American Government Political Development and Institutional Change, 9e Cal Jillson (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Chapter 1 Test Bank in Word for 9e Single-Select Multiple Choice Question
Answer
A custom, practice, or organization, often embedded in rule of law, is called: The rule of an elite few for their own interests. According to Plato, who should rule a properly constituted polis? Which of these statements accurately defines a type of government according to Aristotle’s typology
b
A policy
An institution
A legal procedure
A rule
d
Monarchy
Polis
Democracy
Oligarchy
a
A philosopher-king
Before it was an empire, what was ancient Rome? Which theorists made the first and most influential efforts to explain how mixed governments can work in practice? According to the Pro and Con Box in Chapter 1, which of the following was not a characteristic of the “Athenian democracy?”
c
Aristocracy is a government organized around a few men who are primarily motivated by their narrow private and class interests It was always an empire Polybius and Cicero
The few wisest citizens Tyranny is any government that is oppressive to the people
None of the above
b
A political scienceking Democracy is a government organized around many men who are primarily motivated by the broad public interest It was a democracy
It was a republic
It was a polity
Socrates and Plato
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
A deep respect for the individual rights and liberties of all city residents
Slaves and resident aliens (three-fifths of the population) were denied citizenship
All citizens were given one vote in the Assembly
a
b
A
The people met in the Assembly to discuss and decide major issues
B
C
D
All of the above
What is the temporal world?
c
The world of the sacred
The world of the politically powerful
The otherworldly
John Calvin
The world of peoples and nations and human history Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote that, without an allpowerful monarch, human beings will fall into a war of all against all in which life is “solitary, nasty, brutish, and short.” Who was the founder of the Protestant Reformation?
c
Niccolò Machiavelli
c
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Thomas Hobbes
Martin Luther
John Winthrop
In addition to social contract theory, what are two other concepts taken from classical liberalism which influenced the Founding generation? Who were the Pilgrims?
c
Nothing else was taken
Divine right monarchy and the Common Law
Separation of powers and free markets
Unlimited, immoderate constitutional regime
b
Wealthy English Puritans who settled in the South in order to avoid religious persecution in the home country
Middling English Puritans who settled in New England in order to avoid religious persecution in the home country
Wealthy English Anglicans who settled in the South in order to develop it economically
a
The English
The Irish
The Germans
Middling English Anglicans who settled in the Mid-Atlantic in order to develop it economically and in some cases to avoid religious persecution in the home country The Dutch
In the population of the American colonies in 1765, which ethnic group was the largest? What drove the idea behind the notion that the Americans had “space” for dissent?
d
The orthodox did not feel the need to destroy the unorthodox
Banishment was an accepted form of punishment
The vastness of the land allowed for pockets of acceptability interspersed between places of orthodoxy
2
John Locke
All of the above
What was political participation like a in the early colonies?
It was very democratic in nature
It was oligarchic but still modestly democratic in nature The British colonials were less heterogeneous regarding religion, language, and ethnicity and were larger in numbers overall Government and politics
It was oligarchic and hence not very democratic at all in nature The British colonials were more heterogeneous regarding religion, language, and ethnicity and were larger in numbers overall The economy
It was aristocratic and hence not very democratic at all in nature None of the above
Which of the statements below accurately describes differences between the populations in British colonies and those in French Canadian colonies?
c
To what area of social life did Adam Smith most extensively apply the principles of classical liberalism? Which Enlightenment thinker argued the earliest and most influentially that science and discovery worked for the eternal benefit of society? How did St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas differ from the ancients and how did this impact the Founding generation?
c
The British colonials were more heterogeneous regarding religion, language, ethnicity but were fewer in numbers overall Law
d
Hobbes
Machiavelli
Montesquieu
Bacon
a
They privileged the role of the sacred over the secular and this served as a negative example for the Founding generation At the Constitutional Convention and in the form of separation of powers
They privileged the role of the secular over the sacred and this served as a positive example for the Founding generation At the Magna Carta and in the form of the Barony
They privileged the role of the national over sub-national governments and this served as a positive example for the Founding generation At the American Revolution and in the form of the idea that freedom has its own order and structure
They privileged the role of the sub-national over the national government and this served as a negative example for the Founding generation
When did the concept of individualism find its brightest moment and what form did it take?
c
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Culture
At the English Revolution and in the form of religious tolerance
What lesson did the Founding Fathers learn from Polybius and Cicero?
