TEST BANK
Chapter 1 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Features of personality that differentiate one person from another usually take the form of in language. A) differential pronouns B) trait-descriptive adjectives C) action-descriptive verbs D) trait-differentiating adverbs 2) If I describe Juan as "possessive" or Anita as "friendly," I am employing the use of A) trait-descriptive adjectives. B) inner psychological states. C) strategies to attain goals. D) inner qualities of personality. 3) How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language? A) More than 500 B) More than 1,800 C) More than 5,000 D) Nearly 20,000 4) Psychologists have found it difficult to define personality because A) psychologists are not smart enough to determine the boundaries of human personality. B) personality has a commonsense definition that psychologists find hard to falsify. C) the idea of studying human personality is a rather new concept in psychology. D) any definition of personality needs to be sufficiently comprehensive to include a
multitude of concepts. 5) Research on personality traits asks all of these questions EXCEPT A) how many fundamental personality traits there are. B) how personality traits are organized. C) where personality traits come from. D) which cues cause behaviour in a situation.
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6) Philippe walks the same path home after work every day at the same time. To state that he
will most likely take the same route at the same time next Wednesday is using the nature of personality traits. A) descriptive B) explanatory C) predictive D) individualistic 7) Mike makes several social errors at a party. He calls the host by the wrong name, spills his
red wine on the carpet, and insults the guest of honour. A researcher labels Mike's behaviour as "socially unskilled." This labelling of Mike's behaviour utilizes the research approach to personality traits. A) explanatory B) descriptive C) intuitive D) presumptive 8) Traits define the A) central B) average C) overt D) outlying
tendencies of an individual person.
9) A talkative person will A) always talk more than a quiet person. B) never shut up. C) talk more than a quiet person in theaters. D) talk more, on average, than a quiet person. 10) To say that someone will tend to display a trait with regularity is to say that the person has
a(n) A) B) C) D)
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average tendency. obsessive-compulsive disorder. adaptation. social-cognitive approach.
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11) Which of the following questions does research on personality traits NOT emphasize? A) How many fundamental traits are there? B) How are traits organized within individuals? C) What are the origins of traits? D) How are all persons similar? 12) Psychological mechanisms differ from traits in that mechanisms A) are less stable. B) refer more to processes. C) do not have decision rules. D) are biologically "hard wired." 13) Which of the following is NOT part of most personality mechanisms? A) Access codes B) Decision rules C) Inputs D) Outputs 14) The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of A) an adaptive trait. B) how traits are consistent. C) how traits are activated only under certain conditions. D) how traits change over time. 15) Personality is A) outside the person. B) inside the person. C) both outside and inside the person. D) inside or outside, depending on the person. 16) To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person A) is happy at a given moment. B) is frequently happy. C) remembers being happy. D) makes others happy.
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17) Which of the following is NOT defined as part of the person-environment interaction? A) Serializations B) Perceptions C) Manipulations D) Selections 18) Responses to an inkblot test can demonstrate which part of the person-environment
interaction? A) Perceptions B) Manipulations C) Evocations D) Selections 19) Mo looks at the inkblot and sees two birds nesting. Heidi looks at the inkblot and sees a
tranquil forest. Joe looks at the inkblot and sees something sexual. These three responses are illustrating that are important components of the person-environment interaction. A) prostheses B) provocations C) perceptions D) projections 20) Evocations are demonstrated when A) different people see the same situation differently. B) our characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act a certain way. C) we intentionally attempt to make other people act in a certain way. D) individuals select environments to match their traits. 21) Every time Neil walks into the room everyone laughs. This demonstrates the person-
environment interaction of A) evocation. B) elocution. C) exultation. D) emaciation.
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22) Lena always picks out restaurants that have a very quiet, subdued atmosphere. She always
tries to avoid loud restaurants. WHat is the person-environment fit mechanism that may account for this behaviour? A) sublimation B) selection C) manipulation D) evocation 23) To say that a trait is adaptive means that the trait A) is the result of sexual selection. B) easily changes as necessary. C) serves a useful function. D) indicates psychopathology. 24) At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of A) shivering mechanisms when people are cold. B) hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food. C) friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin. D) fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats. 25) In the social environment, our "effective environment" represents the/a A) strongest environmental cues that are found in any given environment. B) environmental cues that are directly related to survival in the immediate environment. C) set of cues emitted by other people in the environment. D) subset of environmental features people attend to based on their psychological
mechanisms. 26) The intrapsychic environment is A) not as objectively verifiable as the social or physical environment. B) often easy to verify through the analysis of dreams. C) relatively consistent across social, but not physical, environments. D) based on how others in the environment react to a person. 27) The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals.
