10.
The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level of your family is stressing _____ determinants of personality: a. genetic b. * sociocultural c. existential-humanistic d. unconscious
11.
Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are: a. nativists b. existentialists c. humanists d. * empiricists
12.
Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize in their explanation of personality: a. * learning b. genetics c. early experience d. unconscious mechanisms
13.
According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control _____ and you can control personality development: a. inheritance b. * patterns of reward c. cultural expectations d. early experience
14.
Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their explanations of personality are said to accept: a. nativism b. unconscious thought processes c. free will d. * environmentalism
15.
Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask: a. Why are you the way you are? b. What have you been rewarded for being? c. * What does it mean to be you? d. Why doesn't anyone like you?
3
16.
The _____ theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own personality: a. learning b. trait c. * existential-humanistic d. psychoanalytic
17.
According to the psychoanalytic theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are: a. * unconscious b. learned c. traits d. cultural norms
18.
Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called _____ behavior: a. * teleological b. hedonistic c. humanistic d. existential
19.
For which of the following theories are childhood experiences considered of vital importance for subsequent personality development: a. existential-humanistic b. sociocultural c. learning d. * psychoanalytic
20.
The _____ believes that all of the influences acting on a person at a given time can actually be known: a. determinist b. existentialist c. free-willist d. * none of the above
21.
The intense study of the individual case is called _____ research: a. * idiographic b. nomothetic c. introspective d. humanistic
22.
The mind-body problem consists of determining how: a. our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the time b. * mental events and bodily events are related to each other c. bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences d. the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior
4
61.
The _____ theory of human nature stresses the importance of choosing among courses of action and assigning meaning to the events in one's life: a. * existential b. empirical c. rationalistic d. mechanistic
62.
Those theories stressing the importance of _____ expect a great deal of consistency in human behavior: a. genetics b. unconscious mechanisms c. habits d. * all of the above
63.
Questions such as, “What does it mean to know?” and “What are the limits of knowledge?” are asked by the: a. * epistemologist b. scientist c. existentialist d. rationalist
64.
_____ contends that one gains knowledge by thinking, reasoning, or logic: a. Determinism b. Empiricism c. * Rationalism d. Hedonism
65.
A theory's ability to generate new research is referred to as its function: a. rationalistic b. * heuristic c. empirical d. deterministic
66.
Which of the following characterizes scientific but not pseudoscientific explanations of personality: a. honest effort b. * the principle of verification c. the use of mathematics d. popularity
67.
Astrology, numerology, palmistry, and graphology are considered nonscientific explanations of personality because: a. they lack imagination b. the predictions they make are too specific c. * they violate the principle of verification d. the predictions they make are always false
11
68.
According to the authors of your text: a. only personality theories tend to be scientifically rigorous b. if a theory is scientifically rigorous it cannot be useful c.* a theory of personality can be useful whether or not it is scientifically rigorous d. no scientific theories exist in psychology
69.
In psychology, the term paradigm applies to: a. a single theory b. a group of interrelated theories c. a school of thought d. * more than one of the above
70.
In psychology: a. * several paradigms have always existed simultaneously b. there has always been one dominant paradigm c. there has never been a paradigm d. the term paradigm corresponds to a single theory
71.
With whom is the principle of falsifiability associated: a. Kuhn b. Einstein c. Freud d. * Popper
72.
According to Popper, if every conceivable observation can be explained by a particular theory, that theory is: a. scientific b. * nonscientific c. useless d. nonsensical
73.
Most theories of personality are concerned more with _____ than with _____ : a. prediction…postdiction b. * postdiction…prediction c. public opinion…truthfulness d. objective reality…subjective reality
12
Chapter 2 - Sigmund Freud Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic) B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age C. Entered private practice as a Clinical Neurologist in 1886 D. Married in 1886 E. Died September 23, 1939
II.
Early Influences on Freud's Theory A. Studied with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism B. Visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism C. Collaboration with Breuer (late 1870s) and the case of Anna O. D. The development of free association
III.
