Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Multiple Choice 1. A crime that is considered “an act which is not inherently immoral, but becomes so because its commission is expressly forbidden by positive law” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A crime that is considered “an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Prostitution is illegal in most jurisdictions in the United States. However, prostitution is legal, and licensed, in most counties of Nevada. This type of crime would be considered ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. ______ are not necessarily against the law but are considered atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. Deviant acts d. Civil wrongs Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ defined criminology as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, which includes the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws. a. Hirschi b. Gottfredson c. Durkheim d. Sutherland Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ often refers to the various criminal justice agencies and institutions, such as police, courts, and corrections, that are interrelated and work together toward common goals. a. Victimology b. Restorative justice c. Criminal justice d. Jurisprudence Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A ______ of crime views the formal system of laws, as well as the enforcement of those laws, as incorporating societal norms for which there is a broad normative consensus. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. traditionalism perspective
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The ______ maintains that there is conflict between various societal groups with different interests, and it is often resolved when the group in power achieves control. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. rational choice theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The structure of the criminal justice system is often presented as ______. a. police and corrections b. police and courts c. police, courts, and corrections d. police, victims, and courts Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ are designated as lower courts, and they do not have power that extends to the overall administration of justice; thus, they do not try felony cases and do not have appellate authority. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium
Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. ______ are designated as major trial courts. They have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from a lower court. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to conflict perspective, conflict is often resolved when the group in power achieves ______. a. control b. a truce c. defeat d. values Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The general purpose of the criminal justice system includes all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. control crime b. prevent crime c. community support d. provide and maintain justice Ans: C
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. corrections b. military c. police d. courts Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The term criminology was first coined by ______. a. Raffaele Garafalo b. Paul Topinard c. Edwin Sutherland d. Joanne Belknap Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The federal court system is a three-tiered model including all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. U.S. Small Claims Court b. U.S. Supreme Court c. U.S. District Courts d. U.S. Courts of Appeals Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In 2002, President George W. Bush created the ______ in an effort to protect and defend the United States from terrorist threats. a. Drug Enforcement Administration
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. U.S. Secret Service Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Historically, the primary objective of processing juveniles was to determine ______. a. guilt b. innocence c. what was in the best interest of the child d. if their parents had any responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ is generally reserved for those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences who may be housed in a supermax, maximum, medium, or minimum security prison, based on security concerns. a. Jail b. Probation c. Parole d. Prison Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ is a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y). a. Causation b. Spuriousness c. Validity d. Correlation Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Medium 22. ______ is a relatively new area of criminology. a. Policing b. Victimology c. Research methods d. Statistical analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victimology Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ is given by the state/government, and restitution is given by the offender, typically as part of the sentence given. a. Compensation b. Restorative justice c. Victim impact statements d. Jurisdiction Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Compensation and Restitution Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In 1983, the ______ was established by the U.S. Department of Justice to implement recommendations from the President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime. a. Department of Victimology and Statistics b. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention c. Department of Justice and Measurements d. Office of Compensation and Restitution Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The ______ task force program assists state and local enforcement in preventing and investigating technology-based sexual exploitation. a. Central Intelligence Agency
