TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 7th Canadian Edition. by Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson and Robi by welldoneassistant

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) The task of the psychologist is to A) explore the unconscious. B) understand and predict behaviour. C) explain physiological functioning. D) understand the impact of economic factors. E) predict future events. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

2) In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social phenomena. For example, a university athlete was happy about the barbaric hazing he experienced and 74 people died as a result of their membership in a dangerous cult in a murder-suicide in Quebec. What do these examples have in common? A) They defy explanation. B) They describe socially deviant behavior. C) They reveal the power of social influence. D) They reflect the operation of deliberate persuasion attempts. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

3) Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of the way people's ________ are influenced by the ________ presence of other people. A) thoughts and feelings; real or imagined B) thoughts, feelings, and behaviours; real or imagined C) behaviours; real D) behaviours; imagined E) thoughts and behaviours; imagined Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) Which of the following is an example of a direct persuasion attempt? A) Ramona works hard in school to make her mother proud. B) Jason moves from Calgary to P.E.I. and picks up a Maritimes accent. C) Garin watches a romantic comedy to make his girlfriend happy. D) Marianne thinks of her ex-boyfriend and becomes sad. E) A bully threatens Billy and demands that he hand over his money. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) A political candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal. B) A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favourite toy. C) Your friends try to persuade you to do something you don’t really want to do. D) An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink. E) A student is exposed to new ideas in his courses, and rethinks his original attitudes. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

6) From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh and he approaches to give her a hug in the hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behaviour is an example of ________ social influence attempt. A) an unintended B) a direct C) an ineffective D) a covert E) an indirect Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

7) What is the general topic of most interest to social psychologists? A) interpersonal relationships B) social influence C) anti-social behaviours D) personality E) attitudes and beliefs Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) Which of the following is an example of social interpretation OR construal? A) You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming. B) You feel guilty because you persuaded your professor to raise your grade on an exam. C) You almost fell asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a short nap. D) You decide to postpone work because you like to sleep in. E) When you are hungry, you have trouble concentrating. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) imagined events. D) social norms. E) objective reality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) Juan is in love with Carolina and views her temper as an endearing example of her “feistiness.” Her coworkers, however, interpret Carolina’s temper as rude and insensitive. This example illustrates the power of love to influence our A) construals. B) behaviours. C) relationships. D) personality. E) influence attempts. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

11) Which of the following is the best example of a construal? A) whether or not a woman decides to marry B) results of a political poll C) the average age of people who vote for liberal candidates. D) the number of people in the audience of The Jerry Springer Show E) the perceived aggressiveness of girls versus boys Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Sandeep returns home from her first year of university, and is very proud of her GPA. She earned a 3.0 ("B") average. She's unhappily surprised to discover that her parents are disappointed that she didn't perform better. This situation best represents the power of ________ in explaining social behaviour. A) socialization B) interpersonal conflict C) family dynamics D) achievement motivation E) construals Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

13) Johan likes Shawayna and smiles at her every chance he gets. Shawayna wonders why Johanis always smirking at her sarcastically and studiously avoids him. Johan thinks he's being friendly and cannot understand Shawayna's standoffishness; Shawayna thinks Johan is a jerk and cannot figure out why he won't leave her alone. This situation best represents the power of ________ in explaining social behaviour. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) construals B) biases C) beliefs D) social influence E) attitudes Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

14) Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret their social worlds. A) perspective B) construal C) belief D) assumption E) social psychology Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

15) At the end of their first date, Logan said goodnight to Daniel, then quickly walked away. Even though he thought they both had a good time on the date, Daniel started to wonder if Logan’s quick departure meant that he didn’t like him. Another term for Daniel’s interpretation of Logan’s behaviour is A) Counterfactual thinking. B) Continuity bias C) Gestalt D) The accuracy motive E) A construal. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

16) Social psychology is concerned not so much with social situations in any objective sense, but rather with how people are influenced by their ____________ of their social environment. A) attribution B) construal C) justification D) organization Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

17) Julio and Iona are studying to be lawyers. In one of their course assignments, they are asked to predict how jury members will perceive, comprehend, and interpret various pieces of evidence (e.g., eyewitness testimony) presented during a trial. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

The assignment is tapping into their ___________ of the pieces of evidence presented. A) construals B) justification C) analysis D) memory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

18) Lee Ross describes the idea of “naïve realism” as A) our conviction that we perceive things “as they really are.” B) the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people. C) the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. D) the aspect of people’s personalities that make them different from other people. E) the naïve conviction that other people are usually correct in their perceptions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Research by Lee Ross suggests that even when people recognize that others perceive information differently, they persist in thinking that others are biased while they themselves are objective. This illustrates the idea of A) social psychology. B) naïve realism. C) individual differences. D) implicit values. E) conflicting construals. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

20) One application of Ross's idea of naïve realism is to assist the negotiations between Palestinians and Israelis. How would understanding naïve realism potentially help these parties negotiate more successfully? A) They would understand their religious differences and be able to communicate effectively. B) Both sides would understand that their perceptions are biased, and try to be more objective. C) The Palestinians would come to understand the historical occupation of Israel, and leave the West Bank. D) Both sides would understand the role of culture in forming construals, and use conflict resolution skills appropriately. E) Israelis would come to understand the historical perspective of Palestinians, and leave the West Bank. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

21) Kyoung Lae is disagreeing with his colleague about an upcoming business presentation. He is convinced that his colleague’s views are biased and that his own perceptions regarding the presentation are objective and accurate. This situation best relates to the phenomenon of ________________. A) cognitive dissonance B) experimental realism C) naïve realism D) attribution error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Juanita, a chemistry major, decides to sign up for a social psychology elective. Her mother is not happy with her choice as her mother believes that social psychology is not a science. Juanita tells her mother that those beliefs are unfounded and that one of the distinctive features of social psychology is that it is _____________. A) an experiment-based science B) based on anecdotal evidence C) constantly confirmed by folk wisdom D) based on facts Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

23) Which of the following professionals are most likely to rely on common sense? A) social psychologists B) sociologists C) philosophers D) personality psychologists E) journalists Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

24) Compared to social psychologists, journalists, politicians, and our grandmothers are more likely to rely on ________ to explain social influence. A) public opinion polls B) empirical data C) religious beliefs D) idle speculation E) common sense Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

25) According to the authors of your text, one hazard of relying too heavily on folk wisdom is that A) “common sense” is frequently wrong or oversimplified. B) journalists and other communicators of “common sense” information are hopelessly biased. C) “common sense” is useless to most social psychologists. D) “common sense” is often indistinguishable from folk wisdom. E) “common sense” is only useful for thinking about social interactions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

26) Why is a scientific approach preferable to reliance on folk wisdom and common sense? A) Common sense approaches focus on the situation and not on personality. B) Common sense puts too much emphasis on personality. C) Nothing useful can be learned from journalists, philosophers, or social critics. D) Folk wisdom and common sense are filled with contradictions. E) Science has tested and debunked most folk wisdom. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

27) When Prya and Mohammed returned home after a night on the town, they found their baby crying because her diaper needed to be changed. The babysitter was sitting in front of the television, ignoring the baby's crying. Mohammed and Prya decided that the babysitter was callous and uncaring, and they swore that they would never hire her again. Mohammed and Prya's interpretation of the babysitter's actions was based on A) philosophy. B) bias. C) a deduction. D) scientific methodology. E) common sense. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

28) Consider the following pieces of folk wisdom: "Out of sight, out of mind" versus "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." These statements are an example of the problem that folk wisdom is often A) irrational. B) context-dependent. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) based on personal experience. D) full of contradictory assumptions. E) concerned with assigning blame. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) What does philosophy have in common with folk wisdom? Both A) often contain contradictions, and it's difficult to know which explanation is right. B) are often incorrect in their assumptions about social behaviour. C) are often based on social norms. D) often become outdated with rapid societal changes. E) rely often on subjective construals. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

30) Social psychologists differ from journalists in that social psychologists A) assume the worst about human nature. B) analyze quotes from famous people. C) are not concerned with social phenomena. D) are not bound by a code of ethics. E) rely solely on empirical arguments. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) Why is it unwise to rely on folk wisdom in explaining human social behaviour? A) The ideas of folk wisdom are not relevant to contemporary society. B) Social psychologists rely too much on folk wisdom. C) Folk wisdom is often wrong or oversimplified. D) People who rely on folk wisdom fail to consider the social environment. E) Folk wisdom requires careful empirical analysis. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) What is the major difference between sociology and social psychology? A) social psychology provides general laws and theories about societies while sociology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique B) sociology studies the processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence while social psychology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique C) social psychology studies the psychological processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence while sociology studies the characteristics that make individuals unique Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) sociology provides general laws and theories about societies, not individuals while social psychology studies the psychological processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

33) According to the text, which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between the way social psychologists approach the study of human behaviour and the approach others take? A) Unlike philosophers, social psychologists study only the observable behaviours of people—not their inner thoughts and feelings. B) Unlike sociologists, social psychologists adopt a scientific approach to the study of people. C) Unlike philosophers, sociologists, and personality psychologists, social psychologists seek to predict human behaviour. D) Unlike personality psychologists, social psychologists are less concerned with individual differences than with the influence of the social situation on behaviour. E) Unlike clinical psychologists, social psychologists focus on the pathological. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social psychologist? A) Are some characteristics genetically determined? B) Do some types of people make better leaders than others? C) What situations cause people to behave rudely? D) Are some people more vulnerable to mental disorders? E) Are some kinds of people more susceptible to recruitment into cults? Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

35) Jamal was confused by his sister's relationship with her boyfriend. They just didn't seem to have anything in common. “Oh well,” Jamal decided, “I guess opposites really do attract.” Jamal's explanation is an example of A) philosophy. B) folk wisdom. C) social psychology. D) rationalization. E) sociology. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

36) Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists A) focus on studying individuals and the psychological processes they are experiencing. B) always use experiments. C) advocate the use of common sense. D) are reliant on the insights of philosophers. E) are interested in how people are influenced by their social environments. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Social psychologists are most like ________ when they test their hunches about social behaviour. A) physicists B) journalists C) pollsters D) the general public E) philosophers Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) One of the tasks of the social psychologist is to A) ignore the notion of human consciousness. B) make educated guesses about specific situations. C) seek agreement with one another. D) use folk wisdom to understand the social world. E) integrate folk wisdom into modern psychology. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

39) When social psychologists want to test their hunches about why people help others, they are most likely to A) ask their grandmothers. B) conduct an experiment. C) read philosophy. D) look at social factors. E) look at what kindergarteners are taught about helping Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) A social psychologist is perplexed. Is it true that birds of a feather flock together, or do opposites attract? Confronted with these two contradictory pieces of folk wisdom, what is this social psychologist most likely to do?

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) Conduct an experiment to investigate the different situations in which each bit of common sense holds true. B) Choose the explanation that makes more sense. C) Ask his colleagues for their opinions. D) Administer a questionnaire to see if some types of people fit into one category, while other types fit into the other category. E) Choose a new topic for study. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) The social science that focuses on the effect of broad social factors like social class is A) social psychology. B) sociology. C) anthropology. D) philosophy. E) economics. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) Which of the following social phenomena would be of interest to both social psychologists and sociologists? A) The relation between murder and social class. B) The relationship between gender and homicide rates. C) The variation of homicide rates across countries. D) Teaching frustrated people alternatives to aggression. E) The role of competition between groups in increasing aggression. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

43) Consider the following research question: "Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in countries that have them?" This question would most likely be asked by A) a sociologist. B) a social psychologist. C) a personality psychologist. D) a lawyer. E) a philosopher. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

44) Consider the following research question: “How has new computer technology changed the Canadian educational system?” This question is most likely to be asked by Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) a sociologist. B) an anthropologist. C) a personality psychologist. D) a philosopher. E) a social psychologist. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Your roommate left her homework on the couch, where you plan to watch TV. When you move her work, you notice that she is reading an article describing an experiment that investigated the cues people give when they really like someone. You conclude that your roommate is taking a class in A) social psychology. B) philosophy. C) anthropology. D) sociology. E) political science. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

46) Professor Hume has spent the last 10 years studying the interpersonal factors that cause individuals to be aggressive. She is most likely to be A) a sociologist. B) a philosopher. C) an anthropologist. D) an economist. E) a social psychologist. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared to sociologists, which of the following questions is a social psychologist most likely to ask? A) What is the effect of hand gun laws on homicide rates in different regions? B) Do prisons deter homicide? C) Does increased policing lead to lower homicide rates? D) Are homicide rates higher among members of the lower class? E) When does frustration lead to aggression? Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

1-12

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Is the capacity to love one of humanity’s greatest achievements? C) Does absence make the heart grow fonder? D) Does attractiveness influence marriage satisfaction? E) Why are marriage rates decreasing in the lower classes? Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

49) Concepts like “institutions,” “sociometric status,” and “social class” are most closely associated with A) psychology. B) sociology. C) social work. D) economics. E) political science. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

50) Professor Forster is a personality psychologist interested in divorce. Which question is she most likely to investigate? A) Why are divorce rates higher among the better educated? B) Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others? C) Do children reduce the odds of divorce? D) Does a national economic crisis influence divorce rates? E) Have the changing roles of women contributed to divorce? Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

51) How might a personality psychologist attempt to explain the mass murder-suicide of the members of the Order of The Solar Temple? A) The group members came from poor socio-economic backgrounds. B) An increasingly complex and mobile society creates confusion and a need to belong to a group at any cost. C) The leaders’ control over their followers increased slowly over time. D) She wouldn't try to explain it; personality psychologists are not interested in murder-suicide. E) People who are characteristically unstable join cults. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) social norms. D) ideas from philosophy. E) individual differences. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

53) Like social psychologists, personality psychologists focus on A) the power of construals to shape human behaviour. B) the cultural context. C) social influence. D) individual differences. E) individuals rather than collectives or institutions. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Unlike social psychologists, personality psychologists are most concerned with A) mental illness. B) how people are like one another. C) the individual as a unit of analysis. D) how people differ from one another. E) subjective experiences. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Sometimes when we encounter behaviour that is unpleasant or unexpected, we assume that something about the person—and not the situation—caused the behaviour. In this sense, we are most like A) philosophers. B) social psychologists. C) anthropologists. D) sociologists. E) personality psychologists. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

56) Consider the following question about human nature: “Are authoritarian personalities more prejudiced than other people?” This question is most likely to be asked by A) a philosopher. B) a social psychologist. C) an anthropologist. D) a personality psychologist. E) a sociologist.

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Chapter 1

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

57) Professor Gomez studies the relationship between introversion and school achievement. Professor Gomez is most likely to be A) a sociologist. B) an anthropologist. C) a philosopher. D) a social psychologist. E) a personality psychologist. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

58) Whereas social psychologists focus on ________, personality psychologists focus on ________. A) groups; individuals B) how people are alike; how people are unique C) societal forces; the individual D) the individual; mental disorders E) how people are unique; how people are alike Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Which of the following is a shortcoming of a personality approach? A) Research has not validated personality concepts like “extraversion” or “defense mechanisms.” B) Personality psychology ignores individual quirks. C) Personality psychologists rely too much on philosophy. D) Personality psychologists don’t use the scientific method. E) Personality psychologists underestimate the power of social influence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Enrique's server in the restaurant just can't seem to get his order right. Enrique has just read Chapter 1 and wants to avoid making a Fundamental Attribution Error about the server. As a result, Enrique might consider that A) This person isn’t very intelligent.. B) This person may have had a bad morning. C) The server has a problem hearing. D) Our educational system is failing us. E) Human beings are inherently lazy. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy 1-15

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

61) The tendency we all have to discount situational explanations of behaviour in favour of personality characteristics or traits is called A) the character bias. B) the discounting effect. C) prejudice. D) the blame assignment bias. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

62) Bertina and Manpreet were playing in the den when Manpreet's mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Bertina decided then and there that Manpreet's mother was a grouch. Bertina's inference is an example of A) social cognition. B) self-justification. C) blame assignment bias. D) a self-fulfilling prophecy. E) the fundamental attribution error. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

63) Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error? A) Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!" B) Sophie, who explains her poor exam performance by pointing out how hard the questions were. C) Don, who attributes his loss in a chess game to bad luck. D) Alex, who explains his girlfriend's tears by saying, "She didn't get enough sleep last night." E) Beatriz, who points to an erratic driver and says, "Look at that! The roads are slick tonight." Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

64) When we commit the fundamental attribution error, we ________ the power of ________. A) overestimate; personality traits B) overestimate; the situation C) ignore; luck D) overestimate; social influence E) underestimate; personality traits Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate 1-16

Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

65) Given the nature of their training, ________ would be least likely to commit the fundamental attribution error? A) social psychologists B) counselling psychologists C) personality psychologists D) sociologists E) clinical psychologists Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