Instincts and Their Characteristics A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts. B. Characteristics of Instinct 1. Source (Biological Deficiency) 2. Aim (Correct the Deficiency/Restore Balance) 3. Object (Goal that Satisfies) 4. Impetus (Strength and Direction of Motive) C. Life and Death Instincts 1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts 2. Thanatos/the Death Instincts
IV.
Divisions of the Mind A. The Id (Pure, Unconscious Instinctual Energy) 1. Governed by the Pleasure Principle 2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfillment (Primary Processes) B. The Ego (Brings individual into contact with real goal objects) 1. Identification (matching Id images with real objects) 2. Governed by the Reality Principle 3. Reality Testing (Secondary Processes) C. The Superego (The moral arm of personality) 1. Conscience (from past punishments) 2. Ego Ideal (from past rewards)
V.
Cathexis and Anticathexis A. Influenced by Helmholtz's Principle of Conservation of Energy 1. Applied the principle to psychic energy B. Cathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies 2. Persists until the wish is satisfied
13
C. D.
Anticathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes Displacement 1. Superego and ego divert undesirable cathexes to alternative objects
VI.
Anxiety A. All anxiety derived from the birth trauma 1. Functions to warn us if actions or thoughts are dangerous B. Reality Anxiety-related to real-world dangers C. Neurotic Anxiety-fear that Id will overpower the Ego D. Moral Anxiety-fear of actions or thoughts contrary to Superego
VII.
Ego-Defense Mechanisms A. Irrational attempts to protect against anxiety 1. All ego-defenses are unconscious 2. All ego-defenses falsify or distort reality B. Repression 1. The basic defense mechanism-must occur before any of the others 2. Prevention of ego-threatening thoughts from entering consciousness a) Primal repression: Protects against Id impulses b) Repression proper. Protects against painful memories C. Displacement 1. Substitution of one goal/activity for another that provokes anxiety 2. Sublimation: Displacement that is advantageous for society D. Identification 1. Self-protection through affiliation with powerful persons or groups E. Denial of Reality 1. Denial of facts despite evidence to the contrary F. Projection 1. Anxiety-provoking truths about the Self are attributed to others G. Undoing 1. Using ritualistic acts to atone for past actions that provoke anxiety H. Reaction Formation 1. Overt actions that are the opposite of anxiety-provoking thoughts I. Rationalization 1. Logically explaining anxiety-provoking actions or thoughts J. Intellectualization (Isolation of Affect) 1. Stripping emotional content from anxiety-laden thoughts via analysis K. Regression 1. Returning to an earlier mode of gratification or anxiety relief
VIII.
Psychosexual Stages of Development A. Each stage has an erogenous zone as its greatest source of pleasure B. Too much or too little gratification causes fixation (substantial cathexes) C. Oral Stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of mouth, lips, and tongue
14
D.
E.
F. G.
2. Early fixations result in oral-incorporative character 3. Later fixations result in oral-sadistic character Anal Stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of anus/buttocks 2. Early fixations result in anal-expulsive character 3. Later fixations result in anal-retentive character Phallic Stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of penis 2. Oedipus Complex occurs during this stage Latency Stage 1. Sexual interests are repressed and displaced Genital Stage 1. Characterized by adult, heterosexual interests
IX.
Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology A. Viewed women as failed or inferior men B. Believed women to be morally inferior due to weak Superego development C. Admitted failure to understand women
X.
Tapping the Unconscious Mind A. Free Association B. Dream Analysis C. Parapraxes in everyday life: Unconscious revealed in action D. Humour
XI.
Freud's View of Religion A. Religion as an illusion to prevent anxiety
XII.
Freud's View of Human Nature A. A pessimistic, biological view of human nature
XIII.
Modifications of the Freudian Legend A. Problems with revisions of the seduction theory B. Problems with repression of memories C. Problems with distortion of the “Freudian History”
XIV. Evaluation
Discussion or Essay Questions 1.
Many students come to psychology courses with naive ideas about Freud's theory. After reading this chapter, which of your previously held ideas have been changed? Which have been confirmed?
2.