b
Mixed constitutions should be avoided
Who normally rules in aristocracies and oligarchies? How does the textbook author define the word “institution?”
b
The poor
c
A place where official government business is conducted
What is meant by American political development (APD)?
a
What did the ancients mean by “democracy?”
b
What is meant by “classical republicanism?”
c
Mixed constitutions should be embraced because they balance the interests of the rich and the poor The rich
The formal and informal rules that set the parameters within which “the game of politics” is played The study of The study of development and America’s change in American democratic political processes, development in institutions, and comparison to the policies over time development of other democracies around the world They thought it was equivalent to “mob rule” A mixed state in which monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic principles are combined
Rule by the people in the interest of the entire community A form of popular government that relies on elected representatives instead of direct democratic governance
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Mixed constitutions should be embraced because they serve the interests of the middle classes
Mixed constitutions should be avoided because monarchy is clearly the best way to govern a republic
The middle class
None of the above
A custom, practice, or organization, usually embedded in rules and law, that defines and structures social and political activity The thesis that American government has become much more political over time, thus reducing its capacity to solve the problems that affect the lives of ordinary Americans Rule by the people in their own self-interest
None of the above
A set of ideas that emphasizes concern for the common good over the self-interest of individuals
None of the above
They thought it was equivalent to “free government” A set of ideas that emphasizes the importance of limited government and individual rights
What differentiates a monarchy from a tyranny?
d
The source of their legitimacy, with monarchies being based on the will of God and tyrannies being based on the will of the ruler
The source of their legitimacy, with monarchies being based on the will of the people or of God and tyrannies being based on neither Locke and Hobbes
The purpose of government, with monarchies having bad motives and tyrannies having good ones
The purposes of government with monarchies having good motives and tyrannies having bad ones
Name two philosophers associated with social contract theory What two concepts does classical liberalism favor?
b
Locke and Smith
Polybius and Machiavelli Large government and individual rights
Rorty and Rawls
b
Limited government and individual rights
What was the dominant American political and social ideology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? Which of the following are characteristics of American colonial settlement that influenced American political development? John Locke was a “giant” during which stage of the Western intellectual tradition? What was the official religion of the British colonies in North America?
b
Large government and aggregate rights Social Democracy
Classical Liberalism
Classical Republicanism
Corporatist Capitalism
d
Space for dissent and economic opportunity
Social fluidity and heterogeneity
Equality and tolerance
All of the above
b
The Ancient World
Modernity
The Middle Ages
The Renaissance
a
There was no single official religion throughout all of the British colonies Greek term for political community on the scale of a city
Puritanism
Anglican
Catholicism
What is a polis?
a
Latin term for political community on the scale of a city
Greek term for political community on the scale of a state
Latin term for political community on the scale of a country
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Limited government and aggregate rights
What is an aristocracy?
c
Rule of the few in their own selfinterest
Rule by the few in the interest of the entire community
Both of the first two options
A political community that is no larger than a city unless part of a confederacy
The worst possible form of government
None of the above
c
Rule by the many in the interest of the entire community A political community in which the institutions of oligarchy and democracy were mixed to produce political stability Religious
What did Aristotle mean by a “polity?”
a
What does secular mean?
Otherworldly
Non-religious
Selfish
Who is the legitimate source of political authority, according to the idea of individualism? What is social contract theory?
d
The powerful
The rich
The divine
The people
a
An argument that the legitimate origin of government rests with the “divine right of kings”
An argument that the non-legitimate origin of government is in the agreement of a free people
An argument that power rests exclusively with those best suited to exercise it
Which one of the following pairs contains giants from the Protestant Reformation?
c
An argument that the legitimate origin of government is in the agreement of a free people Niccolò Machiavelli and Montesquieu
Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes
Martin Luther and John Calvin
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas
Multiple-Select Multiple Choice
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True-False A Republic combines principles from monarchy, aristocracy and democracy.
TRUE
Secularism refers to the division of religious groups according to differences in theological interpretations of the Bible.
FALSE
The Puritans of early Massachusetts shared many ideas about politics with medieval Europeans.
TRUE
Montesquieu argued that circumstance and a nation's people should be considered when decided what sort of government is most useful and effective for a society.
TRUE
French Canadian settlements were generally larger and more linguistically diverse than their British counterparts.
FALSE
Adam Smith and John Locke were British intellectuals that influenced American thought.
