Instructor’s Manual (Lecture Notes Only) with Test Bank for An Introduction to Theories of Personali by welldoneassistant

CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Chapter Outline I. Proposed Determinants of Personality A. Genetics B. Traits C. Sociocultural determinants D. Learning E. Existential-humanistic considerations F. Unconscious mechanisms G. Cognitive processes H. Personality as a composite of the above factors II. Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist A. What is the relative importance of the past, present, and future? B. What motivates human behavior? C. How important is the concept of self? D. How important are unconscious mechanisms? E. Is human behavior freely chosen or is it determined? F. What can be learned by asking people about themselves? G. Uniqueness versus commonality H. Are people controlled externally or internally? I. How are the mind and the body related? J. What is the nature of human nature? K. How consistent is human behavior? III. How Do We Find the Answers? A. Science as an epistemological pursuit B. Science as a combination of rationalism and empiricism C. The roles of scientific theory: Synthesizing and heuristic functions D. The principle of verification IV. Science and Personality Theory A. Kuhn’s view of science and scientific paradigms B. Popper’s view of science and the principle of falsifiability 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which means A) mask. B) mind. C) brain. D) the person. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being is A) like every other human being. B) like some other human beings. C) like no other human beings. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1, 2 Skill: Applied 3) According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality is based on A) learning. B) cultural norms. C) genetics. D) existential-humanistic considerations. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual 4) The statement “He has an Irish temper” implies which of the following explanations of personality? A) cultural expectations B) learning C) inherited characteristics D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual 5) Findings by Bouchard and others suggest that the role of genetics in personality development is A) substantial. B) minimal. C) nonexistent. D) substantial in other animals but minimal in humans. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2, 3 Skill: Applied 6) The question “How much of an attribute is accounted for by heredity and how much of it is accounted for by experience?” defines the A) mind-body problem. B) nativism-empiricism controversy. C) existential-humanistic controversy. D) uniqueness-lawfulness controversy. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 1: What Is Personality?

7) A person who believes that a person’s IQ level is determined mainly by experience can be considered a(n) A) empiricist. B) existentialist. C) humanist. D) nativist. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3, 4 Skill: Conceptual 8) The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level of your family is stressing determinants of personality. A) genetic B) sociocultural C) existential-humanistic D) unconscious Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual 9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are A) nativists. B) existentialists. C) humanists. D) empiricists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual 10) Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize explanation of personality. A) learning B) genetics C) early experience D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual

in their

11) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, the difference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found in A) cultural norms. B) early experience. C) the genes. D) patterns of reward and punishment. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4, 5 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

12) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control __________ and you can control personality development. A) inheritance B) cultural expectations C) patterns of reward and punishment D) early experience Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual 13) Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their explanations of personality are said to accept A) nativism. B) unconscious thought processes. C) free will. D) environmentalism. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual 14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask? A) Why are you the way you are? B) What have you been rewarded for being? C) What does it mean to be you? D) Why doesn’t anyone like you? Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual 15) Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that you ultimately must die?” A) a learning theorist B) a psychoanalytic theorist C) an existential theorist D) a geneticist Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual 16) The theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own personality. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) psychoanalytic Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 1: What Is Personality?

17) The so-called theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) depth Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual 18) The theorist emphasizing the unconscious assumes the person knows ______ determinants of his or her own personality. A) the unconscious B) only the conscious C) the existential-humanistic D) few if any Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual 19) According to Freud’s or Jung’s theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are A) unconscious. B) learned. C) traits. D) cultural norms. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Applied 20) Which theory posits that your present experience and future goals are important determinants of personality? A) Learning Theory B) Existential-Humanistic Theory C) Trait Theory D) Cognitive Theory Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual 21) Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called ________ behavior. A) teleological B) hedonistic C) humanistic D) existential Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

22) Hedonism refers to A) the search for meaning. B) the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. C) goal-directed behavior. D) attraction to men named Don. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Factual 23) The believes that all of the influences acting on a person at a given time can actually be known. A) determinist B) existentialist C) free-willist D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Conceptual 24) The intense study of the individual case is called A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual

research.

25) The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual

research.

Chapter 1: What Is Personality?

27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 28) The mind-body problem consists of determining how A) our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the same time. B) mental events and bodily events are related to each other. C) bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences. D) the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual 29) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problem because the mind does not exist? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 30) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merely irrelevant byproducts of bodily events? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual 31) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events trigger mental and bodily events at the same time? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

32) The theory of human nature states that people become what they experience. A) rationalistic B) empirical C) existential D) animalistic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Conceptual 33) The conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositions from our evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or by cultural influence. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) existential D) mechanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual 34) The theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good. A) rationalistic B) existential C) animalistic D) humanistic Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual 35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed that A) people are basically selfish and animalistic. B) people are consistent. C) people have the tendency to lie and deceive. D) people are basically good. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual 36) _________ is the study of knowledge. A) Introspection B) Empiricism C) Epistemology D) Rationalism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

Chapter 1: What Is Personality?