66) Which of the following is a consequence of underestimating the power of social influence? A) We underestimate our intuition. B) We tend to overcomplicate simple situations. C) We become too confident. D) We overestimate our vulnerability to social situations. E) We develop a false sense of security. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) According to the text, to conclude that cult members who commit mass suicide are "weak-minded" people who are particularly susceptible to influence is to A) overestimate the strength of social forces which influence the behaviour of individuals. B) commit the fundamental attribution error. C) accurately identify the most important cause of their behaviour. D) take a primarily sociological approach to understanding these events. E) engage in counterfactual thinking. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) How would a social psychologist explain why some parents might fail to protect their children from the harm caused by cult leaders? A) Parents vulnerable to stress or mental illnesses (such as depression) succumb to the influence of cults more than parents without these risk factors. B) The leaders utilize mind control techniques to influence cult members' behaviour. C) Situational factors and social influence techniques overwhelm the parents' resistance and judgment. D) The parents are unfit to care for their children. E) The parents lack the intelligence or education to evaluate the effects of the cult on themselves and their families.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) While driving home from work, Linda sees another driver speeding. An example of a situational attribution would be A) The driver might be rushing a sick pet to the vet. B) The driver is unaware of the speed limit. C) The driver is a selfish jerk. D) The driver must have poor eyesight. E) The driver has an authoritarian personality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

70) According to the text, a problem with committing the fundamental attribution error is that A) it can lead to victim blaming B) it leads people to ignore important things about the personalities of others. C) it overcomplicates simple situations and thus decreases our understanding of the causes of behaviour. D) it may lead you to underestimate your own vulnerability to social influence. E) It makes us ignore how we may impact the situation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Easy

71) When Brigida plays volleyball with her friends, she is a team player. When she goes bowling with them, she does her best to beat them. These observations suggest that A) Brigida is ambivalent about how she feels about her friends. B) Brigida's personality is unstable. C) Brigida thinks her friends are bad bowlers. D) Brigida is blindly obedient to the rules of the game. E) Brigida is responding to norms as a source of social influence. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

72) According to the text, blaming victims of violence for their plight is an example of A) Confirmation bias. B) The self-esteem approach. C) The fundamental attribution error. D) The general construal error E) The fundamental construal error Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 1

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

73) Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) found that people playing the "Wall Street Game" were ________ competitive than people playing the "Community Game." Individual differences in competitiveness and cooperativeness ______________. A) less; did not affect the results. B) more; greatly affected the results. C) less; greatly affected the results. D) less; only moderately affected the results. E) more; did not affect the results. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Recall that Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to play the same game under one of two names: the "Wall Street Game," or the "Community Game." Also recall that fully twice as many players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively compared to people who played the Community Game. What do these findings suggest? A) True personality differences do not exist. B) Even minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. C) All the competitive people ended up in the Wall Street Game group by chance. D) It is not important to study individual differences in personality. E) Social factors are less important than fundamental personality differences. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Assume that Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as cooperative and participants identified as competitive to play a game that was labelled either the "Wall Street Game," or the "Community Game." Further assume that no matter what the game, participants who were identified as competitive behaved more competitively in both groups than did participants who were identified as cooperative. What would these findings suggest? A) Cooperation and competition are based on personality characteristics that sometimes transcend social situations. B) Cooperative participants in the Community Game caused their partners to respond in kind. C) Competitive participants in the Wall Street Game caused their partners to respond in kind. D) Social situations and personality characteristics are equally important. E) Even minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

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"Community Game." Which of the following is a valid conclusion to reach based on the results of that experiment? A) It takes major changes in the social environment to overcome the powerful influence of personality traits such as competitiveness. B) Personality characteristics change from situation to situation. C) Friends and acquaintances were better able to predict the behaviour of these students than were the psychologists. D) Personality differences are not important when it comes to predicting behaviour. E) Even seemingly trivial aspects of the social situation can greatly influence behaviour. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

77) If Professor Sharma defined social situations in terms of their objective physical properties, rather than their subjective properties, he would probably focus on _______ as determining behaviour. A) interpretation B) reinforcement and punishment C) personality characteristics D) emotion E) Gestalt principles Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

78) Albert and Laticia are playing a trivia game at their local hangout. The first question asks them to identify the school of psychology that maintains that to understand human behaviour, people need to consider the reinforcing properties of the environment. What school of psychology is the question referring to? A) Gestalt Psychology B) Cognitive Psychology C) Social Psychology D) Behaviourism Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

79) Social psychologists’ emphasis on construals of social situations has its roots in ________ psychology. A) Gestalt B) personality C) developmental D) behavioural E) cognitive

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Chapter 1

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) In trying to make sense of the mass murder-suicide of the members of the Order of the Solar Temple, a Gestaltist would probably A) examine the external rewards and punishments used by the leaders. B) ask about the childhood of the Temple followers. C) ponder the subjective meaning of the act to Temple followers. D) ask about the traumatic events in the lives of Temple followers. E) consult a social psychologist. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

81) Marta left a party feeling very upset. Rather than trying to recall each conversation she had during the party, Marta tried to explain her feelings by reflecting on the party as a whole. The process Marta used resembles the approach used by ________ psychologists. A) behavioural B) health C) social D) personality E) Gestalt Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

82) The whole is different from the sum of its parts. This statement reflects a tenet of ________ psychology. A) behavioural B) functional C) physiological D) Gestalt E) cognitive Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

83) What do social psychologists mean by the expression “subjective situations”? A) The random way in which people impose meaning on stimuli. B) The combination of elements that compose a situation. C) People's tendency to distort their interpretations of social situations. D) The way that situations control people's behaviour. E) The way a situation is interpreted by people. Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

84) In their approach to understanding social behaviour, social psychologists are most similar to A) personality psychologists. B) sociologists. C) Gestalt psychologists. D) philosophers. E) psychoanalysts. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) Because their intellectual roots lie in Gestalt psychology, social psychologists tend to focus on ________. A) rewards and punishments B) unconscious processing C) personality differences D) people’s subjective interpretations E) the effects of social behaviour Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

86) When Claude goes to give Jean a congratulatory pat on the back after a job well done, she jumps and turns away. Claude has just read Chapter 1, and fancies himself something of a Gestalt psychologist. What is he likely to think about Jean's behaviour? A) Jean must really dislike me. B) Jean must have been abused as a child. C) What's her problem? A pat on the back is a reinforcer. D) Jean must have low self-esteem. E) Jean must have interpreted my gesture differently than I intended. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

87) You have probably heard the expression, “A rose is a rose is a rose.” Who would be most likely to disagree with that expression? A) A Gestalt psychologist. B) A personality psychologist. C) A developmental psychologist. D) A behavioural psychologist. E) An agronomist. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult 1-22

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

88) One of Kurt Lewin's boldest intellectual contributions to social psychology was A) promoting the use of observational methods. B) applying behavioural principles to the topic of social influence. C) applying Gestalt principles to social perception. D) investigating the impact of culture on behaviour. E) reminding social psychologists that objective physical attributes of a social stimulus are important. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) The “father” of social psychology, Kurt Lewin, pointed out the importance of understanding how people ________ their social environments. A) manipulate B) structure C) construe D) dismiss E) control Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) According to the text, what experience profoundly affected the thinking of Kurt Lewin, ultimately helping to shape social psychology? A) Freud’s development of the psychoanalytic approach B) Pavlov’s experiments regarding classical conditioning C) World War I D) Facing the anti-Semitism that was rampant in Nazi Germany E) John Watson’s experiments with Baby Albert Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) Social psychologists believe that the best way to predict how a person will behave is to know something about A) the norms of the culture in which the person lives. B) the person’s childhood. C) the person's socioeconomic status. D) how the person perceives and interprets the social environment. E) the person's enduring traits and dispositions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

92) Social psychologists have identified two motives that are of primary importance in explaining our thoughts and behaviours. These are the need to ________ and the need to ________. A) be as accurate as possible; feel good about ourselves B) enhance our power; feel good about ourselves C) feel good about ourselves; belong D) be as accurate as possible; maintain social control E) enhance our power; be as accurate as possible Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

93) With which of the following statements would the authors of Chapter 1 be most likely to agree? A) In humans, biological motives are unimportant. B) The motive to enhance self-esteem is the most powerful motive of all. C) Human beings are complex organisms and are influenced by a variety of motives. D) The strongest predictor of behaviour is based in our upbringing. E) The motive to perceive the world accurately is the most powerful motive of all. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

94) Social influence can best be understood by examining the ________ that influence ________. A) stimuli; social behaviour B) punishers; negative outcomes C) rewards; conformity D) motives; people's construals E) situations; the self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Jacob was pouring gravy when he dropped the ladle and splattered gravy all over the tablecloth. In order to maintain his self-esteem, Jacob decided that A) spilling the gravy was embarrassing to his family. B) the ladle was slippery and anyone would have dropped it. C) he was a clumsy person. D) he does not like gravy. E) he would be more careful next time. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

96) People often construe the world as they do in order to maintain a favourable image of themselves. This assumption underlies the ________ approach. A) public image B) Gestalt C) accuracy motive D) self-esteem E) self-perception Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) When asked why she is always losing things, Marti replies, “I'm not careless. It's just that I have more important things to think about.” This response would be predicted by a social psychologist who advocates ________ approach to understanding human behaviour. A) a social cognition B) a Gestalt C) a developmental D) a self-perception E) a self-esteem Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

98) Given the choice between distorting the world in order to enhance their self-esteem, or viewing the world accurately, people often A) put a slightly different spin on things to feel good about themselves. B) refuse to make a choice and behave erratically. C) choose accuracy and thereby suffer from low self-esteem. D) choose accuracy and maintain self-esteem. E) completely distort reality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Jagmeet's partner of four years just left him. He's hurt, angry, and confused and says to himself, “She never did understand my need for independence.” This explanation for the break-up best reflects which human motive? A) Protecting other people’s self-worth. B) Sacrificing happiness in the interest of accuracy. C) Protecting one’s self-esteem. D) Deserting reality under stress. E) Justifying our suffering. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

100) Bill is viewed by most people he knows as rude, brusque, and completely unconcerned with other people's feelings. He, in contrast, describes himself as efficient and task-oriented. Bill's self-description best reflects the motive to A) justify our troublesome past behaviours. B) justify our failed efforts. C) perceive the world accurately. D) justify other's perceptions. E) succeed at any cost. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

101) What is one likely undesirable consequence of foregoing accuracy in favour of justifying our past behaviours? Justifying past behaviour can A) decrease our self-esteem. B) decrease the probability of learning from past experiences. C) decrease our self-worth. D) cause us to completely distort reality. E) decrease our self-confidence in social situations. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Tom saw a fad weight-loss program advertised on late night television. The ad claimed that deep breathing exercises would speed up metabolism, causing people to lose weight. He mailed a cheque for $99.95. When the plan arrived, Tom rearranged his day so that he could complete the breathing exercises as scheduled. They made him nauseated and dizzy, and before long, Tom's friends began to think that he was “dizzy,” and they started avoiding him. After the end of the ten-week program, Tom got on the scale and saw that he hadn't lost an ounce! Still, he remained enthusiastic and thought, “I may not have lost any weight, but I feel so much healthier!” This situation is best explained by A) the self-fulfilling prophecy. B) delusional thinking. C) self-defeating perceptions. D) the justification of suffering. E) accurate self-perceptions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

103) Assume that April visits two highly similar graduate programs before she decides which one to attend. At University X, she is wined and dined, and made to feel at home. At University Y, April is asked to give a public talk about her research interests, grilled by prospective advisers, and asked to write a long essay about her qualifications. April decides to attend University Y, where she had a more stressful time. This situation best exemplifies self-justification that arises from Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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A) accuracy motives. B) positive reinforcement. C) the decision paradox. D) suffering. E) negative reinforcement. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

104) Melodia, Frida, Kathleen, Yu Yan, and Suzanne went mountain climbing. Which one of the women would most appreciate the view from the top of the mountain? A) Kathleen, who enjoyed seeing the different types of trees on the mountain. B) Suzanne, who was surprised at how simple she found the climb. C) Yu Yan, who daydreamed about her husband while she climbed. D) Frida, who pulled a muscle and got scratched by thorns. E) Melodia, who climbed while listening to energetic music on her headphones. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

105) You might have heard the old Groucho Marx quip, “I don’t care to belong to any club that would have me as a member.” From a self-esteem perspective in social psychology, what would be a more accurate—if less humorous—statement? A) I would most want to belong to a club that initially wouldn't have me. B) I wouldn't want to join any club at all. C) I would prefer to be alone. D) I would most want to avoid a club that would have me. E) I would most want to belong to any club that would have me. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

106) Which of the following situations is at odds with the self-esteem approach to understanding human behaviour? A) Geoff fails an exam in his physics course and is mocked by the professor, but decides to stick with the course and work harder. B) Rachel studied for years to pursue a career for which she was poorly suited. She works 60 hours a week in the sleet and hot sun. Still, she says that she is thrilled with her job. C) John absolutely hates the fraternity he pledged. As part of his initiation, he carried bricks up and down stairs, got paddled, wore funny hats, and sang silly songs. D) Susan drives 200 kilometres to buy a dress that most people would call incredibly ugly. She loves it and can't wait to wear it to the next party. E) Jim can't stand his social psychology course, but suffers through the entire semester. At the end of the semester, when he evaluates the course, he gives it high marks. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

107) Social psychological research has convincingly demonstrated that the ________ the initiation to join a group, the ________ the initiates like the group. A) shorter; less B) milder; more C) more severe; less D) longer; more E) more severe; more Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

108) Your text describes the experiences of Dee Brasseur, one of Canada's first female military pilots. Even though she endured harassment, assault, and rape during her military career, she says that she loves the military and would recommend it to anybody. According to the text, her attitude is most likely a consequence of A) her desire to feel good about herself. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) her need to accurately understand the world. D) delusional thinking. E) evolutionary motives. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

109) The core component of the a social cognition approach to social psychology is A) An assumption that people try to view the world as accurately as possible. B) The belief that people are motivated to protect their self-esteem. C) A focus on rewards and punishers. D) The belief that subjective interpretations of events do not matter. E) An assumption that people do not think carefully about their social decisions. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

110) Leslie cannot say “no” to anyone. Consequently she takes on too much, and doesn't fulfill her commitments as promptly as she might. Assume that when asked to explain these behaviours, Leslie is motivated to be accurate in her self-perceptions. What would she be most likely to say? A) "You know me. I'm a go-getter who can't stand being bored." B) "I'm just a kind person who doesn't like to let anyone down." C) "I guess I'm a bit of a pushover, and take on more than I can responsibly handle." D) "I work better when I'm under pressure." Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) "I guess you can't teach an old dog new tricks." Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

111) The social cognition approach is based on the notion that humans are often motivated to A) actualize. B) enhance their self-esteem. C) justify their behaviours. D) be accurate in their perceptions and inferences. E) seek out reinforcers and avoid punishers. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

112) Human beings are often motivated to construe themselves and the social world accurately. A ________ approach is based on this assumption. A) social cognition B) self-esteem C) social psychological D) construal E) health psychology Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

113) Social cognition is the study of how people A) interpret the actions of others. B) evaluate the groups to which they belong. C) think about themselves and the social world. D) react to rewards and punishers. E) decide how to act in social settings. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

114) Social psychologist Dr. Smythe assumes that students are motivated to perceive themselves and their social environments accurately. Professor Smythe is most likely A) a developmental researcher. B) a social cognition researcher. C) a personality researcher. D) an incurable optimist. E) a self-esteem researcher. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

115) The ________ approach portrays humans as akin to sleuths like Sherlock Holmes, who try their best to accurately make sense of the facts. A) esteem enhancement B) self-esteem C) social cognition D) psychoanalytic E) rational-economic Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

116) According to social cognition researchers, we sometimes have difficulty making sense of the social world because we A) choose to ignore the relevant facts. B) ignore simple decisions in favour of complex decisions. C) lack the time and stamina to seek out all the relevant facts. D) do not have the intellectual capacity to understand the relevant facts. E) are inherently flawed in our reasoning. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

117) Juliana eats granola bars and avoids chocolate bars, even though the granola bars contain 50% more fat and 15% more sodium than the chocolate bars. According to a social cognition approach, why might that be? A) Juliana needs to justify paying more for the granola bar. B) Juliana would score low on a test of intelligence. C) Juliana is motivated to convince her friends that she is a healthy person. D) Juliana failed to seek out all the relevant facts about the nutrition value of those snacks. E) Juliana is motivated to see herself as a healthy person. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

118) Which of the following questions would be of most interest to a social cognition researcher? A) Why is the whole different from the sum of its parts? B) Why are people motivated to maintain their self-esteem? C) How does the motive to control the environment influence social behaviours? D) How do punishers prevent future behaviours? E) What factors prevent people from reasoning accurately? Answer: E Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) Which of the following is true about social psychologists’ interest in social problems? A) Social problems are too complex to be addressed by social psychologists. B) Interest in social problems has arisen only in the last decade. C) Contemporary social psychologists are not interested in social problems. D) Social problems have been a concern since the beginning of social psychology. E) Generally, social psychologists cannot study social problems. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

120) In an effort to convince more women to get mammograms, few public service ads on television work to scare women into taking advantage of that procedure to detect breast cancer. Instead of focusing on the ravages of cancer, such ads often point to the benefits of early detection and consequent cure. From a social-psychological perspective, this makes sense because A) people are more motivated to prevent a health problem than to detect one. B) messages that evoke fear seldom if ever are successful at influencing behaviour. C) people will not fully watch an ad that evokes fear. D) frightened women might underestimate the odds that they would contract breast cancer. E) when it comes to health, people are more motivated to be accurate than to feel good. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

