists contribute to their communities in a variety of ways.

True-False Questions

Empirical evidence is gathered through careful observation and experimentation. Answer: True Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Empirical evidence is the evidence gathered by a careful reflection on one‘s personal experiences. Answer: False Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

The key to determining if a psychological finding is important is whether the finding is surprising or counterintuitive. Answer: False Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Scientific psychology differs from popular psychology in that it is based on the opinions of learned scientists.

Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Psychobabble refers to how infants as young as seven months can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds. Answer: False Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Pseudoscience often promises easy fixes to life‘s problems and challenges. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Belief in psychic abilities is uncommon among the population of scientifically advanced countries. Answer: False Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Critical thinking is defined as the ability to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of wellsupported reasons and evidence. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Critical thinkers are able to look for flaws in arguments. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

10.

Critical thinking is also referred to as negative thinking. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

11.

Critical thinkers realize that all opinions should be respected as equally valid. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

12.

Critical thinkers realize that anyone‘s beliefs are as valid as anyone else‘s. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

13.

Open-mindedness implies that all opinions are created equal. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

14.

Critical thinkers are willing to accept ―received wisdom‖ without question.

Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

15.

Assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

16.

Critical thinkers do not make assumptions about how the world works. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

17.

Biases are assumptions that keep us from considering evidence fairly. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

18.

Basing our behaviors on ―gut feelings‖ is an important aspect of critical thinking. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

19.

A critical thinker rejects either/or thinking. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

20.

Critical thinkers are able to generate implications of research findings. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

21.

Critical thinkers generate as many reasonable explanations of the topic at hand as possible before settling on the most likely one. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

22.

Critical thinkers prefer explanations that account for the most evidence while making the fewest assumptions. Answer: True Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

23.

After a person learns to think critically, they will never fall for emotional reasoning and wishful thinking again. Answer: False Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

24.

Psychology has been a recognized science for more than 300 years.

Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

25.

Psychology became a formal discipline during the 16th century. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

26.

The forerunners of modern psychology depended heavily on observation. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

27.

The forerunners of modern psychology depended heavily on empirical research. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

28.

Scholars of the past relied too heavily on empirical evidence to understand human behavior. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

29.

Scholars of the past who wanted to understand human behavior relied on anecdotes and descriptions of individual cases. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

30.

Because they relied on anecdotes rather than experiments, the forerunners of modern psychology were always wrong in their description of human behavior. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

31.

Hippocrates argued that the brain was the ultimate source of human pleasures and pains. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

32.

Hippocrates argued that the heart was the ultimate source of human pleasures and pains. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

33.

Phrenologists proposed that specific character and personality traits could be inferred from bumps on a person‘s head. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

34. head.

Wilhelm Wundt argued that specific character and personality traits could be inferred from bumps on the

Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

35.

The notion of phrenology was verified by later psychological research. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

36.

Phrenology is a classic pseudoscience. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

37.

The first psychological laboratory was officially established in Leipzig, Germany. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

38.

The first psychological laboratory was officially established in 1879. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

39.

The first psychological laboratory was established by the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

40.

The first psychological laboratory was established by Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

41.

Credit for the founding of modern psychology is generally given to William James. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

42.

Credit for the founding of modern psychology is generally given to Wilhelm Wundt. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

43.

Wilhelm Wundt‘s trained introspectors had to make between 10 and 50 practice observations before they were allowed to participate in an actual study. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

44.

Wilhelm Wundt‘s trained introspectors had to make 10,000 practice observations before they were allowed to participate in an actual study. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

45.

In Wilhelm Wundt‘s trained introspection, volunteers were trained to break down behavior into its most basic elements. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

46.

E. B. Titchener gave Wilhelm Wundt‘s approach the name ―structuralism.‖ Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

47.

Structuralism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. Answer: False

48. Structuralism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of an immediate experience into basic elements. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

49.

Early psychologists who emphasized how behavior helps an organism adapt to its environment were known as structuralists. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

50.

One of the common research methods used by structuralists was phrenology. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

51.

Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

52.

Functionalism was an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of an immediate experience into basic elements. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

53.

William James, a functionalist, argued that searching for building blocks of experience was a waste of time. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

54.

Wilhelm Wundt, an American psychologist, was a popular functionalist. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

55.

―How‖ and ―why‖ an organism does something were the concerns of functionalists. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

56.

Early psychologists who emphasized how behavior helps an organism adapt to its environment were known as functionalists. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

57.

The phrase ―stream of consciousness‖ is closely associated with Sigmund Freud.

Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

58.

The phrase ―stream of consciousness‖ is closely associated with William James. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

59.

Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients‘ symptoms had mental, not physical, causes. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

60.

Sigmund Freud argued that many of his patients‘ symptoms had undiagnosed physical causes rather than mental causes. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts

61.

Sigmund Freud‘s first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, was an overnight sensation. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

62.

Sigmund Freud‘s ideas evolved into a method of psychotherapy that came to be known as psychoanalysis. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

63.

Freudian concepts were, and still are, rejected by most empirically oriented psychologists. Answer: True Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

64.

Freudian concepts are still popular among empirically oriented psychologists. Answer: False Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

65.

The biological pillar of psychology emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

66.

The cognitive pillar of psychology focuses on the social and cultural forces acting on an individual from the external environment. Answer: False Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

67.

Theorizing that anxiety is due to forbidden, unconscious desires is consistent with the biological perspective. Answer: False

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

68.

Theorizing that anxiety can be caused by a chemical imbalance in the body is consistent with the biological perspective. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

69.

Understanding the role of genetics in human behavior is part of the biological pillar of the discipline. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

70.

Health and stress are both elements of the biological pillar of psychological science. Answer: False Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

71.

Learning and sensation are elements of the cognitive pillar of psychology. Answer: False Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

72.

All the pillars of psychological science rest on the foundation of research methods. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

73.

The formation of a person‘s identity over time would be consistent with the developmental pillar of psychology. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

74.

The study of sensation and perception would fall under the developmental pillar of psychological science. Answer: False

75.

The cognitive pillar of psychology emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with behaviors. Answer: False Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

76.

The cognitive pillar of psychology emphasizes how the environment and individual experiences affect a person‘s actions. Answer: False Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

77.

The cognitive pillar of psychology emphasizes mental processes in certain areas of behavior, including memory and problem solving. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

78.

Cognitive researchers have been able to study the kind of ―thinking‖ that goes on without awareness. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

79.

Theorizing that anxious people often think about the future in distorted ways is consistent with the cognitive perspective. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

80.

The social/personality perspective emphasizes the dynamics of internal and external forces that shape human behavior. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

81.

Social psychologists focus on how groups affect attitudes and behavior. Answer: True

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

82.

Understanding psychological disorders and their effective treatment is part of the mental and physical health pillar of psychology. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

83.

Theorizing that competition between group members promotes anxiety about failure is consistent with the social/personality pillar of psychological science. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

84. on

Feminist psychology is an approach that analyzes the influence of gender, sexuality, and social structures

thought, emotion, and behavior. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

85.

Feminist psychology critically examines the male bias in psychotherapy. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

86.

Feminist psychology has influenced the study of men. Answer: True Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

87.

Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for practical application. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

88.

Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues for the sake of knowledge rather than for practical application. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

89.

Applied psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

90.

Basic psychology is the study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

91.

Not all psychologists perform clinical work. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

92.

Academic psychologists specialize in areas of research such as psychometrics or sensation and perception. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

93.

Educational psychologists primarily study how people change and grow over time. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

94.

Educational psychologists primarily design and evaluate tests of mental abilities and aptitude. Answer: False

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

95.

Developmental psychologists study how people change and grow over time. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

96.

Industrial/organizational psychologists are concerned with behavior in the workplace and work motivation. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

97.

Psychometric psychologists design and evaluate tests of mental abilities and aptitude. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

98.

Counseling psychologists are trained to conduct psychotherapy with severely disturbed people. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

99.

In almost all states in the United States, a license to practice clinical psychology requires a doctorate. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

100.

Clinical programs leading to a Ph.D. require a student to complete an extensive literature review instead of a research dissertation. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

101.

Programs leading to a Psy.D. usually require a student to complete an extensive theoretical paper or literature review instead of a research dissertation. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

102.

Clinical programs leading to a Ph.D. are usually designed to prepare a person both as a scientist and as a clinical practitioner. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

103.

Clinical programs leading to a Psy.D. focus on professional practice and do not usually require a research dissertation. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

104.

A person who has received specialized training from a psychoanalytic institute is called a psychiatrist.

Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

105.

Clinical social workers typically treat general problems in adjustment and family conflicts. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

106. Psychiatrists are more likely than other practitioners to focus on the possible biological causes of psychological disorders. Answer: True Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

107.

Only psychiatrists and clinical psychologists can write medical prescriptions in all 50 states at present. Answer: False Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Short Answer Questions

When people think of psychology, they usually think of mental disorders, emotional disorders, abnormal acts, personal problems, and psychotherapy. Describe two other topics that are of great interest to psychologists. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Psychologists study the entire spectrum of human and animal behavior. Psychologists study how people learn, remember, solve problems, perceive, feel, and get along with others. They study commonplace as well as uncommon behaviors. Some specific examples of non-clinical topics should be provided.

Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Juanita is studying in her dorm room when her roommate says, ―Why did you sign up for a psychology class? Everyone knows that psychology is the same as plain old common sense.‖ How should Juanita explain the differences between psychology and common sense? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Psychology is based on empirical evidence, rather than gut feelings, opinions, or received wisdom. Common sense and popular beliefs have often been refuted by empirical evidence. Many commonsense beliefs are contradictory because they are not based on empirical evidence. It is the case, however, that psychological science can help demonstrate when commonsense intuitions are correct, what their limits are, when they are wrong, and so on.

Shelley wants her grandmother to keep in touch through e-mail, but her grandma says, ―Oh, Shelley, you know that you can‘t teach an old dog new tricks!‖ If Shelley has been considering the complications surrounding popular beliefs about psychological phenomena, how should she respond?

Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Popular beliefs and sayings have often been refuted by scientific research. Before accepting a popular aphorism as true, it would be important to look at empirical evidence. Many popular sayings contradict each other because they are not based on empirical evidence; in this case, ―You can‘t teach an old dog new tricks‖ and ―You‘re never too old to learn.‖

Describe the differences between pseudoscience and scientific psychology. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Pseudoscience can confirm our existing beliefs and prejudices, whereas scientific psychology often challenges them. Unlike pseudoscience, scientific psychology is based on research and empirical evidence, which is gathered by careful observation, experimentation, and measurement.

Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Describe what it means to be a critical thinker. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments based on well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote. Critical thinkers look for flaws in arguments and resist claims that have no support. They realize that criticizing an argument is not the same as criticizing the person making the argument. Critical thinking includes the ability to be creative and constructive, propose alternative explanations for events, think of implications of research findings, and apply new knowledge to social and personal problems.

Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

A fortune teller reads Haifa‘s palm and tells Haifa that she will fall in love during spring break when she travels to Cancun. As a critical thinker enrolled in a General Psychology class, how would Haifa react to this news? Which critical thinking guidelines would be important for her to consider? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Fortune telling is pseudoscience, and not based on empirical evidence. Important critical thinking guidelines to consider are ―Analyze assumptions and biases‖ and ―Examine the evidence.‖

List the five essential critical thinking steps. Answer: The five steps for critical thinking are:     

Ask questions and be willing to wonder. Define your terms. Analyze assumptions and biases. Examine the evidence. Weigh conclusions.

Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Mohammed demands that his psychology professor give him a yes-or-no answer to the question, ―Do violent movies cause adolescents to become more aggressive?‖ When the professor explains the complicated

evidence, Mohammed says, ―You are evading the issue!‖ Which critical thinking guideline does Mohammed need to take into consideration? Support your choice with information from the textbook. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.      

The important critical thinking guideline here is ―Weigh conclusions.‖ In weighing conclusions, it is important for critical thinkers to tolerate uncertainty. Sometimes there is little or no evidence available to examine. Sometimes the evidence permits only tentative conclusions. Sometimes the evidence seems strong enough to permit conclusions until new evidence throws those conclusions into disarray. Critical thinkers are willing to accept this state of uncertainty.

Explain why phrenology illustrates a classic pseudoscience. Provide examples that support this assessment. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Phrenology was not based on empirical evidence. When a prediction based on bumps on the head predicted a behavior (such as stealing) that did not fit with an individual‘s general pattern of behavior or known traits and qualities, it was explained away by arguing that other positive traits held the behavior in check. Phrenology became extremely popular because it offered quick analyses of behavior and even programs for overcoming deficiencies.

Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

10.

Why is Wilhelm Wundt especially revered by psychologists? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Wilhelm Wundt founded the first formal psychology laboratory, in 1879. He was the first person to announce that he intended to make psychology a science, in 1873. His laboratory was the first to publish psychology research results in a scholarly journal.

Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

11.

During the early decades of psychology‘s existence as a formal discipline, three schools of psychological thought became popular. What were these three schools of thought, and what became of each of them over time? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points. 



Structuralism was the analysis of sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements based on Wilhelm Wundt‘s method of introspection. The term structuralism was coined by Wundt‘s student, E. B. Titchener, when he emigrated to the United States. Structuralism died out in the early years of psychology. Functionalism, founded by William James, emphasized the purposes of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description. Functionalism also died out as a separate school of psychology, but its emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior continued to influence the development of psychology as a science. Psychoanalysis was both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy that stressed the role of the unconscious mind and its hidden conflicts and wishes in influencing our behavior. Psychoanalysis is not accepted by most empirically oriented psychologists, but remains an active, though controversial, school of psychology today.

Topic: A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. APA Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

12.

The structuralists established an intensive program of research in Germany and the United States. What became of this school of psychology? What challenges did the structuralists encounter? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Structuralism died out in the early years of psychology. A major challenge faced by structuralism was the fact that individual introspectors often produced conflicting reports. Another problem was that after something has been described, there does not appear to be much left to do. Critics pointed out that Wundt's technique of trained introspection was too subjective for a reliable methodology.

13.

Why did William James argue that the structuralist approach was a waste of time? What school of psychology did he promote? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

James argued that searching for the building blocks of the mind was a waste of time because the brain and the mind are constantly changing. James was a leader in the functionalist school of psychology. Functionalism emphasized the purpose of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description.

14.

