Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Biology of the Mind 5th Edition by Gazzaniga, Ivry; Mangun Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.1 Explain the origins of the field of cognitive neuroscience. 1.2 Describe the roots of the debate over localization of function. 1.3 Explain the ways in which brain structure was studied. 1.4 Understand the philosophical origins of cognitive psychology. 1.5 Discuss behaviorism and its principal tenets. 1.6 Explain how and why cognitive psychology came to the forefront of the psychological fields. 1.7 Identify the different methods that are used to measure brain function and structure.
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What term was coined by Thomas Willis as a consequence of the case of Anne Green? a. psychopathology b. cognition c. neurology d. psychosis ANS: C OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective MSC: Remembering
2. Aside from saving Anne Green’s life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also a. created very accurate drawings of the brain. b. came up with the names of a number of brain structures. c. took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective MSC: Understanding
3. Each of the following are reasons why Willis is considered one of the early figures in cognitive neuroscience EXCEPT: a. He named many brain parts. b. He gave frequent lectures on specific brain regions. c. He was among the first to link behavioral deficits to brain damage. d. He created very accurate brain images. ANS: B OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Medium REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective MSC: Remembering
4. While studying brain function, it is often useful to think of development in terms of which is the perspective of . a. cognition; cognitive neuroscience c. blood flow; magnetic resonance imaging b. survival; evolution d. dysfunction; psychopathology ANS: B OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective
,
5. Which stance would most likely hold an assumption that physical elements of the brain are responsible for the conscious mind? a. monism c. dualism b. behaviorism d. relativism ANS: A OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective
6. René Descartes posited that the mind was separate from the body. However, he implicated a single brain structure, the pineal gland, as having what function? a. regulating feelings and emotions c. moderating cognitive processes b. connecting the mind and the body d. adjusting behavior ANS: B OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective MSC: Remembering
7. Considering the perspective recommended for approaching cognitive neuroscience, which of the following would best explain how a cognitive function may have developed? a. learning and reward c. neurological dysfunction b. integration with technology d. hunting and gathering ANS: D OBJ: 1.1
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective
8. A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities a. arise from networks of brain areas working together. b. are determined by the shape and size of the human skull or the brain beneath. c. are best studied using the scientific method. d. can be best identified using the Golgi silver method of staining or fMRI. ANS: A OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
9. The discipline of phrenology was founded by a. Broca and Wernicke. b. Fritsch and Hitzig. ANS: D OBJ: 1.2
c. Ramón y Cajal and Sherrington. d. Gall and Spurzheim.
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
10. Phrenologists believed that the contour of the skull could provide valuable information about an individual’s cognitive capacities and personality traits. This approach was based on the assumption that a. skull protrusions are caused by disproportionate development of the brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. b. certain traits such as aggressiveness lead to life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways. c. life experiences and injuries that alter the shape of the skull in specific ways lead to certain traits, such as aggressiveness. d. the development of the skull bones directly influences the configuration of the soft brain areas beneath them, which are responsible for different specific functions. ANS: A OBJ: 1.2 11. Localizationist is to a. Wernicke; Gall
DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
as holistic is to
. c. Flourens; Broca
b. Gall; Flourens ANS: B OBJ: 1.2
d. Broca; Wernicke DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
12. Gall’s method for investigating phrenology was flawed because a. he used the wrong language to explain the characteristics he observed. b. he did not tell Napoleon Bonaparte that he possessed noble characteristics. c. he sought only to confirm, not disprove, the correlations he observed. d. he used his own skull as the base model. ANS: C OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
13. The view known as aggregate field theory, which stated that the whole brain participates in behavior, is most associated with a. Broca. c. Brodmann. b. Hughlings Jackson. d. Flourens. ANS: D OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
14. The key observation leading John Hughlings Jackson to propose a topographical organization in the cerebral cortex was that a. speech disturbances could be identified by left-hemisphere lesions. b. the two hemispheres of the brain served different functions. c. seizures begin in a localized region of the cortex. d. focal brain damage causes specific behavioral deficits. ANS: C OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
15. In developing phrenology, Gall’s main failure was that a. he did not seek disconfirming evidence. b. he was not a scientist. c. his method was correlational. d. All of the answer options are correct. ANS: D OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
16. Giovanni visits his local phrenologist. What is this person likely to tell him? a. You are a domineering person. b. Your father was a very domineering person. c. Your brother is a domineering person. d. Your mother was a very domineering person. ANS: A OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
17. The view developed by Marie Jean Pierre Flourens, based on the idea that processes like language and memory cannot be localized within circumscribed brain regions, was known as a. the neuron doctrine. c. rationalism. b. aggregate field theory. d. the law of effect. ANS: B
DIF:
Easy
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
OBJ: 1.2
MSC: Remembering
18. John Hughlings Jackson proposed a with people with . a. holistic; aphasia b. topographic; aphasia ANS: C OBJ: 1.2 19.