37) __________ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge. A) Determinism B) Rationalism C) Empiricism D) Hedonism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual 38) Scientific theory combines A) introspection; nativism B) hedonism; epistemology C) determinism; free will D) rationalism; empiricism Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual

and

39) A theory’s ability to explain several different observations is its ______ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual 40) A theory’s ability to generate new research is referred to as its ______ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Factual 41) According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personality theory is: A) Does it generate empirical research? B) Would it be approved by physical scientists? C) Does it seem reasonable? D) Does it explain everything that is known about personality? Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applied

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory must A) explain all phenomena in a research area. B) generate new research. C) be incapable of being proven incorrect. D) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Conceptual 43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if it A) is correct. B) is understood by scientists. C) has interesting premises and conclusions. D) can be tested. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Conceptual 44) Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists a A) paradigm. B) theory. C) beam of light. D) heuristic approach. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied 45) According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is that A) logically, only one can be correct. B) they all generate different research methodologies. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Conceptual 46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must A) make risky predictions. B) be falsifiable. C) make nothing but correct predictions. D) both A and B above Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied

Chapter 1: What Is Personality?

47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar to A) the principle of verification. B) the Kuhn dictum. C) the rationality debate. D) the existential paradigm. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied 48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs when A) theories are wrong. B) good people work together to solve problems. C) technology makes the impossible possible. D) all of the above Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applied 49) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific? A) astrology B) Freud’s theory of personality C) Einstein’s theory of relativity D) both A and B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applied 50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personality A) are a scientifically sound as Einstein’s theory. B) are based on pre-paradigmatic science. C) are not scientific. D) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applied

1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion 1. In your opinion, what are the most important questions about human personality? In other words, what questions about human nature should be contained in a theory of personality? 2. In your opinion, can human personality be studied scientifically? Why or why not? 3. How important is it for a theory of personality to make risky, testable statements? Explain your answer.

CHAPTER 2: SIGMUND FREUD Chapter Outline I. Biographical Sketch A. Born May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic) B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age C. Entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1886 D. Married in 1886 E. Died September 23, 1939 II. Early Influences on Freud's Theory A. Studied with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism B. Visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism C. Collaboration with Breuer (late 1870s) and the case of Anna O. D. The development of free association III. Instincts and Their Characteristics A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts. B. Characteristics of instinct 1. Source (biological deficiency) 2. Aim (correct the deficiency/restore balance) 3. Object (goal that satisfies) 4. Impetus (strength and direction of motive) C. Life and death instincts 1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts 2. Thanatos/the Death Instinct IV. Divisions of the Mind A. The id (pure, unconscious instinctual energy) 1. Governed by the pleasure principle 2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfillment (primary processes) B. The ego (brings individual into contact with real goal objects) 1. Identification (matching id images with real objects) 2. Governed by the reality principle 3. Reality testing (secondary processes) C. The superego (the moral arm of personality) 1. Conscience (from past punishments) 2. Ego ideal (from past rewards) V. Cathexis and Anticathexis A. Influenced by Helmholtz’s principle of conservation of energy 1. Applied the principle to psychic energy B. Cathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies 2. Persists until the wish is satisfied C. Anticathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes D. Displacement 1. Superego and ego divert undesirable cathexes to alternative objects

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

VI. Anxiety A. All anxiety derived from the birth trauma 1. Functions to warn us if actions or thoughts are dangerous B. Reality anxiety—related to real-world dangers C. Neurotic anxiety—fear that id will overpower the ego D. Moral anxiety—fear of actions or thoughts contrary to superego VII. Ego-Defense Mechanisms A. Irrational attempts to protect against anxiety 1. All ego defenses are unconscious 2. All ego defenses falsify or distort reality B. Repression 1. The basic defense mechanism—must occur before any of the others 2. Prevention of ego-threatening thoughts from entering consciousness a) Primal repression: Protects against id impulses b) Repression proper: Protects against painful memories C. Displacement 1. Substitution of one goal/activity for another that provokes anxiety 2. Sublimation: Displacement that is advantageous for society D. Identification 1. Self-protection through affiliation with powerful persons or groups E. Denial of reality 1. Denial of facts despite evidence to the contrary F. Projection 1. Anxiety-provoking truths about the self are attributed to others G. Undoing 1. Using ritualistic acts to atone for past actions that provoke anxiety H. Reaction formation 1. Overt actions that are the opposite of anxiety-provoking thoughts I. Rationalization 1. Logically explaining anxiety-provoking actions or thoughts J. Intellectualization (isolation of affect) 1. Stripping emotional content from anxiety-laden thoughts via analysis K. Regression 1. Returning to an earlier mode of gratification or anxiety relief L. Altruistic surrender 1. Living in accordance with the values of a person perceived as superior M. Identification with the aggressor 1. Internalizing the values and mannerisms of a feared person VIII. Psychosexual Stages of Development A. Each stage has an erogenous zone as its greatest source of pleasure B. Too much or too little gratification causes fixation (substantial cathexes) C. Oral stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of mouth, lips, and tongue 2. Early fixations result in oral-incorporative character 3. Later fixations result in oral-sadistic character D. Anal stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of anus/buttocks 2. Early fixations result in anal-expulsive character 3. Later fixations result in anal-retentive character

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

E. Phallic stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of penis 2. Oedipus complex occurs during this stage F. Latency stage 1. Sexual interests are repressed and displaced G. Genital stage 1. Characterized by adult, heterosexual interests IX. Summary of Freud’s Views on Feminine Psychology A. Viewed women as failed or inferior men B. Believed women to be morally inferior due to weak superego development C. Admitted failure to understand women X. Tapping the Unconscious Mind A. Free association B. Dream analysis C. Parapraxes in everyday life: Unconscious revealed in action XI. Freud's View of Religion A. Religion as an illusion to prevent anxiety XII. Freud's View of Human Nature A. A pessimistic, biological view of human nature XIII. Modifications of the Freudian Legend A. Problems with revisions of the seduction theory B. Problems with repression of memories C. Problems with distortion of the “Freudian History” XIV. Evaluation