Freud's theory places great importance on the role of unconscious processes. What evidence do you see from other areas in psychology or in your observations of human
15
behavior to support the idea that people are often motivated by processes that are not under conscious control? 3.
Discuss and develop examples from your own behavior that demonstrate the dynamics of cathexis, anticathexis, and displacement.
4.
After reading about the ego-defense mechanisms, do you recognize any of these behaviors in yourself or others? Explain your answer with examples.
5.
How would a Freudian use the concepts of fixation and regression to explain the behavior of a student who overeats during final examination week?
6.
According to Freud, most humour will contain material that is either racist, sexist, or mean and insulting. Why is this the case?
7.
How could it be possible for a therapist to 'create' false repressed memories for a patient?
8.
Freudian psychotherapy attempts to lead the patient to insights about unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious processes. From your understanding of memory and the unconscious, is it possible for a patient to gain accurate insight into these processes? Why or why not?
9.
Do you find Freud's view of human nature to be pessimistic or optimistic? Explain.
Multiple Choice Questions Test 1 10.
Charcot observed that while a patient was hypnotized, he could create and remove paralyses in the patient at will. This demonstrated that: a. patients were malingerers b.* physical symptoms could have a Psychological origin c. physical symptoms had a physical origin d. physicians had supernatural powers
11.
Hysteria is the Greek word for: a.* uterus b. hysteria c. neurosis d. psychosis
12.
From Bernheim, Freud learned that: a. hysteria was not an exclusively female disorder b. all physical symptoms had a physical origin c.* unconscious thoughts could be made conscious under certain circumstances d. certain patients could not be hypnotized
16
13.
Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved when she openly expressed her feelings. He referred to this phenomenon as: a. hysteria b. free association c.* catharsis d. transference
14.
The phenomenon where an analyst forms an emotional attachment to a patient is called: a. catharsis b. transference c.* countertransference d. cathexis
15.
The major tool that Freud used in his self-analysis was: a.* the interpretation of his own dreams b. self-hypnosis c. looking at pictures of Anna 0. d. free association
16.
Freud's theory is _____ because it assumes that humans continually seek pleasure and avoid pain: a. deterministic b. humanistic c.* hedonistic d. rationalistic
17.
Those experiences or objects that reduce or remove a bodily deficiency are the _____ of an instinct: a. source b. aim c.* object d. impetus
18.
The removal of a bodily deficiency constitutes the _____ of an instinct: a. source b. * aim c. object d. impetus
19.
The psychic energy associated with the life instincts is called: a. * libido b. impetus c. eros d. thanatos
17
20.
Freud claimed that the aim of all life is: a. sexual enjoyment b. self-actualization c. to benefit others d.* death
21.
The _____ demands immediate gratification of bodily needs: a. superego b. ego c.* id d. ego-ideal
22.
Which of the following does the id have available to it in order to satisfy bodily needs: a. reflex action b. wish-fulfillment c.* both a and b d. neither a nor b
23.
When a bodily need arises, the id conjures up an image of an object that will satisfy the need. This exemplifies: a. reflex action b.* wish-fulfillment c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
24.
In his explanation of how the unconscious id possesses images of events and objects that can satisfy various needs, Freud accepted: a. Helmholtz's principle of conservation of energy b.* Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics c. Bemheim's notion of posthypnotic suggestion d. Breuer's principle of catharsis
25.
According to Freud, anxiety-provoking idinal images can come from: a. repressed experiences occurring in one's lifetime b. the anxiety-provoking experiences of our ancestors c.* both a and b d. neither a nor b
26.
The ego attempts to match the images of the id with objects and events in the real world. This process is called: a. the primary process b. identification c. reality testing d.* more than one of the above
18
27.
Which of the following is associated with the secondary processes: a. superego b.* ego c. id d. ego-ideal
28.
Which of the following exemplifies a secondary process: a. eating when hungry b. drinking when thirsty c. thinking of food when hungry d.* more than one of the above
29.
The _____ reflects the internalized experiences for which the child had been consistently punished: a. secondary process b. ego-ideal c.* conscience d. more than one of the above
30.