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28) The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals. 29) The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A) like all others. B) like some others. C) like no others. D) somewhat like other mammals. 30) The ability to learn spoken language is an example of the A) human nature level of analysis. B) individual and group differences level of analysis. C) individual uniqueness level of analysis. D) social psychological level of analysis. 31) Studying how people vary in levels of anxiety, self-esteem, or worry represents a(n)
approach to studying personality psychology. A) individual differences B) human nature C) ideographic D) environmental 32) Which of the following is an example of "idiographic research"? A) Comparing men and women on emotionality. B) Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability. C) Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality. D) Conducting a field study of helping behaviours. 33) Which of the following is an example of "nomothetic research"? A) Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud. B) Comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory. C) Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity. D) Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock.
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34) The study of a single individual is an example of A) idiographic research. B) nomothetic research. C) correlational research. D) cognitive psychology research. 35) Most current personality research is done at the A) idiographic B) human nature C) individual uniqueness D) group and individual differences
level of analysis.
36) Most grand theories of personality focus on the _ A) idiographic B) human nature C) individual uniqueness D) group and individual differences
level of analysis.
37) A problem with studying only the grand theories of personality is that only portions of the
grand theories A) have stood the test of time and inform modern personality research. B) apply to men. C) are based on non-German populations. D) address the human nature level of analysis. 38) Grand theories of personality are usually based on statements about the A) universal core of human nature. B) major individual differences. C) individual uniqueness of all humans. D) differences between the sexes. 39) In modern personality psychology, the grand theories A) guide all modern personality research. B) are still argued about in the literature. C) are seen as having primarily historical interest. D) are used only in clinical applications of personality theory.
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40) The textbook presents the example of the three blind men and the elephant to suggest that A) people are like animals in some ways and all living creatures have a personality. B) individual and group differences are the most effective approach to studying
personality. C) each of the different approaches to personality research is inadequate for studying the full range of human personality. D) using ancient legends is an inadequate approach to explaining the full range of differences in human personality. 41) The fact that there are many differing views on personality suggests that A) researchers study different domains of knowledge. B) most views about personality psychology are incorrect. C) one of the views is probably more accurate than others. D) personality psychologists ignore one another's theories. 42) A "domain of knowledge" is a A) laboratory where personality research is conducted. B) single theory about the nature of personality. C) specialty area of science and scholarship. D) grand theory of personality psychology. 43) Researchers in a given domain of personality share all of these EXCEPT A) common methods of inquiry. B) foundations of known facts. C) theoretical explanations. D) common laboratory space. 44) The domains of knowledge in personality differ mainly in the A) number of active researchers. B) degree to which they emphasize internal or external factors. C) degree to which they emphasize adaptation and adjustment. D) degree to which they understand personality. 45) When different domains of knowledge contradict one another, we can conclude that A) the most recent domains are most correct. B) the more historical domains are most correct. C) none of the domains is correct. D) the contradictions may be more apparent than real.
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46) The dispositional domain focuses on A) understanding the ways individuals differ from one another. B) the emotional consequences of dispositions. C) the biological nature of dispositions. D) the outer nature of dispositions. 47) Which of the following does NOT fall within the biological domain of knowledge? A) Subjective experience B) Genetics C) Psychophysiology D) Evolution 48) A researcher who compares identical twins to fraternal twins probably conducts most of their
research within which domain? A) Intrapsychic B) Biological C) Adjustment D) Cognitive-Experiential 49) The domain of knowledge most concerned with unconscious mechanisms is the A) cognitive-experiential domain. B) biological domain. C) intrapsychic domain. D) adjustment domain. 50) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality falls within the A) biological B) dispositional C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic
domain of knowledge.