organization in the cerebral cortex, based on his work c. topographic; epilepsy d. holistic; epilepsy
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
was one of the first brain scientists to realize that specific cognitive functions can be localized to specific parts of the brain and that many different functional regions can take part in a given behavior. a. Broca c. Flourens b. Hughlings Jackson d. Brodmann ANS: B OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
20. Which 19th-century scientist suggested that the frontal lobe contributes to language and speech production? a. Flourens c. Broca b. Wernicke d. Brodmann ANS: C OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
21. Patient Leborgne was nicknamed "Tan" because that was the only word he could utter. Leborgne had developed an aphasia due to a lesion in which area of the brain? a. frontal cortex c. cerebellum b. Broca’s area d. Wernicke’s area ANS: B OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
22. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca to do, compared to before his stroke? a. listening to a piano recital c. reading a book aloud b. appreciating a painting d. playing a game of cards ANS: C OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
23. Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual described by Carl Wernicke to do, compared to before his stroke? a. understanding a speech c. singing a song b. painting a picture d. riding a horse ANS: A OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
24. Wernicke was an early researcher who suggested that the contributes to language comprehension. a. right frontotemporal area c. right temporoparietal area b. left frontotemporal area d. left temporoparietal area
ANS: D OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
25. Wernicke is to as Broca is to . a. understanding speech; speaking b. speaking; understanding speech c. aggregate field theory; topographic organization d. aggregate field theory; aggregate field theory ANS: A OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
26. As a first approximation, individuals with damage to the left inferior frontal lobe tend to have more difficulty with , whereas individuals with damage to the left posterior temporal lobe tend to have more difficulty with . a. fine motor control; the sense of touch b. the sense of touch; fine motor control c. the production of language; the perception of language d. the perception of language; the production of language ANS: C OBJ: 1.2
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
27. One reason that early research on specific human cognitive capacities and the brain areas that are responsible for them developed rather slowly before the 20th century is that a. most early investigators were limited to postmortem studies to localize lesions. b. investigators did not know the brain was separated into two hemispheres until the 20th century. c. most early investigators focused on studying the brain–behavior relationship in animals rather than in humans. d. there was little interest in this field until the 20th century. ANS: A OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
28. Korbinian Brodmann used techniques to document 52 regions of the brain that differed in . a. phrenological; cytoarchitectonics c. tissue staining; cytoarchitectonics b. phrenological; chronometrics d. tissue staining; chronometrics ANS: C OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
29. Each of the following contributions led to the establishment of the neuron doctrine EXCEPT: a. Golgi’s silver method. b. Purkinje’s description of the first nerve cell. c. Thorndike’s observation of adaptive response. d. Brodmann’s cortical maps. ANS: C OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
30. Researchers Fritsch and Hitzig found support for the idea that specific functions are localized to discrete parts of the cortex in an experiment using electrical stimulation of a dog’s brain. More specifically, they found systematic relationship between the portion of the cortex stimulated and specific . a. a; movements b. a; vocalizations c. no; movements d. no; vocalizations ANS: A OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
31. Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by a. the structure of their surface convolutions. b. their structure at the cellular level. c. the complex functions they perform. d. the basic functions they perform. ANS: B OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
32. Yvette wants to figure out whether cells in two different layers of the occipital lobe have different functions. What would she have done if she had been a scientist in the early 20th century? a. look at a CAT scan b. observe the tracts that connect each layer c. study living patients with damage to those cells d. look at the layers under a microscope ANS: D OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
33. The neuroanatomist who described 52 distinct cortical areas based on cell structure and arrangement, and whose classification scheme is often used today, was a. Purkinje. c. Brodmann. b. Helmholtz. d. Hyde. ANS: C OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
34. Which of the following terms refers to the idea of a continuous mass of tissue that shares a common cytoplasm? a. synapse c. striatum b. syncytium d. claustrum ANS: B OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
35. La reazione nera, or “the black reaction,” refers to a. a cell stain developed by Golgi. b. a perceptual phenomenon described by the Gestalt psychologists. c. a ganglion preparation developed by Arvanitaki. d. a type of reinforcement-based learning described by the behaviorists. ANS: A OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
36. Which of the following scientists contributed to modern neuroscience in the 19th century? a. Paul Broca c. Gustav Theodor Fritsch b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón y Cajal ANS: A OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
37. Which of the following statements best describes the “neuron doctrine”? a. The nervous system consists of a fused network of interconnected fibers. b. The brain can be subdivided into regions that are distinct in cytoarchitectonics yet functionally interactive. c. The nervous system consists of physically distinct cells that are functionally interactive. d. The brain can be subdivided into functionally autonomous modules. ANS: C OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
38. The neuron doctrine is usually credited to . a. Purkinje; Brodmann b. Brodmann; Purkinje ANS: D OBJ: 1.3
, who used a staining technique pioneered by c. Golgi; Ramón y Cajal d. Ramón y Cajal; Golgi
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
39. The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he a. developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. b. showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units. c. discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size. d. demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells. ANS: A OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
40. The term synapse, coined by Sherrington, refers to the junction between a. a blood vessel and surrounding neurons. b. two different cytoarchitectonic regions in the brain. c. two adjacent neurons. d. an axon and the cell body of a neuron. ANS: C OBJ: 1.3
DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
41. Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge a. originates from sensory experience. b. must be experimentally tested. c. must be deduced and justified through reason. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: C OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