121) Curtailing the spread of AIDS with scary television ads designed to frighten people into practicing safe sex is unlikely to work because A) viewers may protect their self-esteem by denying that the message is relevant to them. B) it is hard to know whether a given ad is frightening enough. C) the contents of such ads are too controversial, and offend most viewers. D) people are not well informed enough about the disease for the ads to be effective. E) the government will not fund such projects. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

122) After reading Chapter 1, if you were to advise producers of a safe-sex television campaign, what would be the most important thing you would tell them? A) Remember that sometimes people would rather feel good about themselves than be accurate. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) Beware of the fundamental attribution error. C) Be sure to include statistics on the number of new cases of AIDS in Canada. D) Remember to provide complete information and get your facts right. E) AIDS is more likely to be transmitted via intravenous drug use than via sex. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

123) When confronted with fear-inducing messages about AIDS or smoking, people do not always behave rationally and avoid exposure. They sometimes merely deny that the threat exists. The text suggests this is because A) the threat conflicts with their self-fulfilling prophecy. B) of a desire to maintain self-esteem. C) they are too lazy to respond to their construals. D) they are trying to avoid unpleasant cognitions. E) of a desire to be as accurate as possible. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

124) Health Canada intends to put even more graphic images of the effects of smoking on cigarette packages in an effort to deter smokers. With information in Chapter 1, you might advise them that smokers may A) smoke more to relieve the anxiety these images create. B) reduce their fear by engaging in denial. C) improve their health related behaviour in other areas. D) not even notice the images and continue to smoke. E) blame Health Canada for their smoking problems. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) Keeping in mind the authors’ discussion of the misplaced approach to AIDS prevention, which of the ad campaigns below is LEAST likely to work? A) Political ads that use humour. B) Ads that use celebrity athletes to endorse athletic shoes. C) Ads that do not elicit any emotion from the viewers. D) Ads that show a fried egg and say, "This is your brain on drugs." E) Pain reliever ads that use charts and graphs. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

126) According to the authors' discussion of research aimed at promoting safe sex in order to prevent HIV/AIDS, which of the following ads is most likely to work? A) An ad that helps people accurately understand the statistics regarding the odds of getting HIV/AIDS from unprotected sex. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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B) An ad that stops people from engaging in denial about their chances of getting HIV/AIDS. C) An ad that shows people of all ages suffering from HIV/AIDS. D) An ad that shows graphic pictures of someone dying from HIV/AIDS. E) An ad that tries to generate fear of getting HIV/AIDS. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 1.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

127) What are construals? What is naïve realism? Discuss how construals and specifically naïve realism would relate to a “real-life” scenario such as a break-up or divorce. Answer: Construals are the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. Naïve realism refers to the conviction all of us have that we perceive things “as they really are”. During a conflict of any sort, construals and specifically, naïve realism (a special kind of construal) play an important role. In a break up or a divorce, each of the partners assume that they are the ones who are unbiased and that their partner isn’t able to see things accurately. They will believe that their own perceptions of reality should provide the basis for settlement. This occurs despite the fact that both partners likely understand intellectually that the other partner perceives the issues differently. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall and Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

128) What does social psychology have in common with folk wisdom? How does social psychology differ from folk wisdom? Answer: Both perspectives ask and answer questions about human social behaviour. They seek to explain why it is that people think or feel or behave as they do. Compared to social psychology, folk wisdom is often oversimplified in its explanations, is replete with incompatible contradictory explanations, and often blames individuals for their plights. They also differ in the approach to answering questions about human behaviour in that only social psychology uses the scientific method. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

129) What does social psychology have in common with personality psychology and sociology? How does social psychology differ from personality psychology and sociology? Answer: All three disciplines study behaviour. Personality psychologists focus on individual differences, whereas sociologists focus on social and economic forces as the foundation for human behaviour. Social psychologists focus on the individual in a social environment. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy 1-33

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130) Suppose that in a restaurant, a waiter grows impatient with a customer, rolls his eyes, taps his pencil impatiently on his order book, and finally snaps, "I haven't got all day, you know." In what ways would a personality psychologist and a social psychologist attempt to explain such behaviour? Answer: Both personality and social psychologists would use an individual level of analysis rather than a larger, broader level that focuses on economic, political, or historical forces. Personality psychologists, however, would focus on the kinds of characteristics in which people differ; for example, they would focus on enduring characteristics like the hostility or impulsivity of the waiter. In contrast, although social psychologists would also focus on the individual, they would attend to ways in which the waiter is like other people; for example, social psychologists might turn their attention to the waiter's situation and in particular, his construal of the situation with the customer. Type: ES

LO: 1.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

131) What are some of the undesirable consequences that people experience when they underestimate the power of social influence? Answer: First, such a bias often produces a false sense of security when we attribute bizarre or destructive behaviours to something about the people who performed them, and not to the situations to which we ourselves might also be vulnerable. Second, we are more likely to overlook the complexity of the determinants of behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

132) After the Holocaust, many people (including researchers) were quick to point out that there must have been something very “wrong” with all of the people who had either actively participated in the murders or passively allowed the atrocities to happen. That is, that these people had major personality flaws or were just horrible “monsters”. Philip Zimbardo and other researchers who follow a situationist approach argue that it’s more important to understand the contributing situational variables. How does the information found above relate to the fundamental attribution error? Answer: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour stems from personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors. Right after the Holocaust, the people who were quick to point out that these people must have been “monsters” may have been committing the fundamental attribution error. While indeed, many of the perpetrators of and participants in the atrocities would indeed qualify as “monsters”, not all would. If the role of situational variables is ignored, a sense of false security may prevail (e.g., “if no one as bad as Hitler comes along, then this will never happen again”).

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Chapter 1

Type: ES Moderate

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 1.2

Skill: Recall and Applied

Difficulty:

133) Compare the self-esteem approach and the social cognition approach in terms of the motivations assumed to underlie human behaviour. Answer: The self-esteem approach explains human social cognition and human social behaviour with reference to the basic motive to preserve or enhance one’s selfesteem, even at the expense of accuracy. The social cognition approach views humans as motivated to perceive themselves and the world accurately, sometimes at the expense of their self-esteem. Type: ES

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

134) How does the text explain increased liking or attachment to the group after a new recruit has been through an unpleasant hazing or initiation process? Answer: The text suggests that the motive to maintain self-esteem leads to self-justification. That is, the desire to feel good about ourselves leads recruits to justify having allowed themselves to be put through the unpleasant experience. This is achieved by increasing their positive evaluation of the group—the suffering was worthwhile because membership in the group is so valuable. Type: ES

LO: 1.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

135) What is the goal of social psychologists who are concerned with social problems? Answer: Their goal is to apply social-psychological theories, concepts, and research findings to understand and solve destructive real-world problems such as the AIDS epidemic, energy waste, and the relation between television violence and human aggression. Type: ES

LO: 1.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

1) The introduction to Chapter 2 began with descriptions of disagreements over the relation between television violence and aggressive behaviour, and of situations in which people won't intervene to stop violence. Why would authors begin Chapter 2 by describing these phenomena? A) There are competing explanations for both phenomena, and research methods can be used to establish the best explanation. B) These topics address the most difficult issues that social psychologists will ever study. C) Definitive explanations for both phenomena have been provided by socialpsychological research. D) These topics are a good example of what has yet to be studied in social psychology. E) There is more literature on violence and aggression than on any other topic of interest to social psychologists. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: Introduction

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

2) According to the authors, why are people often wrong in asserting that social psychology only reflects common sense? A) People’s inferences about psychological phenomena are rarely based in fact. B) Common sense is never correct. C) People are largely ignorant about what exactly social psychologists study. D) Most grandmothers’ advice is based on common experience, not scientific evidence. E) So-called common sense findings often make more sense in retrospect than in advance. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3) In which of the following disciplines are students most likely—by virtue of their experiences—to sigh, “Big deal. I could have predicted that”? A) particle physics B) organic chemistry C) marine biology D) social psychology E) theoretical mathematics Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) After someone commits suicide, many loved ones believe that they should have seen it coming; that they could have predicted it. This is a tragic example of the ____________. A) hindsight bias B) attribution bias Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) self-perception theory D) correspondence bias E) cognitive dissonance theory Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

5) The hindsight bias seems to emerge by age ____ and continues to be alive and well across the lifespan. A) six B) eight C) three D) one E) ten Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

6) In Chapter 2, the authors included a brief quiz about research findings. This quiz was designed to illustrate that A) most research findings directly contradict folk wisdom. B) so-called “obvious” research findings are not all that easy to predict in advance. C) although people are not insightful “physicists,” they are insightful "social psychologists." D) social psychology is really little more than common sense. E) the wording of a quiz can easily be manipulated to trick the reader. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

7) A(n) ______ is an organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena while a(n) ________ is a testable statement or idea about the relationship between two or more variables. A) hypothesis ; theory B) theory ; hypothesis C) operational definition ; theory D) theory ; operational definition E) correlation ; theory Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

8) Baljit is investigating whether listening to different types of music while studying impacts student grades. He predicts that students who listen to classical music while

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

studying will outperform students who listen to rock music while studying. Baljit’s prediction is known as a(n) _________. A) hypothesis B) theory C) operational definition D) ethnography E) hindsight bias Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

9) The precise specification of how variables are measured or manipulated in a social psychological experiment is called A) ethnography. B) interjudge reliability. C) random assignment. D) operational definition. E) reliability. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) The Kitty Genovese murder inspired research on bystander apathy. This example illustrates the usefulness of relying on ________ in formulating research hypotheses. A) casual observations of everyday life B) folk wisdom C) common sense D) social-psychological theory E) personal experience Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

11) The _______ led Bibb Latané and John Darley to systematically test the situational factors that influence people’s responses to emergencies. A) Bay of Pigs fiasco B) Iran-Contra affair C) Vietnam War D) Watergate scandal E) murder of Kitty Genovese Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) Defining “liking” as the number of times people get together in one week. C) Defining “aggression” as the number of times a child yells at a peer. D) Defining “love” as a unique and special feeling. E) Defining “aggression” as hitting another person. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

13) Professionals like actors, writers, and filmmakers employ observational methods to learn about social situations. What makes their work different from the work of social psychologists? A) Social psychologists are more likely to be participant observers. B) These professionals seldom set out to answer a specific question. C) The situations or events that these professionals observe are not of interest to scientific social psychologists. D) Social psychologists tend to employ a pre-arranged set of criteria to guide their observations. E) These professionals are more interested in individual personality differences than a social psychologist would be. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

14) What makes the observations conducted by social scientists different from the kinds of observations that anyone might make in the course of a day? Social scientists A) will only sample people from their own culture. B) make sure to observe a random sample of people. C) observe and code behaviours according to prearranged criteria. D) always rely on technology (e.g., hidden cameras or tape recorders) to record behaviours. E) make it a point never to interact with the people they are observing. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) A researcher has recorded that on the playground, boys are more likely to use physical aggression to get what they want, but girls are more likely to use verbal aggression to get what they want. This researcher most likely employed a(n) ________ research method. A) experimental B) observational C) clinical D) interview E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty; Moderate 2-4

Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

16) A social psychologist employing the ________ method of research is most like a video camera. A) experimental B) co-reactive C) archival analysis D) observational E) correlational Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

17) Professor Atkins wonders whether more people go to the gym right after New Year’s. Three times per week during the months of January, March, August, and November, he sits quietly by the door of a local gym and records how many people come in for a workout. Professor Atkins is using A) the observational method. B) obtrusive observation. C) the experimental method. D) archival analysis. E) a correlational design. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

18) Professor Swenson is interested in university students’ reactions to the death of a popular rock star. For two weeks, Professor Swenson spends one hour a day in a popular cafeteria, inconspicuously listening to students, joining in their conversations when the topic of the dead rock star comes up, and recording what the students have to say. Professor Swenson is conducting ________ research. A) interactive experimentation B) ethnographic C) historical D) correlational E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

19) Which of the following is the best example of the observational method? A) Chris puts a glass to the wall so that he can hear his parents argue. B) Xena sends out a questionnaire to gain information on people’s eating habits. C) Gary stops people on the street to ask them how they voted in the last elections. D) Twyla secretly videotapes guests at her sister's wedding. E) Elaine parks her car near a traffic light and records how many drivers run red lights. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

20) Out of curiosity, you wonder whether some coworkers in your office are more likely than others to use profanity. During the day, each and every time a coworker curses, you write down his or her name, and the words he or she said. Your informal research is most like the ________ research conducted by social psychologists. A) archival B) survey C) correlational D) ethnographic E) experimental Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

21) What is the major difference between ethnography and other kinds of systematic observation used by social scientists? In ethnography A) scientists interact with the people they are observing. B) the people who are observed are paid for their part in the research study. C) scientists randomly assign people to conditions. D) scientists observe anything that seems surprising or interesting. E) scientists record their own behaviours, as well as the behaviours of others. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Difficult

22) Festinger, Riecken, & Schacter's (1956) study of a doomsday cult was conducted using A) archival analysis. B) quasi-experimental methods. C) systematic observation. D) ethnography. E) correlational analysis. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

23) Ethnography is the chief method of ____________________. A) social psychology B) geographers C) cultural anthropology D) clinical psychology E) sociology Answer: C Type: MC LO: 2.2 Skill: Recall Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

24) Observational research allows a researcher to A) describe the nature of a phenomenon. B) match participants to conditions of an experiment. C) make predictions about one variable based on knowledge of another. D) randomly assign participants to conditions of an experiment. E) make statements about causality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) Which of the following is a drawback to the observational method? A) People's behaviours often change when they know they are being observed. B) The observational method requires researchers to interact with their subjects for long periods of time. C) No interesting or important questions can be answered using this method. D) The observational method is statistically unreliable. E) The observational method cannot impact a well-accepted theory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

26) Your text describes a study in which social psychologists infiltrated a cult who believed that a spaceship would rescue them just before the world would be destroyed. These social psychologists were conducting A) correlational research. B) archival analysis. C) a field experiment. D) a survey. E) observational research. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

27) The research approach that provides information on the relationship between two variables is called A) unobtrusive observation. B) the experimental method. C) archival analysis. D) the correlational method. E) systematic observation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

28) Whereas observational research is designed to ________ behaviour, correlational research is designed to ________. A) systematically describe; assess relations between variables B) explain; systematically describe C) explain; assess relations between variables D) systematically describe; determine what causes behaviour E) systematically describe; explain behaviour Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Researchers interested in determining how people's responses to one question can predict their other responses use the A) archival method. B) correlational method. C) descriptive method. D) experimental method. E) observational method. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

30) In what way is archival research most like the systematic observation of ongoing behaviours? Both methods A) are controversial methods of research in social psychology. B) look for relationships between variables. C) rely on the subjective judgments of trained observers. D) make use of specific, well-defined categories for coding. E) make use of random sampling techniques. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

31) _______ research involves systematic examination of the documents or records of a culture. A) Archival B) Quasi-experimental C) Cross-sectional D) Experimental E) Systematic Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

32) A researcher is interested in how enemies are depicted in times of international conflict. He watches old films and newsreels from the Second World War in which Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

enemy soldiers are depicted as crazed, vicious killers who enjoy torturing people. The researcher is using A) participant observation. B) the correlational method. C) archival analysis. D) an experimental method. E) a quasi-experimental method. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

33) Professor Yarnofsky wonders whether recent acts of airline terrorism have made the public more fearful of airline flight. He secures records of the number of times passengers have cancelled their travel plans within 3 days of flying, and compares the cancellation rates before the last hijacking to cancellation rates after the last hijacking. Professor Yarnofsky has employed a(n) ________ research method. A) correlational B) participant observation C) archival D) systematic observation E) experimental Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

34) A researcher is interested in the changing nature of gender roles in contemporary society. If she were to employ an archival analysis, what would she be most likely to do? A) Participate in the daily activities of a family in which the woman works and the man stays home. B) Observe both men and women in “non-traditional” occupations. C) Interview both male and female doctors to determine how they are treated by colleagues. D) Record how boys and girls are portrayed in children’s books. E) Randomly assign people to “non-traditional” roles and record their behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

35) According to information from the registrar's office, Lee has discovered that people who achieve higher grades in their last year of high school tend to have higher GPAs in their first year of university. Lee has used a(n) ________ research method. A) observational B) field study C) correlational D) experimental E) participant observation Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

36) In order to examine the prevalence of drug use in several different generations of North Americans, a researcher decides to collect the lyrics from the fifty most popular songs from each decade, from 1940 to 2000, and to code those lyrics for how often drug-related themes were present. Which of the following methods is this researcher using? A) correlational B) archival C) observational D) cross-sectional E) experimental Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

37) Professor Rothman is interested in tracking changes in racial stereotypes in Canada. If he decides to conduct an archival analysis, he should A) record how racialized individuals are portrayed in newspaper cartoons from 1940 to 2000. B) interview multiple generations in families of different race and ethnicities. C) interview one generation of different races and ethnicities. D) record his subjective impressions of the racial stereotypes contained in newspaper humor columns from 1940 to 2000. E) ask his students to watch television every night for a week and tell him what they saw. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