2.1 Multiple Choice 1) Charcot observed that while a patient was hypnotized, he could create and remove paralyses in the patient at will. This demonstrated that A) patients were malingerers. B) physical symptoms could have a psychological origin. C) physical symptoms had a physical origin. D) physicians had supernatural powers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied 2) Hysteria is a term used to describe A) psychosis. B) a variety of symptoms such as paralysis and disturbances of sight and speech. C) a general release of emotional tension. D) all of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

3) Hysteria is the Greek word for A) uterus. B) hysteria. C) neurosis. D) psychosis. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Factual 4) The inability or difficulty in remembering what one did under hypnosis is referred to as A) posthypnotic suggestion. B) posthypnotic amnesia. C) the Hippolyte effect. D) hysteria Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual 5) From Bernheim’s demonstration of posthypnotic suggestion, Freud learned that A) behavior could be caused by unconscious ideas. B) some patients could be hypnotized while others could not be. C) previously unconscious thoughts could be made conscious. D) hysteria was a “real” disorder and, therefore, had to be taken seriously by the medical community. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied 6) Breuer found that Anna O.’s condition improved when she openly expressed her feelings. He referred to this phenomenon as A) hysteria. B) transference. C) catharsis. D) transference. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied 7) The phenomenon where an analyst forms an emotional attachment to a patient is called A) catharsis. B) transference. C) countertransference. D) cathexis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

8) Which of the following did Freud call the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis? A) hypnosis B) free association C) hand pressure D) chimney sweeping Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Applied 9) The major tool that Freud used in his self-analysis was A) the interpretation of his own dreams. B) looking at pictures of Anna O. C) self-hypnosis. D) free association. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied 10) Freud’s theory is because it assumes that humans continually seek pleasure and avoid pain. A) deterministic B) hedonistic C) humanistic D) rationalistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28, 29 Skill: Applied 11) A bodily deficiency of some type is the A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

of an instinct.

12) Those experiences or objects that reduce or remove a bodily deficiency are the ______ of an instinct. A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

13) The removal of a bodily deficiency constitutes the A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual 14) The magnitude of a bodily deficiency represents the A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual

of an instinct.

15) The psychic energy associated with the life instincts is called A) libido. B) impetus. C) eros. D) thanatos. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Conceptual 16) Freud referred to the life instincts collectively as A) thanatos. B) eros. C) impetus. D) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied 17) Freud referred to the death instinct as A) eros. B) libido. C) thanatos. D) more than one of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

18) Freud claimed that the aim of all life is A) sexual enjoyment. B) self-actualization. C) to benefit others. D) death. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied 19) According to Freud, the most important derivative of the death instinct is A) sexual enjoyment. B) eros. C) aggression. D) death, of course. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied 20) The consists of pure, unadulterated, instinctual energy. A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Conceptual 21) The demands immediate gratification of bodily needs. A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Conceptual 22) The is governed by the pleasure principle. A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

23) Freud suggested that the images conjured up by the id in order to temporarily reduce the tension associated with a need were A) innate. B) products of an individual’s experiences. C) learned from one’s parents. D) always sexual in nature. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied 24) When a bodily need arises, the id conjures up an image of an object that will satisfy the need. This exemplifies A) reflex action. B) wish fulfillment. C) substitution. D) identification. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Conceptual 25) Which of the following exemplifies a primary process? A) eating when hungry B) drinking when thirsty C) thinking of food when hungry D) Both A and B Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Conceptual 26) The ego attempts to match the images of the id with objects and events in the real world. This process is called A) the primary process. B) sublimation. C) identification. D) primary gratification. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual 27) The ego operates in accordance with the A) reality principle. B) pleasure principle. C) ego-ideal. D) primary process. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

28) Which of the following is associated with the secondary processes? A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Conceptual 29) Which of the following exemplifies a secondary process? A) eating when hungry B) drinking when thirsty C) thinking of food when hungry D) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30, 31 Skill: Conceptual 30 The reflects the internalized experiences for which the child had been consistently punished. A) conscience B) ego C) ego-ideal D) id Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual 31) The is the internalized experiences for which the child has been consistently rewarded. A) conscience B) ego C) ego-ideal D) id Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual 32) The constantly strives for perfection. A) id B) ego C) superego D) libido Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

33) The ego must find objects or events that A) satisfy the needs of the id. B) cannot be attained by primary processes. C) do not violate the values of the superego. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Skill: Conceptual 34) _______ refers to the investment of energy in an image of an object that will satisfy a need. A) Catharsis B) Cathexis C) Anticathexis D) Displacement Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Factual 35) According to Freud, the most overwhelming experience of anxiety humans have is when they are A) sexually aroused. B) out of money. C) separated from their mother at birth. D) in danger. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Applied 36) The function of anxiety, according to Freud, is to A) make civilization possible. B) assure ethical behavior. C) warn a person that if he or she continues thinking or behaving in a certain way, he or she will be in danger. D) aIlow parents to control their children. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Applied 37) The fear of real sources of danger in the environment is called A) moral B) neurotic C) reality D) environmental Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Factual

anxiety.