The _____ constantly strives for perfection: a. id b. ego c.* superego d. none of the above
31.
Freud was strongly influenced by: a. existential philosophy b.* the Helmholtzian school of medicine c. humanistic philosophy d. more than one of the above
32.
Vitalism is the belief that: a.* life cannot be explained entirely in terms of physical events b. life can be explained entirely in terms of physical events c. nothing exists that cannot be studied and understood using the objective methods of science d. unless something can be objectively studied, it should be ignored
33.
Freud first attempted to explain personality using only neurophysio-logical concepts. This effort was eventually published under the title: a.* Project for a Scientific Psychology b. Studies on Hysteria c. Freud's Folly d. The Future of an Illusion
19
34.
When a cathexis which first involved one object now involves another object, _____ is said to have occurred: a. development b. need reduction c.* displacement d. a primary process
35.
According to Freud, the most overwhelming experience of anxiety humans have is when they are: a. sexually aroused b.* separated from their mother at birth c. out of money d. in danger
36.
The function of anxiety, according to Freud, is to: a. make civilization possible b. assure ethical behavior c.* warn a person that if he or she continues thinking or behaving in a certain way, he or she will be in danger d. allow parents to control their children even when the parents are not around
37.
Moral anxiety is: a. caused by real environmental dangers b. the fear of being punished by others for impulsive actions c.* the internal punishment (guilt) experienced when the dictates of one's superego are violated d. the same as objective anxiety
38.
_____ anxiety is the fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego and cause the person to do something for which he or she will be punished: a. Moral b.* Neurotic c. Reality d. Environmental
39.
_____ is the most basic ego-defense mechanism because, for any of the other ego-defense mechanisms to occur, it must occur first: a. Displacement b. Projection c. Rationalization d.* Repression
20
40.
The repression of thoughts that are innately part of the id is called: a.* primal repression b. repression proper c. secondary repression d. displacement
41.
Material that a person is not aware of at the moment but could easily become aware of is said to be in the _____ part of the mind: a. unconscious b. conscious c. twilight d.* preconscious
42.
When displacement results in something advantageous to civilization, it is called: a. identification b. * sublimation c. projection d. reaction formation
43.
Instead of attacking a teacher who failed him or her, a student may instead vandalize the school. This exemplifies: a. projection b. reaction formation c.* displaced aggression d. identification
44.
The feeling of pride that one has when one's school team wins a game exemplifies: a.* identification b. projection c. reaction formation d. sublimation
45.
Using the defense mechanism of _____ a person denies the reality of an anxietyprovoking fact such as the inevitability of one's death: a. identification b.* denial of reality c. intellectualization d. reaction formation
46.
_____ involves repressing objectionable thoughts and expressing their opposites: a.* Reaction formation b. Identification c. Rationalization d. Projection
21
47.
If a young woman is too extravagant in describing the love she has for her boyfriend, Freud would conclude that the: a.* relationship is probably in trouble b. two should get married c. two are probably deeply in love d. woman is a nymphomaniac
48.
Something that was at first not overly attractive is often glorified after it is obtained. This exemplifies: a. sour grapes rationalization b.* sweet lemon rationalization c. regression d. reaction formation
49.
Using logical, rational thought to strip an idea of its emotional content exemplifies which of the following defense mechanisms: a. undoing b. denial of reality c. * intellectualization d. reaction formation
50.
As it becomes clear that his marriage is failing, a man has an urge to reestablish a relationship with an old high school friend. This exemplifies: a. identification b. rationalization c.* regression d. reaction formation
51.
According to Freud, which defense mechanism “is an especially conspicuous feature of cultural development,” making the very nature of civilization possible? a.* sublimation b. undoing c. intellectualization d. rationalization
52.
In order to make a smooth transition from one psychosexual stage to the next, the child must not be: a. undergratified b. overgratified c. fixated d.* all of the above
22
53.
Sarcasm, cynicism, and ridicule typify the _____ character: a. oral-incorporative b.* oral-sadistic c. anal-expulsive d. anal-retentive
54.