How was Charles Darwin‘s theory of evolution inspirational to the functionalists? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Darwin had argued that a biologist‘s job is not merely to describe, say, the puffed-out chest of a pigeon or the drab markings of a lizard, but also to figure out how these attributes enhance survival for an organism. Similarly, the functionalists wanted to know how specific behaviors and mental processes help a person or animal adapt to the environment, so they looked for underlying causes and practical consequences of these behaviors and processes.

15.

List and define the five pillars in modern psychology. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.     

The biological pillar focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts. The cognitive pillar emphasizes what goes on in people‘s heads—how people reason, remember, think, solve problems, act intelligently, and so on. The developmental pillar looks at learning, lifespan development, the formation of identity, and the acquisition of language skills. The social/personality pillar focuses on social and individual forces outside and inside the individual that shape behavior. The mental and physical health pillar examines just that: mental and physical health in response to stress, psychological disorders, treatment approaches, and so on.

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

16.

Explain the difference in emphasis that a social psychologist and a personality psychologist might have in explaining a person‘s behavior. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Although social and personality psychologists often work in tandem, there is a difference in emphasis between the two approaches. Social psychologists are likely to emphasize the external, situational circumstances in which a person acts as a determinant of behavior; the person acted that way because something about the situation called out that behavior. Personality psychologists are more likely to emphasize stable individual differences, or traits, within an individual as the cause of behavior; the person acted that way because ―they‘re that kind of person.‖ The reality is that a combination of internal (personality) and external (social) factors usually exert an effect on any complex behavior.

17.

What were the implications of the early lack of diversity for the development of psychology?

Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Some early research was used to justify and perpetuate discrimination. Some researchers argued that reliable sex and race differences existed in intelligence, memory, personality, psychological disorders, moral development, and other areas. Findings that may have contradicted these positions were often ignored or reinterpreted in a manner more flattering to the White men who dominated the field at the time.

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

18.

As women began to enter psychology in greater numbers in the early 1970s, they began to document evidence of a pervasive bias in the research methods that were being used. Describe the biases that these feminist psychologists documented. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Many studies used only men as research participants. Topics such as menstruation, motherhood, rape and domestic violence, the dynamics of power and sexuality in relationships, definitions of masculinity and femininity, gender roles, and sexist attitudes had largely been ignored. Such topics were reintroduced to the field of psychology by people adopting the feminist perspective.

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

19.

The professional activities of psychologists fall into three broad categories. Describe and give examples of each of these three types of professional activities. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Psychologists teach and conduct research in a variety of pure and applied areas in colleges and universities. Psychologists provide health and mental health services (e.g., clinical and counseling psychologists) in settings such as private practice, clinics, and hospitals.



Psychologists conduct research and apply the findings of psychology in nonacademic settings such as business, sports, government, law, and the military.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

20.

What is the difference between basic research and applied research? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Basic research involves seeking knowledge for its own sake. Applied research involves finding practical uses of basic psychological knowledge.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

21.

Alexandra and Holly both plan to become clinical psychologists, although Alexandra is applying to graduate schools to pursue a Ph.D. and Holly plans to earn a Psy.D. What different experiences and requirements are each likely to encounter in earning their graduate degrees? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.  

Alexandra will undergo training both as a scientist and as a clinical practitioner. She will have to complete a dissertation. Holly‘s training will emphasize professional practice. She will probably not be required to complete a dissertation, though she may have to complete an extensive theoretical paper or literature review.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

22.

Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists do similar work, but their training differs and they tend to focus on different causes of psychological disorders. Contrast the training and approach to therapy between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Clinical psychologists usually complete five years of graduate work in psychology and an internship, earning a Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D. degree. Clinical psychologists focus on the diagnosis, treatment, and study of mental and emotional problems. They primarily use some form of psychotherapy in treating people who have been diagnosed with psychological disorders. Psychiatrists are trained as medical doctors, earning an M.D. degree. They focus on the treatment of emotional disorders, especially the most severe disorders. Psychiatrists are more likely to focus on possible biological causes of psychological disorders and treat these problems with medication.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

23.

People may be a little ―fuzzy‖ about psychological careers because psychologists contribute to their communities in so many different ways. Describe three ways in which psychologists make these contributions. Answer: A good answer will include at least three of the following key points.            

Psychologists advise utility companies on ways to get customers to conserve energy. They consult with companies to improve worker satisfaction and productivity. They do basic and applied research on ways of reducing conflict and prejudice, locally and internationally. They strive to understand and prevent acts of terrorism. They advise commissions on how pollution and noise affect mental health. They do rehabilitation training for people with physical or mental disabilities. They educate judges and juries about eyewitness testimony and false confessions. They assist the police in emergencies involving hostages or disturbed persons. They conduct public opinion surveys. They run suicide-prevention hotlines. They advise zoos on the care and training of animals. They help coaches improve the athletic performance of their teams.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Essay Questions

In recent decades, the public‘s appetite for pseudoscience has grown. Describe two examples of pseudoscience and ―pop psychology‖ and then analyze the differences between psychology and pseudoscience. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points. Specific examples may vary.    

Possible Example 1: Many self-help books are available in bookstores that purport to help a person find personal growth and success in life. Possible Example 2: Technological advances are now marketed as a means to ―reprogram‖ the brain to enhance attention, memory, or awareness. Pseudoscience is based on popular opinion and promises easy fixes to life's problems. Scientific psychology is based on empirical evidence.

Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes

Rollo is eager to buy an Electro-Neural Stimulator so that he can get both halves of his brain working at peak efficiency by exam time. Based on your knowledge of critical thinking, how would you recommend he think about his plan? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.     

Develop a number of questions to ask about the product and what it does. Define any terms that might be misunderstood in your questions. Analyze assumptions and biases. Are there any assumptions or biases that might get in the way of his evaluating the quality and need for this product? Examine the evidence. Seek peer-reviewed research regarding the outcomes after use of the product. Look at critical, reliable, reviews of the product. Weigh conclusions. Encourage Rollo to use the data in front of him to make a decision regarding whether this is a good idea and if it will accomplish what he wants to do.

Topic: Psychology, Pseudoscience, and the Perils of Common Sense Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

One of the considerations in critical thinking is to examine the evidence. What does this mean? Provide an example of how someone might use an anecdote to defend an argument. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Critical thinkers look beyond the obvious, resist easy generalizations, and reject either/or thinking. Critical thinkers demand evidence that something is true. They seek research that shows a product does what it says it does. Critical thinkers are not lazy and seek all the information they can to confirm or deny the arguments presented. Using anecdotes to support an argument involves generalizing from a personal experience or a few examples. An example should be given that shows how a person might generalize from a personal experience to all people.

Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Many people don‘t realize that just as the body needs exercise to stay in shape, clear thinking requires effort and practice. Name and give an example of each of the five guidelines to critical thinking. Answer: A good answer will provide an example for each of the five guidelines for critical thinking.     

Ask questions and be willing to wonder. Define your terms. Analyze assumptions and biases. Examine the evidence. Weigh conclusions.

Topic: Thinking Critically about Psychology Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

Compare and contrast the three schools of psychological thought that became popular when psychology emerged as a discipline, including the major theorists associated with each school as well as the goal of each of these perspectives. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.

       

Structuralism was the analysis of sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements based on Wilhelm Wundt‘s method of introspection. Wundt and E. B. Titchener were leaders in the structuralist school of psychology. Structuralism died out in the early years of psychology. Functionalism, founded by William James, emphasized the purpose of behavior, as opposed to its analysis and description. Functionalism also died out as a separate school of psychology, but its emphasis on the causes and consequences of behavior continued to influence the development of psychology as a science. Psychoanalysis was both a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy that stressed the role of the unconscious mind and its hidden conflicts and wishes in influencing our behavior. Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is not accepted by most empirically oriented psychologists, but remains an active, though controversial, school of psychology today.

List the five pillars of psychological science, and provide an example of the kind of research that might be conducted within each one. Explain why all of the pillars rest on the same foundation, and identify what that foundation is. Answer: A good answer will provide an example for each of the five pillars.      

The five pillars of psychological science are biological, cognitive, developmental, social/personality, and mental and physical health. Within each pillar, specific emphases and research interests can be placed. For example, researchers adopting the biological perspective are likely to offer explanations for behavior based on genetics, hormones, neurotransmitters, and the like. Each of the pillars, however, rests on the common foundation of research methods. Methodology provides the basis for empirical evidence, upon which any science (psychology included) relies. From there, whether a psychologist applies that research to the treatment of psychological disorders, or another emphasizes the cultural constraints on behavior, or yet another focuses on growth and development over time, they all nonetheless draw from the same pool of objective, reliable evidence.

Topic: Psychological Science Perspectives Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

To most people, the word psychologist conjures an image of a therapist listening intently to a client. But not all psychologists perform clinical work. Describe the different professional activities of psychologists who have earned doctoral degrees. Include examples of work in each of the three general categories. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.   

Clinical psychologist: Diagnoses, treats, and/or studies mental and emotional problems, both mild and severe; has a Ph.D., an Ed.D., or a Psy.D. Psychoanalyst: Practices psychoanalysis; has specific training in this approach after an advanced degree; may treat any kind of emotional disorder or pathology. Psychiatrist: Does work similar to that of a clinical psychologist, but is likely to take a more biological approach; can prescribe medicine; has a medical degree (M.D.) with a specialty in psychiatry.

Topic: What Psychologists Do Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. APA Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters

Tara cannot believe what she reads about anger: ―Depending on the circumstances, sometimes it is helpful to express your feelings, but sometimes venting your anger makes everything worse.‖ Tara finds this difficult to accept because she has been told over and over that it is healthy to ―vent‖ her anger; to let it out and express it freely. Based on your reading of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, design a research study that Tara could conduct to examine this issue. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.      

All participants in the experiment would be exposed to a situation that makes them angry and would rate their anger. Participants would be randomly assigned to an experimental or a control group. Participants in the control group would not be allowed to vent their anger. Participants in the experimental group would be allowed to express their anger to another person. Afterward, all participants would rate their feelings of anger and well-being. Results for the control group and experimental group would be compared.

Topic: 1.2 Thinking Critically about Psychology, 2.4 Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 1.2.B: Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. 2.4.A: Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and given an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Functionalism, as a general school of thought in the early days of psychology, drew some of its inspiration from Charles Darwin‘s writings regarding evolution. Integrate your knowledge of Chapters 1 and 3, providing supportive evidence for a conceptual overlap between the two approaches. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.    

Evolutionary psychology is based on Darwin‘s ideas of natural selection and (as he originally formulated it) survival of the fittest. Characteristics that are adaptive (that is, characteristics that allow an organism to live and reproduce successfully in a particular environment) will be passed on to future generations. The emphasis is on determining the function of various physical and behavioral characteristics (i.e., their adaptive qualities). Functionalism was also interested in determining how the mind functions and, in particular, how it helps us to adapt to a particular environment.

Topic: 1.3 A History of Psychology: From the Armchair to the Laboratory, 3.2 The Genetics of Similarity Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult

Learning Objective: 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. 3.2.A Explain how natural selection contributes to changes in gene frequencies in a population. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology‘s content domains

Revel Quizzes

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology, 14e.

Quiz for Module 1.1 EOM Q1.1.1 1. Psychology is defined as an area of study concerned with __________. a) the factors that lead to flawed decision-making in a social context Consider This: As a scientific discipline, psychology embraces a wide range of topics. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. b) behavior and mental processes, and how these are affected by physical, mental, and environmental states c) the development, structure, and functioning of human society Consider This: As a scientific discipline, psychology embraces a wide range of topics. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. d) the biological bases of psychological disorders and the interpersonal problems of adjustment faced by people who have poor coping skills Consider This: As a scientific discipline, psychology embraces a wide range of topics. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. ANS: b Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.1.2 2. Empirical evidence refers to __________. a) information that was gathered or derived from observation, experimentation, or measurement b) the majority opinion adopted by most people when considering an issue Consider This: Empiricism is a central feature of conducting scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. c) the opinions of experts that are believed by nonexperts for a given issue Consider This: Empiricism is a central feature of conducting scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. d) the most straightforward explanation that can be offered for a particular phenomenon

Consider This: Empiricism is a central feature of conducting scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective.

ANS: a Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.1.3 3. ―Getting poor grades in college is a result of students being lazy‖ is an example of __________. ―Students who participated in a 6-week study skills course improved their grades by 15% by the end of the term‖ is an example of __________. a) empirical evidence/empirical bias Consider This: One of the factors that distinguishes scientific psychology from pseudoscience or popular opinion is its basis in facts, evidence, and direct observation. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. b) an opinion/research bias Consider This: One of the factors that distinguishes scientific psychology from pseudoscience or popular opinion is its basis in facts, evidence, and direct observation. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. c) research evidence/an opinion Consider This: One of the factors that distinguishes scientific psychology from pseudoscience or popular opinion is its basis in facts, evidence, and direct observation. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. d) an opinion/empirical evidence

ANS: d Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOM Q1.1.4 4. In one study you read about, a group of introductory psychology students completed a true/false questionnaire about psychological issues on the first day of class. What was the general result of that initial survey? a) Students were quite accurate in distinguishing factual statements about psychology from incorrect ones. Consider This: People believe lots of commonsense notions that are not always supported by rigorous scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective.

b) Students believed that many false statements regarding psychology were actually true. c) Students performed better than chance at identifying correct findings from the psychological research literature. Consider This: People believe lots of commonsense notions that are not always supported by rigorous scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective. d) Students showed a bias to believe that all statements on the survey were false. Consider This: People believe lots of commonsense notions that are not always supported by rigorous scientific research. 1.1.A Define psychology, and describe how it addresses daily life from a scientific perspective.