38) What is one of the major advantages of archival research? This research method A) enables researchers to detect changes across time and cultures. B) takes less time than systematic observation. C) can show causal relationships. D) does not require trained observers. E) generates information that is easier to code reliably. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

39) Lauren is interested in researching whether crime rates in Canada changed between 1970 and 1990. To do this, she is accessing public records about crimes that happened during that time. She is using a(n) __________ design. A) archival B) correlational Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

C) experimental D) cross-sectional E) direct observation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

40) Research on the impact of media representations of male and female body ideals finds that A) the male muscular ideal shown in fitness magazines has little impact on males’ assessment of their own bodies. B) exposure to media representations of the thin female body type has most impact on females who show little interest in their own body image. C) both genders can suffer emotionally or physically if they are exposed to, and accept, media body ideals. D) the only males who respond to muscular ideals in fitness magazines are those who have low self-esteem. E) exposure to body ideals in the media has greater impact on male ratings of their own body image than on female ratings of their own body image. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

41) Observational research is to describing a behaviour, as correlational research is to A) determining the causes of behaviour. B) manipulating a behaviour. C) explaining a behaviour. D) documenting relations between behaviours. E) understanding a behaviour. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

42) A researcher is interested in the relation between the number of a person's past sexual partners and the person's decision to have an HIV test. To determine this, the researcher should use the ________ method. A) correlational B) longitudinal C) experimental D) observational E) participant observation Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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Chapter 2

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

43) The correlational method most often makes use of ________ data. A) survey B) experimental C) archival D) ethnographic E) longitudinal Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

44) Are people who are better educated more or less prejudiced than people who have less education? This question is best answered by A) archival analysis. B) correlational research. C) systematic observation. D) participant observation. E) structured interviews. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

45) A survey would be a good investigative tool for a social psychologist to answer which of the following questions? A) How willing are people to help someone needing medical assistance in a shopping mall? B) Do people take longer to pull out of a parking spot if they notice another car is waiting? C) Do people under increased time pressure give less generous donations? D) What is the relationship between people’s assessment of the risks of West Nile virus and their behaviour in preventing it? E) How willing are people to donate money to a well-known charity for disaster relief? Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

46) Assume that instead of conducting experiments, Latané and Darley had used a correlational method to study the relation between the number of bystanders who witness an emergency and how quickly a victim receives help. Assume that the correlational data were compatible with results from experiments: the more bystanders, the longer it took bystanders to help. What type of correlation is this? A) a nonlinear correlation B) a zero correlation C) a positive correlation D) a spurious correlation E) a negative correlation

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Answer: C Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

47) Before Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, people noticed a correlation between outside temperature and the incidence of polio: The warmer the temperature over the course of the year, the more outbreaks of polio. This relationship is an example of a(n) ________ correlation. A) positive B) causal C) illusory D) negative E) spurious Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

48) One of the greatest advantages of surveys is that researchers A) can sample representative segments of the population of interest. B) can show causation. C) can be biased, but still collect objective information. D) need not concern themselves with interjudge reliability. E) can be confident that respondents answered honestly. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

49) The only way to be certain that the results of a survey represent the behaviour of a particular population is to ensure that the respondents are ________ that population. A) randomly selected from B) normally distributed in C) randomly assigned to D) equally distributed in E) matched within Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

50) Professor Hui didn't bring enough course evaluation surveys to class, so he distributed the surveys he had to students at the front half of the lecture hall. By doing this, he gave up one of the biggest advantages of surveys: A) honest reports from respondents. B) random assignment to groups. C) the ability to collect large amounts of data. D) random selection to ensure generalizability. E) questions that are easily understood by respondents.

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Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

51) Imagine that researchers have found a correlation of -.72 between the frequency of disagreements that couples have and how long they stay together. Based on this correlation, would you start arguments with your significant other in order to sustain your relationship? A) No, because although the two may be correlated, causation has not been proved. B) No, because the correlation is positive. C) Yes, because the correlation is positive. D) No, because in your group of friends, the correlation is negative. E) Yes, because the correlation is relatively strong. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

52) Which of the following explanations for the failure of neighbours to come to Kitty

Genovese’s aid best reflects the idea of diffusion of responsibility? A) The cost of intervening was too high, so neighbours didn't help. B) There were so many witnesses that no single person felt responsible to intervene. C) The neighbours did not personally know Kitty Genovese. D) Urban dwellers are especially callous when it comes to giving aid. E) The neighbours did not interpret her cries as an emergency, so they didn’t intervene. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

53) Surveys are instruments most often used by social psychologists who conduct ________ research. A) experimental B) correlational C) descriptive D) observational E) archival Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

55) Tony has been doing research on age and aggression. He has discovered that the older a person gets, the less likely he or she is to aggress against another person. What kind of relationship best describes Tony's findings? A) positive correlation. B) curvilinear correlation. C) zero correlation. D) negative correlation. E) random correlation. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

56) Which of the following pairs of variables are most likely to be positively correlated? A) consumption of fatty foods; risk of heart disease B) income; shoe size C) room temperature; comfort level D) flossing; cavities E) cigarettes smoked; life expectancy Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

57) Which of the following pairs of variables is most likely to be negatively correlated? A) intelligence; exam scores B) amount of practice; quality of performance C) education; income D) calories consumed; weight loss E) effort; success Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

58) A researcher conducted a study and found a high positive correlation between age and income level. In other words, this researcher found that as age ________, income level tends to ________. A) increases; decrease B) increases; stay the same C) decreases; increase D) decreases; stay the same E) increases; increase Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty: Moderate 2-15

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59) A researcher conducted a survey and found a negative correlation between education and the tendency to resort to violence during disputes. In other words, this researcher found that as education level ________, the tendency to use violence ________. A) increases; also increases B) decreases; also decreases C) increases; remains the same D) increases; decreases E) decreases; remains the same Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relation between two variables? A) 0.68 B) -0.19 C) -0.74 D) 0.07 E) 0.00 Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

61) Television programs such as Survivor and Big Brother, in which television cameras record the activities of people as they interact, are most like ________ research in social psychology. A) cross-cultural B) experimental C) observational D) archival E) correlational Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

62) In many respects, the comedy show Just for Laughs Gags, is similar to observational research in social psychology. In what crucial respect is Just for Laughs Gags most different from observational research? A) The people filmed did not provide informed consent. B) The kind of situations that were filmed are not relevant to social psychologists. C) The program intentionally manipulated the situations. D) The observations were not conducted in a controlled, scientific manner. E) The program did not use a random sample of people who confronted strange situations. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Conceptual

Difficulty: Moderate

63) Which of the following is a strong advantage of surveys over other research methods? A) Surveys can determine whether variables are directly or inversely related. B) Surveys are higher in mundane realism. C) Surveys help to establish the causal connections of phenomena evident in everyday life. D) Surveys allow researchers to determine the relationship between variables that are difficult to observe. E) Surveys are higher in external validity. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

64) Social scientists who conduct survey research use a process of random selection to A) allow them to apply the results from their survey sample to the general population. B) allow them to increase the strength of the relationships found. C) allow them to increase the psychological realism of their research. D) allow them to come to causal conclusions on the basis of their survey results. E) allow them to increase the mundane realism of their research. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) Based on survey data, the Literary Digest erroneously predicted that Alf Landon would beat Franklin D. Roosevelt in the upcoming presidential election. What cardinal rule of survey methods did the Literary Digest violate? Make sure A) respondents understand the survey. B) you have sampled randomly from the population. C) respondents are given more than one response option. D) responses are made anonymously. E) the survey questions are straightforward. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

66) According to the section in your text about political polling, a big drawback of administering surveys over the phone is A) Phones lines are unreliable. B) You cannot manipulate the independent variable. C) You cannot calculate the correlation coefficient. D) The internal validity is low. E) The sample might not be representative of the whole population because some kinds of people are more likely to have access to phones than others.

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Answer: E Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) Which of the following questions would be least likely to yield accurate responses? A) Would you ever consider physician-assisted suicide? B) How many cars do you own? C) How many different magazines do you subscribe to? D) In your opinion, who performed better in the last election debate? E) Have you ever been the victim of a violent crime? Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Consider the following survey item: “If you found yourself on an airplane with engine problems, would you...?” Most social psychologists would not include such an item on their survey because most respondents would A) be offended at such a personal question. B) avoid flying in the future, instead opting for trains. C) never have experienced that situation, yielding too small a sample. D) find it difficult to imagine what they would actually do. E) not understand the question. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

69) Before Jonas Salk discovered a vaccine to prevent polio, people noticed a correlation between outside temperature and the incidence of polio. Polio cases tended to occur more in the summer months than in the winter months, and the public assumed that high temperatures alone contributed to infection. As it turned out, there was a positive correlation between temperature and polio outbreaks because polio tended to be contracted in swimming pools and other places where children congregated. This illustrates which of the following? Correlations are A) indicative of a causal relation. B) variable. C) invalid. D) no guarantee of a causal relation. E) unreliable. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

70) Carlos, the president of a fraternity on campus, randomly sampled 500 students, asked them if they belonged to a fraternity or sorority, and asked them about their current GPA. He discovered that the GPAs of those people in fraternities and sororities are higher than those of people who are not involved in the Greek system. Gleefully, he presented his findings to the Dean, saying that being involved in a Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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fraternity or sorority leads to higher grades. What rule of research methods is Carlos breaking? A) Correlation does not equal causation. B) His sample size of 500 is too small to make such a generalization. C) Correlational data do not have internal validity. D) College students are not representative of the whole sample of people in the world. E) Correlational data do not provide any practical information on a topic. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

71) One of the most common errors in the social sciences is A) overgeneralizing research findings. B) selecting a biased sample from the population of interest. C) confusing dependent and independent variables. D) prematurely applying research findings to practical problems. E) assuming that correlation automatically implies causation. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

72) Why is it unwise to conclude that if two variables are correlated, one must have caused the other? A) Rarely are only two variables correlated. B) It is impossible to conclude that two variables are related unless one can measure them perfectly. C) Variables can never be measured with complete accuracy. D) Some unmeasured third variable might be responsible for the relationship between the two. E) Any single variable is bound to have multiple causes. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Rosenberg and colleagues (1992) conducted a study that found that women who relied on the diaphragm or contraceptive sponges had fewer STDs than women who used condoms. The media jumped to the conclusion that condom use contributes to STDs. Why was this media conclusion inappropriate? A) No such relation between birth control device and STDs exists for men. B) A third variable, like number of sexual partners, might explain the relationship between contraceptive use and STDs. C) The researchers did not have a large enough sample. D) The researchers did not study women who were on the pill. E) The researchers’ sample was too large.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

74) Which of the following is a serious shortcoming of the correlational approach? A) There is always some third variable that accounts for the correlation. B) Causal inferences based on correlational data are risky at best. C) Surveys are often poorly designed, leading to erroneous conclusions. D) It is difficult to generalize the results. E) It is difficult for social psychologists to secure a random sample. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

75) Chapter 2 of the text discusses Tillie the Rainmaker, a woman who believes she has the power to cause rain in drought-stricken areas. According to your text, this belief was probably caused by A) a lack of random assignment. B) a tendency to infer causality from correlational events. C) the lack of precise operational definitions. D) a lack of random selection. E) such behaviours becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

76) Why is the experiment the method of choice for many social psychologists? Experiments A) allow cause-and-effect conclusions. B) ensure random sampling. C) are the only way to test hypotheses. D) are easy to conduct. E) are inexpensive to conduct. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

77) A researcher concludes that frustrating people by giving them a task that is impossible to complete causes them to behave more aggressively. Only ________ warrants this type of conclusion. A) an archival analysis B) experimental research C) participant observation D) observational research E) correlational research Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Difficulty: Easy 2-20

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78) A researcher interested in testing a(n) ________ hypothesis would be most likely to conduct an experiment. A) correlational B) causal C) descriptive D) theoretical E) observational Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

79) Why do the authors refer to the experimental method as the "crown jewel" of socialpsychological research design? Experiments A) are the most efficient research method. B) require fewer participants than other methods. C) have internal validity. D) involve both dependent and independent variables. E) enable researchers to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

80) The experimental method always involves A) psychological realism. B) interrater reliability. C) mundane realism. D) a direct intervention on the part of the researcher. E) one experimental group and one control group. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

81) ________ methods allow a researcher to make a valid cause-and-effect statement about the variables in her study. A) Observational B) Experimental C) Descriptive D) Cross-sectional E) Correlational Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

82) Why didn't Latané and Darley (1968), in their study of bystander intervention in emergencies, use a manipulation more like events in the Kitty Genovese murder?

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A) It was impossible to assign participants on the street to experimental conditions. B) Ethically, it was impossible to expose unwitting participants to such a distressing manipulation. C) The New York City police refused to give the researchers permission to conduct their experiment. D) It was impossible to ensure that the murder sounded identical to all participants. E) It was impossible to have external validity. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

83) Participants in the Latané and Darley (1968) experimental study of the effects of group size on intervention in an emergency utilized A) a staged assault on the experimenter. B) participants' reports of what they would do in an emergency. C) an audiotaped seizure. D) police footage of the Kitty Genovese murder. E) audiotapes of the Kitty Genovese murder. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) Assume that you are a participant in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment examining when people help. You believe that there are four other people participating with you in a discussion, although you are isolated in a booth to ensure privacy. When you are listening to one of the other participants talk, you hear him beginning to have a seizure. According to their results, what are you most likely to do? A) Run out of the booth to find the experimenter for help. B) Anxiously remain in the booth and hope for the best. C) Leave the experiment because of psychological stress. D) Run out of the booth to help the person having the seizure. E) Try yelling through the walls to see if he is all right. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

85) Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the dependent variable in their experiment. A) severity of the seizure B) number of participants who tried to intervene C) number of participants present during the session D) number of personal problems reported by participants E) length of time participants waited before offering help Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

86) Recall that Latané and Darley observed the number of participants in each experimental condition who left their cubicles to help the alleged victim of a seizure. The ________ was the independent variable in their experiment. A) number of participants who helped B) reaction of the participants C) personal problems discussed D) number of other discussants E) severity of the seizure Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

87) Recall that Latané and Darley (1968) arranged for participants to overhear a seizure during a discussion of personal problems adjusting to college life. Their study was an experiment because A) the taped seizure was actually fake and was identical for everyone. B) the results were analyzed statistically. C) all participants were provided the same opportunity to help. D) they accounted for the third-variable problem. E) participants were randomly assigned to systematically different discussion groups. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

88) The major difference between experiments and other research methods is that experiments involve A) mundane realism and psychological realism. B) both internal and external validity. C) random assignment to conditions and manipulation of the independent variable. D) the use of statistical analysis. E) random assignment and psychological realism. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

89) ________ and ________ are the hallmarks of the experimental method, setting it apart from the observational and correlational methods. A) Factorial designs; dependent variables B) Probability levels; meta-analysis C) Random sampling; control over extraneous variables D) Random assignment; probability levels Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) Control over extraneous variables; random assignment Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

90) Internal validity is to ________ as external validity is to ________. A) generalizability; causality B) minimizing differences; generalizability C) generalizability; control D) causality; minimizing differences E) causality; generalizability Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) In a study of group dynamics, participants were placed in groups consisting of either

three or ten people. During the study, group members worked together trying to solve a puzzle. After completing the task, participants reported how satisfied they were with the other members of their group. ________ is the independent variable in this study. A) Gender B) Group size C) The puzzle D) Group dynamics E) Satisfaction Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

92) In a study of frustration and aggression, some participants were exposed to a research assistant who insulted them, and others were exposed to no such insult. Participants were then allowed to recommend whether the research assistant should be fired. Those who were insulted were more likely to retaliate by recommending that the research assistant lose his job. In this experiment, the ________ was the dependent variable. A) participants’ recommendations B) research assistance C) presence or absence of an insult D) difference between the groups E) participants’ condition Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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D) Cause; manipulation E) Cause; effect Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

94) How did Latané and Darley (1968) vary the number of bystanders in their experimental study of the effects of the number of witnesses exposed to an emergency? A) Participants who arrived first were assigned to a large group condition, and those who arrived later were assigned to a small group condition. B) They randomly assigned participants to one of three conditions: a group with four bystanders, a group with two bystanders, or one-on-one discussion group with no bystanders. C) They allowed participants to choose whether to participate in a group or in a one-on-one discussion. D) They asked participants to wait in a hallway alone, or else with a group of others. E) They randomly choose a number of different bystanders for each participant. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

95) Chapter 1 described a study by Liberman, Samuels, and Ross (2004) in which participants played a game in the lab. The game was either called the “Wall Street Game” or the “Community Game.” The researchers then compared how many people chose to play the game co-operatively and how many chose to play competitively. In this experiment, the name of the game was the A) Dependent variable B) Confounding variable C) Extraneous variable D) Independent variable E) Construal variable Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) What did Bibb Latané and John Darley (1968) do to ensure the internal validity of their laboratory experiment on the effects of the number of bystanders on participants' responses to an emergency? They A) randomly sampled participants for the study. B) made sure that the groups had the exact same number of men and women. C) let participants choose what experimental condition they wanted to be in. . D) asked participants about their knowledge about epilepsy before beginning the experiment.