The _____ character possesses the traits of stinginess, parsimony, orderliness and perfectionism: a. oral-incorporative b. oral-sadistic c. anal-expulsive d.* anal-retentive
55.
Freud believed that the phallic stage of development applied to both male and female children because: a. genital stimulation was not a factor in the development of either gender before the age of five b.* he believed the clitoris to be a small penis and therefore both genders possessed a phallus c. both genders were sexually attracted to their mothers d. he completely ignored the development of female children
56.
According to Freud, adult sexual preferences are determined during the _____ a. oral stage b. anal stage c.* phallic stage d. genital stage
57.
Which of the following, according to Freud, describes the healthy resolution of the Oedipus complex for the male child: a. he becomes hostile toward his father b. he becomes hostile toward his mother c. he identifies with his mother d.* he identifies with his father
58.
According to Freud, a female child's sexuality changes from masculine to feminine when she: a. identifies with her mother b. represses her natural sexual desires c.* fantasizes about having her father's baby d. fantasizes about making her mother pregnant
23
59.
According to Freud, the female Oedipal complex is partially resolved when: a.* the female child's desire for her father generalizes to other males b. the female child identifies with her mother c. the female child begins to play with dolls as if she is the mother and the doll is herself d. the female child represses all sexual desires
60.
According to Freud, _____ are bisexual: a. males b. females c.* both males and females d. neither males nor females
61.
According to Freud, true feminine sexuality begins when the female's erogenous zone changes from the _____ to the _____: a. mind…body b.* clitoris…vagina c. vagina…clitoris d. id...superego
62.
Most consistently, Freud said that gender differences: a. have a cultural origin b.* have a biological origin c. are a matter of personal choice d. result from early interactions among family members
63.
In a dream, one dream element can represent several things at the same time. This exemplifies: a. synthesis b. dislocation c.* condensation d. manifest content
64.
The fact that sexual intercourse may be symbolized in a dream as dancing exemplifies: a synthesis b. condensation c.* displacement d. extreme frustration
65.
When we recall a dream, we describe its _____ or what it appears to be about: a.* manifest content b. latent content c. dream work d. synthesis
24
66.
Even after a dream's true meaning has been severely distorted by dreamwork, the dreamer still remembers the dream as involving some type of a story. According to Freud, this story is produced by: a. a psychoanalyst b.* secondary revision c. the dreamer's active imagination d. the ego-defense mechanism of projection
67.
Parapraxes refer to: a. the ability to see into the future b. the translation of mental conflicts into bodily disorders c. praxes that are not quite real d.* the manifestation of repressed thoughts in a variety of "mistakes" in everyday life
68.
According to Freud, dreams and jokes are similar in that both: a. are forgotten quickly b. provide partial satisfaction of unacceptable impulses c. employ condensation, displacement, and symbolism d.* all of the above
69.
According to Freud, in order for a joke to be funny it must: a. involve a sexual theme b. contain aggressive statements c.* involve anxiety-provoking material d. involve death, sex, or politics
70.
According to Freud, religion: a. will probably always be needed by the uneducated masses b. is an infantile illusion c. should be replaced by rational, scientific principles as a guide for living d.* all of the above
71.
Which of the following statements best describes Freud's view of human nature: a. What differentiates us from other animals is our spiritual nature b. Humans are basically gregarious, i.e., social in nature c. What we are is determined mainly by the environment d.* We are like other animals in that our master motive is the satisfaction of biological needs
72.
In Freud's 1896 paper “The Aetiology of Hysteria” in which he presented his seduction theory of hysteria, all of the following were reported among the seducers of his female patients when they were children except: a. nursemaids b. adult strangers c. slightly older brothers d.* parents
25
73.
According to Jeffrey Masson, Freud abandoned his seduction theory because: a. scientific evidence proved the theory to be incorrect b. the theory was not a useful guide during analysis c.* he (Freud) lacked personal courage d. his wife urged him to do so
74.