ANS: b Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.1.5 5. One reason beliefs in pseudoscience and psychic abilities persist is that __________. a) they give people a sense of predictability in a confusing world b) pseudoscience is still a type of science, and science is based on facts Consider This: Belief in unscientific approaches to explaining the world is widespread, even among scientifically advanced cultures. What could account for this persistence? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. c) psychic predictions have been shown to be accurate the majority of the time Consider This: Belief in unscientific approaches to explaining the world is widespread, even among scientifically advanced cultures. What could account for this persistence? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. d) they challenge our existing beliefs, and humans like uncertainty Consider This: Belief in unscientific approaches to explaining the world is widespread, even among scientifically advanced cultures. What could account for this persistence? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. ANS: a Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Understand Difficulty Level=moderate

Quiz for Module 1.2 EOM Q1.2.1 1. Mason tells his parents, ―I read online that fast-food cooks make more money than college graduates. I‘m dropping out and getting an apron!‖ Which of the following would be the best question for Mason‘s parents to ask to get him to use his critical thinking skills to reassess his plan? a) ―Will you be making dinner tonight?‖ Consider This: Mason has accepted a kernel of information at face value, without asking some critically important questions about the information. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. b) ―How many nuggets does an average chicken yield?‖ Consider This: Mason has accepted a kernel of information at face value, without asking some critically important questions about the information. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) ―What‘s the salary breakdown per fiscal quarter?‖ Consider This: Mason has accepted a kernel of information at face value, without asking some critically important questions about the information. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. d) ―What was the source of the information?‖ ANS: d Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=difficult

EOM Q1.2.2 2. Luisa listened in amazement as she overheard her psychology professors design a new experiment. ―We should be sure to measure this factor, to rule out a competing explanation for the results,‖ said Professor LeBaron. ―Yes, and also allow for idiosyncratic responses in case anyone doesn‘t speak English as a first language,‖ added Professor DeLorean. ―Let‘s not forget to have the results double-checked and interpreted by a qualified colleague,‖ Professor DeDemonico chimed in. Although Luisa was amazed, to the professors this was second nature. Why? a) The professors were well versed in critical thinking and were simply applying those principles to the scientific task at hand. b) The professors knew Luisa was listening, so they were showing off a little in order to impress her. Consider This: Luisa‘s professors are no doubt competent psychological scientists; as such, they have adopted a certain way of thinking and a certain mental approach to solving problems. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making.

c) The professors had already collected the data and were covering their tracks in case any of the results didn‘t precisely confirm their preconceptions.

Consider This: Luisa‘s professors are no doubt competent psychological scientists; as such, they have adopted a certain way of thinking and a certain mental approach to solving problems. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. d) The professors knew that science often results from luck and guessing, so they simply repeated phrases people expect scientists to say. Consider This: Luisa‘s professors are no doubt competent psychological scientists; as such, they have adopted a certain way of thinking and a certain mental approach to solving problems. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. ANS: a Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOM Q1.2.3 3. Sujin asked her psychology professor, ―Why is the brain located in the head?‖ Her professor replied, ―That‘s a really good question. Although there are lots of reasons, I‘m not sure of the one best answer. Let‘s find out together this semester.‖ Which principle of critical thinking was Sujin practicing? a) Examining the evidence Consider This: In this scenario, Sujin seems open to asking questions but is not yet finding data to answer them on her own. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. b) Defining her terms Consider This: In this scenario, Sujin seems open to asking questions but is not yet finding data to answer them on her own. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) Being willing to wonder d) Avoiding bias Consider This: In this scenario, Sujin seems open to asking questions but is not yet finding data to answer them on her own. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. ANS: c Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOM Q1.2.4 4. Conducting the same study that another researcher has previously conducted is __________. a) usually a waste of time

Consider This: One of the first things a rigorous researcher does when she arrives at or learns about an interesting finding is to see whether repeating the study produces the same result. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. b) a poor use of one‘s critical thinking skills Consider This: One of the first things a rigorous researcher does when she arrives at or learns about an interesting finding is to see whether repeating the study produces the same result. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) referred to as replication d) something that used to happen a lot in psychology, but rarely does anymore Consider This: One of the first things a rigorous researcher does when she arrives at or learns about an interesting finding is to see whether repeating the study produces the same result. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology.

ANS: c Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.2.5 5. Lori told her sister Gina about an amazing video she saw on YouTube. ―It was incredible. This guy levitated a miniature poodle for 25 seconds using psychic energy. He channels a star-force through a time continuum, and that allows him to unleash the hidden powers of his mind. It‘s totally legit; he‘s got a website and everything.‖ Gina replied, ―Maybe he‘s just making it up.‖ Which principle of critical thinking is Gina practicing? a) Gina is weighing conclusions by considering other interpretations. b) Gina is defining her terms. Consider This: In this scenario, Gina seems to be demonstrating a healthy skepticism and willingness to consider alternative explanations. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) Gina is refining her biases. Consider This: In this scenario, Gina seems to be demonstrating a healthy skepticism and willingness to consider alternative explanations. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. d) Gina is weighing conclusions by tolerating uncertainty. Consider This: In this scenario, Gina seems to be demonstrating a healthy skepticism and willingness to consider alternative explanations. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology.

ANS: a Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

Quiz for Module 1.3 EOM Q1.3.1 1. ―The study of bumps on the head,‖ a discredited approach to psychology, is also known as __________. a) phrenology b) bumpology Consider This: There were many attempts to explain psychological phenomena before the founding of psychology as a science. 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. c) the theory of humors Consider This: There were many attempts to explain psychological phenomena before the founding of psychology as a science. 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. d) psychoanalysis Consider This: There were many attempts to explain psychological phenomena before the founding of psychology as a science. 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.3.2 2. Trained introspection is a methodology that asks research participants to __________. a) demonstrate the utility of their thoughts and feelings in observable behaviors Consider This: Introspection was the method of choice used in the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

b) carefully observe and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional states c) revisit earlier stages of their conscious development using hypnosis

Consider This: Introspection was the method of choice used in the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) respond quickly and accurately to changing external stimuli Consider This: Introspection was the method of choice used in the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. ANS: b Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.3.3 3. With which school of thought is William James most closely associated? a) Functionalism b) Structuralism Consider This: William James was an early American psychologist whose views of the field often differed from those of European psychologists. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. c) Psychoanalysis Consider This: William James was an early American psychologist whose views of the field often differed from those of European psychologists. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) Behaviorism Consider This: William James was an early American psychologist whose views of the field often differed from those of European psychologists. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.3.4

4. Two psychologists, Muhammad and Bárbara, walk into a bar, and each orders a beer. Muhammad says, ―Look at that golden nectar . . . the bubbles, the foam, the slight fruit notes on my tongue, the amber color; wow, that‘s a beer!‖ Bárbara says, ―This‘ll quench my thirst.‖ Muhammad most likely endorses __________, whereas Bárbara most likely favors __________. a) structuralism; functionalism b) structuralism; psychoanalysis Consider This: Although both are responsibly enjoying a beer, each psychologist is emphasizing a different aspect of his drinking experience. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. c) functionalism; structuralism Consider This: Although both are responsibly enjoying a beer, each psychologist is emphasizing a different aspect of his drinking experience. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) structuralism; behaviorism Consider This: Although both are responsibly enjoying a beer, each psychologist is emphasizing a different aspect of his drinking experience. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.3.5 5. The idea that emotional problems spring from unconscious conflicts originated with __________. a) psychoanalysis b) the Mind Cure Consider This: An early perspective in psychology emphasized that not all thinking and feeling occurred at the level of conscious awareness. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. c) structuralism Consider This: An early perspective in psychology emphasized that not all thinking and feeling occurred at the level of conscious awareness. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) functionalism Consider This: An early perspective in psychology emphasized that not all thinking and feeling occurred at the level of conscious awareness. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology.

ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Understand Difficulty Level=moderate

Quiz for Module 1.4 EOM Q1.4.3 1. Tavishi wants help dealing with her lack of motivation in school, so she enlists her roommate Misha, who‘s taking an introductory psychology course, to offer advice. ―The problem is all in your brain,‖ Misha suggests. ―You‘ve got an imbalance of chemicals and hormones, which is causing you to feel lackluster and unfocused.‖ Which pillar of psychological science is Misha adopting? a) Cognitive Pillar Consider This: Clearly Misha paid attention to her introductory class, but she seems to be advocating a very specific view of what‘s causing Tavishi‘s behavior. What is that viewpoint based on? 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. b) Biological Pillar c) Mental and Physical Health Pillar Consider This: Clearly Misha paid attention to her introductory class, but she seems to be advocating a very specific view of what‘s causing Tavishi‘s behavior. What is that viewpoint based on? 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. d) Developmental Pillar Consider This: Clearly Misha paid attention to her introductory class, but she seems to be advocating a very specific view of what‘s causing Tavishi‘s behavior. What is that viewpoint based on? 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science. ANS: b Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Understand Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.4.2

2. What is the common foundation upon which all five pillars of psychological science rest? a) Intuition Consider This: While many common themes run through the different topics studied by psychological scientists, one unifying principle in the field is the importance of asking and answering empirical questions. 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

b) Common sense Consider This: While many common themes run through the different topics studied by psychological scientists, one unifying principle in the field is the importance of asking and answering empirical questions. 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

c) Research methods d) Feminism Consider This: While many common themes run through the different topics studied by psychological scientists, one unifying principle in the field is the importance of asking and answering empirical questions. 1.4.A List and describe five pillars of psychological science.

ANS: c Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.4.3 3. Which of the following conclusions about diversity in early psychology is most accurate? a) Some research in early psychology was actually used to advance sexist and racist conclusions about human nature. b) Unlike most scientific fields, early psychology was quite diverse along gender, racial, and ethnic lines. Consider This: Psychology is similar to many scientific fields in that its track record regarding diversity has improved over the years, but additional challenges and barriers remain. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. c) While psychology was not a particularly diverse field in its early years, today the field is perfectly representative of society and no longer has to worry about addressing issues related to representation. Consider This: Psychology is similar to many scientific fields in that its track record regarding diversity has improved over the years, but additional challenges and barriers remain. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. d) The success stories of individual women and people of color who became influential researchers in the field demonstrates that there were not any barriers to advancement in psychology based on gender, race, and other demographics. Consider This: Psychology is similar to many scientific fields in that its track record regarding diversity has improved over the years, but additional challenges and barriers remain. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry.

ANS: a Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.4.4 4. Which statement is true about feminist psychology? a) It has promoted a diversity of viewpoints, research topics, and explanations for behavior. b) It is only concerned with the experiences and tendencies of women. Consider This: Feminist psychology has sought to make psychology the study of all human beings and multiple perspectives 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. c) It emerged as an influential perspective in the late 19th century. Consider This: Feminist psychology has sought to make psychology the study of all human beings and multiple perspectives 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. d) It is a political viewpoint that is not concerned with the scientific method. Consider This: Feminist psychology has sought to make psychology the study of all human beings and multiple perspectives 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. ANS: a Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.4.4 5. When it comes to the psychology of effective study techniques, what are the 3 Rs? a) Rectify, Remedy, Revisit. Consider This: Keys to effective studying include actively engaging with the material and practicing the retrieval of information. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology b) Register, Ruminate, Remember. Consider This: Keys to effective studying include actively engaging with the material and practicing the retrieval of information. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology

c) Rehearse, Revise, Redistribute. Consider This: Keys to effective studying include actively engaging with the material and practicing the retrieval of information. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology d) Read, Recite, Review. ANS: d Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

Quiz for Module 1.5 EOM Q1.5.1 1. Dr. Lifeson has taken a job consulting with Omega Inc. The managers at Omega want to know why employee morale is so low in their manufacturing division, and they want Dr. Lifeson to design the appropriate studies and collect the necessary data to answer that question. Dr. Lifeson most likely is a specialist in __________. a) industrial/organizational psychology b) experimental psychology Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Dr. Lifeson makes a living by studying people as they perform their jobs. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. c) human development Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Dr. Lifeson makes a living by studying people as they perform their jobs. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. d) educational psychology Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Dr. Lifeson makes a living by studying people as they perform their jobs. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOM Q1.5.2 2. Which of the following academic psychologists would most likely be involved in constructing a personality test to measure introversion?

a) Psychometric psychologist b) Educational psychologist Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Some psychologists design and evaluate different kinds of tests and questionnaires. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. c) Experimental psychologist Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Some psychologists design and evaluate different kinds of tests and questionnaires. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. d) Health psychologist Consider This: Psychologists work in a variety of settings and explore a variety of topics. Some psychologists design and evaluate different kinds of tests and questionnaires. 1.5.A Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate EOM Q1.5.3 3. Which of the following specialists was specifically trained in a therapeutic approach started by Sigmund Freud? a) Psychoanalyst b) Psychiatrist Consider This: Freud‘s view of personality and his explanations for the origins of disordered behavior led to a very specific type of psychological practice. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. c) Clinical psychologist Consider This: Freud‘s view of personality and his explanations for the origins of disordered behavior led to a very specific type of psychological practice. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. d) Psychiatric social worker Consider This: Freud‘s view of personality and his explanations for the origins of disordered behavior led to a very specific type of psychological practice. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists.

ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

EOM Q1.5.4 4. Which of the following specialists has an M.D. and tends to take a medical approach to mental health problems? a) Psychiatrist b) Clinical psychologist Consider This: There are many professionals who treat mental health issues, although their training and emphasis can vary widely. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. c) Psychoanalyst Consider This: There are many professionals who treat mental health issues, although their training and emphasis can vary widely. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. d) Counseling psychologist Consider This: There are many professionals who treat mental health issues, although their training and emphasis can vary widely. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOM Q1.5.5 5. Which of the following conclusions is most accurate regarding the relationship between researchers and practitioners of psychology? a) Some psychologists have argued that increased collaboration between researchers and clinicians will have the effect of improving patient care. b) Unlike psychologists who conduct research, psychologists who see and treat patients are completely unfamiliar with research methods basics. Consider This: Many psychologists believe that narrowing the gap between scientists and practitioners is an important objective for the future of the field. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of

different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. c) When seeing patients, all psychotherapists use only techniques that have been tested by research and proven to be effective. Consider This: Many psychologists believe that narrowing the gap between scientists and practitioners is an important objective for the future of the field. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. d) All clinicians are also researchers and all researchers are also clinicians. Consider This: Many psychologists believe that narrowing the gap between scientists and practitioners is an important objective for the future of the field. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

Chapter 1 Quiz EOC Q1.1 1. What distinguishes scientific psychology from pseudoscience and popular opinion? a) Scientific psychology relies on empirical evidence for its conclusions. b) Popular ideas always take time to filter into the scientific literature, whereas scientific findings are immediately embraced by the scientific community. Consider This: There is a reason why pseudoscience is called that. Remember that the prefix pseudo means ―false.‖ 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. c) Scientific psychology only studies topics that cannot be explained through common sense. Consider This: There is a reason why pseudoscience is called that. Remember that the prefix pseudo means ―false.‖ 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. d) Evidence from a carefully controlled experiment is not as compelling as people‘s long-held beliefs. Consider This: There is a reason why pseudoscience is called that. Remember that the prefix pseudo means ―false.‖ 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. ANS: a Mod No=1.1

Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.2 2. Which of the following statements is true regarding how scientific psychology differs from the popular psychology found on television shows, on the Internet, or in self-help books? a) Scientific psychology addresses a much broader range of issues and topics than popular psychology typically does and is more firmly grounded in rigorous research and empirical evidence. b) Scientific psychology is only conducted in laboratories, whereas popular psychology is studied in a variety of settings. Consider This: Popular psychology is indeed popular with a lot of people, although the questions and methods it uses are quite unlike those used in scientific psychology. 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. c) Popular psychology offers experience-based explanations for behavior, whereas scientific psychology detaches itself from personal experience and relies instead on testable predictions. Consider This: Popular psychology is indeed popular with a lot of people, although the questions and methods it uses are quite unlike those used in scientific psychology. 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. d) Popular psychology produces testable predictions, whereas scientific psychology deals only with theories. Consider This: Popular psychology is indeed popular with a lot of people, although the questions and methods it uses are quite unlike those used in scientific psychology. 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. ANS: a Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.3 3. Daniela and her friend visit a psychic, who tells her, ―You will experience great change in the coming year‖ and ―you‘ll need to act fast to seize a new opportunity that awaits you.‖ As they leave the session, Daniela chuckles quietly while her friend seems shocked and amazed. ―That was awesome; that psychic really predicted some heavy stuff for you!‖ ―Oh, it‘s just for laughs,‖ replied Daniela. ―I don‘t believe a word of it.‖ Why is Daniela correct to be skeptical? a) Psychic predictions are typically so vague that they are essentially meaningless. b) Daniela thought the psychic was actually making predictions about her friend.