51) Jay is interested in investigating unconscious conflict in a sample of college interns. Jay will
most likely use the methods and theories associated with the A) dispositional B) biological C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic
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52) Which domain is most concerned with identifying the number of fundamental individual
differences? A) Biological B) Dispositional C) Intrapsychic D) Social and cultural 53) The lexical approach (i.e., using natural language to identify fundamental traits) falls most
squarely within the A) social and cultural domain. B) cognitive-experiential domain. C) dispositional domain. D) intrapsychic domain. 54) Which domain relies most on statistical methods to identify fundamental traits? A) Dispositional B) Biological C) Adjustment D) Social and cultural 55) You collect data on three personality tests from several hundred participants. You then
examine the statistical similarities and differences among the traits assessed by each test. You are using the logic and methods of the domain of personality. A) biological B) intrapsychic C) social and cultural D) dispositional 56) Which domain of knowledge places the most emphasis on the external (to the person)
dimensions of personality? A) dispositional B) social and cultural C) biological D) intrapsychic 57) The fact that almost all humans live in groups suggests the importance of the A) intrapsychic B) cognitive-experiential C) adjustment D) social and cultural
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58) You are a researcher interested in differences in the levels of extraversion of British people
and Italian people. You will most likely use the methods and theories used by researchers studying personality within the domain. A) cognitive-experiential B) dispositional C) social and cultural D) intrapsychic 59) Which domain focuses most on the relationships between personality and health behaviours? A) dispositional B) adjustment C) social and cultural D) cognitive-experiential 60) The study of personality disorders falls within the A) biological B) social and cultural C) adjustment D) intrapsychic
domain.
61) You are a researcher interested in how borderline personality disorder affects everyday
behaviours in a clinical population. You will most likely use the methods and the models of the domain of personality in conducting his research. A) dispositional B) biological C) adjustment D) intrapsychic 62) Which of the following is NOT a function of a theory? A) Guides research B) Eliminates domains of knowledge C) Organizes research findings D) Makes predictions
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63) Which of the following is NOT an example of a theory that provides a guide for researchers? A) A Freudian psychoanalyst predicting stinginess from the ideas about development
through a particular stage of psychological development. B) A biological psychologist predicting a decrease in social behaviour when the frontal lobe of the brain is damaged. C) A personality psychologist analyzing a large pool of responses to questionnaire items to find the underlying structure of the data. D) A cognitive psychologist predicting how an individual's self-evaluation will determine theirreaction to a specific stimuli. 64) Which of the following is a scientific theory? A) astrology B) Einstein's ideas on relativity C) reincarnation D) extra sensory perception 65)
are based on systematic observation, whereas A) Theories; beliefs B) Beliefs; theories C) Domains; approaches D) Approaches; domains
are not.
66) A theory of personality leads to the discovery of new links between cognition and brain
functioning that were previously believed to be impossible. This theory has A) comprehensiveness. B) heuristic value. C) testability. D) parsimony. 67) The most important criterion for generating a testable theory is A) the generalizability of its predictions. B) its compatibility with other theories. C) the precision of its predictions. D) its comprehensiveness. 68) Which trait theory best exemplifies the principle of parsimony? A theory that proposes A) two personality dispositions. B) three personality dispositions. C) five personality dispositions. D) 16 personality dispositions.
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69) If it were ever found, what would NOT be a characteristic of a grand theory of personality? A) It would explain personality characteristics and how they develop over time. B) It would explain how people experience the world and process information about it. C) It would unify all major domains of personality theory and research. D) It would be clearly related to the most frequently cited personality theories in the
published research.