TRUE
The principles of equality and tolerance were central to early American social thinking because these principles were central to the doctrines of most of the major religious traditions in North America at the time.
FALSE
The concept of individual rights is central to the ideas of individualism and classical liberalism?
TRUE
According to the Pro and Con section, democracy is always good.
FALSE
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The principles of equality and tolerance were inherent among the religious traditions of most of the colonial settlers in America.
FALSE
According to the Let’s Compare section, all settlements in North America during colonial times followed similar patterns.
FALSE
A modern definition of "democracy" would include reliance on free elections to select public officials and to affect the direction of public policy.
TRUE
Open Contrast the purposes of government for the ancients and the moderns. What elements of Greek and Roman political thought did early Americans adopt? How have Individualism and secularism contributed to the development of the American government? In what major ways did diversity impact American colonial development? Do you believe that the social contract is a practical reality or only an abstract idea? Support your answer with concrete examples. Would Montesquieu support the spread of democracy across the globe? Why or why not? Contrast the six basic types of government as laid out by Aristotle. Then, describe his preferred complex (or mixed) regime. Why did he think this regime could be more stable than any of the basic types? What does the notion that there was a natural “openness” of America entail? As completely yet succinctly as possible, discuss the major concepts associated with classical liberalism. In deciding how to form and establish government in America, were the Founding Fathers influenced more by the ideas of medieval thinkers, such as Aquinas, or of Ancient thinkers, such as Plato and Aristotle? What role, if any, did religion play in the colonial settlement of America?
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In no more than two sentences, briefly describe the most important (negative) lesson that colonial Americans learned from the medieval period. In no more than one sentence, list and/or describe the important political idea that Aristotle and Polybius both endorsed. In one or two sentences, describe how Martin Luther and John Calvin viewed religious and political hierarchy.
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Chapter 2 Test Bank in Word for 9e Single-Select Multiple Choice Question
Answer
A
B
An uprising that convinced Americans to support a stronger national government.
b
Boston Massacre
Shay's Rebellion
Boston Tea Party
The Second Constitutional Convention
The written constitution first developed:
c
In the writings of John Locke
In Scotland
In the United States
In France
The assignment of legislative, executive and judicial powers to different institutions is an example of:
d
Federalism
Checks and Balances
Bicameralism
Separation of Powers
What was the most important consequence of the Seven Years War (aka the French and Indian War) with respect to American political development?
b
It increased the French as a threat to the British colonies in North America
It ended the French as a threat to the British colonies in North America
It instantiated Spain as It indebted the French to a threat to the British American financiers colonies in North America
Did the decision to declare independence from Great Britain happen immediately or did it develop gradually?
a
Gradually
Immediately
Combination of the two
During the “critical period,” what major events occurred that spurred the calling of the Constitutional Convention?
c
The Revolutionary War and Northwest Ordinance
The ratification of the Articles of Confederation and the Battle of Yorktown
The Annapolis None of the above Convention and Shay’s Rebellion
1
C
D
None of the above
From what class of society did the Delegates at the Constitutional Convention come from and was this representative of the average American?
b
Social, economic, and political elites who were representative of the average American
Social, economic, and political elites who were not representative of the average American
Social, economic, and political masses who were representative of the average American
Social, economic, but not political elites who were not representative of the average American
How does a representative government differ from a direct democracy?
c
It doesn’t
In a representative government the people rule directly
In a representative government the people elect a tyrant to rule on their behalf during times of extended crisis
What does bicameralism mean?
b
That the executive branch will exist in a plural form
That the legislative branch will exist in a dual chamber form
In a representative government the people elect representative(s) to conduct the business of government That the judicial branch will exist under the conditions of “dual sovereignty”
What was purpose of the Preamble to the Constitution?
a
To declare the Constitution an act of the sovereign people (rather than of sovereign states) and to explicate the goals of the proposed government
To declare the Constitution an act of sovereign states (rather than the sovereign people) and to explicate the goals of the proposed government
To declare the Constitution an act of the sovereign people (rather than of sovereign states) and to explicate the means the government will use for realizing its goals
To declare the Constitution an act of sovereign states (rather than the sovereign people) and to explicate the means the government will use for realizing its goals
Which plan that was proposed as a model for the Constitution called for a unicameral legislature with equality of representation?
