Chapter 1--Ancient America Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The first colonization of America by people from Asia probably began about A. 150,000 years ago. B. 5,000 years ago. C. 40,000 years ago. D. 10,000 years ago.
2. One revolutionary result of the development of agriculture was A. the appearance of the state. B. the feasibility of the division of labor. C. an improvement in the status of women. D. the abandonment of hunting.
3. A serious weakness of slash-and-burn farming was that it A. led to overpopulation. B. required a strong central authority. C. soon exhausted the soil. D. encouraged tribal warfare.
4. The Classic period in Ancient America lasted from A. A.D. 2500 to about 1500 B.C. B. A.D. 1 to about A.D. 1000. C. A.D. 1000 to about A.D. 1500. D. A.D. 9000 to 2500 B.C.
5. The Postclassic period in Ancient America was characterized by the A. rise of genuine cities and chronic warfare. B. introduction of maize and other domesticated plants. C. decline of commerce. D. growing importance of the priestly class.
6. Olmec civilization was characterized by A. a highly developed calendrical system. B. chronic warfare among Olmec states. C. the carving of stone sculpture that featured colossal heads. D. the practice of human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism on a massive scale.
7. A factor that greatly aided Aztec imperial expansion was A. the highly productive chinampa system of agriculture. B. Aztec superiority in weapons and military technique. C. belief in the sacrifice of war prisoners for the survival of the universe. D. the geographical advantages of the Valley of Mexico for defense and offense.
8. The dominant Mesoamerican state in the Classic period was A. Monte Albán. B. Teotihuacán. C. Tula. D. La Venta.
9. The main integrating force in Aztec society was the A. military. B. merchant class. C. artisans. D. priesthood.
10. The Maya agricultural system was based on A. slash-and-burn farming. B. chinampa farming. C. large imports of grain from central Mexico. D. a mix of slash-and-burn farming and more intensive agricultural methods.
11. Our knowledge of Maya history has been much enhanced by the discovery A. that many of the sculptured glyphs record important events in the lives of Maya rulers. B. of native codices containing much historical material. C. that Maya writing was truly syllabic and could easily be deciphered. D. of a Spanish translation of Maya oral historical traditions.
12. The central Andean area in Inca times was characterized by A. large amounts of arable land. B. a very limited number of edible plants. C. a rich variety of environments, making possible extensive food production. D. a forbidding environment of coastal deserts, bleak plateaus, and snowcapped mountains.
13. The Mochica culture of Classic Peru was noted for A. a very simple social organization. B. the absence of metallurgy. C. its peaceful nature. D. a pottery characterized by realistic modeling.
14. The emperor credited with many reforms and innovations in the Inca state is A. Topa Inca. B. Pachacuti Inca. C. Atahualpa. D. Huascar.
15. The Incas possessed A. pictographic writing. B. alphabetic writing. C. a system of communicating by signs. D. a record-keeping device called the quipu.
16. The Inca state may best be described as a A. totalitarian state. B. socialist state. C. welfare state. D. class-structured state in which commoners were exploited by the rulers and nobility.
17. A serious weakness of the Inca Empire was A. chronic discontent and revolts on the part of conquered peoples. B. the difficulty of maintaining control over such a vast area. C. the emergence of a military caste that challenged the supremacy of Inca rulers. D. the rise of a feudal nobility that threatened Inca centralized authority.
18. Many activities thought to reflect the benevolence of the Inca state actually were A. invented by pro-Inca chroniclers writing after the conquest. B. traditional village cooperative functions taken over by the Inca state for its own ends. C. examples of the "divide-and-rule" policy of Inca rulers. D. designed to prevent rebellions on the part of conquered peoples.
19. The ayllu was a A. kinship group, the members of which married within the group. B. kinship group, the members of which married outside the group. C. territorial group, the members of which recognized no kinship bonds. D. group of people from the interior of the empire resettled in the newly conquered province.
20. Recent scholarly estimates of pre-Conquest populations for the Americas A. point to much smaller populations than were accepted previously. B. point to much larger populations than were accepted previously. C. range between 8 and 10 million. D. range between 100 and 150 million for the Americas.
21. Social stratification was most developed in the A. band. B. state. C. chiefdom. D. tribe.
22. Economic life in Aztec Mexico rested on a base of A. large-scale trade with the Inca Empire. B. hunting and fishing. C. intensive and extensive agriculture. D. craft industry.