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Answer Key Test name: Chapter 1 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) D 5) D 6) C 7) B 8) B 9) D 10) A 11) D 12) B 13) A 14) C 15) B 16) B 17) A 18) A 19) C 20) B 21) A 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) D 26) A 27) A 28) B 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) B 34) A 35) D 36) B 37) A
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38) A 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) C 43) D 44) B 45) D 46) A 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) D 51) D 52) B 53) C 54) A 55) D 56) B 57) D 58) C 59) B 60) C 61) C 62) B 63) C 64) B 65) A 66) B 67) C 68) A 69) D
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Chapter 2 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What people tell you about their attitudes would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 2) What a person's friend tells you about that person would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 3) How a person performs on an intelligence test would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 4) A person's police record would be considered A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 5) Which type of data is most commonly used to measure personality? A) S-data B) O-data C) T-data D) L-data
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6) You conduct a study of safe drivers for a major insurance company and collect data from a
sample of 1,000 drivers. You then examine their driving records over a 10-year period. This study is using A) life-outcome data. B) observer-report data. C) test data. D) self-report data. 7) Of the different ways to collect self-report data, which is most common? A) Interviews B) Periodic reports C) Questionnaires D) Experience sampling 8) Which of the following is the best reason for collecting self-report data? A) Individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves. B) Observer bias is very difficult to remove from the data. C) The desire to portray oneself in a positive light is very prevalent. D) There is an almost total lack of bias in self-report data. 9) You are asked to describe Dr. Larsen's personality on a questionnaire. This is an example of A) observer data. B) student data. C) subordinate data. D) omniscient data. 10) Which of the following is an example of an unstructured questionnaire? A) True/False B) Forced choice C) Open-ended D) Rorschach test 11) The Twenty Statements Test (i.e., the "Who am I?" test) is an example of a(n) A) structured questionnaire. B) unstructured questionnaire. C) projective test. D) bias-free test.
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12) In the Twenty Statements Test (i.e., the "Who am I?" test), which of the following is
important to the scoring? A) The order and syntax of the statements B) The context and structure of the statements C) The order and content of the statements D) The complexity and syntax of the statements 13) Which of the following has been noted as a potential problem with the Twenty Statements
Test, i.e., the "Who am I?" test? A) It can be biased by intelligence differences in participants. B) It can show biases due to the gender of the participants. C) It can show biases due to the participants' cultural differences. D) It can show differences between people in adjusted and unadjusted marriages. 14) Research has shown that compared to people from Western cultures, people from Eastern
cultures tend to have more references to A) themselves B) their environment C) their culture D) other people
in their self-concept.
15) Among Chinese-born Canadian university students, completing the Twenty Statement Test in
Chinese resulted in A) reduced reliability of responses over time. B) more references that were in line with a collectivistic cultural orientation. C) more incomplete responses due to lack of sufficient completion time. D) fewer references to Canadian culture. 16) Personality scales are usually made up of A) one rating on a Likert scale. B) the sum of a few individual ratings. C) open-ended questions. D) projective ratings of personality. 17) Which of the following is NOT a weakness of self-report data? A) People may intentionally lie about themselves. B) People may not know how to answer questions accurately. C) Self-report data is especially difficult to collect. D) People may intentionally distort reports on unusual experiences.
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18) One strength of experience-sampling data is that A) one is able to detect rhythms over time in behaviour or feelings. B) it is easier to collect than other self-report data. C) it is a completely objective form of self-report data. D) it is free of biases associated with other self-report data. 19) In order to collect experience sampling data, a researcher might A) manipulate participants' experiences in the lab. B) ask participants to fill out the same questionnaire many times. C) record participants' physiological reactions in the lab. D) conduct a telephone survey. 20) Dr. Ensley conducts a study in which participants receive mobile alerts on their phones.
Every time the participants receive an alert they complete a short questionnaire. Participants are alerted three times for eight days. This type of research is called A) experiential research. B) experience sampling. C) life sampling. D) observer query. 21) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observer-report data? A) It provides another point of view to self-report data. B) Many observers' data can be combined. C) Observers have unique access to information about a person. D) Observers can best capture the subjective experience of the person being measured. 22) Usually, combining the data from many observers is A) more confusing and less precise than using data from a single observer. B) more valid and reliable than the data from a single observer. C) less reliable and valid than the data from a single clinical psychologist. D) more reliable and valid than using single measures of personality. 23) Which of the following is a good reason to use many intimate observers to collect O-data? A) You are interested in studying multiple social personalities. B) Professional observers are especially biased. C) You are interested in studying personality in a public context. D) It is important to know if a person has lots of friends.