There is now considerable evidence that a. Freud found evidence for childhood sexual abuse among most of his patients only because he was looking for it b. Freud never believed that his patients had been sexually abused as children c. none of Freud's patients who entered therapy without conscious memories of childhood sexual abuse ever suffered such abuse d.* more than one of the above
75.
According to Loftus, the reason so many patients enter therapy without memories of sexual abuse but leave with them is: a.* therapists often strongly suggest the existence of such memories in their patients b. therapy releases such memories, that otherwise would remain repressed, for conscious consideration c. therapists are perceived by patients as similar to their parents and that perception triggers memories of sexual abuse d. therapists tell patients what they want to hear
76.
According to Henri Ellenberger, Freud: a. was only slightly hampered by anti-Semitism in his professions development b. was not nearly as original as he and his followers claimed c. experienced no more than a normal amount of hostility toward his ideas from his fellow physicians d.* all of the above
77.
According to Frank Sulloway, which of the following early criticisms of Freud and his followers was/were justified: a. they interpreted any criticism of their ideas as evidence of "neurotic resistance" b. their ideas were not nearly as original as they were claiming c. they had a low tolerance of opinions other than their own d.* all of the above
78.
Paulhus’ work on defense mechanisms divided them into two categories. One category, called _______, involves unconscious positive self-portrayal. a. impression management b.* self-deceptive enhancement c. self-aggrandizement d. esteem building
26
Test 2 79.
Freud became the focal point of an international scandal because of his involvement with: a. * cocaine b. hypnotism c. psychoanalysis d. alcohol
80.
Charcot demonstrated that hysteria: a. could have a psychogenic origin b. was not exclusively a female disorder c. was a disease that had to be taken seriously by the medical community d. * all of the above
81.
From Bernhelm's demonstration of posthypnotic suggestion, Freud learned that: a. * behavior could be caused by unconscious ideas b. some patients could be hypnotized while others could not be c. previously unconscious thoughts could be made conscious d. hysteria was a "real" disorder and, therefore, had to be taken seriously by the medical community
82.
The inability or difficulty in remembering what one does under hypnosis is referred to as: a. posthypnotic suggestion b. * posthypnotic amnesia c. the Hippolyte effect d. hysteria
83.
Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved when she: a. took cocaine b. * openly expressed her feelings c. fantasized about making love with Breuer d. would free associate
84.
The term catharsis refers to: a. the uterus b. hysteria c. the investment of psychic energy in images of things that can satisfy a need d.* a release of emotional tension
85.
The phenomenon whereby an analyst is responded to as if he or she is an important person in the patient's life is called: a. catharsis b.* transference c. countertransference d. cathexis
27
86.
Which of the following is true of Anna O.: a. she was Freud’s first free-association patient b. she was Freud’s first hypnosis patient c.* she referred to her therapy sessions as “chimney sweeping.” d. her symptoms included the inability to speak Italian
87.
One reason why Freud abandoned hypnosis was because he observed that: a. it caused his patients to become emotionally attached to him b. sometimes it caused his patients' conditions to worsen c. using it required too much time d. * not all of his patients could be hypnotized
88.
Which of the following did Freud call the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis: a. hypnosis b. * free association c. hand pressure d. chimney sweeping
89.
A bodily deficiency of some type is the _____ of an instinct: a. * source b. aim c. object d. impetus
90.
The magnitude of a bodily deficiency represents the _____ of an instinct: a. source b. aim c. object d. * impetus
91.
Freud referred to the life instincts collectively as: a. thanatos b.* eros c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
92.
Freud referred to the death instinct as: a. eros b. libido c.* thanatos d. more than one of the above
28
Chapter 14 - Carl Rogers Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born January 8, 1902 B. University of Wisconsin BA degree in 1924 C. Married 1924 D. Columbia University PhD in 1931 E. Died February 4, 1987
II.
Actualizing Tendency A. The One Master Motive 1. Person becomes more differentiated, more independent, and more socially responsible B. Organismic Valuing Process
III.
Phenomenological Field A. Phenomenological Reality (known only to individual) B. Experience versus Awareness C. Emergence of the Self
IV.