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Internet Crimes Against Children d. Federal Bureau of Investigation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The American colonists followed the common law doctrine from England, which held that juveniles ______ years or older could be treated the same as adult offenders. a. 7 b. 12 c. 14 d. 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The U.S. corrections systems include several residential sanctions, such as ______, work release programs, and study release programs. a. prisons b. halfway houses c. jails d. house arrest Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal. a. 3 b. 13 c. 50 d. 94 Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The U.S. corrections systems include several non-residential sanctions, such as ______, electronic monitoring, and day reporting centers. a. jails b. prisons c. halfway houses d. house arrest Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The concept of parens patriae led the juvenile justice system to focus on determining what was in the best interests of the child. As a result, juvenile offenders in the United States ______. a. have always enjoyed the same due process rights as adults b. did not obtain due process rights until after the Civil War c. did not obtain due process rights until the 1960s. d. still have no recognized due process rights according to the Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 31. In the 1967 case In re Gault, the Supreme Court determined that juvenile defendants were entitled to certain due process guarantees, such as the right to be notified of charges, the right to counsel, the right to confront and crossexamine witnesses, and the right ______. a. against self-incrimination b. to guaranteed bail after arraignment c. to formally protest excessive fines d. to free speech during court hearings Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 32. In the juvenile justice system, a trial is called a/an ______. a. commitment b. adjudication hearing c. delinquent act d. detention Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial. a. prisons b. jails c. detention centers d. work camps Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Certain state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction, such as when a juvenile has been tried and convicted as an adult on a previous occasion. These provisions are called ______. a. statutory exclusions b. concurrent jurisdictions c. detention hearings d. waiver provisions Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 35. A ______ is the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court. a. disposition hearing b. temporal ordering c. judicial waiver d. jurisdiction Ans: C
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is attained by explaining a phenomenon, such as criminal activity, in the simplest way possible. a. Temporality b. Parsimony c. Criminology d. Exclusivity Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What is the trait that indicates how much of a given phenomenon a theory attempts to explain? a. testability b. correlation c. causation d. scope Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 38. ______ is the extent to which a theory can be empirically and scientifically evaluated for accuracy. a. Testability b. Correlation c. Causation d. Scope Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ______ is the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research. a. Parsimony b. Scope
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Testability d. Empirical validity Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The extent to which concepts and propositions of a theory make sense in terms of face value, consistency, and existing knowledge is called ______. a. logical consistency b. parsimony c. causality d. testability Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False 1. Some acts are moving from being deemed deviant to being declared illegal, such as using a cell phone while driving or smoking cigarettes in public. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. There is one definition of what crime is, and it is the same in all countries. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 3. While most mala in se activities are also considered highly deviant, this is not necessarily the case for mala prohibita acts. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Criminology is the scientific study of crime. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Joanne Belknap states she prefers to use the terms crime processing, criminal processing, and criminal legal system, instead of the term criminal justice, given that “the processing of victims and offenders [is] anything but ‘just.’” Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Criminologists, such as Richard Quinney, William Chambliss, and Austin Turk, maintain that criminological theory has not placed enough emphasis on explaining criminal behavior. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The main goals of the criminal justice system are to control crime, to prevent crime, and to provide and maintain justice. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Unlike the court system, law enforcement doesn’t include various organizational levels at the federal, state, and local levels. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 9. An offender can be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to some type of community-based corrections facility. Ans: T
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 10. An offender may have to comply with both general and specific conditions of probation. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The Postal Service and the Forest Service have no police power. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Hard 12. According to the text, journalists play a key role in examining crime by exploring what is happening in criminal justice and revealing injustices as well as new forms of crime. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The question “Why are some behaviors defined as criminal while others are not?” is considered part of the conflict perspective. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The United States has one judicial system. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The U.S. Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Studies show that victim impact statements in death penalty cases have virtually no impact on sentencing when the case involves a victim of low socioeconomic status. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In the field of criminology, it is fairly easy to establish causality. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Deviant acts are always considered atypical, and are universally illegal. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The term criminology was first coined by the Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo in 1885. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists. Ans: F