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24) Which of the following statements about O-data is FALSE? A) Intimate observers can fail to see flaws in loved ones they report about. B) Intimate observers are useless if they do not understand personality psychology. C) Intimate observers may have hidden agendas unknown to investigators. D) Intimate observers may not have access to the information the researcher is seeking. 25) Research from the University of Toronto suggests that observer ratings of personality are
better predictors of performance behaviours at work compared to A) self-ratings. B) interview data. C) survey data. D) online surveys. 26) Naturalistic observation occurs A) only when a person does not know that he or she is being observed. B) when we observe people in the normal course of their daily lives. C) when we observe people in a natural setting like a forest, beach, or desert. D) only when humans, not machines, provide the personality ratings. 27) The "bridge-building test" is an example of A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 28) Test data differs from observer-report data in that A) test data usually requires less inference about the behaviour of the participants. B) people who collect test data are more objective than observers. C) test data is always more expensive to collect than other types of data. D) test data always is more reliable than observer data. 29) Which of the following is NOT a potential problem in collecting T-data? A) Participants might guess what is being measured and alter their behaviour. B) Attempts to gather T-data often elicit behaviour from the participants. C) The testing situation might not be viewed the same by participants and researchers. D) A researcher can inadvertently influence behaviour in the testing situation.
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30) The Megargee study of sex roles and dominance found that A) there are no significant differences in dominance between men and women. B) women did not want to be followers as they generally lacked mechanical ability. C) dominant women behave differently than equally dominant men. D) dominant men became submissive under certain experimental conditions. 31) The Megargee study highlights all of these features of T-data EXCEPT A) laboratory test data is sensitive to personality characteristics. B) there are often interesting links between self-report data and test data. C) the interpersonal style of the experimenter changed the results of the study. D) it is possible to set up conditions that make indicators of personality observable. 32) Megargee found that dominant women tend to
leadership roles when placed in mixed
gender dyads with . A) assume; submissive males B) delegate; submissive males C) assume; dominant males D) delegate; submissive females 33) The "actometer" has been used to measure A) activity level. B) action counts. C) actor influence. D) length of the activity. 34) A study discussed in the text showed that activity level measured by a mechanical device at
age 3 correlated with all of the following EXCEPT A) activity level measured by the same device at age 4. B) activity level in adulthood. C) teacher's ratings of activity level. D) teacher's ratings of traits other than activity level. 35) The best reason to use a mechanical device, such as an actometer, is that A) it permits the researcher to be free to measure other things in the study. B) it is free from biases associated with human raters. C) mechanical devices can assess a wide range of overt and covert behaviours. D) it is easier to use with children than using questionnaires.
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36) The best way to measure the speed at which people process information would be to use A) physiological data. B) projective tests. C) an actometer. D) fMRI data specifically. 37) When most people (but those with psychopathy) look at fear-inducing photographs A) their startle response is no different than usual. B) their startle response is faster than usual. C) their startle response is slower than usual. D) they cannot be startled. 38) Which of the following is NOT a limitation of physiological data? A) It usually requires an artificial setting. B) Participants may not construe the testing situation as the researchers do. C) It is easy to fake desirable responses. D) It shares most of the other limitations of other types of test data. 39) The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) A) is extremely useful for eliciting eyeblink responses when individuals are startled. B) can be used to assess an individual's activity level. C) measures oxygen flow in the brain due to blood concentrations. D) is used to discover individuals with "magnetic" personalities. 40) Projective techniques are examples of A) S-data. B) O-data. C) T-data. D) L-data. 41) Rasheed is asked to tell the researcher what he sees in a series of inkblots. He is completing
a(n) A) B) C) D)
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projective test. ambiguous test. psychoanalytic test. visual span test.
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42) Projective tests are considered test data for all of these reasons EXCEPT A) all participants are given the same instructions during the testing session. B) all persons are placed in a standardized testing situation. C) the stimuli are ambiguous to all of the participants in the study. D) personality characteristics are believed to be elicited by the stimuli. 43) The use of differentiates projective tests from other kinds of test data. A) standardized scoring B) ambiguous stimuli C) psychoanalytic assumptions D) video projectors 44) Projective techniques are unlike other types of T-data because A) everyone receives the same instructions. B) they reveal responses that indicate personality. C) they use a standard testing situation. D) responses are usually interpreted. 45) When scoring an inkblot test, a psychologist considers all of these EXCEPT A) what the person saw in the inkblots. B) where the person saw things in the inkblots. C) how the person acted while taking the inkblot test. D) the length of time taken by the person. 46) Proponents of projective tests argue that they are the best measure of A) subjective experience. B) physiology. C) unconscious material. D) social expectations. 47) Proponents of projective tests believe that these tests A) are useful for assessing wishes, desires, fantasies, etc. a person may not be aware of
and cannot disclose in other ways. B) are useful for determining the reactions individuals have when they are placed in ambiguous situations. C) are useful in eliciting unconscious anger and inciting arguments in married couples during laboratory sessions. D) are best used in areas of personality psychology that relate to psychopathology and mental illness.