23. Before the Spanish conquest, gender parallelism in the Andean world guaranteed women A. the right to share in political decisions of the Inca state. B. leadership positions in the ayllu. C. access to land, herds, water, and other material resources. D. a subordinate role in the gendered hierarchy of Inca society.
24. The Triple Alliance was an agreement to share the spoils of conquest among A. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán, facilitating Aztec domination of Mesoamerica. B. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán, facilitating Inca domination of Mesoamerica. C. Spain, Portugal, and England, thereby facilitating European domination of Mesoamerica. D. Inca, Aztec, and Maya lords, thereby facilitating imperial domination of Mesoamerica.
25. In the classic Mesoamerican world, networks of commercial trade linked the great cities of A. Texcoco, Tenochtitlán, and Tlacopán. B. Cuzco, Tenochtitlán, and Tikal. C. Tikal, Palenque, and Chichén-Itzá. D. Monte Albán, Teotihuacán, and Tikal.
26. Pleistocene
27. Olmec
28. Archaic stage
29. Preclassic or Formative period
30. Classic period
31. Postclassic period
32. Teotihuacán
33. Quetzalcóatl
34. Nezahualcoyotl
35. Calpulli
36. chinampa
37. mayeque
38. Tikal
39. Chichén Itzá
40. Cuzco
41. Mochica
42. Pachacuti
43. ayllu
44. curaca
45. Triple Alliance
46. band
47. tribe
48. chiefdom
49. gender parallelism
50. Chibcha
51. Monte Albán
52. Discuss the relationship between geographical environment, the type of agricultural system adopted, and the kind of social and political organization developed in various parts of Ancient America.
53. Summarize the salient features of the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic stages of the history of Ancient America.
54. If Spanish conquerors had not arrived in Mexico in the early 1500s, how would the Aztec Empire have evolved in the next hundred years?
55. How has the research of recent decades altered the traditional view of Maya civilization?
56. What strategies did the Inca rulers employ to maintain the loyalty and obedience of conquered peoples? How successful were these strategies?
12. Which of the following was not one of the reasons Perón was immensely popular? A. His wife Evita. B. His provision of generous salaries to the military. C. His use of government patronage to woo the middle class. D. His excellent relations with the Roman Catholic Church.
13. The basic tenets of Perón's first five-year plan were A. free trade and less government. B. redistribution of great estates in the Pampas and import substitution industrialization. C. government intervention in the economy on a large scale and reestablishment of Argentine control of its own economy. D. increased agricultural exports and tight control of imports.
14. Which of these were not reasons for Perón's overthrow? A. His alienation of industrialists by refusing to lower workers' wages. B. The death of Evita. C. His attack on the Catholic church. D. His uncooperative attitude toward the United States' effort in the Korean war.
15. Arturo Frondizi, the candidate of the Radical party's Intransigent wing, won the presidency in 1958 by A. appealing to the right-wing elements. B. vowing to redistribute land to landless immigrants. C. forging a secret deal with the Perónists. D. demanding a full reform of the military.
16. Juan Perón's return in 1974 brought a new economic policy called the Social Contract that called for A. higher wages for workers. B. a wage and price freeze. C. an end to foreign ownership of Argentine industry. D. a professionalization of the military.
17. Estancieros embraced the Saenz-Peña law because they hoped it would A. expand the electoral appeal of Radicals. B. attract new urban political allies by requiring universal male suffrage and a secret ballot. C. restrict immigration and increase their political power. D. expand immigration, increase the rural labor supply, reduce wages, and increase profits.
18. Late nineteenth-century market expansion A. diversified Argentina's dependency, raised wages, and improved living standards for all. B. dissolved barriers to public employment for women, forcing them into low paid, menial jobs in urban sweatshops. C. expanded opportunities for women and released them from the drudgery of unpaid labor in the home. D. promoted immigration, urbanization, and industrialization that reduced the power of rural landlords.
19. Early twentieth-century Argentine industrialization created A. intolerable social conditions in which Argentine women suffered intense discrimination and exploitation. B. fabulous opportunities for working class men and women, whose participation in the labor force doubled. C. demand for labor and high wages that attracted increased immigration. D. social inequality, but also independent national economic growth.
20. Cecelia Grierson, Argentina's first female doctor, was an outspoken feminist who A. demanded that women have the right to choose an abortion. B. sought to protect, nourish, and conserve the primary power of women within the family. C. advocated equal access to education and professional employment. D. insisted on women's right to vote and hold office.