42. Empiricism is the philosophical position that all knowledge a. must be deduced and justified through reason.
b. originates from sensory experience. c. must be experimentally tested. d. is globally distributed in the cortex. ANS: B OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
43. Which of the following is NOT true of empiricism? a. It is primarily associated with the British philosophers Hobbes, Hume, and Mill. b. It was a foundation for the associationist–behaviorist school of psychology. c. It postulates a special role for reason and induction in human thought. d. It emphasizes sensory experience in the development of knowledge. ANS: C OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Understanding
44. Ebbinghaus, who is considered the father of modern memory research, was among the first to demonstrate that a. different types of brain lesions can produce different types of memory deficits. b. in terms of cognition, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. c. behavior is best understood in terms of stimulus–response relationships. d. internal mental processes can be measured in rigorous and reproducible ways. ANS: D OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story
45. All of the following are representative of the emergence of the field of cognitive science in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT a. new developments in computer technology and artificial intelligence. b. a philosophical shift in the field toward empiricism and associationism. c. Chomsky’s work arguing that behaviorist theories cannot explain language acquisition. d. Miller’s work showing that internal processes like short-term memory can be quantified. ANS: B OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating
REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story
46. Thorndike’s law of effect a. stated that much knowledge is innately specified due to natural selection. b. was written to oppose Darwin’s theory of natural selection. c. stated that a behavior that is followed by a reward is likely to occur again. d. was written to oppose the behaviorists. ANS: C OBJ: 1.5 47.
DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
is the idea that all knowledge comes from sensory experiences, while holds that truth is intellectual. a. Empiricism; rationalism b. Empiricism; logic c. Rationalism; empiricism d. Rationalism; logic ANS: A OBJ: 1.5
DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Understanding
48. John Watson famously argued that newborn babies
a. b. c. d.
are incapable of forming memories. have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins. can be raised to become anything. will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences.
ANS: C OBJ: 1.5
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story
49. According to associationist Herman Ebbinghaus, complex processes such as memory a. can be understood by combining different pieces of information. b. are best understood in terms of a stimulus’s emergent properties. c. cannot be measured because they are not behaviors. d. can be measured in an analytic fashion. ANS: D OBJ: 1.4
DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating
REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story
50. According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards? a. They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain. b. They help to stamp things into the mind. c. They lead to adaptive learning. d. They are part of the law of effect. ANS: A OBJ: 1.5
DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating
REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story
51. “Cells that fire together, wire together” was first proposed by Donald Hebb as an explanation for a. epileptic seizures and their effects. b. cytoarchitectural variation. c. the way in which the brain codes new learning. d. amnesia caused by brain damage. ANS: C OBJ: 1.5
DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Understanding
52. Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is B. F. Skinner’s assertion that languages are . a. innate; learned c. universal; rational b. learned; universal d. rational; innate ANS: A OBJ: 1.6
, in contrast to
DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
53. Which of the following people did NOT play a strong role in the theoretical shift in psychology in the latter part of the 20th century? a. Noam Chomsky c. George A. Miller b. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Claude Shannon ANS: B OBJ: 1.6
DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
54. Which of the following was NOT contributory to the development of the electroencephalogram? a. measuring continuous activity from the cerebral cortex of dogs and apes b. studying patients who had skull defects c. making photographic recordings of activity from a string galvanometer d. publishing a paper describing recordings of brain currents
ANS: B OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Difficult MSC: Analyzing
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
55. You decide that you want to measure blood flow of the brain. Which of the following methods would you employ to best achieve your goal? a. Listen to the blood flow across veins. b. Look at red blood cells under a microscope. c. Measure the amount of iron in the blood. d. None of the answer options is correct. ANS: D OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Medium MSC: Applying
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
56. Computerized axial tomography is to MRI as a. X-ray; radio frequencies b. structure; function ANS: A OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Medium MSC: Analyzing
is to . c. blood oxygenation; X-ray d. radiation; dipoles
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
57. Which of the following methods relies on blood oxygenation? a. magnetic resonance imaging b. functional magnetic resonance imaging c. computerized axial tomography d. electroencephalogram ANS: B OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Medium REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience MSC: Understanding
58. Suppose you are investigating neurological function, and one of the initial portions of your procedure is to inject radioactive oxygen-15 into the patient’s bloodstream. Which of the following methods are you most likely using to measure neurological activity? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ANS: C OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