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

38) __________ anxiety is the fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego and cause the individual to do something for which he or she could be punished. A) Moral B) Neurotic C) Reality D) Environmental Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Factual 39) is experienced when one feels that he or she is about to do something contrary to the values of his or her superego, and thus will experience guilt. A) Moral anxiety B) Neurotic anxiety C) Reality anxiety D) Signal anxiety Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Conceptual 40) Moral anxiety is A) caused by real environmental dangers. B) the fear of being punished by others for impulsive actions. C) the internal punishment (guilt) experienced when the dictates of one’s superego are violated. D) the same as objective anxiety. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Conceptual 41) is the most basic ego-defense mechanism because, for any of the other ego-defense mechanisms to occur, it must occur first. A) Displacement B) Rationalization C) Projection D) Repression Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Factual 42) ___________ is the basic mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety, provoking thoughts from being entertained in consciousness. A) Displacement B) Identification C) Repression D) Rationalization Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 35 Skill: Factual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

43) According to Freud, anxiety-provoking id images can come from A) repressed experiences occurring in one’s lifetime. B) the anxiety-provoking experiences of our ancestors. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Skill: Applied 44) Because Freud believed that the recurring anxiety-provoking experiences of our ancestors are inherited as part of our psyche, he can be considered a A) Darwinian. B) Lamarckian. C) creationist. D) behaviorist. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 Skill: Applied 45) You decide to call a friend and then conjure up his or her telephone number. According to Freud, in what part of the mind was that number before it was conjured up? A) preconscious B) unconscious C) conscious D) repressed Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 36 Skill: Applied 46) When a cathexis that first involved one object now involves another object, _____ is said to have occurred. A) development B) displacement C) need reduction D) a primary process Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Skill: Conceptual 47) When displacement results in something advantageous to civilization, it is called A) identification. B) sublimation. C) projection. D) reaction formation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

48) The term is used to describe the tendency to increase personal feelings of worth by taking on characteristics of someone who is viewed as successful. A) displaced affection B) projection C) sublimation D) identification Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 36 Skill: Factual 49) Refusal to believe that a loved one has died exemplifies the ego defense of A) denial of reality. B) projection. C) undoing. D) reaction formation. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Skill: Conceptual 50) The criminal who says, “The world is filled with crooks,” is probably exemplifying A) identification. B) sublimation. C) projection. D) reaction formation. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37 Skill: Conceptual 51) Apologizing after committing an unacceptable act exemplifies which of the following defense mechanisms? A) intellectualization B) denial of reality C) undoing D) reaction formation Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Skill: Conceptual 52) involves repressing objectionable thoughts and expressing their opposites. A) Reaction formation B) Rationalization C) Identification D) Projection Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

53) If a young woman is too extravagant in describing the love she has for her boyfriend, Freud would conclude that the A) two should get married. B) two are probably deeply in love. C) relationship is probably in trouble. D) woman is a nymphomaniac. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 37, 38 Skill: Applied 54) Which of the following defense mechanisms did Anna Freud add to those developed by her father and his colleagues? A) undoing B) intellectualization C) denial of reality D) altruistic surrender Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Applied 55) Which of the following defense mechanisms explains why some hostages develop affection toward their captors? A) altruistic surrender B) identification with the aggressor C) reaction formation D) undoing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Conceptual 56) Freud believed that adult personality was formulated by A) 62 years of age. B) the end of the fifth year of life. C) the end of the first year of life. D) 40 years of age. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Applied 57) Each psychosexual stage has a(n) associated with it, which is the greatest source of stimulation and pleasure during that stage of development. A) anxiety point B) inferiority C) erroneous zone D) erogenous zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

58) In order to make a smooth transition from one psychosexual stage to the next, the child must not be A) undergratified. B) fixated. C) overgratified. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Conceptual 59) Undergratification or overgratification at a certain psychosexual stage results in A) normal development. B) sexual perversions. C) fixation. D) psychosis. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Conceptual 60) The character places great importance on such activities as eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing. A) oral-sadistic B) oral-incorporative C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Conceptual 61) Sarcasm, cynicism, and ridicule typify the A) oral-sadistic B) oral-incorporative C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Conceptual

character.

62) The character possesses the traits of stinginess, parsimony, orderliness, and perfectionism. A) oral-incorporative B) oral-sadistic C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

63) Freud believed that the phallic stage of development applied to both male and female children because A) genital stimulation was not a factor in the development of either gender before the age of five. B) he believed the clitoris to be a small penis and therefore both genders possessed a phallus. C) both genders were sexually attracted to their mothers. D) he completely ignored the development of female children. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Applied 64) According to Freud, adult sexual preferences are determined during the A) oral stage. B) anal stage. C) phallic stage. D) genital stage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Applied 65) During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex emerge? A) oral stage B) anal stage C) phallic stage D) genital stage Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Factual 66) Which of the following, according to Freud, describes the healthy resolution of the Oedipus conflict for the male child? A) He identifies with his father. B) He identifies with his mother. C) He becomes hostile toward his father. D) He becomes hostile toward his mother. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Applied 67) According to Freud, the female Oedipal complex is partially resolved when A) her desire for her father generalizes to other men. B) she identifies with her mother. C) she begins to play with dolls. D) she represses all sexual desires. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 42 Skill: Applied

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

68) During the stage, sexual interests are displaced to substitute activities such as learning, athletics, and peer group activities. A) latency B) phallic C) anal D) oral Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43 Skill: Conceptual 69) The cornerstone of Freud’s explanation of feminine psychology was A) penis envy. B) electra complex. C) mother envy. D) identification with the mother. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43 Skill: Applied 70) Concerning his efforts to understand feminine psychology, Freud A) essentially admitted defeat. B) was very pleased. C) concluded that he had never really tried. D) was disappointed that his explanation portrayed women more positively than men. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 44 Skill: Applied 71) The statement “Say whatever comes to your mind” describes the method of A) hypnosis. B) free association. C) condensation. D) dream analysis. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 Skill: Conceptual 72) During the course of free association, Freud believed that signs of A) tranquility B) friendship C) resistance D) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 45 Skill: Applied

were especially informative.