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E) assigned participants at random to conditions that were exactly the same except for one key variable. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

97) In their experiment, why did Bibb Latané and John Darley (1968) expose all participants to the same audiotaped seizure? They wanted A) the dependent variable to be the same for all participants. B) the independent variable—the overheard seizure—to be different for different participants. C) to be able to assign participants at random. D) the independent variable to be the same for all participants. E) to control extraneous variables, such as the quality of the fake seizure. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

98) By controlling all extraneous variables and by randomly assigning people to different experimental conditions, an experimenter can achieve high A) interjudge reliability. B) internal validity. C) replicability. D) generalizability. E) p-values. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Suppose that I conduct an experiment on the effects of flattery on compliance. I bring women into the laboratory, tell them they are beautiful, and ask them to lend me $10. I bring men into the laboratory, I don't flatter them, and I ask them to lend me $10. Sure enough, more women than men lend me $10. My conclusion that flattery increases compliance is suspect because A) I failed to randomly select the sample from the population. B) my experiment lacks external validity. C) my experiment lacks internal validity. D) I have not operationally defined my variables. E) my experiment lacks generalizability. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

100) A researcher wants to examine the relation between viewing television violence and behaving aggressively. He has participants decide whether they would prefer to view a violent or a nonviolent film, and subsequently records the number of

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aggressive behaviours they show in a competitive game. The researcher cannot legitimately make a causal statement based on his findings, because the study A) lacks external validity. B) lacks psychological realism. C) is low on mundane realism. D) lacks random assignment. E) has no cover story. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

101) ________ allows researchers to rule out differences among participants as the cause of differences in the dependent variable. A) A factorial design B) Random sampling C) Measuring more than one dependent variable D) Random assignment to condition E) Matching Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

102) Which of the following threatens the internal validity of an experiment? A) Using an independent variable with more than one level. B) Failing to generalize the results outside the lab. C) Failing to assign participants randomly to conditions. D) Failing to use a random sample. E) Using more than one dependent variable. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

103) Which of the following is NOT essential to conducting an internally valid experiment? A) Measurement of the dependent variable. B) Random selection of the sample from the population. C) Keeping everything in the experimental conditions the same except for the independent variable. D) The use of operational definitions. E) Random assignment to condition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) probability level C) correlation D) uncertainty quotient E) chance index Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

105) It is important to know the probability level for a given set of experimental findings because p-values A) greater than .10 indicate that there is no need to replicate the experiment. B) inform experimenters whether their results might have happened by chance. C) alert experimenters to poor dependent variable measures. D) indicate that experimenters have used the correct manipulation of the independent variable. E) inform experimenters about the external validity of their research. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

106) Juan conducted an experiment on whether listening to different types of music affects people’s stress levels. When participants arrived at the lab, they could choose to listen to classical music, folk music, or rock music. After listening for 15 minutes, Juan assessed how stressed his participants were by testing their saliva for stress hormones. The major mistake that Juan made with his research design was A) He did not calculate the p-value. B) He used an observational method when he should have used a correlational method. C) He did not randomly assign his participants to conditions. D) He should have used a field study instead of a lab experiment. E) His independent variable is too complex. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

107) One hazard of using random assignment and controlling extraneous variables in an

experiment is that A) debriefing becomes very cumbersome. B) it is difficult to obtain informed consent from the participants. C) participants often become angry at the deception involved. D) the experimental situation can become quite artificial. E) it is difficult to draw general conclusions. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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108) ________ validity is the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other situations or other people. A) Causal B) Statistical conclusion C) Internal D) External E) Sampling Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

109) Experimenters who value external validity want their findings to generalize across ________ and ________. A) experiments; time B) people; situations C) people; experiments D) observers; situations E) time; situations Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

110) “Give me a break!” you say to yourself as you read the description of Latané and Darley’s (1968) experiment, “How often in the real world do people on intercoms hear a seizure unfold? How similar is that situation to real life?” You are skeptical about the ________ validity of their experiment. A) construct B) criterion C) external D) internal E) conclusion Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

111) ________ realism refers to the extent to which an experiment triggers the same psychological processes that often occur in everyday life. A) Process B) Situational C) Mundane D) Operational E) Psychological Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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112) Did the participants in Latané and Darley's (1968) bystander intervention experiment think what Kitty Genovese's neighbours thought? Did they feel what her neighbours felt? These questions address the ________ of their experiment. A) psychological realism B) mundane realism C) cover story D) internal validity E) construct validity Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

113) No matter how artificial an experimental situation may at first appear, if participants think, feel, or react the way that people in a real-life situation would react, the experiment has A) low demand characteristics. B) high mundane realism. C) low mundane realism. D) little experimenter bias. E) high psychological realism. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

114) Stanley Milgram is well known for conducting research on obedience to authority because he wanted to understand the behaviour of Nazi soldiers. Participants in his classic 1963 experiment found themselves in the uncomfortable position of being told to administer increasingly strong shocks to a learner every time he made a mistake. Videotapes of the participants showed them laughing hysterically, chainsmoking, sweating, and fidgeting nervously. Based on these videotapes, it is safe to assume that Milgram's experiment was high on A) external validity. B) internal validity. C) experimental control. D) mundane realism. E) psychological realism. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

115) An experiment like Latané and Darley's (1968) demands creativity and ingenuity, and is not easy to conduct. Why didn't Latané and Darley simply describe the hypothesis and procedures to participants and ask them what they would do in that situation? A) It would be too difficult to secure a random sample. B) The simpler alternative study would be low in psychological realism. C) The study would have low internal validity. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) It would be impossible to randomly assign participants in the simpler study. E) They would not be able to use operational definitions. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

116) To avoid the use of deception in his experiment, a researcher tells participants ahead of time that they will be witnessing a staged fight between two people who were actually confederates of the experimenter. By so informing the participants, this researcher has decreased the ________ realism of his experiment. A) psychological B) internal C) mundane D) ethical E) experimental Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

117) A ________ is a description of the purpose of a study that is different from the true purpose. A) consent form B) cover story C) covert agenda D) construal E) debriefing Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

118) Latané and Darley (1968) told participants that they were interested in the kind of problems that college students experience. This explanation is the A) experimental debriefing. B) cover story. C) independent variable. D) dependent variable. E) operational definition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

119) A credible cover story ensures A) mundane realism. B) psychological realism. C) appropriate dependent variable measures. D) internal validity. E) appropriate independent variable measures. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: B Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

120) A psychologist first conducted a study on helping behaviour with a sample of college undergraduates. This psychologist then replicated the study using the same procedure with a different participant sample. If similar results were obtained with both samples, this experimenter has demonstrated A) internal validity. B) population consistency. C) chronological consistency. D) external validity. E) a significant difference. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

121) In reading descriptions of the behaviours of the university students who participated in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment on bystander intervention, you wonder whether your parents and their friends would behave the same way as those participants from the university. In essence, your question is, "Will these results generalize across ________?" A) situations B) people C) other experiments D) manipulations E) time Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

122) ________ would increase the external validity of experiments, but social psychologists rarely do it. A) Using multiple independent variables B) Administering follow-up questionnaires C) The use of operational definitions D) Random assignment E) Random selection from the population Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

123) Social psychologists seldom address the question of external validity by conducting their experiments on random samples of people from all over. This is because A) human beings are incredibly complex, and social psychologists are content with doing inexact science.

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B) the research methods that social psychologists use cannot be applied to a random sample. C) it is difficult and expensive to get a random sample of people to participate in research. D) social psychology is poorly funded, and experimenters are forced to do inexpensive research. E) experiments capture general psychological processes experienced by people all over. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

124) Conceptually, what distinguishes laboratory from field experiments is A) whether there is a dependent variable. B) whether there is an independent variable. C) where the experiment is conducted. D) the number of participants. E) whether there is random assignment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

125) A major difference between a field experiment and a laboratory experiment is that A) Mundane realism is higher in a field experiment. B) The levels of the independent variable cannot be controlled by the experimenter. C) The results on the dependent variable are less predictable due to the variable behaviours of participants in a real-life setting. D) Participants are unaware of their involvement in a psychology experiment. E) Psychological realism is lower in a field experiment. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

126) Although field experiments may be high in ________, they often lack ________. A) mundane realism; psychological realism B) external validity; internal validity C) psychological realism; mundane realism D) internal validity; psychological realism E) internal validity; external validity Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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B) random selection and random assignment. C) basic and applied research. D) funding and replication. E) internal and external validity. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

128) When Latané and Darley (1970) later tested the effects of the number of bystanders on whether people intervene in an emergency, they left the laboratory and staged a fake theft at a convenience store. This new study was A) covered in the New York Times. B) just as high in internal validity as their original study. C) low in external validity. D) unsuccessful, demonstrating the low external validity of their lab experiments. E) a field experiment that replicated laboratory results. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

129) There is invariably a trade-off between ________ and ________ in social psychology experiments. A) mundane realism; psychological realism B) validity; reliability C) independent variables; dependent variables D) internal validity; external validity E) psychological realism; reliability Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

130) The notion of “the basic dilemma of the social psychologist” refers to A) whether or not to conduct ethically questionable research. B) the trade-off between internal and external validity. C) the trade-off between correlational and experimental research. D) the trade-off between independent and dependent variables. E) whether or not to use deception in their experiments. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

131) Replications are designed to assure that A) ethical procedures are always followed. B) the original results can be obtained in different populations and in different settings. C) the original study was internally valid. D) the original study was high in psychological realism. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) the original study was high in mundane realism. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

132) Assume that Latané and Darley want to demonstrate the external validity of their 1968 experiment on bystander intervention. To do this, they conduct a study in which participants solve crossword puzzles alone, or in large or small groups. While the participants are working on the puzzles, they overhear a woman fall from a ladder and cry out, “Oh, my leg! I can't move it!” The researchers then observe and record the number of participants who attempt to help. The study described here represents a(n) ________ of the original “seizure” study. A) needless duplication B) encore C) psychological copy D) internal validity check E) replication Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

133) A social psychologist questions whether or not the participants' willingness to help a seizure victim in Latané and Darley's (1968) experiment was influenced by the fact that it was an apparent medical emergency. This researcher wants to run an experiment that is high in external validity. She could best investigate this issue by A) surveying people as to how they respond to different types of intervention situations. B) surveying people as to how they usually respond to medical emergencies. C) replicating the study using different types of medical emergencies. D) reanalyzing the data from the original study. E) replicating the study using different types of emergencies. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

134) A ________ enables researchers to look at a set of studies on the same topic and decide if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. A) correlation coefficient B) meta-analysis C) validity index D) replication E) reliability coefficient Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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135) Suppose a researcher wants to know whether frustration really does cause aggression. She collects a large number of experimental studies that involve both children and adults, and that are conducted both in the laboratory and in the “real world” in both Canada and other cultures. She then conducts a(n) ________ to determine whether there is enough consistency in findings across studies to determine the generalizability of the relation between frustration and aggression. A) meta-analysis B) case study C) archival study D) systematic replication E) direct replication Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

136) What technique will most efficiently determine the generalizability of socialpsychological findings conducted in different situations and with different people? A) A series of replications. B) A conceptual review of the literature. C) A case study analysis. D) A meta-analysis. E) Multiple experiments that use random sampling. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

137) Consider the following (fictitious) conclusion reached by a social psychologist: “After analyzing a sample of over 578 experiments, we have concluded that the question of whether men are more likely than women to help is difficult to answer. Based on the findings of this large number of studies, we have concluded that men are more likely to help when helping demands physical risk or ‘chivalry;’ otherwise, there are no reliable gender differences in helping.” This conclusion about the reliability of the relation between gender and helping was most likely based on A) pure conjecture. B) surveys of researchers. C) meta-analytic techniques. D) correlational research. E) experimental procedures. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

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E) observational Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

139) Basic research is to ________ as applied research is to ________. A) correlation; causation B) experiments; surveys C) satisfying intellectual curiosity; solving social problems D) biological sciences; social sciences E) experiments; observational research Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

140) An experimenter conducts a program of research to determine what types of messages are most effective in promoting condom use among adolescents. How would you classify this type of research? A) applied research B) secondary research C) basic research D) descriptive research E) primary research Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

141) Kurt Lewin once wrote, “There is nothing so practical as a good theory.” By that, Lewin was referring to the idea that A) to solve social problems, psychologists must understand the processes that underlie them. B) basic researchers should have a higher status in the field of social psychology. C) basic researchers should not be afraid to conduct applied research aimed at solving social problems. D) applied researchers should have a higher status in the field of social psychology. E) the line between basic and applied researcher is clearer in social psychology than in other sciences. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

142) Cross-cultural research has revealed that A) Western cultures emphasize individualism and independence. B) Westerners are more likely to intervene in an emergency than are people in the East.

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C) North American researchers have historically imposed their own values on other cultures. D) many Eastern cultures have no concept of “emergency.” E) there are few differences between Western and Eastern cultures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

143) The two main goals of cross-cultural research are to ________ and to ________. A) increase internal validity; replicate questionable findings B) demonstrate human universals; explore cultural differences C) increase external validity; secure unbiased samples D) explore cultural differences; replicate questionable findings E) demonstrate human universals; replicate questionable findings Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

144) In describing the intricacies of cross-cultural research, the authors of your text assert that it’s not as simple as translating one’s materials into an appropriate language, travelling to another culture, and conducting the experiment there. Which of the following statements best captures the role of construals in making cross-cultural research very difficult to do? A) It is very difficult to translate some cover stories and dependent measures into some languages. B) There is variability among people, even within the same culture. C) People in different cultures differ on a number of personal characteristics. D) The experimenter may be culturally biased. E) The same experimental situation can have different meanings in different cultures. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

145) What is one of the main problems faced by researchers who want to test their theories cross-culturally? A) It is difficult to find funding to study culture. B) Basic psychological processes inevitably differ from culture to culture. C) Variables may have to be changed so that their meaning is understood in the same way across cultures. D) Ethical laws often prohibit psychologists from studying phenomena in all cultures. E) There is no evidence that culture affects basic social psychological processes. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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146) If Professor Klein is using EEGs and fMRIs to study social behaviour, she is most

likely to be involved in A) clinical psychology. B) computer science research. C) research on internet social networking. D) cognitive neuroscience. E) social neuroscience. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

147) The study of brain processes is ________ in social psychology ________. A) not relevant; as the focus is on social thoughts, feelings and behaviour B) well developed; and especially used to study cultural differences C) a recent area; called social neuroscience D) used; to carry out applied rather than basic research E) only relevant; for research on anti-social behaviour Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

148) Social neuroscience examines A) social behaviour among neuroscientists. B) the correlation of social information processing and brain activity. C) how social behaviour affects brain development. D) the correlation of social action and motor activity in the brain. E) brain activity in social scientists. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

149) What did researchers at UBC discover when they gave people of East Asian heritage and people of European-Canadian heritage rating scales? A) People of East Asian heritage tend to endorse the midpoints of scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage are more likely to endorse the end points. B) People of East Asian heritage tend to endorse the end points of scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage are more likely to endorse the midpoints. C) There were no differences between the two groups when it came to their responses to the rating scales. D) People of East Asian heritage did not feel comfortable using rating scales, whereas people of European-Canadian heritage had no problem doing so. E) People of European-Canadian heritage did not feel comfortable using rating scales, whereas people of East Asian heritage had no problem doing so. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

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150) Juanita is investigating the impact that testosterone and estrogen have on social behaviour in teenagers. Specifically, she is looking at aggressive and anti-social behaviours and whether levels of these two hormones impact these types of behaviours. What type of research is Juanita conducting? A) cross-cultural research B) ethnographic research C) social neuroscience research D) humanistic research E) evolutionary research Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.3

Skill: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

151) Which statement below best captures the major ethical dilemma faced by experimental social psychologists? A) The good of the many often comes at the costs to the few. B) Some people do not enjoy participating in psychological research. C) Research results can be misused by those in power. D) It is necessary to lie to discover the truth. E) What is good science may not be ethical science. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

152) From an ethical perspective, what two goals often collide in social psychological research? On the one hand, social psychologists ________; on the other hand, they ________. A) provide cover stories to disguise their true purposes; debrief participants at the close of the study B) use a limited number of participants in their studies; want to generalize to all people C) are concerned about their participants; want to find interesting results D) want to satisfy their intellectual curiosity; want to respond to real-life problems E) seek to create interesting, both mundane and psychologically realistic, events for participants; don't want to cause participants unnecessary discomfort or harm Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

153) Which of the following is an ethical concern in social psychological research? A) It is often difficult to debrief participants in a study. B) Undoing the effects of a plausible cover story can be difficult. C) Participants are sometimes exposed to upsetting situations. D) Participants must sometimes be discouraged from withdrawing prematurely from the experiment. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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E) People do not have a choice about the experimental condition to which they are assigned. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

154) A cover story is A) a false description of the purposes of a study. B) an accurate overview of the study for participants. C) the result of experimental findings of interest to the media. D) a way to make sure that an experiment is ethical. E) an explanation provided to participants when the study is over. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

155) Before the experiment begins, the researcher is ethically obligated to A) get permission from the Canadian Psychological Association. B) debrief all participants. C) randomly assign subjects to conditions. D) provide a cover story. E) secure informed consent. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

156) The procedure whereby the researcher explains the nature of the study and participants then decide whether or not to participate is called A) informed consent. B) experimental debriefing. C) experimental review. D) a truthful cover story. E) pre-experimental briefing. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