Need for Positive Regard A. Comes with emergence of Self B. Conditions of worth (specify circumstances for positive regard) C. Unconditional positive regard promotes actualizing tendency
V.
Incongruent Person A. Incongruency exists when people no longer use organismic valuing process B. Incongruence between self and experience produces psychological maladjustment C. Anxiety experienced when event threatens existing self-structure
VI.
Psychotherapy A. Nondirective, Client-Centered Therapy 1. Therapist attempts to understand client's phenomenological field B. Therapy designed to eliminate incongruity between experience and the Self
VII.
Fully Functioning Person A. Living in accordance with organismic valuing process rather than conditions of worth B. Characteristics of Fully Functioning Person 1. They will be open to experience 2. Self-structures will be congruent with experiences 3. Perceive themselves as the locus of evaluation 4. Experience unconditional self-regard 5. Meet each new experience with honest spontaneity
223
6. 7. 8.
Live in harmony with others Freedom Creativity
VIII.
Q-Sort Technique A. Real Self vs Ideal Self 1. Card sorting task
IX.
Rogers-Skinner Debate
X.
Freedom to Learn A. Rogers advocated radical changes in American education 1. Emphasis on individual 2. Reflects his approach to therapy
XI.
Modem Marriage A. Felt traditional views of marriage were restrictive B. Emphasized relationship that was mutually beneficial
XII.
Person of Tomorrow A. Characteristics 1. An openness to both inner and outer experience 2. Rejection of hypocrisy, deceit, and double talk 3. Skepticism toward science and technology that has goal of conquest of nature or the control of people 4. Desire for wholeness 5. Wish for shared purpose 6. Tendency to embrace change and risk taking 7. Gentle, subtle, nonmoralistic, nonjudgmental caring 8. Feeling of closeness to, and a caring for, nature 9. Antipathy for highly structured, inflexible, bureaucratic institutions 10. Tendency to follow organismic valuing process 11. Indifference toward material comforts 12. Desire to seek a meaning in life that is greater than the individual
XIII.
Evaluation
Discussion or Essay Questions 1.
Develop a definition of the actualizing tendency. As a psychological scientist, what aspects of human behavior would you count as evidence of this master motive?
2.
What aspects of Rogers' theory make it existential and humanistic? Are there reasons to react negatively to Rogers’ theory as an instance of "existential humanism?"
224
3.
Explain the notion of “unconditional positive regard,” and discuss how this concept might operate in child rearing or in a romantic relationship.
4.
Contrast and compare Rogers’ approach to therapy with the approach favored by Kelly. In what ways are their goals and approaches similar?
5.
What are the critical differences between Skinner's and Rogers' views of human nature and the role that psychology can play in human lives? Which position do you find most appealing? Why?
6.
Contrast Rogers' ideas about marriage with more traditional views. Do you see problems or advantages in Rogers' approach? Explain your position.
Multiple Choice Questions Test 1 7.
According to Rogers, the most important resource that an individual possesses is his or her: a. construct system b. * actualizing tendency c. will to survive d. phenomenological field
8.
Rogers believed that some individuals act in undesirable ways because: a. of their nature b. * of fear and defensiveness c. they are born without an actualizing tendency d. more than one of the above
9.
The _____ create(s) a feedback system which allows people to coordinate their experiences with their actualizing tendencies: a. * organismic valuing process b. phenomenological field c. conditions of worth d. need for positive regard
10.
Which of the following did Rogers value the most as a guide for human conduct: a. the intellect b. * the emotions c. objective reality d. conditions of worth
225
11.
Which of the following comes closest to meaning the same thing as phenomenological reality: a. * private reality b. objective reality c. physical reality d. cultural reality
12.
Before an event can enter one's phenomenological field it must first be: a. denied b. * symbolized c. verbalized d. distorted
13.
Rogers resisted using the concept of self in his theory because he believed it was too: a. closely aligned with the humanistic movement b. closely aligned with the behavioristic movement c. * unscientific d. similar to other terms already in use
14.