Consider This: Don‘t most people experience some sort of change or new opportunity over the course of a year? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. c) Psychics practice a type of science that most people cannot understand. Consider This: Don‘t most people experience some sort of change or new opportunity over the course of a year? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. d) Daniela experienced great change and seized a new opportunity during the previous year, so she knew those predictions could not come true again. Consider This: Don‘t most people experience some sort of change or new opportunity over the course of a year? 1.1.B Explain what separates psychological science from pseudoscience, pop psychology, and other sources of dubious claims regarding psychological issues. ANS: a Mod No=1.1 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

EOC Q1.4 4. What‘s the most appropriate way to characterize critical thinking? a) Critical thinking is a process rather than a once-and-for-all accomplishment. b) Critical thinking should be practiced by scientists but not necessarily ordinary people. Consider This: Critical thinkers apply their skills over time, as a habit, and in a variety of situations. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. c) Critical thinking always starts with rejecting some commonsense explanation. Consider This: Critical thinkers apply their skills over time, as a habit, and in a variety of situations. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. d) Critical thinking skills are something you‘re born with, rather than something you learn. Consider This: Critical thinkers apply their skills over time, as a habit, and in a variety of situations. 1.2.A Explain why critical thinking applies to all scientific pursuits and why it should also guide everyday judgments and decision-making. ANS: a Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.5 5. Which of the following is not one of the critical thinking guidelines discussed in this chapter? a) Avoid evidentiary confirmation. b) Analyze assumptions and biases. Consider This: Review the eight critical thinking guidelines, and practice them as you progress through your introductory psychology course. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) Define your terms. Consider This: Review the eight critical thinking guidelines, and practice them as you progress through your introductory psychology course. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. d) Examine the evidence. Consider This: Review the eight critical thinking guidelines, and practice them as you progress through your introductory psychology course. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.6 6. Beliefs that are taken for granted are called __________. a) assumptions b) attitudes Consider This: Critical thinkers try to identify and evaluate beliefs that are taken for granted, both those within themselves and those expressed by others. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. c) hypotheses Consider This: Critical thinkers try to identify and evaluate beliefs that are taken for granted, both those within themselves and those expressed by others. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology. d) opinions Consider This: Critical thinkers try to identify and evaluate beliefs that are taken for granted, both those within themselves and those expressed by others. 1.2.B Identify important steps to critical thinking, and give an example of how each applies to the science of psychology.

ANS: a Mod No=1.2 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.7 7. What characterized the thinking of early approaches to psychology from ancient times through the early 1800s? a) Without an empirical methodology, conclusions were based on opinion and casual observations; sometimes these conclusions were right, but many times they were wrong. b) Conclusions were based on the opinions of medical doctors because they were the closest practitioners to ―psychologists‖; these conclusions were all biologically based. Consider This: There were many streams of thought that led into the eventual development of psychology as an independent science. What distinguishes psychological science from these earlier approaches? 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. c) Early approaches all focused on explaining human actions as the result of spiritual forces; ―religion‖ and ―psychology‖ were seen as interchangeable terms. Consider This: There were many streams of thought that led into the eventual development of psychology as an independent science. What distinguishes psychological science from these earlier approaches? 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. d) Before it became a science, psychology was viewed as a type of witchcraft; therefore, any conclusions reached were contaminated by bias and prejudice. Consider This: There were many streams of thought that led into the eventual development of psychology as an independent science. What distinguishes psychological science from these earlier approaches? 1.3.A Discuss some of the early approaches to explaining psychological topics, from ancient times through the early 1800s. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.8 8. Where was the first psychological laboratory officially established? a) Leipzig, Germany b) Boston, Massachusetts

Consider This: Think about the first person to approach psychology as a science and where that person was located. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. c) Paris, France Consider This: Think about the first person to approach psychology as a science and where that person was located. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) London, England Consider This: Think about the first person to approach psychology as a science and where that person was located. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.9 9. Psychoanalysis, a type of early psychology, was originated by __________. a) Sigmund Freud b) Wilhelm Wundt Consider This: Psychoanalysis, along with structuralism and functionalism, was an early approach to understanding the mind and behavior. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. c) William James Consider This: Psychoanalysis, along with structuralism and functionalism, was an early approach to understanding the mind and behavior. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. d) John Watson Consider This: Psychoanalysis, along with structuralism and functionalism, was an early approach to understanding the mind and behavior. 1.3.B Discuss some of the influential perspectives and individuals in the early years of modern psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.3 Skill Level=Remember Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.10 10. Contrary to popular belief, memory does not function like a video recorder and even very confident eyewitnesses to crimes have been found to be mistaken in their identifications. Research on this topic is most aligned with which of the five pillars of psychological science? a. Cognitive b. Biological Consider This: Eyewitness accuracy depends on processes related to attention, perception, memory, and thought. LO: 1.4.A: List and describe the five pillars of psychological science. c. Social/Personality Consider This: Eyewitness accuracy depends on processes related to attention, perception, memory, and thought. LO: 1.4.A: List and describe the five pillars of psychological science. d. Physical/Mental Health Consider This: Eyewitness accuracy depends on processes related to attention, perception, memory, and thought. LO: 1.4.A: List and describe the five pillars of psychological science. ANS: a Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Understand Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.11 11. In 2021, the American Psychological Association issued a formal apology for which of the following? a) Studies that do not examine a representative cross-section of the human population Consider This: You can read the apology yourself by searching online for the Resolution adopted by the APA Council of Representatives on October 29, 2021. LO: 1.4.B: Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. b) The unethical treatment of animals in research laboratories Consider This: You can read the apology yourself by searching online for the Resolution adopted by the APA Council of Representatives on October 29, 2021. LO: 1.4.B: Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. c) The underrepresentation of women among psychological scientists in the early years of the field Consider This: You can read the apology yourself by searching online for the Resolution adopted by the APA Council of Representatives on October 29, 2021. LO: 1.4.B: Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. d) Decades of promoting, perpetuating, and failing to challenge racism and White supremacy

ANS: d Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Remember

Difficulty Level=easy

EOC Q1.12 12. Which cross-cutting influence helped to focus psychology on the study of all humans, rather than just culturally dominant or readily available humans? a) Feminism b) Humanism Consider This: You learned about four perspectives in psychological science, and one global perspective that also influenced the field. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. c) Inclusionism Consider This: You learned about four perspectives in psychological science, and one global perspective that also influenced the field. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry. d) The ―new spirituality‖ movement Consider This: You learned about four perspectives in psychological science, and one global perspective that also influenced the field. 1.4.B Review the lack of diversity in early psychology and its consequences, and explain how feminist psychology illustrates the benefits of including a range of perspectives in scientific inquiry.

ANS: a Mod No=1.4 Skill Level=Understand Difficulty Level=Moderate

EOC Q1.13 13. Dr. Gupta studies mood awareness, individual differences in how people monitor and label their mood states. Her interest is in knowing how the process works, what its limits are, and the mechanisms that cause it to happen. Dr. McBride wants to know whether people who are higher in mood awareness are better able to control and regulate their mood states and therefore might experience better outcomes during therapy. Dr. Gupta‘s interests are in __________, whereas Dr. McBride‘s interests are in __________. a) basic psychology; applied psychology b) learning theory; sociocultural psychology Consider This: Dr. Gupta wants to understand a fundamental psychological process; Dr. McBride wants to see that process in a practical setting. 1.5.A. Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. c) biological psychology; psychometrics

Consider This: Dr. Gupta wants to understand a fundamental psychological process; Dr. McBride wants to see that process in a practical setting. 1.5.A. Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. d) counseling psychology; clinical psychology Consider This: Dr. Gupta wants to understand a fundamental psychological process; Dr. McBride wants to see that process in a practical setting. 1.5.A. Distinguish basic psychology and applied psychology, and summarize the kinds of research that various psychologists might conduct. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.14 14. Guillermo decides he wants to ―help people,‖ so he rents an office, advertises his services, and has business cards printed. Which mental health term would Guillermo be allowed to use, despite not having any of psychological training? a) Psychotherapist b) Psychoanalyst Consider This: Mental health professionals may have a range of training, qualifications, licensure, or certification. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. c) Marriage, family, and child counselor Consider This: Mental health professionals may have a range of training, qualifications, licensure, or certification. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. d) Psychiatrist Consider This: Mental health professionals may have a range of training, qualifications, licensure, or certification. 1.5.B Compare the training and work settings of different psychological practitioners such as counselors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Analyze Difficulty Level=difficult

EOC Q1.15

15. Which of the following is not a research-based strategy for more effective study habits? a) Try to write down every word your instructor says during lecture. b) Avoid cramming. Consider This: Research suggests that even though students do a better job transcribing a lecture when taking notes by typing, they learn more effectively when taking notes by hand. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology. c) Relate new information to old information. Consider This: Research suggests that even though students do a better job transcribing a lecture when taking notes by typing, they learn more effectively when taking notes by hand. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology. d) Read, recite, review, repeat. Consider This: Research suggests that even though students do a better job transcribing a lecture when taking notes by typing, they learn more effectively when taking notes by hand. See: Taking Psychology with You: Using Psychology to Study Psychology. ANS: a Mod No=1.5 Skill Level=Apply Difficulty Level=moderate

TOTAL ASSESSMEN T Topic/

Chapter 2 HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS DO RESEARCH

GUIDE

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Learning Objective POP QUIZ 1

Multiple Choice

1-6,8,10

POP QUIZ 2

Multiple Choice

1,2,4,7-10

3,5,6

What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?

Multiple Choice

2-6,8,18,2123

1,7,9,10,14, 17

True/False

1-5,7-12

Short Answer

2.1.A – Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. 2.1.B – Explain why skepticism in science is valuable and involves more than just disbelief. 2.1.C – Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. 2.1.D – Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise.

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

11-13,19

2,3

Essay

Integrative Essay

1,3

Topic/

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

Multiple Choice

7680,93,98,104, 107

86,87,89,90, 94, 96,97,99,10 0, 103,105

81,85,88,91, 101,106

8284,92,95,10 2

True/False

35-41

Learning Objective Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships 2.3.A – Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. 2.3.B – Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables.

Short Answer

8,9

Essay Integrative Essay

Experiments: Hunting for Causes

Multiple Choice

108111,116,117,

112,125,127 ,

113115,118-

Name__________________________________________________________

Chapter 2 – Pop Quiz 1

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain certain phenomena and how they are related is called a(n) __________. a. hypothesis b. operational definition c. research design d. theory

The tendency to look for information that supports one‘s own belief is called __________. a. the principle of falsifiability b. confirmation bias c. denialism d. cognitive inertia

Research methods that can help predict behavior, but do not necessarily identify one clear explanation for the behavior, are called __________. a. experimental methods b. blind studies c. significance tests d. descriptive methods

In a(n) __________ study, a researcher carefully and systematically records behavior, taking care to avoid affecting the people being studied. a. observational b. exploratory c. experimental d. double-blind

Assessment instruments that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives are called __________. a. objective tests b. projective tests

c. double-blind tests d. single-blind tests

A __________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a. relationship coefficient b. meta-analysis c. Bayesian statistic d. correlation coefficient

Which variable does a researcher manipulate when conducting an experiment? a. control variable b. confounding variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable

10. People who participate in research studies must do so voluntarily, and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating. This concept is known as __________.

a. the Milgram doctrine b. the APA code c. informed consent d. the human welfare principle

Chapter 2 – Pop Quiz 1 Answer Key

Rationale: A theory is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.1.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Confirmation bias occurs when people look for and accept evidence that supports their existing beliefs and assumptions, and ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.1.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Descriptive methods do just that; describe and predict behavior, but offer little to nothing in the way of direct explanations for the behavior. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.2.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: An observational study takes place when a researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior (naturalistically or in a laboratory) without interfering with the behavior. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.2.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Projective tests are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.2.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: A correlation coefficient is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: A positive correlation results when increases in one variable are associated with increases in another variable, and correspondingly, decreases in one variable are associated with decreases in another variable; both variables are moving in the same direction. (Analyze It, Moderate, LO 2.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: An independent variable is manipulated or varied by the researcher during an experiment. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.4.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: A .05 level of statistical significance means that there is less than 5 percent probability that the results were due to chance alone. If, however, the significance test shows that the p value is greater than .05, many researchers would have little confidence in the study‘s result. (Understand the Concepts, Difficult, LO 2.5.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

10. c

Rationale: Informed consent is the doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.6.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Name__________________________________________________________

Chapter 2 – Pop Quiz 2

A statement that attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena, specifying relationships among events or variables that can be empirically tested, is called a(n) _______________. a. hypothesis b. axiom c. corollary d. theory

________ refers to the process of trying to repeat exactly the procedures of a previous research study to determine whether the results turn out the same way. a. Openness s. Repeatability d. Replication f. Review

Which advantage applies primarily to case studies? a. Case studies produce a more detailed picture of an individual than other methods do. b. The information collected in a case study is easy to interpret. c. Data collected during a case study can be easily generalized to other individuals and situations. d. Case studies are less susceptible to researcher bias than are other methods.