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48) L-data are any data that are concerned with A) the lies an individual tells. B) the life of a person. C) the lability of the nervous system. D) the likeability of an individual. 49) A study discussed in the text showed that childhood temper tantrums predicted divorce. This
is an example of predicting A) T-data; S-data B) O-data; L-data C) L-data; T-data D) S-data; T-data
.
50) A study discussed in the text showed that children who had more temper tantrums also had A) more negative life outcomes. B) more positive life outcomes. C) life outcomes similar to children with fewer temper tantrums. D) more temper tantrums as adults. 51) You conduct a study of the general population and collect information on the number of
marriages and/or divorces a person has experienced to date, if any. Additionally, you send out a questionnaire to select participants, which they are asked to complete before returning in the mail. This study is using A) life-report data and test data. B) life-report data and observer-report data. C) self-report data and test data. D) self-report data and life-report data. 52) Lucy is trying to buy a new car. She finds that she can only get a loan at a very unfavourable
interest rate due to the financial trouble she created for herself with a credit card she got while in university. Lucy's poor credit rating is an example of at work. A) life-report data B) observer-report data C) commercial-report data D) investment-report data
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53) S-data will agree more with O-data when A) T-data is not available. B) the trait being assessed is unconscious. C) the trait being assessed requires few inferences. D) the trait being assessed is not easily observable. 54) New measures of personality are often designed in ways that minimize participants' efforts to A) fake their responses. B) appear in socially desirable ways. C) Both "fake their responses" and "appear in socially desirable ways." D) None of the choices are correct. 55) The Self-Deceptive Enhancement subscale of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable
Responding (BIDR) measures A) more conscious motivations to respond in a socially desirable way. B) respondents' tendency to exaggerate or inflate their social and intellectual status. C) respondents' self-presentation motives. D) respondents' tendency to be dishonest with themselves in their daily lives. 56) Impression management is most highly correlated with which 2 'Big Five' traits? A) Agreeableness, Conscientiousness B) Agreeableness, Extraversion C) Conscientiousness, Extraversion D) Agreeableness, Openness to Experience 57) Canadian research suggests that positive illusions about oneself are maladaptive in which
kind of circumstances? A) Emotional B) Financial C) Health D) Interpersonal 58) The best reason to use multiple sources of data in personality research is to A) establish cross-data source consistency across all of the sources of data. B) increase the validity of each of the data sources under investigation. C) average out any idiosyncrasies of any particular single source of data. D) increase the resultant split half reliability coefficients.
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59) "Triangulation" refers to A) assessing personality traits in geometric space. B) a statistical technique that compares three traits. C) assessing personality with various types of data. D) a method for plotting personality profiles. 60) You measure dominance in business executives in a variety of ways. The executives
complete a dominance questionnaire and their employees complete observer reports of their boss' dominance. You examine the executives' employment histories and measure their serum testosterone. Collecting all this data about one specific personality characteristic is called A) cross-fertilization. B) triangulation. C) cross-validation. D) data manipulation. 61) "Reliability" refers to the ability A) to assign a personality test score to a person. B) to measure what the personality test purports to measure. C) of the personality test to produce the same test score for an individual at other testing. D) of a personality test to measure other personality traits. 62)
is NOT a form of reliability. A) Split-half reliability B) Inter-rater reliability C) Construct reliability D) Test-retest reliability
63) If a personality measure is given to a person four times, and each time the person receives the
same score, we know the measure is A) reliable. B) valid. C) statistically significant. D) repetitive.
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64) If a person receives similar scores when taking a personality test many times, that test has
high A) B) C) D)
alternative-form reliability. generalization. internal consistency. test-retest reliability.