b
The Virginia Plan
The New Jersey plan
The Connecticut plan
None of the above
2
That the structure of the government will be conditioned by “dual federalism”
Chapter 5 Test Bank in Word for 9e Single-Select Multiple Choice Question
Answer
A
B
C
D
Originally an English legal principle, influential in America that allowed for the punishment of criticism that reduced the prestige of government officials.
b
Slander
Seditious libel
Franking
Muckraking
Journalists and private citizens can request an accurate count of the number of private prisons contracts operating in the United States using the:
c
Communications Act of 1934
Hayes Act
Freedom of Information Act
Title IX provisions
Was the partisan press of the early U.S. republic an objective, unbiased analyzer of the relevant news of the day?
b
Yes
No
What was the relationship between the partisan and the penny presses?
c
There was no relationship: they existed in different time periods
There was a relationship in that they were the same thing
There was a relationship in that the penny press grew up alongside and eventually mixed with the partisan press
None of the above
1
Which of the following was a distinctive aspect of political media during the Progressive era of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
a
Muckraker journalism
The partisan presses
Objective journalism and the quest for professionalism
None of the above
Why did the inverted pyramid model for news story organization become the rule of the day for journalism?
b
It did not become the rule of the day for journalism
It was a part of the quest for journalistic professionalism during the first third of the twentieth century
It was a part of the quest for journalistic professionalism associated with the last third of the twentieth century
There is no such thing as an inverted pyramid model for news story organization
Which was the first major technological development in the rise of the electronic media?
c
The internet
TV
Radio
Palm pilots
Do most Americans pay close attention to the political information presented by newspapers, the evening news, and the Sunday morning talk shows? Talk radio is dominated by which ideological persuasion?
b
Yes
No
d
Populists
Libertarians
Liberals
Conservatives
Generally speaking, has American newspaper readership been increasing or decreasing in recent years?
b
Increasing
Decreasing
It has stayed about the same
We do not know
2
From the Let’s Compare section, what system of radio/television media ownership and control is used by most countries?
b
Most have stateowned and privately controlled radio/television media
Most have stateowned and state controlled radio/television media
Most have privately owned radio/television media that is heavily regulated by the state
Most have privately owned radio/television media with little state regulation
From the Pro and Con section, does the media have a liberal bias?
d
According to some it does but not to others, who claim it has a conservative bias
According to some it does but not to others, who claim it exhibits a profit bias
According to some it does but not to others, who claim it is organized in such a way as to be very cautious and predictable in how it gathers and disseminates the news, thus muting any actual ideological bias
All of the above
What is meant by an “educational effect” of the media?
a
The media educates the public about issues in politics
The media educates children about issues in politics
The media educates foreigners about American political issues
The media provides no useful tool for education whatsoever
Are the agenda-setting effect and the framing effect the same thing?
b
Yes
No, agenda-setting is broader in its effect on the public than framing, which tends to be more issue specific
No, framing is broader in its effect on the public than agendasetting, which tends to be more issue specific
None of the above
3
What did the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 establish?
b
It prohibits any government agency, public official, or private corporation (with more than 100 employees) from restricting access to information of public importance
It requires the government to provide citizens with most kinds of information in its possession
It requires news agencies to give up their sources to the government in cases dealing with national security
It eliminates “prior restraint” rules entirely from state-media relations
What did the Communication Act of 1934 establish?
a
It established the Federal Communications Commission
It established the Radio Broadcasters Commission
It established the Brownlow Commission
It established the National Broadcasting Corporation
What was the first all-news cable television channel?
c
Fox News
MSNBC
CNN
CBS
What did the law of “seditious libel” prohibit and why?
c
It prohibited criticism of the press by the government because of the “freedom of the press” clause in the 1st Amendment
It prohibited criticism of the public by the press on the grounds that in a system of popular sovereignty, the doctrine of sovereign immunity required public protection from criticism
In order to uphold the authority of government, it prohibited criticism of government officials and policy if such criticism was thought to reduce the prestige and influence of government
In order to protect their privacy, it prohibited criticism of celebrities
4
What was the muckraker tradition?
c
Conservative journalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was blatantly anti-labor
Liberal journalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was openly anti-business
Progressive journalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was dedicated to uncovering political and corporate corruption
Socialistic journalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that was dedicated to uncovering the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie
Which of these statements most accurately defines episodic framing?