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

73) In a dream, one dream element can represent several things at the same time. This exemplifies A) synthesis. B) dislocation. C) condensation. D) manifest content. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46 Skill: Conceptual 74) The fact that sexual intercourse may be symbolized in a dream as dancing exemplifies A) displacement. B) synthesis. C) condensation. D) extreme frustration. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 46 Skill: Conceptual 75) When we recall a dream, we describe its A) synthesis B) latent content C) manifest content D) dream work Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Skill: Conceptual

or what it appears to be.

76) For Freud, the most important thing about a dream was its A) manifest content. B) latent content. C) dream work. D) synthesis. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Skill: Applied 77) Parapraxes refer to A) the ability to see into the future. B) the manifestation of repressed thoughts in a variety of “mistakes” in everyday life. C) the translation of mental conflicts into bodily disorders. D) praxes that are not quite real. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

78) Which of the following, according to Freud, can provide information about the contents of the unconscious mind? A) “accidents” B) slips of the tongue C) lapses of memory D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 47 Skill: Applied 79) According to Freud, in order for a joke to be funny it must A) provoke anxiety. B) involve a sexual theme. C) contain aggressive statements. D) involve death, sex, or politics. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 48 Skill: Applied 80) According to Freud, religion A) will probably always be needed by the uneducated. B) is an infantile illusion. C) should be replaced by rational, scientific principles. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 48 Skill: Applied 81) In Freud’s 1896 paper “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” in which he presented his seduction theory of hysteria, all of the following were reported among the seducers of his female patients when they were children except A) adult strangers. B) nursemaids. C) parents. D) slightly older brothers. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Skill: Applied 82) Freud’s seduction theory concerning the origin of hysteria claimed that it A) resulted from a real sexual attack during childhood. B) resulted from an imagined sexual attack during childhood. C) did not have a sexual origin. D) resulted from the guilt one experiences after having sex. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 Skill: Applied

Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud

83) Freud abandoned his seduction theory A) because it was scientifically refuted. B) for reasons that are unclear and still a matter of speculation. C) because it was too simplistic. D) because he discovered that it was simply wishful thinking. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50 Skill: Applied 84) According to Jeffrey Masson, Freud abandoned his seduction theory because A) his wife urged him to do so. B) he (Freud) lacked personal courage. C) the theory was not a useful guide during analysis. D) scientific evidence proved the theory to be incorrect. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 51 Skill: Applied 85) According to Loftus, the reason so many patients enter therapy without memories of sexual abuse but leave with them is A) therapists tell patients what they want to hear. B) therapists are perceived by patients as similar to their parents and that perception triggers memories of sexual abuse. C) therapy releases such memories, that otherwise would remain repressed, for conscious consideration. D) therapists often strongly suggest the existence of such memories in their patients. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 Skill: Applied 86) According to Henri Ellenberger, Freud A) was only slightly hampered by anti-Semitism in his professional development. B) was not nearly as original as he and his followers claimed. C) experienced no more than a normal amount of hostility toward his ideas from his fellow physicians. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 53 Skill: Applied 87) A major criticism of Freudian theory is that it engages in A) rationalism; empiricism B) hedonism; vitalism C) postdiction; prediction D) prediction; postdiction Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Skill: Conceptual

rather than

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

88) According to Popper, Freud’s theory does not qualify as scientific because A) it is not based on empirical observations. B) it is not falsifiable. C) the predictions it makes are too risky. D) it employs no mathematics and therefore its concepts cannot be precisely measured. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 55 Skill: Applied 89) Freud theory has been praised for A) demonstrating the importance of anxiety as a determinant of human behavior. B) showing that conflicts from childhood have lifelong consequences. C) showing the importance of childhood sexuality in personality development. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 55 Skill: Applied

2.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion 1. Many students come to psychology courses with naive ideas about Freud’s theory. After reading this chapter, which of your previously held ideas have been changed? Which have been confirmed? 2. Freud’s theory places great importance on the role of unconscious processes. What evidence do you see from other areas in psychology or in your observations of human behavior to support the idea that people are often motivated by processes that are not under conscious control? 3. Discuss and develop examples from your own behavior that demonstrate the dynamics of cathexis, anticathexis, and displacement. 4. After reading about the ego-defense mechanisms, do you recognize any of these behaviors in yourself or others? Explain your answer with examples. 5. How would a Freudian use the concepts of fixation and regression to explain the behavior of a student who overeats during final examination week? 6. According to Freud, most humor will contain material that is either racist, sexist, or mean and insulting. Why is this the case? 7. How could it be possible for a therapist to “create” false repressed memories for a patient? 8. Freudian psychotherapy attempts to lead the patient to insights about unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious processes. From your understanding of memory and the unconscious, is it possible for a patient to gain accurate insights into these processes? Why or why not? 9. Do you find Freud’s view of human nature to be pessimistic or optimistic? Explain.