157) Which of the following is one of the ethical principles that psychologists must follow when using human participants? All participants must be A) contacted six months after the study to assure that no psychological harm resulted. B) compensated in some way for their participation in research. C) informed of the true nature of the study upon arriving at the laboratory. D) informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time. E) over the age of 18. Answer: D Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

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LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

158) If a researcher were to use deception as part of her experimental procedure, when would she explain the purpose of this deception to her participants? A) During the debriefing. B) Immediately preceding the experimental manipulation. C) Before obtaining informed consent. D) After she has analyzed the data. E) Before collecting any dependent measures. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

159) Researchers at the University of Manitoba assessed attitudes toward deception research in 1970 and again in 1990 (Sharpe, Adair & Roese, 1992). The results show that A) participants who were deceived were less likely to agree that deception research was necessary. B) although students did not react negatively to the deception experiments they did show a greater distrust of psychologists. C) attitudes toward deception research were less favourable in the more recent (1990) survey. D) attitudes toward deception research were more favourable in the more recent (1990) survey. E) respondents did not feel negatively about their experiences in either time period. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

160) The central ethical principle that the Canadian Psychological Association has identified is A) Informed consent. B) Respect for dignity of persons. C) Minimizing harm. D) Freedom to withdraw. E) Privacy and confidentiality. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

161) Where do theories come from in social psychology, and how do social psychologists refine them? Answer: Researchers sometimes arrive at hypotheses and theories by reading and thinking about previous theories and research, and sometimes through their own personal observations. Once a researcher arrives at a hypothesis, he or she tests it Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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scientifically (empirically). Depending on whether the hypothesis is supported, researchers might revise their hypotheses, and perhaps even their theories, and subsequent hypotheses are later tested. This process continues to yield a cumulative body of knowledge about human behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

162) Discuss how Latané and Darley became well known for their discovery of the bystander effect and the phenomenon referred to as the diffusion of responsibility that contributes to it. Answer: After Kitty Genovese was attacked and murdered in New York, the New York Times reported that 38 residents had heard her screams for help and that no one did anything to help her. Reporters, commentators, and pundits of all kinds came forward with their personal theories about why the bystanders hadn’t helped. Most people blamed the inaction on the apathy, indifference, and callousness that big-city life breeds. Latané and Darley, young social psychologists teaching at the time, didn’t agree – they believed it would be more important to focus on the social situation in which the neighbours found themselves. They hypothesized that the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely it is that any given individual will intervene (this came to be known as the bystander effect). The reason behind this, they speculated, was diffusion of responsibility. Type: ES

LO: 2.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

163) Compare the goals of researchers who use the observational method, the correlational method, and the experimental method. Provide an example of a question that is best addressed by each method. Answer: The observational method is used to describe a phenomenon, and is often used to test hunches informally or more formally via systematic observation or archival analyses. The correlational method is designed to determine the relation between two phenomena (variables) and is useful in making predictions; observations and surveys are often used in this kind of research. The experimental method is used to determine whether two related phenomena are causally related, and enables researchers not only to make predictions, but also to understand why two variables might be related. (Note: Students generate their own examples.) Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

164) "What is the relation between viewing violence on the one hand, and behaving aggressively on the other hand?" How might an observational researcher, a correlational researcher, and an experimental researcher answer that question? Answer: Observational researchers might systematically observe how much violence children watch on television and how aggressively they behave on the playground or in the classroom; they might also conduct archival research, comparing rape statistics with Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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the availability of violent pornography. Correlational researchers might use surveys to see whether there is a relation between what people watch on television and their self-reports of aggressive behaviours; alternatively, they could survey parents about children’s viewing habits and survey teachers about the children’s behaviours. Minimally, experimental researchers would randomly assign participants to one of two experimental conditions (experimental and control groups) that systematically vary in violent content, and collect dependent measures of participants' aggressive behaviours. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderateto-Difficult

165) Discuss ethnography and how it can be used in social psychology. Answer: Ethnography, a method commonly used in cultural anthropology, is being used much more in contemporary social psychological research. Ethnography is the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have. It is helpful in understanding the richness and complexity of different groups/cultures by observing them in action. As social psychology broadens its focus by studying social behaviour in different cultures, ethnography is increasingly being used to describe different cultures and generate hypotheses about psychological principles. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

166) A developmental psychologist who used the correlational method found that there was a positive correlation between children’s self-esteem and their academic achievement. First, what does a positive correlation mean in this case? Second, how might these results be explained? Answer: A positive correlation in this case means that children with high (low) self-esteem also manifest high (low) academic achievement. Results could be explained in a number of ways: (1) high self-esteem gives children confidence, so they try harder and achieve more; (2) high achievement boosts children's self-confidence and selfesteem; (3) some third variable such as parental involvement or intelligence might cause both self-esteem and achievement to be correlated. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

167) What are some possible advantages and disadvantages associated with using surveys to enhance our understanding of social behaviour? Answer: Although surveys are useful in collecting data about behaviours that cannot easily be observed directly and surveys can afford the prediction of behaviours, the data they generate are correlational data, so unequivocal cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn. In addition, nonrepresentative surveys can yield inaccurate results and conclusions. Also, responses to questions that ask people to predict how they Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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might behave in a hypothetical situation or to explain why they behaved as they did in the past may be very inaccurate. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

168) Provide a hypothesis that can be tested using the experimental method. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in your experiment. Answer: Whatever the hypothesis, the independent variable is the variable that is manipulated; there must be at least two levels of the independent variable for the study to be an experiment. Whatever the hypothesis, the dependent variable is the variable that is measured; it may be an attitude, a feeling, a belief, or a behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

169) Explain the two essential features of internal validity in experimentation. Answer: Ensure that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable by controlling all extraneous variables (those that might affect the dependent variable). Ensure that there is random assignment of subjects: that is, all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to each condition of the experiment. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

170) Briefly define psychological realism and provide an example. Answer: Psychological realism in an experiment refers to the extent to which experimental manipulations evoke the same psychological processes in participants that are evoked in the world outside the laboratory; manipulations that are powerful and believable are psychologically real. (Note: Students generate their own examples.) Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

171) Describe two kinds of generalizability that experimental social psychologists can use to enhance the external validity of their experiments. Explain how each kind can be achieved. Answer: They can ensure there is generalizability across situations by increasing psychological realism (the extent to which the psychological processes evoked in the experiment resemble real-life ones). One way to increase psychological realism for participants is to provide a realistic cover story for the experiment. Secondly, they can ensure generalizability across people by using replication of the experiment with different populations, in different settings, or using different methods. Further, meta-analyses, averaging the results of many studies in different contexts, can also indicate if an effect is reliable.

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Type: ES

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

172) What is the basic dilemma in experimental research designs in social psychology? Answer: There is frequently a trade-off between internal and external validity. More specifically, there is a trade-off between (1) having enough experimental control to eliminate extraneous variables and to use random assignment and (2) ensuring that results can be generalized to everyday life. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

173) How do social psychologists who do basic research differ from social psychologists who do applied research? Answer: Basic research is conducted to satisfy scientific and intellectual curiosity; basic researchers seek answers to questions about human behaviour and to understand the fundamental psychological processes behind human behaviour. Applied research is conducted with an eye toward elucidating the sources of, or findi ng solutions to, real-world social problems. Of course, applied researchers should and do rely on basic research findings that provide information on psychological processes and social influence. Type: ES

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

174) What is a meta-analysis? What benefits might conducting a meta-analysis have? How do meta-analyses relate to replication? Answer: A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable. Replication is repeating a study, generally with different participant populations, in different settings, or by using different methods. Meta-analyses can be used to summarize the results of various replications of experiments. Meta-analyses can tell researchers if the effect of an independent variable is actually occurring (i.e., that it is not just due to chance) by investigating the number of replications that have found similar results. Type: ES Moderate

LO: 2.2

Skill: Recall and Conceptual

Difficulty:

175) According to the authors, cross-cultural research “...is not a simple matter of traveling to another culture, translating materials into the local language, and replicating the study there.” What factors make conducting cross-cultural research difficult? Answer: First, researchers must make sure that they are not imposing their own viewpoints learned in their own culture onto another culture with which they aren't familiar. Second, they must make sure that the independent and dependent variables are Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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interpreted the same way in different cultures. Third, they need to be aware that there are subtle norms or values in different cultures, and that these may be operating in a new culture, without the researcher's awareness. Type: ES

LO: 2.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

176) Chaewon is enrolled in a fourth year social neuroscience seminar course. Every student is required to come up with a research proposal regarding a topic that interests them. He decides that he wants to study how bullies respond to seeing others in pain. For this to be a social neuroscience proposal, what technique(s) might Chaewon use? Answer: As social neuroscience involves the connection between biological processes and social behaviour, including the study of hormones and behaviour, the immune system, and neurological processes in the brain, Chaewon may select various techniques to investigate his phenomenon of interest. One way could be the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the blood flow in the bullies’ brains. Chaewon could also possibly measure hormonal patterns in the bullies as they are witnessing others in pain. Type: ES

LO: 2.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

177) What happens during a typical post-experimental debriefing? Answer: If any deception was used, the deception and the reasons for it are explained to participants. The experimenter looks for any lingering discomfort and works to eliminate it. The experimenter tells participants about the goals and purposes of the research, so that participation serves an educational function. Experimenters question their participants about their experiences, listen to what they say, and answer any of their questions. Type: ES

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) What are the 6 ethical principles of psychologists in the conduct of research in Canada? Discuss briefly. Answer: 1. Respect for dignity of persons. The central ethical principle underlying psychological research is respect for human dignity. This principle forms the foundation for the other principles that follow. 2. Informed consent. As much as possible, the researcher should describe the procedures to participants before they take part in a study and document their agreement to take part in the study as it was described to them. 3. Minimizing harm. Psychologists must take steps to avoid harming their research participants. 4. Freedom to withdraw. Participants must be informed that they are free to withdraw Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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from a study at any point and that there will be no negative consequences for doing so. 5. Privacy and confidentiality. All information obtained from individual participants must be held in strict confidence. 6. Use of deception. Deception may be used only if there are no other viable means of testing a hypothesis and only if a Research Ethics Board rules that it does not put participants at undue risk. After the study, participants must be provided with a full description and explanation of all procedures, in a post-experimental interview called the debriefing. Type: ES

LO: 2.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

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1) Chapter 3 began with a description of accident victim Kevin Chappell who suffered brain damage that left him with a severe visual disability. His disability is such that A) he is blind due to damage to the optic nerve. B) he can recognize environmental context but not the objects or people in the scene. C) he can recognize faces but not things. D) he can recognize objects, but cannot read. E) he can recognize things but not faces. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: Introduction Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

2) In Chapter 3, the lesson to be learned from accident victim Kevin Chappell's story is that we can automatically categorize objects and faces A) because of the mere exposure effect. B) which allows us to use our processing capacity for other important things. C) because we are particularly interested in faces and objects. D) because of our strong desire to do so. E) because of cognitive biases that influence our perception. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

3) ________ refer(s) to the way people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions about themselves and others. A) Counterfactual thinking B) Social cognition C) Automatic thinking D) Schemas E) Decision rules Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

4) According to the authors, why do people often put their thinking on “automatic pilot”? A) We're inherently flawed in our ability to reason. B) We're more interested in speed than in accuracy when we reason. C) We're motivated to enhance our self-esteem. D) We're not interested in much of the information we take in. E) We're confronted with an overwhelming amount of social information. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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5) When thinking about the film Casablanca, many people erroneously remember the Humphrey Bogart line, "Play it again, Sam." In reality, Bogart never said that line. This example illustrates that memory is A) objective. B) affected by our schemas. C) random. D) regularly false. E) inconsistent with our schemas. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

6) When most people think of the character Captain Kirk from the original Star Trek series, they think of the line, "Beam me up, Scotty!" But that line of dialogue never appeared on the show. This example illustrates that memory is often A) a product of our schemas. B) influenced by our peers. C) more accurate in thinking about real people than about fictitious characters. D) completely random. E) inconsistent with our schemas. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

7) Why do we use schemas? A) Schemas are taught to us in our early childhood. B) Schemas enable us to interpret the world accurately. C) Without schemas, the world would seem inexplicable and confusing. D) Humans are born with schemas. E) Without schemas, we could not be accurate in our judgments. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

8) When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of Dante’s Inferno. You think, “Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me.” You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your __________. A) schemas B) memories C) intuitions D) heuristics E) attributions Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Difficulty: Moderate 3-2

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9) _______ processing is nonconscious, effortless, and unintentional, whereas _______ processing is conscious, effortful, and intentional. A) Biased; accurate B) Automatic; controlled C) Logical; illogical D) Illogical; logical E) Controlled; automatic Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

10) New professors often have to concentrate very hard to give a lecture, and monitor themselves carefully to make sure they're not talking too fast and that they are using appropriate and clear examples. More seasoned professors don't have to concentrate as much, and can talk clearly and engagingly, reorder their notes, and keep an eye on students all at the same time. This example represents the transition from _______ processing to _______ processing as professors gain experience. A) controlled; automatic B) random; systematic C) automatic; controlled D) unconscious; conscious E) controlled; random Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

11) New students often have to concentrate very hard to take notes in class. They must listen to the lecture, pick out what is important, and focus their attention only on the classroom. As students gain experience, they can more easily identify what is important and what is not, they can often multitask, and they gain a deeper understanding of lectures. This example shows how students move from __________ thinking to __________ thinking as they gain experience in the classroom. A) unconscious; conscious B) random; systematic C) automatic; controlled D) controlled; automatic E) schematic ; accessible Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

12) Psychologists distinguish between two types of cognitive processing. _______ processing is nonconscious and unintentional, whereas _______ processing is conscious and intentional. A) Inefficient; efficient B) Controlled; automatic Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) Automatic; controlled D) Accurate; inaccurate E) efficient; inefficient Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

13) What is a major advantage of processing information automatically? A) Automatic processing is more easily remembered than controlled processing. B) Automatic processing is more easily modified than controlled processing. C) It is easier to learn how to process information automatically. D) We can use our cognitive resources for other more important matters. E) Automatic processing yields more accurate judgments than does controlled processing. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

14) At an outdoor concert, Julian automatically applies his “pot-smoker” schema when

he sees a young man with long hair, sandals, and a Grateful Dead T-shirt. He offers the man a joint, and is arrested by an undercover narcotics officer. From a socialpsychological perspective, what is the moral to this story? A) It is very difficult to ignore atypical information completely. B) It’s never advisable to use schemas in interpreting the social world. C) Efficient information processing often comes at a cost in accuracy. D) Never trust anyone wearing a Grateful Dead T-shirt. E) In everyday life, most people want their experiences to be atypical. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

15) A major problem with schemas is that A) they take a long time to learn. B) they are more often wrong than right. C) their effect cannot be reduced by using controlled thinking. D) they allow us to “fill in the gaps” and interpret ambiguous information. E) they operate automatically, making it difficult for us to know when we’re using them. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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C) Heuristics D) Social cognitions E) Internal attributions Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

17) Mental structures that organize information in our social world are called A) cognitive filters. B) counterfactuals. C) schemas. D) affect blends. E) heuristics. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

18) Which of the following can be considered good examples of schemas? A) stereotypes B) counterfactuals C) base rate information D) heuristics E) priming Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

19) Which of the following statements about schemas is true? A) Schemas affect the information we notice, but only when we are aware of the schema. B) Schemas affect what we perceive while emotional processes are important for determining what we think about and remember. C) Schemas affect what we notice but not necessarily what we remember. D) Schemas affect the information we notice, think about, and remember. E) Schemas affect what we remember while intensity of stimuli determines what we notice. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

20) Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on __________. A) automatic thinking, which is difficult to describe to someone else B) controlled thinking that can only be learned by experience C) intuition, which is difficult to express in language that a child can understand Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child E) semantic knowledge, and children learn very quickly Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

21) In the study by Kunda, Sinclair, and Griffin (1997), participants were told that a person was either a salesperson or an actor and very extroverted. Participants generated descriptions of the person that A) varied according to the occupation of the person. B) did not differ according to the occupation. C) varied depending on the attractiveness of the person. D) were better remembered when consistent with the occupation of the person. E) were similar to the participant’s own personality. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

22) Pierre encounters his physics professor working on her laptop computer in a coffee shop. The professor has a stack of physics journals, along with a music CD of a group that Pierre doesn’t recognize on the table. Pierre is most likely to A) assume that the CD is of rap music because that is the kind of music that he likes. B) assume that the CD is of classical music because it is consistent with his schema for physics professors. C) not assume anything about the CD. D) not notice the CD at all because there are too many objects on the table. E) assume that the CD is of rock music because rock music is very popular. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

23) Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder that makes sufferers unable to form new memories. The world is disorienting and incoherent to patients with this disorder, so they often confabulate or invent fictions to A) increase ambiguity. B) help them relate to others. C) reduce ambiguity and feel less unsettled and fearful about the world. D) lose their schemas. E) form new schemas. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