21. Carolina Muzzilli and Alicia Moreau de Justo were A. middle class reformers who demanded equal rights for women in education. B. aristocrats who supported equality including women's right to vote and hold office. C. radicals who sought laws to regulate working conditions for women and children, providing special legal protections. D. advocates of "whitening," the racist policy of promoting European immigration while restricting non-whites.
22. In 1924, trade unions and women's groups secured passage of a law that established A. an eight-hour work day for women, limited a woman's work week to 48 hours, and prohibited night work. B. civil equality among men and women in the workplace. C. free child care, pre- and post-partum medical care, and the right to an abortion for working women. D. free vocational education for working women.
23. The Great Depression A. bankrupted Argentina's largest companies and spawned skyrocketing unemployment that hurt women more than men. B. increased immigration and transformed the nation's ethnic labor force. C. dramatically reduced women's participation as a share of the national labor force. D. virtually eliminated women workers in the textile, tobacco, and clothing industries.
24. During the Great Depression, Argentina's military leadership sought to revitalize the national economy by sponsoring A. state-centered, import-substitution industrialization and forcing women to retire from public employment. B. neoliberal reforms that favored foreign investment and job opportunities for women. C. new investment in traditional economic sectors like agriculture and cattle-raising. D. cooperative trade treaties with Latin American countries suffering from the global crisis.
25. Argentine women were granted the right to vote and hold office in 1947, largely because A. Perón's wife, Evita, was a fervent feminist who pressured her husband to support women's equality. B. they were 45 percent of industrial workers and demanded their political and civil rights. C. Perón's conservative Catholic government expected women's vote to favor the Church. D. the U.S. government had pressured Perón to show his commitment to democracy.
26. In the 1951 presidential election, the first for which they were eligible to vote, Argentine women A. largely ignored the divisive political contest and abstained from voting. B. voted in record numbers exceeding 90 percent and elected the largest delegation of women legislators in the Americas. C. provided the electoral margin that enabled the triumph of Catholic conservatives. D. voted overwhelmingly for Eva Perón, but neglected to support other women candidates.
27. Argentina legalized prostitution in the late 19th century largely so that elite men could A. discourage the spread of syphilis and other venereal diseases. B. weaken the patriarchal family structure that bound working class families together. C. secure an inexpensive outlet for the release of their sexual frustrations. D. collect revenues from, and establish control over, a population considered "dangerous."
28. The social origins of the tango lay in the dance A. adopted by Argentine elites who mimicked the French contradanse. B. introduced by Italian immigrants fleeing armed conflict and crime in their native country. C. associated with middle-class urban professionals who disdained elite cultural traditions. D. first performed by enslaved Africans and later by poor people in bars and brothels.
29. The tango became associated with Argentina's national identity largely because it was A. favored by middle-class urban professionals who flourished during World War II. B. the dance favored by the majority of Argentine people. C. popular in Paris, from which Francophile elite and middle-class Argentines adopted it. D. a reflection of this immigrant nation's multicultural traditions.
30. During the Infamous Decade, the military abolished prostitution because it A. spread venereal disease and undermined the patriarchal family. B. increased the competition with urban industry for women workers and boosted wages. C. depleted the state's scarce revenues to pay for prostitutes' medical care. D. promoted popular resistance to the military dictatorship.
31. Radical party (Unión Cívica Radical)
32. Pacto Social (Social Compact)
33. Hipólito Yrigoyen
34. Social Motherhood
35. Semana Trágica (Tragic Week)
36. Infamous Decade
37. José F. Uriburu
38. Agustín P. Justo
39. Concordancia
40. Tango
41. Eva Perón
42. Juan Perón
43. Carlos Gardel
44. piqueteros
45. Arturo Frondizi
46. Juan Carlos Onganía
47. Cecelia Grierson
48. Carolina Muzzilli
49. Sáenz Peña Law
50. Socialist Feminist Center
51. Describe and discuss the role of the military in Argentina in the twentieth century. How has its role changed over time?
52. Hipólito Yrigoyen and Juan Perón were the dominant figures of twentieth-century Argentine politics. Compare and contrast their careers. Why did they each succeed? Why did both ultimately fail?
53. Outline the history of the Argentine export economy in the twentieth century. What were its strengths and weaknesses?
54. The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical party) was anything but radical. Outline the history of the Radical party in Argentina. What were its class base and policies and how did these change over time?
55. In the twentieth century, Argentina had one of the strongest feminist movements in Latin America. Describe the impact of that movement on the course of modern Argentine populism.
56. Explain the social origins of the tango and how it came to represent Argentina's national identity.