65) "Validity" refers to the ability A) of the personality test to produce the same test score for an individual at other testing. B) to assign a personality test score to a person. C) of a personality test to measure other personality traits. D) to measure what the personality test purports to measure. 66) You develop an awesomeness scale. It consists of one item, "How awesome are you?" The
most likely form of validity represented by this scale is A) criterion. B) face. C) construct. D) internal. 67) Which of the following terms describes the extent to which a test actually measures what it
claims to measure? A) Reliability B) Validity C) Correlation coefficient D) Internal consistency 68) If a questionnaire test of sociability correlates with the number of conversations people have,
the sociability test has high A) discriminant validity. B) face validity. C) generalizability. D) predictive validity. 69) Observer ratings of narcissism correlate with the number of times individuals refer to
themselves during subsequent interviews. This relationship demonstrates A) predictive validity. B) inter-rater reliability. C) discriminant validity. D) split-half reliability.
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70) When alternative measures of the same construct correlate highly with a test, the test can be
described as having high A) convergent validity. B) discriminant validity. C) face validity. D) predictive validity. 71) When three measures of extraversion correlate highly with each other they can be described
as having A) discriminant validity. B) triangulated validity. C) convergent validity. D) inter-test validity. 72) Establishing that a test does not correlate with measures of unrelated constructs indicates
high A) B) C) D)
convergent validity. discriminant validity. face validity. dysfunctional validity.
73) Shoe size is positively correlated with height and hand size, but not correlated with
intelligence. Shoe size has validity with height and hand size and intelligence. A) convergent; discriminant B) discriminant; convergent C) predictive; face D) face; predictive
validity with
74) The type of validity that subsumes all other types of validity is A) predictive validity. B) construct validity. C) face validity. D) discriminant validity. 75) If a test of suggestibility measures suggestibility the test has A) face validity. B) test validity. C) predictive validity. D) construct validity.
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76) All personality variables are A) highly heritable. B) unconscious. C) theoretical constructs. D) easily assessed with questionnaires. 77) If a measure is equally valid in people of different ages, genders, and cultures, it can be
described as having high A) face validity. B) construct validity. C) statistical significance. D) generalizability. 78) A test needs to be
to be a(n) test. A) reliable; valid; reliable; valid B) valid; reliable; valid; reliable C) easy; good; easy; good D) good; easy; good; easy
test, but every
test is NOT NECESSARILY
a(n)
79) Which of the following is NOT important in evaluating a personality measure? A) Manipulation B) Generalizability C) Validity D) Reliability 80) If a measure predicts behaviours in many contexts, it has high A) discriminant validity. B) reliability. C) generalizability. D) coherence. 81) A measure of extraversion that has construct validity in samples in Canada also has construct
validity with university samples of participants assessed for extraversion in Japan. This demonstrates A) convergent validity. B) generalizability. C) test-retest reliability. D) cross-cultural validity.
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82) Which of the following is NOT one of the major types of research design? A) Correlational B) Physiological C) Experimental D) Case study 83) Which of the following research methods is best suited to establishing causality? A) Correlational B) Experimental C) Case study D) Historical 84) In order to show that variable A causes variable B, you need to A) manipulate B) counter balance C) randomly assign D) control
variable A.
85) In order to establish causality, participants in all conditions should be A) manipulated. B) equivalent. C) undergraduate students. D) counter balanced. 86) The process of random assignment helps to ensure A) statistical significance. B) good counter balancing. C) equivalence. D) fairness. 87) In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is called the A) dependent B) controlled C) independent D) causal
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88) The reason experimental designs are counterbalanced is to control A) manipulations. B) personality effects. C) random assignment. D) order effects. 89) In an experimental design, it is important to know if observed differences between
experimental groups are A) directional. B) statistically significant. C) correlational. D) inferential. 90) Which of the following pieces of information is NOT needed to establish statistical
significance in an experimental design? A) The mean B) The standard deviation C) Alpha coefficient D) Sample size 91) If a researcher wants to know whether or not people who score high on extraversion also
score high on activity level, the researcher should use the A) experimental B) case study C) correlational D) ANOVA
method.