24) Korsakov's syndrome is a neurological disorder more closely associated with abnormal psychology than with social psychology. Why would the authors of your text describe the symptoms of Korsakov's syndrome and provide Oliver Sacks's Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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description of his encounter with a patient suffering from that disease? This discussion illustrates A) the dangers of relying on heuristics to understand medical problems. B) the importance of schemas in helping humans make sense of their experiences. C) the power of schemas to create reality. D) how unreliable our schemas can be. E) the hazards of holding rigid, inflexible schemas. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

25) We are most likely to rely on schemas when the situation we confront is A) well-defined. B) ambiguous. C) forgettable. D) interesting. E) arousing. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

26) Carole has a subtle “Mona Lisa” smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin. Assume that before you met Carole, a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly. The first time Carole smiled at you, you would probably conclude that she is A) bored talking to you. B) shy. C) a cool, aloof person. D) very hard to read. E) a friendly person. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

27) The first day of class Maria absolutely loved her new social psychology professor, but Daniel couldn't stand the professor. If their interpretations were influenced by schemas, in all likelihood, Maria had heard ________, whereas Daniel had heard ________. A) nothing about the professor; that the professor was horrible B) that the professor was great; nothing about the professor C) nothing about the professor; that the professor was supposed to be great D) that the professor was great; that the professor was horrible E) that the professor was an introvert; that the professor was an extravert Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Difficulty: Easy 3-7

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

28) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest lecturer was a warm person, and others that he was a cold person. The visitor then lectured for 20 minutes, and the students later evaluated him. Assume for the moment that students' evaluations and behaviours didn't differ in the two conditions. These findings could suggest that A) the contents of the lecture contradicted the warm versus cold descriptions. B) schemas are influential only in unambiguous situations. C) students didn't have schemas for “warm” and “cold” personalities. D) schemas only affect social processes within peer groups. E) the students did not pay attention to the lecturer. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

29) Michelle has worked on a psychiatric unit for three years. On the way home from work one day, she encounters a man who gestures wildly and talks to himself while he stands at the bus stop. Michelle thinks to herself, “That poor guy must be psychotic. He should be on medication.” This example illustrates that ________ can increase the accessibility of schemas or concepts. A) unusual situations B) random thoughts C) implicit personality theories D) past experience E) norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

30) Priming and accessibility have greater impact when we interpret a(n) _______ event. A) explicit B) unusual C) certain D) ambiguous E) improbable Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

31) During the last Canadian election, there was a televised debate among the candidates for Prime Minister. After the debate, supporters of each side thought that their candidate had performed the best in the debate. The supporters’ judgments were probably affected by A) their schemas. B) the hostile media effect. C) a self-fulfilling prophecy. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the representativeness heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

32) The main difference between the availability heuristic and accessibility is that availability refers to _______ while accessibility refers to _______. A) information on your mind at any given moment; adjusting an answer according to a starting point. B) the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind; information on your mind at any given moment. C) adjusting an answer according to a starting point; information on your mind at any given moment. D) information your mind at any moment; calculation according to how similar it is to a typical case. E) information on your mind at any moment; the ease or difficulty of bringing a concept to mind. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

33) In distinguishing between availability and accessibility we can say that availability is related to _______ while accessibility is related to _______. A) stream of consciousness; making judgments quickly and efficiently B) making judgments quickly and efficiently; stream of consciousness C) resemblance to a typical case; making judgments quickly and efficiently D) stream of consciousness; ease of recall E) ease of recall; stream of consciousness Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

34) In general, _______ represent knowledge to which we often apply _______. A) schemas; heuristics B) generalizations; logic C) base rates; personal experience D) personal experiences; base rates E) biases; corrections Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2 Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

35) Jason assumes that redheads are hot-tempered. When asked whether Linda, a redhead, has a quick temper, Jason replies, "My confident prediction is that she is hottempered." Jason has just applied _______ to _______. A) the availability heuristic; the representativeness heuristic B) his schema for redheads; the representativeness heuristic C) the vividness effect; his schema for redheads Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) the availability heuristic; his schemas for redheads E) the representativeness heuristic; his schema for redheads Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1 and 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

36) In most cases, when we encounter a fact that is inconsistent with our schemas, we A) ponder the source of the inconsistency. B) abandon our schemas. C) examine the nature of the inconsistency. D) overlook the inconsistent fact. E) revise our schemas. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

37) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some college students that their guest instructor was a warm person, and told others that he was a cold person. Students who were told that the guest instructor was a warm person evaluated him more positively and participated more in class discussion than did students who were told that he was cold. The fact that this occurred even though they were only exposed to the guest instructor for a short time supports the idea that schemas are A) impossible to modify. B) generally accurate. C) generally inaccurate. D) universal. E) especially influential when we encounter ambiguous information. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

38) Recall that Harold Kelley (1950) told some students that a guest instructor was warm, and others that the same guest instructor was cold. Assume that the instructor behaved in a clearly arrogant way, and that he was rated as immodest, no matter what students were told about him at the outset. These findings suggest that A) schemas are specific to the situation in which we find ourselves. B) when we dislike someone, we don't give that person the benefit of the doubt. C) when behaviours are decidedly unambiguous, we rely less on our schemas. D) in tense situations, we seldom rely on our schemas. E) schemas are completely malleable. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

39) Sometimes when forming impressions of others, we are influenced by the schemas that are in the forefront of our mind. When this happens, social psychologists talk about the role of ________ in colouring our impressions of others. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-10

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) the unconscious B) accessibility C) memory D) the fundamental attribution error E) the Korsakov effect Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

40) According to the authors, two ways that traits about others can become accessible are A) automatic activity and past experience. B) priming and attitude retrieval. C) past experience and priming. D) attitude retrieval and automatic activity. E) priming and attitude retrieval. Answer: C Type: MC 41.

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons that schemas become accessible? A) Chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming B) Priming; recent experiences; current goals C) Chronic accessibility due to experience; priming; base rate information D) Priming; chronic accessibility due to experience; non-applicable information E) Recent experiences; heuristics ; priming

Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

42) Sometimes traits are chronically accessible due to past experience. Other times, traits are accessible for more arbitrary reasons, such as what we're currently thinking about. Social psychologists use the term ________ to describe the latter case. A) attributions B) implicit personality theories C) priming D) social retrieval E) accessibility Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

43) Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark) a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break. On break, she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water, since she is convinced that Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-11

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

anything she sees in the water is a shark. Her heightened sensitivity is due to __________. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) priming C) anchoring and adjustment D) representativeness E) judgmental heuristics Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

44) Linnea and Latrice have just left the movie theatre after watching Thelma and Louise, a film that chronicles the misadventures of two close friends, one a rape survivor and the other the wife of a piggish husband; they kill a man in self-defense and run from the law. At the end of the movie, Thelma and Louise chose to drive off a cliff rather than surrender to the men who have been pursuing them. As Linnea and Latrice walk through the lobby, every man they encounter looks loutish and threatening to them. This example illustrates the power of ________ in shaping our implicit personality theories. A) personal experience B) personality heuristics C) schematic norms D) priming E) cultural norms Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

45) Melodia, a second-grade student, just finished going over her spelling list for the week. The list contained many adjectives that reflected positive emotions (e.g., happy, elated, delighted). As Melodia gazes out the window, she sees her sister Karin come running up to the house. If Melodia is like many of the participants in an experiment by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977), and if Melodia's construal is a function of priming, what is she most likely to think? A) "Mom told Karin not to run." B) "The neighbours must think Karin's crazy." C) "Why is Karin so scared?" D) "Karin must have something great to tell us." E) "I hope Karin is okay." Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

46) Some participants in a study by Tory Higgins and his colleagues (1977) memorized “positive” trait adjectives (e.g., adventurous, neat); others memorized “negative” adjectives (e.g., reckless, disrespectful). All participants then read an ambiguous description of a person named Donald and formed an impression of him. Some, but Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-12

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

not all, negative adjectives led to negative interpretations of Donald's actions, and some, but not all, positive adjectives led to positive interpretations of those same actions. These results suggest that thoughts must be both _______ and _______ before they influence our impressions. A) vivid; applicable B) applicable; vivid C) widely shared; vivid D) accessible; widely shared E) accessible; applicable Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

47) Based on the 2010 study by Callan and colleagues, which of the following responses would be expected if you had been subliminally primed with a legal term (such as “judge” or “lawyer”)? A) You would be more likely to worry about expenses. B) You would show more opposition to government policies that were unfavourable to you. C) You would show less competitiveness in games. D) You would be more likely to interpret an ambiguous scenario as having cooperative qualities. E) You would be more likely to follow the rules of the road when driving. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

48) You have spent a lot of the weekend watching prosocial shows with your young niece. These shows have displayed a great deal of helping behaviour. The next day, you see a person walking down the street, judge them to be in need of help, and ask them if you can help them find their destination. The notion of helping people was ________ by the prosocial television shows, and became accessible in this situation. A) primed B) clarified C) validated D) reinforced E) biased Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

49) The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs because we often A) work to revise our schemas when necessary. B) deliberately distort reality to support our schemas. C) abandon our schemas when we're under pressure. D) act based on our schemas. E) ignore base-rate information. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

50) In a controlled experiment, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. In reality, the "bloomers" were chosen randomly by the researchers, and were no smarter than any of the other students. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? At the end of the year, A) both bloomers and non-bloomers improved more on IQ tests than was expected. B) there were no IQ differences between bloomers and non-bloomers, but the bloomers were more interested in school. C) non-bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did bloomers. D) bloomers and non-bloomers performed equally well on an IQ test. E) bloomers improved more on an IQ test than did non-bloomers. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

51) Which of the following is NOT a step in the self-fulfilling prophecy? A) Your behaviour toward someone influences their behaviour toward you. B) The person you have an expectation about actually behaves in a manner that confirms your expectation. C) Your expectation of someone influences your interpretation of their behaviour. D) You see the other person’s behaviour as proof that your expectation was correct. E) Your expectation of someone influences how you behave toward them. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

52) Recall that Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) informed grade school teachers that some of their students (called "bloomers") would show great academic improvement in the upcoming year. Also recall that students labelled "bloomers" actually showed greater increases on IQ tests, compared to students who were not labelled "bloomers." These differences occurred because teachers A) distracted "non-bloomers" by providing them too much personal attention. B) spent significantly more time interacting with "bloomers." C) decided to devote their attention to the students with the most promise. D) challenged "bloomers" more and gave them more and better feedback. E) ignored "non-bloomers." Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

3-14

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

53) You have just arrived for your first year of university, but your roommate, Leah, is nowhere to be found. Your next-door neighbour, Tim, tells you that he’s met Leah, and that she’s really shy and introverted. If you wanted to counteract the selffulfilling prophecy, what might you do when you meet Leah? A) Try to get her to talk about fun social activities she did in high school. B) Ask her if she is an introvert. C) Be quiet and shy yourself, so as not to intimidate her. D) Ask her what books she's read lately. E) Ask her if she likes to spend a lot of time alone. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

54) Self-fulfilling prophecies most often are a result of A) inadvertent and unconscious influences of individuals’ schemas. B) deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas. C) deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner. D) the immediate situation. E) priming. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

55) Warren believes that Kurt is an outgoing, gregarious person. "How many parties did you go to this weekend?" Warren asks Kurt. "Tell me about all of the fun and crazy things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Kurt is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) false memory. C) the perseverance effect. D) the primacy effect. E) reconstructive memory. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

56) What have a number of research studies on the self-fulfilling prophecy revealed? A) Schema-confirming behaviours are conscious and deliberate. B) Self-fulfilling prophecies are the result of unconscious, inadvertent processes. C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are a result of our desire to "be right." D) Because their job is to assess performance, educators are especially susceptible to the self-fulfilling prophecy. E) Self-fulfilling prophecies cannot have any real impact on our behaviour. Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-15

Chapter 3

Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

57) People often talk about girls’ relatively poor academic performance on standardized tests compared to boys’ performance on those tests. Based on the research presented in Module 3.1 of this chapter, these gender differences may be due in part to __________. A) the gender bias that pervades standardized tests B) biological differences in the ways males and females process information C) girls’ and young women’s “fear of success” schemas D) the power of teachers’ self-fulfilling prophecies E) favouritism on the part of teachers Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.1

Skill: Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

58) The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures is called A) Embodied cognition B) Heuristic thinking C) Schematic cognition D) The self-fulfilling prophecy E) Priming Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

59) Williams and Bargh (2008) asked participants to hold either a cup of hot coffee or a cup of iced coffee. Compared to those who held the iced coffee, the participants who held the hot coffee A) were more likely to underestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup. B) were less likely to put the cup down quickly. C) were more likely to overestimate the amount of time they spent holding the cup. D) thought that a stranger was friendlier. E) predicted that their friends’ marriages would last longer. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

60) Jana wants to know if people are more likely to judge someone else as being trustworthy if they are told to stand with their arms open wide than if they are standing with their arms crossed. She thinks that this will prime participants’ schemas for openness or being closed off such that people primed with openness will be emotionally open to trust others. Jana is studying A) the representativeness heuristic. B) embodied cognition. C) the availability heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-16

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

D) holistic and analytic thinking styles. E) controlled social cognition. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

61) Research on embodied cognition suggests that A) our beliefs about others can affect their behaviour. B) the conscious mind always overrides the unconscious mind. C) we make judgments based on how easily information is brought to mind. D) bodily sensations can activate schemas and affect our judgments unconsciously. E) we classify something based on how similar it is to a typical case. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

62) What did David Kille and colleagues (2013) find when they had participants fill out questionnaires either sitting on a wobbly chair and writing on a wobbly table or sitting on a stable chair with a stable table? A) Participants with the stable furniture thought that other people were less likely to lie. B) Participants with the wobbly furniture were more likely to fill out the questionnaires quickly. C) All participants valued stability in their own partners equally. D) Participants with the stable furniture rated other participants as more boring. E) Participants with the wobbly furniture thought that well-known couples’ marriages were less likely to last. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

63) In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule, "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," and you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a _______ to decide who is smarter. A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) fundamental attribution C) decoding bias D) correspondence bias E) judgmental heuristic Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

3-17

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) tend to avoid the use of heuristics. C) use judgmental heuristics to make decisions quickly and efficiently. D) attempt to apply old schemas, which often lead to faulty decisions. E) exhaustively search our memories for all relevant information in order to ensure the correct decision. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

65) The shortcuts or “rules of thumb” that people use to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently are called A) judgmental heuristics. B) functional cognitions. C) cultural truisms. D) structural equations. E) rationalizations. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

66) According to the text, which of the following statements about judgmental heuristics is false? A) They are examples of automatic rather than controlled processing. B) They are often beneficial because they help us make decisions when dealing with large amounts of ambiguous information. C) They usually lead us to make faulty decisions. D) They are a type of mental shortcut. E) They allow us to make judgments quickly and efficiently. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

67) People are most likely to use judgmental heuristics when A) they have all of the relevant facts. B) they must make a simple “yes-no” decision. C) they are motivated to seek out all relevant facts. D) a lot rides on making the correct decision. E) pre-existing schemas are inappropriate. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

68) Your roommate is interested in dating Carlotta, a woman you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Carlotta is generally a considerate person. You remember how Carlotta lent you her notes when you missed class last week, and tell your roommate you think Carlotta is very considerate. In making your judgment, you have relied upon the _______ heuristic. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-18

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

A) anchoring and adjustment B) availability C) representativeness D) descriptive E) base rate Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

69) Reasoning based on the ease with which we can bring something to mind involves the use of the _______ heuristic. A) representativeness B) availability C) confirmatory D) counterfactual E) base rate Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

70) Why do people often fall prey to the availability heuristic and draw incorrect inferences? A) What looks like the typical case may not be representative of the typical case. B) People are far better at making inferences about themselves than about others. C) People wrongly assume that correlation implies causation. D) What is easily brought to mind may not be typical of the big picture. E) People often ignore base rates. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

71) Recall Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a 9-yearold girl with a rare disease. He explains that “doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the _______ heuristic. A) representativeness B) primacy C) nonbiased D) counterfactual E) availability Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

3-19

Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

72) Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991) asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. Participants who tried to generate 6 examples of assertive behaviours rated themselves as more assertive than did participants who tried to generate 12 examples. Why? A) Participants asked to think of 12 examples didn't have time to complete the experimental task. B) Participants who could generate 12 examples were really more assertive, or else they couldn't come up with the examples. C) Participants who were asked to generate 6 examples were more likely to use the representativeness heuristic. D) Participants asked to generate 6 examples could do so more easily than participants who were asked to generate 12. E) Participants asked to generate 12 examples could do so just as easily as participants who were asked to generate 6. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

73) Recall that Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991) asked some participants to think of 6 times they had behaved assertively and asked other participants to think of 12 times they had behaved assertively, and then asked all participants to rate how assertive they thought they really were. The findings were that A) those assigned to generate 6 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic. B) those assigned to generate 12 examples rated themselves most assertive due to the availability heuristic. C) those assigned to give 12 items rated themselves more assertive due to the influence of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. D) assertive people were more likely to generate 12 examples. E) the groups rated themselves equally in assertiveness due to the influence of the representativeness heuristic. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

74) Your roommate questions how charitable you really are. She says to you, “Give me just one example of the last time you gave money to a homeless person.” Odds are that her challenge will convince you that you really are a generous person. Based on research by Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues (1991), why is that? A) It's easy to bring to mind one example that supports your self-schema. B) It's easier to think of “factuals” than “counterfactuals.” C) Your roommate activated your “generosity” schema. D) You will believe that you donated more money than the average person. E) Homeless people are representative of people who need our help. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Answer: A Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