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The FBI and the DEA are both examples of federal law enforcement agencies. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Agencies at the state level are divided into counties and municipalities. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Judges can sentence offenders to a combination of probation and incarceration. Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Shock incarceration is a term that is interchangeable with life sentence. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Prisons are designated for offenders serving shorter terms, such as for those awaiting trial. Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay 1. Give an example of a mala in se act and a mala prohibita act. Ans: Murder; prostitution. Various examples. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Besides the study of crime, what else does the field of encompass? Ans: Answers will vary, but generally speaking, it focuses on reasons why people engage or don't engage in criminal behavior. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice? Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What are the two models of state police departments? Ans: State police and highway patrol. Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is a judicial waiver in the context of the juvenile justice system? Ans: The authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court. Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Give an example of a deviant act that is not illegal. Ans: Belching in public, coughing without covering your mouth, putting your elbows on the table at a meal, etc. Various examples. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Hard
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. Give one example of a general condition that could be imposed upon an individual on probation. Ans: Offenders regularly reporting to their supervising officer, obeying the laws, submitting to searches, and not being in possession of firearms or using drugs. Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Why is the U.S. judicial system referred to as a dual court system? Ans: Separate but interrelated systems of federal and state courts. Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain how some mala prohibita acts are not necessarily viewed as highly deviant. Ans: Even though these acts may be considered illegal, they may not be deviant, as in the case with speeding or minor traffic violations. This is the case because many people engage in these acts and do not see them as necessarily wrong or deviant. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Studies show that victim impact statements have little impact on how judges sentence offenders. Why is this so? Ans: These statements are only heard after the verdict is reached, so only the judge is evaluating the victim impact statement. Judges have been trained to set aside their emotions and only consider objective criteria when making rulings on evidence, motions, and even sentencing. These statements are highly emotional in nature, so judges may subconsciously negate the emotional aspects of them. Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to several criminologists, we should shift focus from explaining criminal behavior to explaining criminal law. Do you believe this to be true? Why or why not?
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Students should give original answers as to why we should focus on explaining criminal law. This may be along the lines of understanding processes by which certain behaviors and individuals are designated as criminal. Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Why is defining crime a difficult task? Give your definition of crime, and give two examples to illustrate your definition. Ans: Scholars disagree on what should be considered a crime; it could be anything that violates a law or that causes harm. Students will give their definition of crime and two examples to illustrate their point. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Explain the difference between consensus and conflict perspectives and how they relate to the formation of laws. How would each of these perspectives view the formation of a new law, such as a “no texting while driving” law? Ans: Consensus perspective assumes virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society. This perspective would view the formation of this new law as incorporating societal norms and that everyone agrees with the new law. Conflict perspective assumes most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups. This perspective would view the new law as a way to keep a group of the population down and that not everyone agrees with the new law. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 13. How is the concept of parens patriae related to the juvenile justice system? Ans: Why do we, as a nation, treat juveniles differently in the United States and many other countries? The criminal justice system treats juveniles differently because they are different not only physically but also psychologically as well. The term parens patriae means the parent of the country, recognizing the state has both the right and obligation to intervene on behalf of and to protect its citizens who are impaired, have an impediment, or who are not as emotionally developed as an adult. Because juveniles lack psychological maturity, they fall within these boundaries. Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Using the terms mala in se and mala prohibita, explain why marijuana is now legalized in many jurisdictions, while other “hard drugs” like heroin and cocaine are not. Ans: Marijuana is now considered relatively harmless by a large number of citizens and those who make the laws. Conversely, drugs like heroin and cocaine are considered harmful (mala in se). There are scientific studies to back up these perspectives. Back in the 1950s, citizens and lawmakers alike would never consider legalizing marijuana, even though there was scant evidence of it being physically addictive (mala prohibita). This example is the converse of how seatbelts used to be considered optional but are mandatory in many states. Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime? Difficulty Level: Medium
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021
Test Bank CHAPTER 2: MEASURING CRIME
Multiple Choice 1. Instances when crimes do not come to the attention of law enforcement or some other criminal justice agency are referred to as ______. a. the iceberg b. unreported crimes c. dark figure of crime d. a, b, and c Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The UCR stands for ______. a. Uniform Cop Report b. Uniform Court Reports c. Uniform Crime Reports d. Uniform Corrections Reports Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime ______. a. violent crimes and corporate crimes b. felonies and misdemeanors c. Part I and Part II crimes d. white-collar crimes and street crimes Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Easy