a
Presenting an issue in a manner that emphasizes individual events in isolation instead of how they relate and connect to other issues and broader forces
The manner in which media coverage of an issue can affect the public’s interest in that issue
The attempt by the media to blame powerful groups or individuals for the problems faced by the poor or vulnerable
None of the above
What is denoted by the phrase “partisan press”?
d
The type of professionalized news industry that Adolph Ochs sought to create in the years between World War I and World War II
The partisan and/or ideological bias seen throughout the mainstream media
The partisan and/or ideological bias of particular news outlets, such as Fox News (conservative/Republi can) and MSNBC (liberal/Democrat)
None of the above
5
What is the FCC?
c
The Federal Credit Commission, which is a federal agency charged with protecting the good credit of the United States as both a lender and borrower
The Federal Committee on Consumer protection, which is a federal agency that handles all types of consumer safety and protection issues, including those pertaining to media broadcasting
The Federal Communications Commission, which is a federal agency charged with regulating the media in the public interest
None of the above
Who competed with William Randolph Hearst for the distinction of being the preeminent newspaper man during the muckraking era of journalism?
a
Joseph Pulitzer
Walter Cronkite
Edward R. Murrow
All of the above
Who was most identified with the movement toward professionalization within the news media, and with what news organization was he associated?
c
Joseph Pulitzer and the New York Gazette
William Randolph Hearst and the New York World
Adolph Ochs and the New York Times
Bob Woodruff and the Washington Post
How does the inverted pyramid help to convey news in a “professional objective manner?”
c
It doesn’t: it is a device for sensationalistic reporting
It doesn’t: it has nothing to do with journalistic writing
It places the most important facts at the beginning of the article and presents the supporting evidence later in the article
It places the least important facts up front in the lead paragraph and builds upon them with more important evidence as the story develops
6
Did the three major networks start out as television stations or as something else?
c
They have always been associated with TV
They all started as newspaper companies
They all began as radio broadcast companies
They all began as internet providers
Which of these statements is an accurate depiction of the relative emphasis placed by the media on different levels or branches of government?
a
The national government is emphasized more than lower levels of government and other countries’ governments
The state and local governments are emphasized at the expense of in-depth coverage relating to the national government
Congress is covered more extensively than the presidency or the Supreme Court
The first and last of the above the options
Does the media focus on public policy issues in its coverage of elections, candidates and campaigns?
b
Yes, of course it does; that is part of objective journalism
No, the media emphasizes the “horse-race” and candidates’ character
What is the impact of the media’s excessive attention on the presidency?
b
It creates a great opportunity for the President to propagandize his program across the country
It creates a great constraint in that more and more attention is paid to presidential losses as time goes by
Both of the above
None of the above
What is the impact of the media’s attention on the Congress?
a
It tends to support the notion that the Congress is a failed institution
It tends to support the notion that the Congress is a policy making, effective institution
It tends to have a neutral impact on popular opinion regarding the Congress
All of the above
Is infotainment seen as a bad thing by media analysts?
b
No, because it is still based on hard over soft news
Yes, because it is based on soft over hard news
7
What are two reasons given for why Americans distrust politics?
c
Positive portrayals of politicians juxtaposed against simplistic coverage of complex issues
Negative portrayals of politicians juxtaposed against complex presentation of issues
Negative portrayals of politicians with simplistic coverage of complex issues
Positive portrayals of politicians that nobody believes and complex coverage of the issues that nobody cares about
Is media ownership today conglomerated or diffuse?
b
Diffuse
Conglomerated
What is the outcome of modern journalism’s effort to identity the better argument while not appearing ideologically biased or partisan?
b
It is an easy task and always accomplished.
It is a difficult task and seldom accomplished.
The new media, such as the Internet and the web, are powerfully _____.
d
authoritarian
closed-minded
selective
democratic
Which one of the following is not true regarding modern political campaigns?
c
A successful attack on an opponent’s character could end his or her campaign.
No negative attack should go unanswered.
It is easy for campaign winners to reach out to the losers when the campaign is over.
The candidate must hit back quickly and hard when attacked.
Among a number of similar organizations, WikiLeaks has engaged in which one of the following controversial activities?
b
Implemented public domain software to provide questionable information content to compete with Wikipedia
Publicly dumped data of secret diplomatic cables to reveal actions taken by State Department officials
Dumped chemicals into streams near leaking industrial plants to accuse them of illegal pollution practices
Engaged in illegal predatory lending practices, including concealing the costs of financial transactions from federal auditors
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