75) A teenager wants to borrow the family car to go to an out-of-town concert. Her parents resist the idea. The teenager in question is most likely to view her parents as stubborn and unreasonable when they say to her, A) “Tell us again what you would do if the car broke down.” B) “Give us one reason why we shouldn't worry ourselves to death.” C) “How many other friends are going with you?” D) “Give us five reasons why you should be allowed to borrow the car.” E) “Give us ten reasons you should be allowed to borrow the car.” Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

76) Most people, when asked, guess that more people die from grisly accidents than from strokes. This is probably due to the greater number of accidental deaths reported in the media, and thus, due to A) the availability heuristic. B) the base rate fallacy. C) upward counterfactual thinking. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) downward counterfactual thinking. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

77) The _______ heuristic refers to the mental shortcut whereby people classify a person or thing based on how similar it appears to the typical case. A) base-rate B) representativeness C) anchoring and adjustment D) availability E) counterfactual Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

78) If I tell you that someone I know is a man who has a beard, drinks wine, and likes to read poetry, and you guess that he is more likely to be a classics professor than a construction worker, you are A) paying too much attention to base rate information. B) being misled by the availability heuristic. C) probably correct. D) falling victim to the representativeness heuristic. E) probably not familiar with classics professors. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

3-21

Chapter 3

Answer: D Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

79) Although there are only a few runners on your college track team, you see a woman on campus who has the physique of a runner. You decide that she’s a member of the track team. Your conclusion is based on A) the availability heuristic. B) the base rate fallacy. C) base rate information. D) biased sampling. E) the representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

80) When confronted with “H H H H T T T T T T” as a summary of the results of a series of 10 flips of a coin, most people will view that series as “less random” than a summary of results that looks like “H H T H T T H T H T,” even though the odds of a “head” on the next toss is 50/50 in each case. Why? Their estimates have been biased by A) counterfactual thinking. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) downward counterfactual thinking. E) anchoring and insufficient adjustment. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

81) A particular company employs 100 people; 80 are lawyers; and 20 are engineers. Alberto, an employee at the company, is quiet, enjoys puzzles, and carries a calculator. Most people, when asked whether Alberto is a lawyer or an engineer, will guess that he is an engineer. People are using the _______ heuristic to make this potentially faulty guess. A) representativeness B) availability C) anchoring and adjustment D) base rate E) counterfactual Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

82) When asked to guess whether Mark is from Winnipeg or Toronto, you guess Toronto because more people live in Toronto. You have used _______ in making your decision. A) the availability heuristic Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 3

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

B) base rate information C) the representativeness heuristic D) counterfactual thinking E) anchoring and adjustment Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

83) If accurate judgments are our goal, we should use base rate information instead of the representativeness heuristic when A) base rates are high. B) we have a wealth of information about the person in question. C) base rates are low. D) we don’t have a lot of specific information about the person in question. E) the decision is a complicated one. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

84) When people classify a stimulus based on how similar it appears to the typical case, they are using the _______ heuristic. A) correspondence B) availability C) representativeness D) exemplar E) hindsight Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

85) Marvin flips a coin 5 times, and gets 5 “heads” in a row. Now Marvin thinks he is almost sure to get a “tails” on the next flip. According to the text, Marvin A) is guilty of biased sampling. B) is correct. C) needs to attend school more. D) is falling victim to the availability bias. E) is making an error due to the representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

86) Because a rhino horn looks something like an erect penis, some people believe that crushed rhino horn is an aphrodisiac. A couple decides to try it to spice up their sex life. Their decision is most like A) the representativeness heuristic. B) the noncommon effects heuristic. C) the correspondence bias. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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D) the availability heuristic. E) counterfactual thinking. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

87) "If it walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck..." This expression best captures the essence of the A) base rate fallacy. B) correspondence heuristic. C) fundamental attribution error. D) availability heuristic. E) representativeness heuristic. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

88) Which specific mental shortcut does the text suggest causes the Barnum effect? A) the judgmental heuristic B) the availability heuristic C) the base rate information D) the representativeness heuristic E) the cocktail party phenomenon Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

89) Adele is from France, where rabbits are eaten regularly. She can tell you the most tender part of the rabbit, how long to cook one, and how big a rabbit you would need to feed five people. Marsha is from Canada, where rabbits are pets, and bring coloured eggs to children in the spring. She hasn't a clue about how to cook one, even if she wanted to. This example best illustrates A) the representativeness heuristic. B) that rabbits are ambiguous stimuli. C) individual differences in the contents of schemas. D) the universality of schemas. E) the cultural determinants of schemas. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

90) One of the authors of your text supervised an honours student from China who attended a curling championship in Winnipeg. The student was very amused to see people paying so much money to watch “a couple of guys mopping the floor.” This story suggests that A) many schemas are common to different cultures. B) some cultures do not use schematic processing. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) priming affects everyone, regardless of culture. D) the use of schemas is a human universal, no matter what the culture. E) schemas are affected by one’s native culture. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

91) Iain is from Australia, where people drive on the left-hand side of the road. When he moved to Canada, his accident rate was higher than any of his friends'. Why might this be? A) Driving schemas differ between Canada and Australia. B) There is less traffic in Australia. C) Iain had no schema for driving behaviours. D) They don't have Driver Education courses in Australia. E) There is no speed limit in Australia. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

92) Why do schemas differ from culture to culture? A) Cultures differ in terms of what is important and relevant to the people who live in them. B) In some cultures, it is more important to make quick decisions. C) Life is simpler in non-industrialized cultures, making schemas less important. D) A good memory is more important in some cultures than in others. E) Survival is more difficult in nomadic cultures, making schemas more important. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Difficult

93) You've rented the movie Sophie's Choice. There is a scene in which Sophie, a recent immigrant from Poland, is both surprised and amused that Americans have so many words for the concept "fast." She reports that in Polish, there is only one word. You've just read Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), and a friend asks you why the cultures differ in that regard. What would you say? A) Americans are generally better educated than Poles. B) Polish has different roots than does English. C) Poles don't have well-developed schemas for the concept "fast." D) English has borrowed more words from foreign languages than Polish has. E) Poles have a relatively limited vocabulary compared to Americans. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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94) When Frederic Bartlett (1932) interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction, the Scot _______, whereas the Bantu herdsman _______. A) guessed; said that he couldn't remember B) remembered the faces of the traders; remembered the colour of the cattle C) erroneously recalled that sheep were traded; accurately recalled that oxen and cattle were traded D) consulted his notes; recalled details from memory E) guessed; remembered the colour of the cattle Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

95) Recall that Frederic Bartlett (1932) interviewed both a Scotsman and a Bantu herdsman about the particulars of a cattle transaction. The Bantu herdsman recited from memory many details, but the Scot had to consult his notes. If this difference were the result of the cultural influence on schemas, the Scot would be more likely to notice and remember the _______ than would the Bantu herdsman. A) songs sung at his daughter's wedding B) number on a basketball player's shirt C) day his father died D) specific plaid pattern on a man's shirt E) colour of the cattle Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

96) Compared to those in Western cultures, those in East Asian cultures have a more ________ style of thinking. A) analytic B) automatic C) controlled D) schematic E) holistic Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

97) Among the features of an analytic thinking style is A) a focus on objects. B) a focus on context. C) concern with the relationship between objects. D) greater cortical activity when paying attention to objects. E) efficient information searching strategies. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Difficulty: Easy 3-26

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98) Holistic thinking is to ________ as analytic thinking is to ________. A) automatic; controlled B) priming; heuristics C) linear; circular D) context; object E) inefficient; efficient Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

99) Richard and his friend Henry are watching a movie. Henry’s background is East Asian Canadian while Richard’s background is European Canadian. Based on research in Chapter 3, which aspects of the movie is Richard likely to notice more than Henry? A) Background interaction between movie extras. B) Details of the hero’s appearance. C) The scenery through which the hero is travelling. D) The storyline of the movie. E) The credits at the end of the movie. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

100) Researchers Miyamoto, Nisbett, and Masuda compared photographs of city scenes in the U.S. and Japan. They found that, on average, city scenes in Japan contained more __________. A) businesses and advertisements B) people and residences C) objects and information D) buildings and concrete E) landmarks Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

101) Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues involved showing participants two similar pictures and asking them to find the differences between them. Nisbett and his colleagues found a(n) __________ difference in how participants described the differences. A) gender B) cultural C) age D) socioeconomic status E) temporal Answer: B Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Type: MC

Test Item File for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition

LO: 3.3

Skill: Recall and Understand

Difficulty: Moderate

102) Nao was raised in Japan and is walking around downtown Vancouver. Based on results from Nisbett’s studies on cultural differences in thinking styles, which of the following would Nao be most likely to notice relative to people raised in Canada? A) The number of people B) The advertisements C) The number of homeless people D) How the buildings are arranged relative to one another E) The weather Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.3

Skill: Apply

Difficulty: Moderate

103) According to research by Dijksterhuis (2004), participants who had to choose among four different apartments in a short period of time made the best choice when A) the researcher asked the participant to choose immediately the apartment that they thought was the best. B) the researcher asked the participant to think carefully about the apartments for three minutes and then make a choice. C) the researcher asked participants to go with their “gut feeling”. D) the researcher asked participants to reach consensus. E) the researcher gave the participants a distracting task for three minutes and then asked them to make a decision. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

104) So much research has been dedicated to automatic thinking because A) it often leads us to make mistakes with important decisions. B) it allows us to think deliberately about the social environment. C) automatic thinking takes over from controlled thinking when unusual events occur. D) it is pervasive and dominates much of people’s mental life. E) it helps researchers understand counterfactual thinking. Answer: D Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

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D) precede automatic processing. E) provide a check on automatic processing. Answer: E Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

106) Which of the following is TRUE about research on free will? A) People rarely overestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior. B) Sometimes people underestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior. C) Studies have shown that people have free will over almost everything they do. D) The more people believe in free will, the more likely they are to engage in immoral actions such as cheating. E) It’s more important that people have free will than believe they have it. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

107) In short, counterfactual thinking can be described as A) mentally reconstructing the past by imagining what could have been. B) one of the most rational responses to an undesirable outcome. C) putting a positive spin on things to enhance self-esteem. D) thinking about how things couldn't have turned out differently. E) avoiding thinking of things that may damage self-esteem. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

108) You stayed up all night cramming for an examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night’s rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in A) counterfactual thinking. B) self-justification. C) wish fulfillment. D) the hindsight bias. E) unrealistic fantasy. Answer: A Type: MC

LO: 3.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

109) When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favourite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, “Now, Jana. Don't cry over spilled milk.” In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to A) avoid the hindsight bias. Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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C) Laura, the music lover of the two, gets the stereo, while Luke, the gourmet chef, gets all of the fancy pots and pans. D) They agree to let Pedro, a mutual friend, mediate the dispute and decide on the fairness of the negotiations. E) They agree to flip a coin and let the winner choose to take the ten items he or she most wants. Answer: C Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

173) You are the leader of a labour union on strike against management. The conflict has escalated, and there is anger and mistrust on both sides of the conflict. Management is about to declare bankruptcy and union strike benefits are running low. You want to resolve the conflict as quickly as possible, and to reach an agreement that both sides will accept as binding. What should you do? A) Accept a process loss. B) Hire a mediator. C) Use a tit-for-tat strategy. D) Threaten management with a strike. E) Push for a quid pro quo solution. Answer: B Type: MC

LO: 8.4

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

174) What is a group and what distinguishes it from a collection of people occupying the same space? Answer: A group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and are interdependent in the sense that they must rely on one another to pursue their goals. Note that members of social groups do not need to be in the same place at the same time (e.g., participants in a conference call, students having lunch, sports teams). This differs from a collection of people in the same place at the same time that is not interacting with one another (e.g., fans at a baseball game, passengers on an airplane, audience members at a movie). Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

175) Although the term “group” is used commonly in everyday conversation, it has a very specific meaning in the context of social psychology. First, define “group,” and be sure you include the two essential properties of groups in your definition. Second, identify a group in the real world. It can be one that you belong to, or just know of. Explain how the group you’ve identified exemplifies the two central Copyright © 2022 Pearson Canada Inc.

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properties of a group. Answer: A group can be defined as three or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent. [Students then will select a group to discuss. In order to receive full credit, they should discuss how this group of people: 1) interact with each other, and 2) are interdependent.] Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

176) There is a new student on campus who doesn’t know anyone yet. Why would you expect this student to join groups on campus (these could be groups of friends, clubs, or teams)? Also, what kinds of students would you expect in the composition of the groups this new student would join? Answer: The new student would join groups in order to fulfill his or her need to belong, the fundamental need to maintain stable relationships with others. The student may also join groups that are related to a part of his or her identity. For instance, if the student is a musician, he or she may seek to join a band. If the student enjoys soccer, he or she may join a soccer team, or find friends to play soccer with. The students in the groups the new student would join would likely be homogeneous. This is because of the social norms that groups expect their members to follow. Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Difficult

177) Imagine you’re giving advice about the first year to a group of first-year college students. Give them at least three reasons that people join groups, based on information in this chapter. Answer: Any of the following: (1) Groups fulfill basic human needs. (2) Groups gave our ancestors survival advantages. (3) Groups help us to get a sense of belonging along with establishing distinction from others. (4) Groups help define who we are. (5) Group membership also plays a significant role in motivating people to become involved in social change. Type: ES

LO: 8.1

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

178) According to Robert Zajonc’s (1969, 1980) social facilitation theory, would you play pool better alone or when others are observing you? Explain your answer. Answer: It all depends on how good a pool player you are or on how difficult the shot is. Social facilitation theory posits that the presence of other members of our species causes vigilance and arousal, and that the arousal, in turn, facilitates good performance on easy or well-learned tasks, but impedes performance on difficult or not-so-well learned tasks. If you are a good pool player, you would probably play better when others are observing you. If you are a poor pool player, the arousal

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caused by others’ presence would probably cause you to play worse than if you played alone. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Easy

179) Social facilitation and social loafing are two very different phenomena that occur in the presence of other people. When does each occur, and what determines whether performance is enhanced or diminished? Answer: To predict whether social facilitation or social loafing will occur, we first need to know whether individual performance will be evaluated. If it will be evaluated, social facilitation is likely to occur. If it will not be evaluated, social loafing will likely occur. To determine whether social facilitation and social loafing will increase or diminish performance, we need to know something about task difficulty. In social facilitation situations, performance on simple tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on complex tasks is diminished. In social loafing situations, just the opposite occurs—performance on complex tasks is enhanced, whereas performance on simple tasks is diminished. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

180) You will be working with a group of students on a class project soon, and your instructor lets you choose who you would want in your group. Based on the established gender and cultural differences in terms of social loafing, who would you most want in your group, and why? Answer: I would most want to choose women and students from collectivist cultures (Asia, South America). This is because women tend to have a more relational sense of interdependence and are more likely to focus on what will benefit the group than men. People from collectivistic cultures also tend to behave in ways that benefit groups they belong to, which in turn makes them less likely to loaf. [Note that if students say, “Asian women” or “women from collectivist cultures,” this can be considered incorrect without the proper rationale. The effects of gender and culture are not additive. That is, women from collectivist cultures are not necessarily less likely to loaf than men from collectivist cultures.] Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Applied

Difficulty: Moderate

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181) What is deindividuation, and why does it occur, sometimes leading to riots or vigilante justice? Answer: Deindividuation is the reduction of the normal constraints on behaviour when people are part of a crowd. This lessening of normal restraints on destructive behaviour occurs for at least two reasons. First, when individuals become a member of a crowd, they become relatively anonymous and are less likely to be singled out for individual blame. A second cause of deindividuation is that when people become part of a crowd, they are more likely to focus attention on other people and events and are therefore less likely to be self-aware; this lack of self-awareness means that individuals will be less likely to look inward, to their own values and standards, for guides to appropriate behaviour. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Easy

182) Compare and contrast deindividuation and social loafing. Answer: Deindividuation is the reduction of the normal constraints on behaviour when people are part of a crowd. Social loafing is the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated. In both cases, the individual is “hiding” within the group. However, social loafing isn’t typically associated with deviant behaviour while deindividuation often is. Deindividuation doesn’t always result in negative outcomes, but it is more often mentioned as a cause for a group situation that goes badly. Type: ES

LO: 8.2

Skill: Recall

Difficulty: Moderate

183) You have agreed to lead a group of students who will advise the university president on a matter of great concern to students. More specifically, the president has asked you to come up with a way to encourage students to complete their undergraduate degrees in under five years. A lot rides on what you advise the university president. According to the text, what might you as a leader do to prevent groupthink from causing you to make defective decisions in your group discussions? Answer: Four strategies can help me as the leader to avoid the groupthink trap. 1) I will not take a directive role in terms of the issues involved but will try to remain impartial. 2) I will invite outside opinions from people who are not members of my committee. 3) The committee will be broken into subgroups initially to discuss different aspects of the situation before meeting together. 4) As we move towards a decision I will seek anonymous feedback from the group members in order to elicit their true opinions without fear of group recriminations.

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