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. In the 1960s, the FBI developed the ______ to gain more information on victims and offenders of murder. a. Uniform Homicide Report b. National Homicide Report c. Supplementary Homicide Reports d. none of these Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The Supplementary Homicide Reports allow for ______ reporting. a. mandatory b. anonymous c. voluntary d. none of these Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The FBI developed an enhanced UCR Program which is named the ______. a. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) b. Supplemental Homicide Report (SHR) c. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) d. Hot Spot Data (HSD) Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Hate Crimes Act of 1990 was created because ______. a. there was an increasing concern of these types of crimes b. this was when the first hate crime occurred c. Latinos protested against educational inequality d. a constitutional amendment mandated the act Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The Attorney General is required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ______. a. age b. state of origin c. ethnicity d. disability status Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ collects data from participating agencies on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults. a. NCVS b. NIBRS c. UCR d. LEOKA Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ type of death occurs when the officer is on or off duty and acting in an official capacity while reacting to a situation that would ordinarily fall within the scope of his or her official duties as a law enforcement officer. a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. ______ type of death occurs when an officer is killed because of or while performing his or her official duties and as a direct result of a criminal act by a subject. a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 12. ______ type of death occurs when an officer dies as a result of an accident he or she is involved in while performing his or her duties (e.g., an officer being struck by a vehicle while directing traffic, drowning during a rescue attempt). a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Unofficial measures of crime, such as the ______, further broaden our understanding of crime with information from official measures of crime. a. NIBRS b. UCR c. NCVS d. SHR Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What criminal offense is not measured in the NCVS? a. rape b. robbery c. domestic violence/intimate partner violence
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. murder Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Surveys address four broad classes of questions, EXCEPT ______. a. the prevalence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors b. changes in these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors over time c. differences between groups of people in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors d. requests to condemn existing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Which of the following is NOT a reason law enforcement would use the NCVS data? a. to enhance citizen cooperation with officials in deterring and detecting crime b. to develop street and park lighting programs in high crime areas c. to establish special police strike forces to combat those crimes d. to mandate curfews for juveniles Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Any individuals ______ and older are eligible to participate in the NCVS survey. a. 15 b. 10 c. 8 d. 12 Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior. a. Police officers b. Self-report surveys c. Judges d. Victim surveys Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Self-report information can be collected through all of the following except ______. a. law enforcement arrests b. surveys c. interviews d. all of these Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The ______ collects information to measure substance and alcohol use patterns among youths. a. NCVS b. NIBRS c. MTF d. UCR Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe additional data-collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Monitoring the Future (MTF) Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The primary objective of the ______ is to generate a consistent and reliable set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement administration, operation, and management. a. SHR b. UCR c. NIBRS
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. LEOKA Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In 2004, the FBI discontinued use of ______ because the way crimes were classified and scored under it resulted in inaccurate indicators of criminality in specific jurisdictions. a. The Crime Index b. The Department of Justice c. UCR d. Self-reporting surveys Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 23. According to the hierarchy rule of UCR crime classification, if an offender committed a burglary by breaking into a home, vandalism by spray painting the outside of the home, and a larceny by stealing a laptop inside the home, only the ______ would be reported or scored. a. vandalism b. larceny c. burglary d. trick question; the hierarchy rule requires all three to be reported Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Exceptions to the hierarchy rule include human trafficking/commercial sex acts, human trafficking/involuntary servitude, and ______. a. burglary b. robbery c. aggravated assault d. arson Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.
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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Although the Summary Reporting System used by the UCR does not have detailed information, the ______ collects additional information about homicide cases. a. IRS b. SHR c. LEOKA d. CIA Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 26. In addition to the SHR, which two agencies collect data on homicides? a. CIA and DHHS b. CDC and NVSS c. DOJ and DOT d. IRS and ATF Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The UCR was primarily used by law enforcement agencies, and soon other agencies started to use the data for planning and policy. This led to a need for more detailed data and the establishment of the ______. a. NIBRS b. NVSS c. SHR d. LEOKA Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The FBI has a goal that is to transition the UCR Program to a NIBRS-only data collection by ______.
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