CHAPTER 3: CARL JUNG Chapter Outline I. Biographical Sketch A. Born July 26, 1875 B. Lonely, fantasy-filled childhood C. Medical studies at the University of Basel—medical degree in 1900 D. Jung’s first professional appointment at Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zurich E. Married February 14, 1903 F. Died June 6, 1961 II. Jung’s Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies A. Manikin B. Stone C. Phallus dream D. Throne vision III. Jung’s Early Professional Life A. Developed interest in psychiatry during medical training B. Left university and hospital work in 1914 to pursue private practice IV. Jung’s Relationship with Freud A. Influenced by Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams B. Initiated correspondence in 1906 and met in 1907 C. Freud claimed Jung as his successor D. Relationship begins to fail due to Freud’s resistance to explore dreams E. Relationship terminated in 1914—very stressful for Jung 1. Jung’s creative illness—perhaps precipitated by break with Freud V. Libido, and the Principles of Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites A. Libido 1. For Jung, a creative, biological life force 2. Driving force behind the psyche (personality) B. Principle of equivalence (from first law of thermodynamics) 1. Total amount of psychic energy is fixed C. Principle of entropy (from second law of thermodynamics) 1. Tendency for all components of the psyche to have equal energy D. Principle of opposites 1. Every concept in Jung’s theory has a polar opposite VI. Components of the Personality A. Ego (everything of which we are conscious) 1. Responsible for sense of identity 2. Similar to Freud’s concept of ego B. Personal unconscious 1. Material that was once conscious but was repressed or forgotten 2. Complex: Personally disturbing constellation of ideas connected by common feeling 3. Development of the word-association test C. Collective unconscious 1. Most mystical and most controversial concept 2. Collective experiences from human evolutionary past 3. Archetype: Inherited predisposition to respond to certain aspects of the world .

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

VII. Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self A. Persona: One’s public self B. Anima: Female component of the male psyche C. Animus: Masculine component of the female psyche D. Shadow: Darkest, deepest part of the psyche E. Self: Attempts to harmonize all the other components VIII. Eight Personality Types A. Two general attitudes 1. Extroversion: Sociable, outgoing, interested in external events 2. Introversion: Quiet, imaginative, more interested in ideas B. Four functions of thought 1. Sensing: Detects the presence of objects 2. Thinking: Tells what an object is 3. Feeling: Determines an object’s worth to the individual 4. Intuiting: Provides hunches when no data are available C. Eight types created by crossing A with B IX. Stages of Development (Defined by the focus of libidinal energy) A. Childhood (from birth to adolescence) 1. Early: Energy directed toward survival skills 2. After age 5, more energy devoted to sexuality B. Young adulthood (from adolescence to about age 40) 1. Energy directed toward work, marriage, children, community C. Middle age (from about age 40 to the later years of life) 1. Most important phase 2. Orientation to cultural, philosophical, and spiritual values X. Life’s Goal A. Self-realization 1. Harmonious blending components and forces within the psyche B. Individuation 1. Life-long process of psychological maturity by which components of the psyche are recognized and given expression XI. Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity A. Causality (attempt to explain adult personality in terms of prior experiences) B. Teleology (human behavior has a purpose) C. Synchronicity (meaningful coincidence) XII. Research Techniques A. Word-association test B. Self-study of dreams and visions C. Study of psychotic patients D. Wide, cross-cultural study of symbols, rituals, etc. XIII. Jung’s View of Human Nature A. Humans as products of past, present, and future influences B. Optimistic with a spiritual emphasis XIV. Evaluation

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) ___________ was a strong theme running through Jung’s early home life. A) Violence B) Religion C) Mental illness D) Physical illness Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 Skill: Applied 2) The type of religion that Jung accepted as valid was the type that A) touched individuals emotionally. B) perpetuated a specific dogma. C) was Christian. D) accepted demons and devils as well as saints. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 Skill: Applied 3) One of Jung’s childhood fantasies was that he was A) two different people. B) God. C) rich and famous. D) a great psychologist. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 Skill: Applied 4) When Jung was 10 years old, his best “friend” was A) a wooden manikin. B) his father. C) his mother. D) a neighbor boy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 65 Skill: Applied 5) Jung’s prevented him from accepting Jesus as real and lovable. A) experience with his manikin B) experience with the stone C) phallus dream D) throne vision Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65, 66 Skill: Applied

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

6) Jung’s led him to believe that Jesus had a hideous underground counterpart. A) manikin B) experience with the stone C) throne vision D) phallus dream Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 66 Skill: Applied 7) To a large extent, Jung’s professional life was an attempt to understand the A) religion of his father. B) origin of his childhood dreams, fantasies, and visions. C) influence of learning on personality development. D) cultural influences on personality development. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 Skill: Applied 8) Jung’s first meeting with Freud A) was disappointing to both. B) lasted only a few minutes. C) lasted 13 hours. D) made it clear that there were fundamental differences between them. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 68 Skill: Applied 9) Which of the following caused Jung to enter his “dark years”? A) the death of his wife B) his deteriorating health C) the reaction of American psychologists to his theory D) his break with Freud Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70 Skill: Applied 10) Jung emerged from his “dark years” with A) a theory much like Freud’s. B) a terrible hangover. C) his own unique theory of personality. D) utter despair and an inability to continue his work. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 Skill: Applied

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

11) It was disagreement concerning the nature of the A) psyche B) soul C) complexes D) libido Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 72 Skill: Applied

that made Freud and Jung part company.

12) Jung viewed the libido as A) sexual energy. B) aggressive energy. C) a creative life force. D) all of the above Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 72 Skill: Applied 13) According to Jung, libidinal energy is applied to the satisfaction of A) biological needs. B) spiritual needs. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 72 Skill: Applied 14) The amount of energy in a system is essentially fixed, and if it is removed from one part of a system, it will surface in another. This statement describes the principle of A) equivalence. B) entropy. C) opposites. D) thermodynamics. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 72 Skill: Conceptual 15) “If one component of the psyche is overvalued, it is at the expense of the other components.” This is the principle of A) equivalence. B) entropy. C) opposites. D) thermodynamics. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 72 Skill: Factual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

16) There is a constant tendency toward the equalization of energy within a system. This statement describes Jung’s A) principle of equivalence. B) principle of entropy. C) principle of opposites. D) none of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 72 Diff: 3 Skill: Applied 17) The statement “Everything carries within itself its own negation” describes which of the following? A) principle of equivalence B) principle of entropy. C) principle of opposites. D) none of the above Answer: C Page Ref: 72 Diff: 3 Skill: Conceptual 18) According to Jung, the A) complex B) libido C) ego D) animus Answer: C Page Ref: 73 Diff: 1 Skill: Applied

is everything of which we are conscious.