92) If people who score high on extraversion also score high on measures of happiness,
extraversion and happiness are A) not correlated. B) positively correlated. C) negatively correlated. D) possibly correlated, but there is not enough information here to know. 93) Self-esteem and depression are probably A) not B) positively C) negatively D) irregularly
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94) If dominance correlates positively with self-esteem, we know that A) dominance causes self-esteem. B) self-esteem causes dominance. C) people who score high on dominance also tend to score high on self-esteem. D) people who score high on dominance tend to score low on self-esteem. 95) Correlation cannot provide any information about A) significance. B) causality. C) directionality. D) generalizability. 96) Statistically significant correlations may be observed between two variables that are actually
unrelated. This is an example of A) correlations inferring causality. B) the directionality problem. C) the third variable problem. D) the restriction of range problem. 97) The case study method can be useful for A) generating new hypotheses. B) knowing how two variables are related in a given population. C) establishing causality. D) proving a hypothesis to the scientific community. 98) In using the case study method, a researcher A) must follow rigorous guidelines. B) must collect all four types of data. C) must try to generalize findings to other people. D) can gather any kind of data he or she finds useful. 99) Case studies of famous serial killer Ted Bundy revealed all of the following about his
personality except that A) he had a classic psychopathic personality. B) he expressed some remorse for his crimes. C) he displayed warning signs in his childhood known as the ‘homicidal triad.' D) he had repeated failures to meet normally expected obligations of school and work.
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100)
Tomiko wants to study the relationship between income and dominance. Which personality research method would she be most likely to use? A) Case study B) Correlational design C) Experimental design D) Naturalistic observation
101)
Jacques is interested in finding out if caffeine affects levels of task performance for introverts and extraverts. From which research method would Jacques benefit the most? A) Case study B) Correlational design C) Experimental design D) Naturalistic observation
102)
Jade is interested in developing a scale to measure entrepreneurial personality types. As an initial step in this research program, what should she do? A) Conduct a case study of famous entrepreneurs like Mary Kay, Estée Lauder, and Donald Trump. B) Have several business people observed in their natural environments. C) Conduct a correlational study of the relationship between social status and social dominance. D) Have two groups of business people play Monopoly with different amounts of startup money.
103)
The process of repeating a research study with different participants and in different settings or situations in order to gain confidence about the findings is referred to as A) meta-analysis. B) experimentation. C) replication. D) reproduction.
104)
is a quantitative process used to examine conclusions across studies and integrate the findings so that they can be better understood collectively. A) Replication B) Correlation C) Meta-analysis D) Experimentation
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105)
You are a researcher studying a new phenomenon which has never been studied before by psychologists. is a process that you would likely engage in early on in your studies, while is a process that you would strive to achieve over time. A) case study; meta-analysis B) experimentation; replication C) case study; experimentation D) replication; meta-analysis
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Answer Key Test name: Chapter 2 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) A 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) C 11) B 12) C 13) A 14) D 15) B 16) B 17) C 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) D 22) D 23) A 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) C 28) A 29) B 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) B
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38) C 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) C 43) B 44) C 45) D 46) C 47) A 48) B 49) B 50) A 51) D 52) A 53) C 54) C 55) B 56) A 57) D 58) C 59) C 60) B 61) C 62) C 63) A 64) D 65) D 66) B 67) B 68) D 69) A 70) A 71) C 72) B 73) A 74) B 75) D 76) C 77) D
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78) A 79) A 80) C 81) B 82) B 83) B 84) A 85) B 86) C 87) C 88) D 89) B 90) C 91) C 92) B 93) C 94) C 95) B 96) C 97) A 98) D 99) B 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105)
B C A B C B
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Chapter 3 Student name: MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is NOT a fundamental question of people who study traits? A) How can traits be changed? B) Which traits are most important? C) How can we identify which traits are most important in research D) How can we develop a comprehensive taxonomy of traits? 2) The "traits as causes" perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all of the
following areas EXCEPT A) ruling out alternative explanations for behaviour. B) explaining why a person's behaviour seems inconsistent with a trait at times. C) viewing traits as internal structures. D) counting how often a behaviour is performed. 3) Ellen works into the night studying for chemistry and biology examinations to reach her goal
of entering medical school. She studies so hard that she often appears bored and uninterested in class. Which of the following trait formulations best explains Ellen's personality characteristics? A) Traits as internal causes. B) Traits as purely descriptive summary. C) Traits as biological structure. D) Traits as genetic predisposition. 4) From the "traits as descriptive summaries" point of view, which of the following would be
the most convincing evidence that a person has a given trait? A) The person behaves in ways consistent with that trait. B) The person says that they have the trait. C) The person's behaviour is caused by situations. D) The person's traits are caused by biology and heredity.
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