Marisol is conducting a research study using __________ for her psychology class. She goes to the university dining hall and makes notes on her fellow students‘ behavior and

activities. She is careful to avoid drawing attention to herself so the people in the dining hall will behave as they usually do. a. naturalistic observation b. laboratory observation c. exploratory research d. experimental research

People who are willing to take part in surveys usually have opinions and views that are different from those who decline to take part. This phenomenon can lead to __________. a. a biased sample being used for a survey b. an experimenter fulfilling their beliefs by knowing the specific participants that would play a role in their research c. people participating who will only confirm what an experimenter is looking for d. errors in the content validity of the survey

Which pair of variables would be most likely to yield a negative correlation? a. ocean temperature and the number of people at the beach b. adult shoe size and IQ scores c. the price of a car and the mileage on the odometer d. height and weight

Apparent associations between two things that are not really related are called __________ correlations. a. illusory b. positive c. negative d. erroneous

A variable that is predicted to be affected by an experimenter‘s manipulations is called a(n) __________ variable. a. extraneous b. dependent c. confounding d. independent

__________ is a technique that allows a researcher to combine data statistically from numerous studies in the same area. a. Significance testing b. Meta-analysis c. Cross-sectional research d. Longitudinal research

10. Which reason best illustrates an argument for the use of animals in psychological research? a. what is true for animals will also be true for humans b. animals are more complex than humans, so they provide more detailed information about behavior c. studying animals can be a pathway toward improving human welfare d. studying animals can, serendipitously, help to improve the treatment of laboratory animals

Chapter 2 – Pop Quiz 1 Answer Key

Rationale: A hypothesis is a statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena, specifying relationships among events or variables that can be empirically tested. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.1.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Replication helps members of the scientific community—and the population at large—understand which results are reliable and which may be in need of further investigation. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.1.D, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Case studies can be a valuable tool, but they are limited in the generalizability of the amount and type of information they yield. (Understand the Concepts, Easy, LO 2.2.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Marisol is conducting a naturalistic observation, watching behavior unfold as it typically would in its typical setting. Psychologists use naturalistic observation wherever people happen to be. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.2.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: People who are willing to take part in surveys usually have opinions and views that are different from those who decline to take part. A nonrepresentative sample does not necessarily mean that a survey is worthless or uninteresting, but it does mean that the results may not hold true for other groups. (Understand the Concepts, Moderate, LO 2.2.E, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. There is a negative relationship between

the price of a car and its mileage. The more miles driven, the less a car is typically worth. (Understand the Concepts, Moderate, LO 2.3.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: Illusory correlations are apparent associations between two things that are not really related. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.3.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: An experimenter manipulates an independent variable and measures a dependent variable. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.4.A, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Rationale: A meta-analysis is a set of statistical techniques for combining data from a number of related studies to determine the explanatory strength of the variables under consideration. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.5.C, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

10. c

Rationale: One of the reasons psychologists conduct experiments enlisting animals is to improve human welfare. (Remember the Facts, Easy, LO 2.6.B, APA 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the cycle of scientific research, a theory is __________ when new evidence is gathered. a. proven b. replaced c. revised d. a law Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: By examining the evidence gathered from research outcomes, modifications, extensions, and revisions to a theory can take place, thereby generating new hypotheses and continuing the cycle of investigation.

Which sequence presents the correct order for conducting scientific research? a. evidence, prediction, hypothesis, theory b. prediction, evidence, hypothesis, theory c. hypothesis, evidence, theory, prediction d. theory, hypothesis, prediction, evidence Answer: d Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: Theories allow a researcher to derive testable hypotheses, and make predictions about the pattern of results that should occur. Hypotheses are tested empirically by gathering data on operationally defined variables. By examining the evidence, modifications, extensions, and revisions to the theory can take place, thereby generating new hypotheses and continuing the cycle of research investigation.

An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships is called a(n) __________. a. hypothesis b. operational definition c. research design d. theory Answer: d Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A theory is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.

In the scientific use of the term, a theory is __________. a. a prediction about the outcome of a given experiment or study b. an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain certain phenomena and how they are related c. a precise definition of a term used when formulating a hypothesis, which specifies how it will be observed and measured d. a scientist‘s best guess about the cause of an event or phenomenon

Answer: b Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A theory is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.

A scientific theory can be thought of as a(n) __________. a. personal opinion b. established truth c. system of assumptions d. empirical proof Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A theory is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.

6. A statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior is called a(n) __________. a. hypothesis b. axiom c. corollary d. theory Answer: a Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A hypothesis is a statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena, specifying relationships among events or variables that can be empirically tested.

7. ―Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive themselves.‖ According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n) ________. a. result b. fact c. hypothesis d. conclusion Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: This statement is an educated guess about the effects of violent cartoons. A prediction is being made, rather than a conclusion being reached or a fact being stated.

An operational definition is __________. a. a statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior b. an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships c. a specification of precisely how to observe and measure a variable in a hypothesis d. a statement that is accepted without proof and regarded as fundamental to a subject Answer: c

Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An operational definition is a specification of precisely how to observe and measure a variable in a hypothesis.

An operational definition specifies ___________. a. how something is to be observed and measured b. how the purpose of a study will be explained to the participants c. the meaning of a term in commonly used, non-scientific language d. which research methods will be used in a study Answer: a Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In a prediction, terms for the phenomena to be tested are given operational definitions, which specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured.

10.

Before research can proceed, the hypothesis must be made more __________ through the use of operational definitions. a. empirical b. accurate

c. precise d. theoretical Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: From a theory, a psychological scientist derives a hypothesis, which may be quite general. But before any research can be done, the hypothesis must be made more precise in order to leads to predictions about what will happen in a particular situation. Terms are given operational definitions, which specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured.

11.

As part of a psychology experiment, Rico decides to measure a person‘s ―anxiety‖ by noting the number of blinks a person makes during a 20-minute social interaction with a stranger. Rico appears to have offered a(n) ________of anxiety. a. hypothesis b. variable c. theoretical definition d. operational definition Answer: d Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: An operational definition is a specification of precisely how to observe and measure a variable in a hypothesis.

12.

Nikki tells her Introductory Psychology instructor that she wants to study why similarity leads to attraction. ―That‘s great,‖ her instructor replies. ―But what do you mean, exactly, by ‗similarity‘ and ‗attraction‘?‖ What is Nikki‘s instructor urging her to do? a. create operational definitions of the variables she wants to study b. propose a theory to explain why similarity is related to attraction c. formulate a hypothesis about the relationship between her variables of interest d. compute a correlation coefficient between her variables Answer: a Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An operational definition is a specification of precisely how to observe and measure a variable in a hypothesis.

13. The administration of the Springfield municipal school district wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship? a. chair arrangement: theater style or circular b. class size: under 50 or over 50 c. frequency with which students ask questions d. number of students enrolled in each class Answer:

Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Counting the number of questions students ask is one measurable way to define the dependent variable, which is student participation.

14.

Skepticism in scientific research means __________. a. acquiring knowledge by means of observation or experimentation b. refusing to accept empirical evidence c. believing a claim is true unless you have evidence that it is wrong d. treating conclusions, both new and old, with caution Answer: d Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.B Explain why skepticism in science is valuable and involves more than just disbelief. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In the world of science, skepticism means treating conclusions, both new and old, with caution.

15.

Which statement about skepticism is true? a. Skepticism about a claim is generally unnecessary if the person making the claim is an authority on the topic.

b. Skepticism in science is the willingness to accept an idea without empirical evidence. c. Skepticism means always refusing to believe the claims of authorities in the field. d. Good scientists must balance skepticism and openness to new ideas. Answer: d Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.B Explain why skepticism in science is valuable and involves more than just disbelief. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: ―Skepticism‖ is not simply about debunking some claim, but showing why the claim is invalid—so that better methods can replace it. Skepticism and caution, however, must be balanced by openness to new ideas and evidence.

16.

Consider the statement, ―All swans are white.‖ Finding 10,000 white swans would seem to confirm this assertion. Finding the 10,001st white swan would seem to do little to advance this position. But finding a single black swan would be sufficient to show that the assertion is incorrect. This analysis illustrates the importance of __________ when framing scientific questions of interest. a. replication b. falsifiability c. riskiness d. confirmation Answer: b Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Predictions ought to be able to expose a scientific theory to the possibility of disconfirmation.

17.

The principle of falsifiability means that __________. a. scientists must be careful not to falsify their results b. all theories will eventually be shown to be false c. a scientist must state an idea in such a way that it can be refuted or disproved by counterevidence d. theories that have not been proven are considered false Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The principle of falsifiability states that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen.

18. The tendency to look for information that supports one‘s own beliefs, and ignore evidence that doesn‘t, is called __________. a. the principle of falsifiability b. confirmation bias c. denialism d. cognitive inertia Answer: b

Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Confirmation bias occurs when people look for and accept evidence that supports their existing beliefs and assumptions, and ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs.

19.

Chuy believes that older people are worse drivers than younger people. He always notices examples of poor older drivers, but ignores evidence to the contrary, such as poor younger drivers or good older drivers. Chuy‘s behavior is an example of __________. a. the principle of falsifiability b. critical thinking c. the confirmation bias d. skepticism Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Confirmation bias occurs when people look for and accept evidence that supports their existing beliefs and assumptions, and ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs.

20.

Which statement is true regarding the scientific enterprise?

a. Scientists should keep their research covert to protect their ideas from plagiarism. b. It is a waste of time and money to replicate a study that has already been done. c. Disclosure of the details of a study is important so others can verify or refute the findings. d. Peer reviews take place after research findings have been announced publicly. Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Science depends on the free flow of ideas and full disclosure of the procedures used in a study. Scientists must be willing to tell others where they got their ideas, how they tested them, and what the results were.

21. The process of trying to repeat exactly the procedures of a previous research study to determine whether the results turn out the same way is called __________. a. openness b. repeatability c. replication d. review Answer: c Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: Scientists must be willing to tell others where they got their ideas, how they tested them, and what the results were. They must do this clearly and in detail so that other scientists can repeat, or replicate, their studies and verify—or challenge—the findings.

22.

__________ is the ability to repeat a study and observe a similar pattern of results. a. Reliance b. Replication c. Plausibility d. Falsifiability Answer: b Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Scientists must be willing to tell others where they got their ideas, how they tested them, and what the results were.

23.

Harry found that there was a relationship between consumption of chocolate and the ability to draw well. He knows that he must be cautious about trusting these results until he is able to __________ his study. a. publish b. replicate c. restore d. falsify Answer: b Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Other scientists should be able to replicate studies to verify—or challenge—the findings.

24.

Researchers prefer to select participants who accurately represent the larger population that the researchers are interested in. This type of a group is called a __________ sample. a. double-blind b. cross-cultural c. volunteer d. representative Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A representative sample is a group of individuals, selected from a population for study, that matches the population on important characteristics.

25.

A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics, such as age, racial identity, or income level, is called ________. a. a volunteer group b. a representative sample c. an unrepresentative sample

d. the control group Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A representative sample is a group of individuals, selected from a population for study, that matches the population on important characteristics.

26.

The editors of Science and YOU! obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rainforests in Ecuador. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to apply the results to ________. a. other scientists b. the entire U.S. population c. subscribers of Science and YOU! d. the rural population of Ecuador Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The sample selected represents a specific (and limited) population.

27.

In a psychological research study, a sample made up of people who happen to be available at the time of the study is called a __________ sample. a. representative b. quota c. random d. convenience Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Psychologists and others who study human behavior often must settle for a sample of people who happen to be available—a ―convenience‖ sample—and usually this means undergraduate students.

28.

Research methods that can help predict behavior, but do not necessarily identify one clear explanation for the behavior, are called __________. a. experimental methods b. single-blind studies c. significance tests d. descriptive methods Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Descriptive methods are methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not direct explanations.

29.

Which research strategy is a descriptive method used in psychological research? a. experiment b. case study c. double-blind study d. single-blind study Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A case study (or case history) is a detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or formal psychological testing.

30.

A detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or formal psychological testing is called a(n) __________. a. observational study b. correlational study c. case study

d. survey Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A case study (or case history) is a detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or formal psychological testing.

31.

Which advantage applies to case studies? a. They can be used when practical or ethical considerations would prevent gathering information in other ways. b. They have no serious drawbacks because they are easy to interpret. c. Data collected provides causal explanations of descriptive behavior. d. Case studies are less susceptible to researcher bias than other methods. Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Case studies are most commonly used by clinicians, but sometimes academic researchers use them as well, especially when they are just beginning to study a topic or when practical or ethical considerations prevent them from gathering information in other ways.

32.

Which disadvantage applies to case studies?

a. Case studies produce a less detailed picture of an individual than other methods. b. Case studies have only limited usefulness for deriving general principles of behavior. c. Data from case studies is more abstract, vague, and general than data from other methods. d. The amount of control used in case studies makes them very artificial. Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Because one person may be unrepresentative of the group the researcher is interested in, case studies have only limited usefulness for deriving general principles of behavior.

33.

In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl (called ―Genie‖) was found locked in a room, strapped to a potty chair, where she had been confined since birth. Because she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied ―Genie‘s‖ ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is an example of a __________. a. case study b. representative sample c. laboratory observation d. single-blind study Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A case study (or case history) is a detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or formal psychological testing.

34. An academic researcher would use the case study method for a research study when __________. a. a new discovery has been made regarding a cause-and-effect relationship b. the relationship between two variables needs to be established c. ethical considerations prevent the use of other sources of information d. the purpose of the research is to track down a cause Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Case studies are most commonly used by clinicians, but sometimes academic researchers use them as well, especially when they are just beginning to study a topic or when practical or ethical considerations prevent them from gathering information in other ways.

35.

You overhear your fellow psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often ―fails to generalize.‖ Which research method is the most likely topic of their discussion? a. correlation b. experiment

c. survey d. case study Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Case studies can provide detailed information about a single case, but that information in unlikely to generalize to a much larger population.

36.