59. A group of investigators is conducting research on brain tumors, and they need to obtain threedimensional brain views to localize the tumors. Which instrument will provide the least invasive way to obtain their objective? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. computerized axial tomography (CAT) d. magnetoencephalography (MEG) ANS: B OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
60. Imagine that you are one of the researchers who advanced the field of cognitive neuroscience by developing a new instrument to measure the brain. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) has already been developed, but your team wants to expand the CAT to develop an instrument that will provide information about brain function. Which method are you most likely developing? a. electroencephalography (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (fMRI)
ANS: C OBJ: 1.7
DIF: Difficult MSC: Applying
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience
SHORT ANSWER 1. Draw a diagram demonstrating the approach known as the scientific method. Your diagram should indicate the general procedures used and the order in which they are performed. ANS: Answers will vary. Each should include the following: - make an observation - ask why it came about - form a hypothesis - design and perform an experiment - draw a conclusion - may also include replication DIF: Difficult MSC: Creating
REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective
OBJ: 1.1
2. Describe how and why the term cognitive neuroscience was chosen for this field. Be sure to mention the two fields that combined to create this new field of study. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 A Historical Perspective MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.4
3. Localizationists argued that higher cognitive functions were the product of brain activity in specific areas. Give evidence that they used to support their claims. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.1
4. Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke discovered two different forms of aphasia. Compare and contrast them. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Understanding
OBJ: 1.2
5. Describe the main tenets of the Neuron Doctrine. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.2
6. Describe the evidence that led Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens to move the field away from localization toward aggregate-field theory. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Brain Story MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.2
7. A major question in cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which regions of the brain are independent or integrated. Which of these two viewpoints is most valid? Present evidence to support your view. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult MSC: Evaluating
REF: 1.2 The Brain Story
OBJ: 1.2
8. Associationism and empiricism are two main philosophical positions. Pick the one you think best describes how humans come to know things and explain why you think this. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.4
9. Describe the transition from behaviorist to cognitive approaches in psychology. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Understanding
OBJ: 1.4
10. Noam Chomsky wrote an article titled “Three Models for the Description of Language.” Describe how the findings he reported moved the field of cognitive psychology forward. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Medium REF: 1.3 The Psychological Story MSC: Remembering 11. Describe two principal methods used to measure brain structure. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy OBJ: 1.7
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience MSC: Remembering
OBJ: 1.4
12. You would like to understand at what point in time an event took place in the brain. What neuroimaging method would you choose? Explain why you would choose this method and what information you would be missing. ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy OBJ: 1.7
REF: 1.4 The Instruments of Neuroscience MSC: Understanding
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2.1 Understand the structure of neurons and synapses. 2.2 Explain the role of ion channels in changing neuronal membrane potential. 2.3 Describe the impact of depolarization on the resting potential, and on the likelihood of subsequent action potentials. 2.4 Describe the influence of myelin and voltage-gated ion channels on action potentials. 2.5 Understand electrical and chemical transmission at the synapse, including the use and removal of neurotransmitters after binding. 2.6 Explain the roles of different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and microglial cells. 2.7 Define and recognize differences between the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, cerebral cortex, gray and white matter, and corpus callosum. 2.8 Understand the functions of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. 2.9 Understand the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. 2.10 Understand the functions of the limbic system and basal ganglia. 2.11 Define and describe anatomical structures and principles that include gyri, sulci, Brodmann areas, lobes, topography, and association cortices. 2.12 Explain the developmental process of the nervous system and the mechanisms behind neurogenesis.
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The two main classes of cells in the nervous system are a. dendrites and axons. c. neurons and glial cells. b. axons and neurons. d. glial cells and dendrites. ANS: C OBJ: 2.1
DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System MSC: Remembering
2. In the nervous system, these cells provide structural support and insulation for neurons. a. glia c. mitochondria b. dendrites d. Purkinje cells ANS: A OBJ: 2.1
DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 The Cells of the Nervous System MSC: Remembering
3. Two main types of projections extend from the cell body of a neuron. other neurons, while send information to other neurons. a. Synapses; glia c. Glia; synapses
receive inputs from