19) The consists of material that was once conscious but was repressed or forgotten or was not originally vivid enough to make a conscious impression. A) shadow B) ego C) collective unconscious D) personal unconscious Answer: D Page Ref: 73 Diff: 2 Skill: Factual 20) The personal unconscious contains clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts called A) archetypes. B) racial memories. C) complexes. D) attitudes. Answer: C Page Ref: 73 Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

21) Jung’s major tool for studying complexes was A) a word-association test. B) dream analysis. C) an analysis of symbols. D) slips of the tongue. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 73 Skill: Applied 22) Use of the word-association test demonstrated that it was possible to A) systematically study creative illness. B) systematically study the unconscious mind. C) probe the ultimate meanings of dreams. D) segregate neurotic and psychotic individuals from normal individuals. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 Skill: Conceptual 23) The was Jung’s most mystical and controversial concept. A) personal unconscious B) collective unconscious C) principle of entropy D) shadow Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 74 Skill: Applied 24) The collective unconscious results from A) universal B) unique C) traumatic D) animalistic Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 Skill: Factual

human experiences.

25) Which of the following statements concerning the collective unconscious is true? A) Some individuals do not have one. B) It is different for different individuals. C) It is essentially the same for all individuals. D) none of the above Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 74 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

26) A(n) can be defined as an inherited predisposition to respond emotionally to certain categories of experience. A) complex B) archetype C) attitude D) transcendent function Answer: B Page Ref: 75 Diff: 2 Skill: Factual 27) There is an archetype for A) whatever experiences are universal among humans. B) all experiences that humans have. C) only positive experiences. D) only negative experiences. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 Skill: Conceptual 28) According to Jung, there is an archetype for A) birth. B) the sun. C) water. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 75 Skill: Applied 29) According to Jung, it is the associated with the emotional experiences of our ancestors that were passed on to future generations as archetypes. A) fear B) confusion C) myths D) objective realities Answer: C Page Ref: 75 Diff: 3 Skill: Applied 30) According to Jung, the A) ego B) shadow C) anima D) collective unconscious Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 75 Skill: Applied

is by far the most important and influential part of the psyche.

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

31) Jung used the term to describe one’s public self. A) persona B) ego C) anima D) animus Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 76 Skill: Applied 32) The develops because of the need humans have to play a role in society. A) shadow B) ego C) animus D) persona Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 76 Skill: Conceptual 33) The is the female component of the male psyche. A) persona B) anima C) animus D) shadow Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Skill: Factual 34) The develops from the experiences men have had with women through the eons. A) persona B) anima C) animus D) shadow Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Skill: Conceptual 35) The anima A) causes males to have feminine traits. B) provides a framework within which males interact with females. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 77 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

36) The is the masculine component of the female psyche. A) persona B) anima C) animus D) shadow Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 77 Skill: Conceptual 37) The is part of the collective unconscious inherited from our pre-human ancestors. A) persona B) animus C) anima D) shadow Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Conceptual 38) The is experienced symbolically as devils, monsters, or evil spirits. A) persona B) animus C) anima D) shadow Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Conceptual 39) According to Jung, the shadow A) should be denied expression. B) is the cause of all human maladjustment. C) is a source of vitality, spontaneity, and creativity. D) is what makes humans human. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Applied 40) According to Jung, the person who ignores his or her shadow tends to be A) creative. B) Christian. C) humanistic. D) dull and lifeless. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Applied

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

41) Jung called introversion and extroversion A) irrational. B) rational. C) attitudes. D) functions. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Applied 42) The tends to be quiet, imaginative, and more interested in ideas than in other people. A) introvert B) extrovert C) self-actualized person D) humanist Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Conceptual 43) The tends to be sociable, outgoing, and interested in people and things. A) introvert B) extrovert C) self-actualized person D) humanist Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 78 Skill: Conceptual 44) According to Jung, Freud was a(n) A) introvert. B) extrovert. C) self-actualized person. D) humanist. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Skill: Applied 45) The have to do with how a person perceives the world and deals with information and experience. A) attitudes B) functions of thought C) levels of thought D) archetypes Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

46) Which of the functions of thought detects the presence of objects or events? A) intuiting B) feeling C) thinking D) sensing Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 79 Skill: Conceptual 47) Which of the functions of thought identifies objects or events? A) intuiting B) feeling C) thinking D) sensing Answer: C Page Ref: 79 Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual 48) Which of the functions of thought tells if an object or event is acceptable or unacceptable? A) intuiting B) feeling C) thinking D) sensing Answer: B Page Ref: 79 Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual 49) Which of the functions of thought is used when factual information is not available? A) intuiting B) feeling C) thinking D) sensing Answer: A Page Ref: 79 Diff: 1 Skill: Conceptual 50) Which of the following is a rational function? A) intuiting B) sensing C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: D Page Ref: 79 Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