Which statement is true regarding case studies? a. Case studies require a large number of participants. b. Case studies are extremely useful for deriving general principles of behavior. c. Conclusions obtained from case studies are highly reliable. d. Researchers often resort to case studies when other methods would be unethical. Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Case studies are most commonly used by clinicians, but sometimes academic researchers use them as well, especially when they are just beginning to study a topic or when practical or ethical considerations prevent them from gathering information in other ways.

37.

__________ are usually sources of hypotheses, rather than tests of hypotheses. a. Correlational studies b. Case studies c. Experiments d. Regression analyses Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The case study method has only limited usefulness for deriving general principles of behavior; case studies are usually only sources, rather than tests, of hypotheses.

38.

Which statement is true about naturalistic observation? a. It involves observing behavior in its natural setting. b. It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings. c. It is basically the same process as objective introspection. d. It re-creates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid. Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An observational study is defined as a study in which a researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior (naturalistically or in a laboratory) without interfering with the behavior.

39.

An advantage of observational studies is that __________. a. they can provide accurate descriptions of behavior b. the presence of observers can alter the behavior being observed c. they can answer questions about cause and effect d. they allow experimenters to manipulate variables Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Often, an observational study is the first step in a program of research; it is helpful to have a good description of behavior before you try to explain it.

40.

Dawn is systematically recording the behaviors of the kids in a nursery school, taking care to avoid being obvious about what she is doing. Dawn is engaging in a(n) __________. a. observational study b. exploratory research c. experimental research d. double-blind study

Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An observational study is defined as a study in which a researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior (naturalistically or in a laboratory) without interfering with the behavior.

41.

Quentin went to Taco Mucho to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jumpsuits. Quentin said he wanted to conduct a naturalistic observation, but he may have had some problems because of __________. a. eating Taco Mucho food b. room crowding c. participant observation d. the obvious presence of observers Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An observational study is defined as a study in which a researcher carefully and systematically observes and records behavior (naturalistically or in a laboratory) without interfering with the behavior. Psychologists use naturalistic observation wherever people happen to be.

42.

To test whether people in bars drink more when they are in groups than when they are alone, researchers visited all the pubs in a city. They ordered beers and recorded their observations on napkins and pieces of newspaper. Why did they keep their identities in disguise? a. They were conducting a double-blind study. b. They wanted to make sure the study had test–retest reliability. c. They needed to determine the experimenter effects in the study at a later point in time. d. They wanted the people they were observing to behave naturally. Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Observers take pains to avoid being obvious about what they are doing so those who are being observed will behave naturally.

43.

Both Sandi and Amber are interested in developmental psychology, specifically the types of play five-year-olds engage in. Sandi visits a local park and makes notes about the children she sees. Amber invites parents and their children to a specially designed room in a psychology building and watches the children through a one-way mirror. Both approaches are sensible, but the difference is that Sandi is using __________ whereas Amber is using __________. a. the case study method; naturalistic observation b. a field experiment; a laboratory experiment c. laboratory observation; the case study method d. naturalistic observation; laboratory observation Answer: d

Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In laboratory observation, researchers have more control over the situation. They can use sophisticated equipment, determine the number of people who will be observed, minimize disruptions, and so forth.

44.

Psychologists sometimes prefer to make observations in a laboratory setting rather than a naturalistic setting. The primary advantage of laboratory observation over naturalistic observation is __________. a. it costs less money b. participants take their participation more seriously in a professional environment c. researchers have more control over the research study d. laboratory observation is more natural Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In laboratory observation, researchers have more control over the situation. They can use sophisticated equipment, determine the number of people who will be observed, minimize disruptions, and so forth.

45. A major disadvantage of using laboratory observation as a research strategy is that __________. a. the presence of researchers may cause participants to act differently than they would in their natural surroundings b. it can be used only for explaining behavior and not for describing it c. it is usually considered unethical d. researchers have less control of the situation than they do in a naturalistic observation Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: One shortcoming of laboratory observation is that the presence of researchers and special equipment may cause people to behave differently than they would in their usual surroundings.

46.

Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, and abilities are called __________. a. laboratory observations b. psychological tests c. significance tests d. meta-analyses Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Psychological tests, sometimes called assessment instruments, are procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, and abilities.

47. Assessment instruments that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives are called __________. a. objective tests b. projective tests c. double-blind tests d. single-blind tests Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Projective tests are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives.

48.

Greta agrees to complete an evaluation designed to tap her unconscious feelings and motives. Greta will be given a(n) __________. a. objective test b. projective test c. double-blind test d. single-blind test

Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Projective tests are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives.

49. Assessment instruments that are designed to measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which an individual is aware are called __________. a. projective tests b. objective tests c. double-blind tests d. single-blind tests Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Objective tests, also called inventories, measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which an individual is aware.

50.

If a psychological test is standardized, __________. a. it has been approved for use by the APA

b. it is always administered to a random sample of participants c. it has been demonstrated to be valid d. uniform procedures have been developed for administering and scoring the test Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: One criterion of a good test is standardization, meaning that uniform procedures are in place for giving and scoring the test.

51.

When Arjun takes a personality test, the test administrator provides detailed instructions and plenty of time to complete it. But Rene takes the same test and is given only vague instructions and a limited amount of time. This procedural difference shows that the test lacks __________. a. validity b. standardization c. reliability d. variability Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: One criterion of a good test is standardization, meaning that uniform procedures are in place for giving and scoring the test.

52. Hondo is told that the achievement test he is taking is a standardized test. This means that __________. a. the test has been approved by the APA b. the test will be measuring what is it intended to measure c. similar scores occur when the test is given in a standard laboratory setting or in a naturalistic setting d. uniform procedures exist for giving and scoring the test Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: One criterion of a good test is standardization, meaning that uniform procedures are in place for giving and scoring the test.

53.

When Hoshi takes a personality test, she is told that the resulting score is compared to norms; that is, the test __________. a. measures what it is designed to measure b. results are compared to established standards of performance c. produces the same results from one time to the next d. predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts

Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Scoring on standardized tests is usually done by referring to norms, or established standards of performance. The usual procedure for developing norms is to give the test to a large group of people who resemble those for whom the test is intended. Norms determine which scores can be considered high, low, or average.

54.

Reliability in psychological testing means that the test __________. a. actually measures what it is supposed to measure b. is fair c. is unbiased d. produces the same results from one time and place to the next Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Reliable tests are consistent. If a test yields consistent scores from one time and place to another time and place, it is reliable.

55.

In order to be useful, a psychological test must be reliable; that is, it must __________. a. measure what it is designed to measure b. compare results against established standards of performance

c. produce the same results from one time and place to the next d. predict other criteria of the trait in question Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Reliable tests are consistent. If a test yields consistent scores from one time and place to another time and place, it is estimated to be reliable.

56.

Juano takes the same intelligence test four times over the span of two months. Each time his score is within the same three-point range. Which conclusion about these data can be reached, based on Juano‘s scores alone? a. The data are skewed. b. The intelligence test is accurate. c. The intelligence test is reliable. d. The intelligence test is valid. Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Reliable tests are consistent. If a test yields consistent scores from one time and place to another time and place, it is assumed to be reliable.

57.

Bertram is given a vocational-interest test and is then asked to attempt the same test a week later. The test administrator wants to estimate the __________ of the test. a. content validity b. test–retest reliability c. alternate-forms reliability d. criterion validity Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Psychologists can measure test–retest reliability by giving the test twice to the same group of people and comparing the two sets of scores statistically.

58.

Gino is given a vocational-interest test and then takes a test, similar in format but with different questions, a week later. The test administrator wants to estimate the __________ of the test. a. content validity b. test–retest reliability c. alternate-forms reliability d. criterion validity Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: People tend to do better the second time they take a test, after they have become familiar with it. A solution is to compute alternate-forms reliability by giving different versions of the same test to the same group on two separate occasions.

59.

If a psychological test measures what it is supposed to measure, it has which property? a. reliability b. validity c. variability d. standardization Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Validity is the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

60.

A psychological test is said to have content validity if __________. a. the items in the test broadly represent the trait in question b. its results are comparable to established standards of performance c. it produces the same results from one time to the next d. it predicts other measures of the personality trait in question Answer: a

Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: If the items in a test broadly represent the trait in question, the test is said to have content validity.

61.

A psychological test is said to have criterion validity if __________. a. it measures what it is designed to measure b. its results are comparable to established standards of performance c. it produces the same results from one time to the next d. it predicts other criteria of the personality trait in question Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Criterion validity, the ability to predict independent measures, or criteria, of the trait in question.

62.

When considering the use of psychological tests applied to school acceptance, the evidence indicates that ___________. a. they have been widely accepted by people

b. their usefulness has been questioned c. they fail to demonstrate adequate levels of validity or reliability d. they are not really accepted by the populations who use them Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Criticisms and reevaluations of psychological tests keep psychological assessment honest and scientifically rigorous. Many currently used tests of IQ and tests such as the SAT have been questioned with regard to their usefulness.

63. __________ gather information by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions. a. Surveys b. Inventories c. Projective tests d. Naturalistic observations Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: Surveys are questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

64.

Which question could be answered BEST by using the survey method? a. What is the relationship between number of hours of external employment per week and grade point average? b. Does wall color affect the frequency of outbursts in a special-needs educational setting? c. Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? d. What is the effect of consuming carbohydrates on problem-solving ability? Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Surveys are questionnaires and interviews that gather information by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

65.

The magazine Highly Traditional House and Home publishes a survey of its female readers called ―The 24/7 Job.‖ It reports that 87 percent of all women who work outside the home feel too tired to cook and clean for their families. The critical flaw in this research would be the fact that ___________. a. the sample is not representative of all American women b. work has not been operationally defined c. a psychological test, rather than a survey, should have been given d. not all women are members of a family Answer: a

Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A nonrepresentative sample does not necessarily mean that a survey is worthless or uninteresting, but it does mean that the results may not hold true for other groups.

66.

A magazine called Teen’s Delight publishes a survey of its readers called ―School Life of a Typical American Teen.‖ A critical flaw in this research is the fact that __________. a. the sample surveyed is not necessarily representative of American teens b. the survey is valid but is not reliable c. a projective test would have produced more accurate results than a survey d. an objective test would have produced more accurate results than a survey Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A nonrepresentative sample does not necessarily mean that a survey is worthless or uninteresting, but it does mean that the results may not hold true for other groups.

67.

Dr. Huang wants to know about the coffee consumption patterns among high school seniors in the United States. Dr. Huang should ________.

a. draw a representative sample among high school seniors b. require students‘ names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie c. administer a survey to every high school senior in the country d. remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A representative sample should give enough information to enable Dr. Huang to generalize any findings to all seniors.

68.

Which statement is true? a. A survey‘s intent is more critical than the representativeness of the people surveyed. b. Surveys are procedures used to measure and evaluate people‘s abilities and aptitudes. c. The likelihood of lying on a survey is the same even when respondents are guaranteed anonymity. d. A problem with surveys is that sometimes people lie. Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: One problem with surveys, and with self-reports in general, is that people sometimes lie, especially when the survey is about a touchy or embarrassing topic.

69.

The likelihood of lying about a sensitive topic on a survey is reduced when respondents __________. a. are paid for their participation in the survey b. receive explanations regarding the importance of the survey c. are questioned by an interviewer of the same age d. are guaranteed anonymity Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The likelihood of lying on surveys is reduced when respondents are guaranteed anonymity and allowed to respond in private.

70.

When conducting cross-cultural research, one of the primary challenges involves __________. a. how accurately one language translates into another b. whether or not participants understand what the research question is c. whether or not the culture generally values scientific research d. how willing members of other cultures are to participate in research studies Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Often translation issues will make it difficult when participants do not understand what you are asking for, or the terminology may mean something different in their culture.

71.

When conducting cross-cultural research, participants in each culture should be matched on all variables except __________. a. education b. language c. economics d. culture Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Well-controlled research makes sure that samples are the same on all factors except the one in question. In cross-cultural research, that would be culture.

72.

Sometime researchers oversimplify average differences across peoples in cross-cultural research, leading to __________. a. reification b. reliability issues

c. validity issues d. stereotyping Answer: d Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Stereotyping can result when shortcuts are taken in describing research findings.

73.

Which major concern can affect cross-cultural research? a. stereotyping all members of a culture as being the same b. restrictions placed on foreign researchers c. lack of norms for standardization d. anti-science bias in some cultures Answer: a Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: When researchers describe average differences across societies, they may be tempted to oversimplify their findings, which can lead to stereotyping.

74.

When Salome was trying to describe how she feels, she stated that her sadness feels like a black insect living inside her heart. Salome was using __________ in her description. a. stereotyping b. rationalizing c. reification d. anthropomorphizing Answer: c Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: To reify means to regard an intangible process, such as a feeling, as if it were a literal object.

75. __________ means to regard an intangible process, such as a feeling, as if it were a literal object. a. Reestablishment b. Reification c. Rationalization d. Surmising Answer: b Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: To reify means to regard an intangible process, such as a feeling, as if it were a literal object.

76.

A __________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a. relationship coefficient b. meta-analysis c. Bayesian statistic d. correlation Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

77.

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables is known as __________. a. correlation b. the association coefficient c. association d. arbitrage Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. Specifically, a correlation is a numerical measure of the strength of the relationship between two things.

78.

A __________ study is a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena. a. causal b. case c. correlational d. exploratory Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two or more phenomena is called a correlational study.

79.

A correlation is a numerical measure of the __________. a. unintended changes in participants‘ behavior due to cues from the experimenter b. strength of the relationship between two variables

c. behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time d. behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation means a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. Specifically, a correlation is a numerical measure of the strength of the relationship between two things.

80.

A negative correlation means that __________. a. the high values of one variable are associated with the low values of the other b. the high values of one variable are associated with the high values of the other c. the low values of one variable are associated with the low values of the other d. there is no relationship between the two variables Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A negative correlation is an association between increases in one variable and decreases in another.

81.

Julie finds that the more she sleeps on the eve of an exam, the higher the score she gets on the exam. There is __________ correlation between the amount Julie sleeps and her exam scores. a. a negative b. a positive c. a perfect d. no actual Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another.

82.

Which pair of variables is likely to be positively correlated? a. outdoor temperature and hot chocolate sales b. damage to a car and speed at the time of accident c. the price of a car and the age of a car d. hours spent watching TV and grade point average Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another.

83.

Which pair of variables is likely to be negatively correlated? a. room size and time required to paint walls b. amount of studying and test grade c. value of a collectable item and the number of those items known to exist d. ocean temperature and the number of people at the beach Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. Rare collectables (i.e., few are known to exist) are typically more expensive than ones that are more common. As the number known to exist goes down, the cost goes up.

84.

All of these pairs of variables, EXCEPT for ________, would likely show a positive correlation. a. school grades and intelligence test scores b. level of alcohol intake and scores on a reaction time test c. people‘s educational level and their income

d. height and weight Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: As alcohol ingestion goes up, reaction time tends to slow.

85. L‘Shondra finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches eight hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to five hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. L‘Shondra realizes that ________. a. there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades b. there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades c. she should sleep about ten hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades d. her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another. Both

variables in the example move in the same direction and, therefore, have a positive correlation.

86.

Which pair of variables illustrates a negative correlation? a. ocean temperature and the number of people at the beach b. adult shoe size and IQ scores c. the price of a car and the mileage on the odometer d. height and weight Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. There is a negative relationship between the price of a car and its mileage. The more miles driven, the less a car is typically worth.

87.

Two sets of observations assessing students‘ heights and their respective weights are compared. Which is most likely true? a. The two variables will be both positively and negatively correlated. b. The two variables will be uncorrelated. c. The two variables will be negatively correlated. d. The two variables will be positively correlated. Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another. Height and weight are positively correlated; that is, in general, the taller a person is, the more they weigh.

88.

Which situation represents a positive correlation? a. Jan has a higher level of education and a higher income than his brother, Arnie. b. Arnie has less education than his brother, Jan, but he makes more money. c. Jan has a high level of education, and Arnie likes to water ski. d. Jan has more education than his brother, Arnie, and also has children. Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another. In this case, Jan‘s high level of education correlates with his higher income.

89.

Which definition of correlation is correct? a. characteristics of behavior or experience that cause other phenomenon b. characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or described by a numeric scale

c. a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another d. a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomena Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation is defined as a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

90.

Which definition of positive correlation is correct? a. A measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. b. An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another. c. An association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another. d. A measure that shows that two variables have no relationship to each other. Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A positive correlation is defined as an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another.

91.

In his research on male pattern baldness, Dr. Kessler has observed that, on average, men with less hair tend to be older than men with more hair. This would be considered a(n) __________ correlation. a. positive b. false c. negative d. causational Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. According to Dr. Kessler‘s findings, as a man‘s age increases, his amount of hair decreases.

92.

Mimiko finds that children‘s hours of daily exercise and quality of nutritional intake are correlated +.73 with one another. What does this correlation coefficient indicate? a. As rates of exercise increase, quality of nutritional intake decreases. b. As quality of nutritional intake increases, rates of exercise increase. c. Better nutrition causes higher rates of exercise. d. Higher rates of exercise cause better nutrition. Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: All we can conclude from this association is that as scores on one variable increase, scores on the other variable also increase.

93.

The correlation coefficient conveys __________. a. the size and direction of the relationship between two variables b. whether one variable causes the other variable to happen c. the unintended changes in a research participant‘s behavior due to the experimenter‘s cues d. whether or not the principle of falsifiability applies to each variable Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The statistic used to express a correlation is called the correlation coefficient. This number conveys both the size of the correlation and its direction.

94.

Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.50 b. –.80 c. +.70 d. –.10

Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: If the correlation between two variables is +.80, it means that they are strongly related. If the correlation is −.80, the relationship is just as strong, but it is negative. When there is no association between two variables, the coefficient is zero or close to zero.

95.

A correlation coefficient of +1.73 means that __________. a. the relationship between the two variables is very strong b. the relationship between the two variables is very weak c. as one variable increases, so does the other d. a calculation error has been made Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlations can only range from –1.00 to +1.00, therefore a calculation error has been made.

96. When two variables are not related, the correlation coefficient will be close to __________.

a. .00 b. –1.00 c. +1.00 d. +.50 Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no relationship.

97.

When two variables have a strong positive correlation, the correlation coefficient will be close to __________. a. .00 b. +1.00 c. –1.00 d. +.50 Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: Correlation coefficients close to +1.00 indicate strong positive relationships.

98.

When two variables have a strong negative correlation, the correlation coefficient will be close to __________. a. .00 b. –1.00 c. +1.00 d. .50 Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation coefficients close to –1.00 indicate strong negative relationships.

99. Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. –.74 b. –.42 c. –.35 d. +.05 Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: When there is no association between two variables, the coefficient is zero or close to zero, so a strong correlation coefficient will be closer to either +1.00 or –1.00.

100.

Which correlation coefficient value indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.74 b. +.68 c. +.69 d. +.71 Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: When there is no association between two variables, the coefficient is zero or close to zero, so a strong correlation coefficient will be closer to either +1.00 or –1.00.

101.

Which statement is correct concerning correlation coefficients? a. A correlation of +1.5 is very strong. b. Correlation coefficients are indicators of cause and effect. c. A correlation of +.89 is strong and a correlation of –.89 is weak. d. A correlation of +.73 and a correlation of –.73 are equally strong.

Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Both +.73 and –.73 are the same distance from 0.

102.

Which statement is true about correlation? a. Positive correlations are meaningful, but negative ones are not. b. Negative correlations are weak, but positive ones are strong. c. Correlations close to +1.00 or –1.00 are strong, whereas correlations close to zero are weak. d. A strong correlation is indicative of a causal relationship between variables. Answer: c Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The closer the correlation coefficient is to zero, the weaker the relationship, and the closer the correlation coefficient is to +1.00 or –1.00, the stronger the relationship.

103. Let‘s suppose that drinking apple juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which statement is true?

a. The less apple juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. b. The more apple juice you drink, the higher your risk of cancer. c. Drinking apple juice causes people to be cancer free. d. The more apple juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlations indicate strength and direction of relationships, but do not indicate cause and effect. A positive correlation is defined as an association between increases in one variable and increases in another or between decreases in one and decreases in another.

104. Apparent associations between two things that are not really related are called __________ correlations. a. illusory b. positive c. negative d. erroneous Answer: a Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Illusory correlations are apparent associations between two things that are not really related. Illusory correlations can create dangerous beliefs and cause great social harm.

105.

Some correlational studies have found that people who are chronically depressed are more likely than nondepressed people to develop cancer. Which conclusion can be derived from the study? a. Chronic depression causes cancer. b. Early, undetected cancer causes depression. c. Depressed people tend to smoke, causing cancer. d. Chronic depression and cancer occur in the same people in these studies. Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation tells us about relationships, but not causal relationships. Even when a correlation is reliable, it does not necessarily demonstrate a causal relationship between the variables.

106. Dr. Gomez observes that more muggings tend to occur during hot weather. Which conclusion is correct? a. This is a negative correlation because both muggings and hot weather are negative. b. This is an example of a correlation that demonstrates causation. c. This research proves that criminal behavior is caused by hot weather. d. This is a positive correlation that does not demonstrate causation.

Answer: d Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Correlation tells us about relationships, but not causal relationships. Even when a correlation is reliable, it does not necessarily demonstrate a causal relationship between the variables.

107.

Why can it be difficult to interpret a correlation between two variables? a. Correlation does not establish a relationship. b. A correlation does not establish causation. c. Most correlations are illusory. d. Most correlations are negative. Answer: b Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Even when correlations are meaningful, they can still be difficult to interpret because a correlation does not establish causation.

108.

A controlled test of a hypothesis, in which the researcher manipulates one variable in order to discover its effect on another variable, is called a(n) __________.

a. correlational study b. experiment c. survey d. single-blind study Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An experiment is defined as a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

109. A(n) __________ allows a researcher to control and manipulate the situation being studied. a. survey b. experiment c. case study d. correlational study Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: An experiment is defined as a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another.

110.

Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because __________. a. they are always double-blind b. they can determine correlations c. they require informed consent d. they allow for the possibility of determining cause–effect relationships Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Experiments are the only method that allows a determination of cause and effect.

111.

Ideally in an experimental situation, everything is held constant except for the __________, which is manipulated by the researchers. a. control variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. extraneous variable Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

112.

In an experimental situation, the independent variable is __________. a. a placebo b. measured c. held constant d. manipulated Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

113.

Milton is a researcher who wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the amount of chocolate eaten __________. a. would be a dependent variable b. would be a placebo

c. would be an independent variable d. may be either an independent or dependent variable Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

114.

Dr. Bley asks individuals to run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is ______________. a. the number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill b. the self-reported mood c. the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes d. the individuals who run for 0 minutes Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable; in this case, it is the number of minutes spent running.

115.

A researcher plans to conduct an experiment to test whether a cup of hot milk at night helps people fall asleep faster than usual. In this study, the independent variable is __________. a. the amount of time it takes participants to fall asleep b. the consumption of hot milk at bedtime c. the number of participants drinking hot milk at bedtime d. the number of hours each participant sleeps Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

116. Which variable does an experimenter manipulate when conducting experimental research? a. control variable b. confounding variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

117.

A variable that is predicted to be affected by an experimenter‘s manipulations in experimental research is called a(n) __________ variable. a. extraneous b. dependent c. confounding d. independent Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A dependent variable is a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable.

118.

Dr. Poblano asks individuals to cycle on stationary bikes for 0, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, after which she measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the dependent variable is the _____________. a. self-reported mood

b. number of minutes individuals ride the bike c. riding of bikes d. individuals who do not ride on the stationary bike Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A dependent variable is a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable.

119.

In a laboratory experiment, smokers are asked to drive using a computerized driving simulator and cover the maximum distance possible, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some volunteers are given a real cigarette to smoke immediately before the test. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. The number of collisions the two groups make is to be compared. In this study, the independent variable is __________. a. the presence or absence of nicotine b. the use of a driving simulator c. the number of collisions in one hour d. the prior driving skills of each driver Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The aspect of an experimental situation manipulated or varied by the researcher is known as the independent variable.

120.

In a laboratory experiment, smokers are asked to drive using a computerized driving simulator and cover the maximum distance possible, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some volunteers are given a real cigarette to smoke immediately before the test. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. The number of collisions the two groups make is to be compared. In this study, the dependent variable is __________. a. the presence or absence of nicotine b. the use of a driving simulator c. the number of collisions in one hour d. the prior driving skills of each driver Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A dependent variable is a variable that an experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable.

121.

c. all the experimenters d. all the volunteers Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In an experiment, a comparison condition is required in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. These participants are the control group.

122.

In a laboratory experiment, smokers are asked to drive using a computerized driving simulator and cover the maximum distance possible, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some volunteers are given a real cigarette to smoke immediately before the test. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. The number of collisions the two groups make is to be compared. The experimental group in this scenario consists of __________. a. volunteers who smoke real cigarettes b. volunteers who smoke fake cigarettes c. all the experimenters d. all the volunteers Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The experimental group is the group that is exposed to the manipulations of the independent variable.

123.

In a laboratory experiment, smokers are asked to drive using a computerized driving simulator and cover the maximum distance possible, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some volunteers are given a real cigarette to smoke immediately before the test. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. The number of collisions the two groups make is to be compared. In this study, the cigarette without nicotine is a(n) __________. a. dependent variable b. placebo c. double-blind procedure d. hypothesis Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment.

124. __________ are fake treatments or inactive substances used as a control in an experiment. a. Double-blinds b. Alternative medicines c. Clinical trials

d. Placebos Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment.

125.

Which situation best illustrates the placebo effect? a. You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. b. You throw up after eating bad clams. c. You sleep because you are tired. d. You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become ―intoxicated‖ because you think it contains alcohol. Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment. If the placebo produces the same result as the real thing, the reason must be the participants‘ expectations rather than the treatment itself.

126.

An experiment is conducted to test a new antianxiety drug. After taking the drug, 35 percent of the participants receiving the medication report less anxiety, compared to 36 percent of those taking a placebo. The researchers should conclude that __________. a. participants knew which group they were in b. the medication itself probably has no real effect on anxiety c. the drug actually increases anxiety d. the drug is an effective treatment for anxiety Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A placebo is an inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment. If the placebo produces the same result as the real thing, the reason must be the participants‘ expectations rather than the treatment itself.

127. Research participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups to __________. a. make the two groups as similar as possible in all major characteristics b. eliminate the placebo effect c. establish possible correlations between the independent and dependent variables d. eliminate experimenter effects Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.B Explain how random assignment helps create conditions in an experiment, and explain the difference between an experimental group and a control group. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: If we have enough participants in our study, individual characteristics that could possibly affect the results are likely to be roughly balanced in randomly assigned groups, so we can safely ignore them.

128.

Two groups of graduate students were given rats and instructed to teach the rats how to run mazes. Group 1 was told they had ―cognitively enhanced‖ rats that should learn the task quickly. Group 2 was told that they had ―cognitively impaired‖ rats that should learn slowly. In actuality, both groups of rats were identical, and the rats were randomly assigned to one group or the other. In spite of that, when the experiment concluded, the rats taught by Group 1 had learned the maze much more quickly than those taught by Group 2. How can that be explained? a. placebo effect b. subject bias c. treatment effect d. experimenter effect Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The experimenter effect occurs when the participant‘s performance is affected by the behavior of the experimenter. In this case, the experimenters who believed they had smart rats must have behaved in some way that boosted their rats‘ performance.

129.

The participants for an experiment are randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Although the researchers know which group each participant has been assigned to, the participants themselves do not know if they are in the experimental or control group. Which type of study is this an example of? a. single-blind b. correlational c. field research d. double-blind Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A single-blind study is an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.

130.

Unintended changes in participants‘ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter in an experimental study are called __________. a. conformation biases b. experimenter effects c. volunteer biases d. reifications Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Experimenter effects are unintended changes in participants‘ behavior due to cues that the experimenter inadvertently conveys.

131.

A __________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if a given participant is in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. a. double-blind study b. single-blind study c. meta-analysis d. correlational study Answer: a Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

132.

The main advantage of a __________ study is that the results cannot be influenced by the expectations of either the participants or the experimenters. a. correlational b. single-blind

c. double-blind d. observational Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

133.

Empirical investigation that is conducted in a natural setting outside of the laboratory is called __________. a. double-blind b. single-blind c. field research d. correlational research Answer: c Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Field research is defined as empirical investigation conducted in a natural setting outside the laboratory.

134. Some psychologists have called for more field research because laboratory experiments __________. a. cannot identify cause and effect b. often involve artificial situations c. do not allow firm conclusions to be drawn d. may miss vital information due to participants‘ inaccurate memories Answer: b Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In a laboratory experiment, the researcher designs and sets up what is often a rather artificial situation, and the participants try to do as they are told. For this reason, many psychologists have called for more field research, the careful study of behavior in natural contexts such as schools and the workplace.