51) Which of the following is an irrational function? A) feeling B) thinking C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 79 Skill: Conceptual 52) Which of the following lives in accordance with fixed rules and is dogmatic in his or her thinking? A) intuiting introvert B) thinking extrovert C) sensing extrovert D) thinking introvert Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 Skill: Conceptual 53) Which of the following is buffeted about by sensory stimulation and is concerned only with objective facts? A) intuiting introvert B) thinking extrovert C) sensing extrovert D) thinking introvert Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 80 Skill: Conceptual 54) Which of the following appears to others to be cold and ruthless and applies logic only to his or her subjective experience? A) intuiting introvert B) thinking extrovert C) sensing extrovert D) thinking introvert Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81 Skill: Conceptual 55) Which of the following is the odd, eccentric daydreamer who creates new but “strange” ideas? A) intuiting introvert B) thinking extrovert C) sensing extrovert D) thinking introvert Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 81 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

56) According to Jung, which was the most important stage of development? A) infancy B) childhood C) young adulthood D) middle age Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 82 Skill: Applied 57) According to Jung, during the person is transformed from an energetic, extroverted, and biologically-oriented person to one with more cultural, philosophical, and spiritual values. A) childhood B) young adulthood C) middle age D) old age Answer: C Page Ref: 82 Diff: 2 Skill: Applied 58) Jung observed that the psychological problems experienced by his middle-aged patients were typically associated with A) the absence of religious orientation. B) an inadequate sex life. C) conflict between need satisfaction and society. D) financial concerns. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Skill: Applied 59) Jung believed that for most people religion was A) extremely important. B) of minor importance. C) unimportant. D) a hindrance. Answer: A Page Ref: 83 Diff: 1 Skill: Applied 60) When one’s psyche is characterized by harmony among its components, one is said to be: A) in a zen state. B) self-realized. C) in nirvana. D) at one with nature. Answer: B Page Ref: 83 Diff: 2 Skill: Conceptual

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

61) _________ is the process by which components of the psyche are given expression by a particular person. A) Individuation B) Teleology C) Synchronicity D) Causality Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 83 Skill: Conceptual 62) According to Jung, if self-realization is achieved, the self is experienced as A) nonexistent. B) victorious over the collective unconscious. C) outside of the body. D) at the center of the many polarities that make up the psyche. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 84 Skill: Applied 63) Jung believed that the widespread lack of self-realization among modern humans has resulted in A) the disintegration of moral and spiritual tradition. B) worldwide disorientation. C) a loss of identity with natural phenomena. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 84, 85 Skill: Applied 64) ___________ explains human personality in terms of past events. A) Teleology B) Causality C) Syncronicity D) Syntality Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Skill: Conceptual 65) ________ explains human personality in terms of future goals. A) Teleology B) Causality C) Syncronicity D) Syntality Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 85 Skill: Conceptual

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

66) The coming together in a meaningful way of two otherwise meaningless events defines A) teleology. B) causality. C) syncronicity. D) syntality. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 86 Skill: Factual 67) Which of the following exemplifies synchronicity? A) A person dreams of an event and it subsequently occurs. B) A child prays for a pony and gets one for a birthday present. C) Event “A” causes event “B” to occur. D) A and B above Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 86 Skill: Conceptual 68) Which of the following statements concerning Jung’s approach to dream analysis is true? A) He believed that dreams provide important information about the unconscious. B) He believed that dreams mean exactly what they appear to mean. C) He disagreed with Freud’s distinction between manifest and latent content of dreams. D) all of the above are true Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Skill: Applied 69) According to Jung, one of the most important functions of a dream is to A) give hints about the contents of the unconscious. B) reveal repressed memories. C) compensate for neglected parts of the psyche. D) preserve sleep. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Skill: Applied 70) According to Jung, if a person has not given his or her shadow adequate expression he or she will probably dream of A) becoming successful. B) sex. C) love and tranquility. D) demons, devils, and monsters. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 88 Skill: Applied

Chapter 3: Carl Jung

71) According to Jung, the best place to study the human psyche is A) the psychology laboratory. B) the arena of human experience. C) in non-technological cultures. D) within the realm of science. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 88, 89 Skill: Applied 72) Jung suggested that anyone interested in understanding the human psyche should do all of the following except A) study experimental psychology. B) abandon exact science. C) visit prisons, lunatic asylums, brothels, and churches. D) experience passion in every form in his or her own body. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Skill: Applied 73) Attempts to empirically validate Jung’s theory have concentrated mainly on his concept of A) the collective unconscious. B) individuation. C) introversion-extroversion. D) entropy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 89 Skill: Applied 74) Jung’s theory has been criticized for being A) friendly toward occultism, mysticism, and religion. B) incomprehensible. C) elitist. D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Skill: Applied 75) Which of the following is true of Jung’s theory of personality? A) It is pessimistic about human destiny. B) It produced very little that was new in the study of personality. C) Most of its elements are easy to validate empirically. D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 90 Skill: Applied

An Introduction to Theories of Personality

3.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion 1. Contrast and compare Jung’s and Freud’s concepts of the unconscious. 2. In what ways is Jung’s concept of psychic energy similar to Freud’s? In what important ways does it differ? 3. According to Jung, how are the different aspects of personality integrated? What aspects might you expect to be in conflict? 4. What does Jung mean by “personality type”? How is this concept different from the personality type concept that comes from Freudian theory? 5. Describe the word-association test and explain the assumptions that Jung made in the development and use of the test. Does the test count as a “scientific approach” to personality theory? Why or why not? 6. Jung has been described as “the great myth maker.” Why do you suppose he has been criticized in this way? 7. Is Jung’s view of human nature pessimistic or optimistic? Justify your answer and include a comparison between Jung’s and Freud’s views.