135. Field research may yield more applicable results than laboratory research because __________. a. placebos are not used b. there is no experimental group c. there is no control group d. the situation is less artificial Answer: d Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.C Discuss the methodological advantages and limitations of experimental research design. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In a laboratory experiment, the researcher designs and sets up what is often a rather artificial situation, and the participants try to do as they are told. For this reason, many psychologists have called for more field research, the careful study of behavior in natural contexts such as schools and the workplace.

136.

Researchers use descriptive statistics when they want to __________. a. draw inferences about how statistically meaningful a study‘s results are b. organize and summarize research data c. combine and analyze data from many studies d. assess how likely it is that a study‘s results occurred merely by chance Answer: b Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.A Explain how descriptive statistics can be used to compare the performance of two groups of research participants. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Descriptive statistics are defined as statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data.

137.

―Argh!‖ sputtered Valdo. ―I collected all this data for my research project, but I don‘t know which numbers to pay attention to. The highest values? The lowest values? The most common value? Fie!‖ ―Why don‘t you find the arithmetic mean of all the values?‖ suggested Richetta. ―Finding the average score would be a good indicator of what the values look like in general.‖ How would you advise Valdo to go about finding the mean? a. Add up all the individual scores, then divide the result by the number of scores.

b. Arrange the scores in order, then identify the score that separates the distribution in half. c. Subtract the lowest score from the highest score, then multiply the answer by 2. d. Figure out how far away each score is from every other score. Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.5.A Explain how descriptive statistics can be used to compare the performance of two groups of research participants. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: An arithmetic mean is an average calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set.

138.

The __________ tells us how clustered or spread out individual scores are around an arithmetic mean. a. arithmetic mean b. p value c. confidence interval d. standard deviation Answer: d Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.A Explain how descriptive statistics can be used to compare the performance of two groups of research participants. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Rationale: The standard deviation tells us how clustered or spread out the individual scores are around the mean; the more spread out they are, the less ―typical‖ the mean is.

139.

What do measures of variability, such as the standard deviation, provide to a scientist? a. a measure of the average score in a set of data b. the ability to draw inferences from a set of sample data to learn something about the overall population c. an indication of the most frequently occurring score in a set of data d. an assessment of how spread out the scores are in a distribution of data Answer: d Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.5.A Explain how descriptive statistics can be used to compare the performance of two groups of research participants. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The standard deviation tells us how clustered or spread out the individual scores are around the mean; the more spread out they are, the less ―typical‖ the mean is.

140.

Inferential statistics are __________. a. statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw conclusions about how statistically reliable a study‘s results are b. statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data c. averages that are calculated by adding up a set of quantities and multiplying the sum by the total number of quantities in the set d. a set of techniques for combining data from a number of related studies to determine the explanatory strength of a particular independent variable Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not indicate, and identify ways in which statistics can be misused or misrepresented. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Inferential statistics are defined as statistical procedures that allow researchers to draw conclusions about how statistically reliable a study‘s results are.

141. When using inferential statistics to examine differences in group measurements, what is the main focus? a. describing individual scores b. statistical significance c. effect size d. standard validity Answer: b Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not indicate, and identify ways in which statistics can be misused or misrepresented. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Historically, the most commonly used inferential statistics have been significance tests, which tell researchers how likely it is that a result occurred by chance.

142.

Psychologists typically consider a result to be statistically significant if it would be expected to occur by chance __________ times in 100 repetitions of the study. a. 5 or fewer b. 10 or fewer

c. 20 or fewer d. 40 or fewer Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.5.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not indicate, and identify ways in which statistics can be misused or misrepresented. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Psychologists consider a result to be significant if it would be expected to occur by chance 5 or fewer times in 100 repetitions of the study.

143.

A result that is statistically significant at the .05 level indicates that __________. a. the result was obtained purely by chance and is not reliable b. the probability that the result is due to real differences between groups is .05 c. there is a positive relationship between variables d. the probability that the result occurred by chance is low, and therefore the result is probably reliable Answer: d Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult Learning Objective: 2.5.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not indicate, and identify ways in which statistics can be misused or misrepresented. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A .05 level of statistical significance means that there is less than 5 percent probability that the results were due to chance. If, however, the significance test shows

that the p value is greater than .05, many researchers would have little confidence in the study‘s result.

144.

A __________ draws a range a little higher and lower than the sample mean to help depict where the true mean probably lies. a. confidence interval b. standard deviation c. significance test d. descriptive statistic Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.B Explain what a statistically significant research result does and does not indicate, and identify ways in which statistics can be misused or misrepresented. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A confidence interval is defined as a statistical measure that provides, with a specified probability, a range of values within which a population mean is likely to lie.

145.

A psychologist is studying friendship patterns in childhood and early adolescence. Students from each grade are separately observed during lunchtime at school in order to assess their seating preferences. The researcher is conducting a __________. a. cross-sectional study b. longitudinal study c. single-blind study d. double-blind study Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings

Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: In a cross-sectional study, people (or animals) of different ages are compared at a given time.

146.

After their marriage, Luisa and Mary Anne agreed to participate in a research project that investigated differences in the level of marital satisfaction over time. Every five years they had to complete a survey that indicated their marital satisfaction. Luisa and Mary Anne are participants in a __________. a. single-blind study b. double-blind study c. longitudinal study d. cross-sectional study Answer: c Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A longitudinal study is a study in which people (or animals) are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time.

147.

__________ are an objective, standardized way of describing the strength of the independent variable‘s influence on the dependent variable.

a. Effect sizes b. Significance levels c. Meta-analyses d. Bayesian statistics Answer: a Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Effect size is defined as an objective, standardized way of describing the strength of the independent variable‘s influence on the dependent variable.

148.

Techniques such as meta-analysis are useful in psychology because __________. a. they help reduce unintended changes in participants‘ behavior due to cues given by the experimenter b. they allow for the careful study of behavior in schools, workplaces, and other natural contexts c. they provide a range of values within which the mean of a population is likely to lie d. rarely does one study alone definitively answer a research question, and this technique analyzes data from many studies Answer: d Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A meta-analysis is a set of techniques for combining data from a number of related studies to determine the explanatory strength of a particular independent variable.

149. __________ is a technique that allows a researcher to combine data from numerous studies. a. Significance testing b. Meta-analysis c. Cross-sectional research d. Longitudinal research Answer: b Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: A meta-analysis is a set of techniques for combining data from a number of related studies to determine the explanatory strength of a particular independent variable.

150.

__________ statistics involve a formula for calculating the likelihood of a hypothesis being true and meaningful, taking into account relevant prior knowledge. a. Mathematical b. Descriptive c. Inferential

d. Bayesian Answer: d Topic: Evaluating the Findings Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.5.C Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and discuss how effect size, meta-analysis, and Bayesian statistics allow us to judge the importance of a research outcome. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Bayesian statistics use a formula for calculating the likelihood of a hypothesis being true and meaningful, taking into account relevant prior knowledge.

151.

People who participate in research studies must participate voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about participating. This concept is known as __________. a. the Milgram doctrine b. the APA code c. informed consent d. human welfare Answer: c Topic: Keeping the Enterprise Ethical Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.6.A Discuss why the principles of informed consent and debriefing are two key characteristics of a researcher‘s code of ethics. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: Informed consent is the doctrine that anyone who participates in human research must do so voluntarily and must know enough about the study to make an intelligent decision about whether to take part.

152.

As a result of controversy over the use of deception in research, __________. a. the APA now does not allow the use of deception of any kind b. debriefing is required when deception is used c. participants who are deceived must receive therapy free of charge if requested d. deception is allowed only if the participants are volunteers Answer: b Topic: Keeping the Enterprise Ethical Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.6.A Discuss why the principles of informed consent and debriefing are two key characteristics of a researcher‘s code of ethics. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The APA code requires that participants be thoroughly debriefed when the study is over and told why deception was necessary. In addition to debriefing, the APA‘s ethical guidelines require researchers to show that any deception is justified by a study‘s potential value and to consider alternative procedures.

153.

Which consideration is a common ethical guideline for doing research with human participants? a. Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research. b. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about whether or not they want to participate in the study. c. Participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind. d. Participants may not withdraw from a research study after it has begun. Answer: b Topic: Keeping the Enterprise Ethical Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: 2.6.A Discuss why the principles of informed consent and debriefing are two key characteristics of a researcher‘s code of ethics. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: It is a basic principle that participants must be allowed to make an informed decision prior to participating.

154. Which reason best illustrates an argument for the use of animals in psychological research? a. What is true for animals will also be true for humans. b. Animals are more complex than humans, so they provide more detailed information about behavior. c. Studying animals can be a pathway toward improving human welfare. d. animals.

Studying animals can, serendipitously, help to improve the treatment of laboratory

Answer: c Topic: Keeping the Enterprise Ethical Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.6.B Discuss the advantages and ethical considerations of using animals in research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: One of the reasons psychologists conduct experiments with animals is to improve human welfare.

155.

If a scientist designs a study to see if the presence of noise in a field where a crop is grown will scare away animals who forage on the crop, the scientist would be studying __________ using an animal model. a. practical applications b. how to clarify theoretical questions c. how to improve human welfare

d. how to understand basic research on a species Answer: a Topic: Keeping the Enterprise Ethical Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.6.B Discuss the advantages and ethical considerations of using animals in research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Rationale: The problem of having animals forage on a crop is a practical issue as many crops are ruined by damage caused by animals. Therefore, this researcher is studying a ―practical‖ application in his research.

True-False Questions

A hypothesis is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena. Answer: False Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

A theory is an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

A hypothesis is a statement that attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

A theory is a statement that attempts to predict or account for a set of phenomena. Answer: False Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

5. Operational definitions specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.A Distinguish among a theory, a hypothesis, and an operational definition. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Violations of the principle of falsifiability rarely take place in everyday life. Answer: False Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

7. The principle of falsifiability is the tendency to avoid information that would prove one‘s belief to be false. Answer: False Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for information that supports one‘s beliefs. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.C Explain why falsifiability is a critical component of scientific research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

Replication is an essential part of the scientific process.

Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

10. Replication occurs when scientists repeat a study in order to verify or challenge its findings. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

11. In order to maintain scientific objectivity, psychologists do not work on research that is sponsored by private industry. Answer: False Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

12.

Scientists are expected to submit their study‘s results for peer review before any announcements regarding the study are made to the public. Answer: True Topic: What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.1.D Describe why openness and replication are important qualities of the scientific enterprise. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

13.

A representative sample is a group of participants that accurately represents the larger population that the researcher is interested in. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

14. Descriptive methods yield characterizations of behavior but not necessarily causal explanations. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts

15.

Experiments yield descriptions of behavior but cannot provide causal explanations. Answer: False Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.A Describe the ways participants are selected for psychological studies and how the method of selection can influence interpretations of a study‘s outcomes. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

16.

Case studies are most commonly used by clinicians. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

17.

Case studies are usually sources of hypotheses, rather than tests of hypotheses. Answer: True

Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.B Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using case studies to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

18. Observational studies are more useful for describing behavior than for explaining behavior. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

19.

A shortcoming of laboratory observation is that the presence of researchers may cause participants to behave differently than they would in their usual surroundings. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.C Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using observational methods to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

20.

The usual procedure for developing norms for a test is to give the test to a large group of people who resemble those for whom the test is intended. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

21.

When psychologists say that a test has been standardized, they mean that uniform procedures for administering and scoring the test have been developed. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

22.

The ability of a test to measure what it is designed to measure is called its reliability. Answer: False Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

23.

The ability of a test to measure what it is designed to measure is called standardization. Answer: False Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

24.

The ability of a test to measure what it is designed to measure is called validity. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

25.

Psychologists determine test–retest reliability by giving different versions of the same test to the same group of test-takers on two separate occasions. Answer: False Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

26.

Psychologists determine alternate-forms reliability by giving different versions of the same test to the same group of test-takers on two separate occasions. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

27. Psychologists determine test–retest reliability by giving the same test to the same group of people on more than one occasion, separated by some time interval. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.D Explain why norms, reliability, and validity are the hallmarks of any standardized psychological test. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

28. Psychologists determine alternate-forms reliability by giving the same test twice to the same group of people. Answer: False

29.

If a survey covers a sensitive or embarrassing topic, it is more likely that people will lie. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

30. The likelihood of lying in surveys is reduced when the respondents are guaranteed anonymity. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.E Describe the advantages and limitations of using surveys to collect data. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

31.

Controlling extraneous variables in cross-cultural research is easier to accomplish than it is in research that does not span various cultures. Answer: False Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

32. In cross-cultural research, the translation of language can cause challenges in conducting the research. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

33. Researchers may oversimplify findings in cross-cultural research and end up stereotyping participants. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research.

APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

34. To reify means to regard an intangible process, such as a feeling, as if it were a literal object. Answer: True Topic: Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.2.F Describe the importance and challenges of conducting crosscultural research. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

35.

The word correlation is often used as a synonym for relationship. Answer: True Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

36. A correlation is a numerical measure indicating the strength of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. Answer: False Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts

37.

An association between increases in one variable and decreases in the other variable is called a negative correlation. Answer: True Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

38.

An association between decreases in one variable and decreases in the other variable is called a negative correlation. Answer: False Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

39.

An association between increases in one variable and decreases in the other variable indicates that the two variables are uncorrelated.

Answer: False Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.3.A Illustrate with an example how a correlation coefficient gives both the size and direction of the relationship between two variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

40. When a correlation coefficient indicates a strong relationship between two variables, one variable is causing the other. Answer: False Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

41.

When two variables are correlated, one variable may or may not be causing the other. Answer: True Topic: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.3.B Explain why a correlation between two variables does not establish a causal relationship between those variables. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

42.

An experiment is a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another variable. Answer: True Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

43.

A laboratory observation is a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another. Answer: False Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

44. The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the dependent variable. Answer: False Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy

Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

45.

Ideally, everything in an experiment except the independent variable is held constant. Answer: True Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

46.

The variable that an experimenter manipulates is called the independent variable. Answer: True Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 2.4.A Distinguish an independent variable from a dependent variable, and give an example of each. APA Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research

47.

Ideally, everything in an experiment except the dependent variable is held constant. Answer: False Topic: Experiments: Hunting for Causes Skill Level: Remember the Facts