According to Rogers, the _____ gradually emerges from experiences involving verbal labels such as “me” and “I”: a. mind b. phenomenological field c. actualizing tendency d. * self
15.
With the emergence of the self comes: a. conditions of worth b. * the need for positive regard c. the actualizing tendency d. the organismic valuing process
16.
_____ involves receiving warmth, love, and respect from the relevant people in one's life: a. The need for self-regard b. The actualizing tendency c. * The need for positive regard d. The organismic valuing process
17.
After children have internalized the values of those individuals controlling them, their behavior is guided by: a. the organismic valuing process b. * introjected conditions of worth c. the need for positive regard d. the actualizing tendency
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18.
When the child develops the need to view himself or herself positively, the child is said to have developed: a. the need for positive regard b. * the need for self-regard c. conditions of worth d. actualizing tendency
19.
According to Rogers, the only way not to interfere with the child's actualizing tendency is to give him or her: a. conditions of worth b. positive regard c. * unconditional positive regard d. equal status within the family
20.
How, according to Rogers, should parents deal with behavior problems: a. tell the child he or she is disliked when certain activities are engaged in b. punish the child but always tell him or her why he or she is being punished c. * give the child the feeling that he or she is always loved but that certain things he or she does may be disliked d. express love toward the child only when he or she is acting in a desirable way
21.
_____ exists when individuals no longer use their organismic valuing processes as a means of determining if their experiences are in accordance with their actualizing tendencies: a. Neurosis b. * Incongruency c. Uncertainty d. Hostility
22.
_____ results when a person subceives an experience as being incompatible with his or her self-structure and its introjected conditions of worth: a. Hostility b. Aggression c. * Anxiety d. An identity crisis
23.
According to Rogers, the process of _____ consists of editing experiences via the mechanisms of denial and distortion: a. displacement b. sublimation c. * defense d. suppression
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24.
According to Rogers, an experience is denied symbolization if it is: a. sinful b. * contrary to one's self-structure c. contrary to one's superego d. outside the range of convenience of one's construct system
25.
According to Rogers, any experience we have can be: a. symbolized accurately in awareness b. distorted c. denied d. * all of the above
26.
Rogers’ _____ approach to therapy emphasized the client's ability to solve his or her own problems: a. client-centered b. * non-directive c. experiential d. person-centered
27.
During the _____ stage of Rogers’ thinking about psychotherapy, the feelings of the therapist are as important as those of the client: a. client-centered b. non-directive c. * experiential d. person-centered
28.
Which of the following concepts has remained important throughout all of the various stages of Rogers’ thinking concerning psychotherapy: a. the actualizing tendency b. the organismic valuing process c. unconditional positive regard d. * all of the above
29.
According to Rogers, the main goal of psychotherapy is to: a. socialize clients b. release repressed conflicts c. * bring clients ever closer to using their organismic valuing process in living his or her life d. all of the above
30.
What describes "the good life" according to Rogers: a. power and influence b. having many close friends c. * being true to oneself d. making a significant contribution to society
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31.
According to Rogers, if a relationship is to facilitate growth it must be characterized by: a. genuineness b. unconditional positive regard c. empathic understanding d. * all of the above
32.
As part of his method of measuring the effectiveness of therapy, Rogers had his client choose a number of statements that best described the person he or she would most like to become. This creates a(n): a. Q-sort b. self-sort c. * ideal-sort d. ideal self
33.
If Rogers found the correlation between a self-sort and an ideal-sort to be +.10, he would have concluded that the two sorts were: a. almost perfectly correlated b. inversely related c. substantially correlated d. * almost totally unrelated
34.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the Rogers-Skinner debate: a. The two disagreed completely b. * There was as much agreement between the two as there was disagreement c. The two totally agreed d. Skinner believed that the behavioral sciences have provided a great deal of useful information about humans, but Rogers did not agree
35.
Which of the following questions did Rogers raise concerning cultural engineering during the Rogers-Skinner debate: a. Who will exercise control? b. What type of control will be exercised? c. Toward what end will control be exercised? d. * all of the above
36.
Who believed that humans possess free choice: a. Skinner b. * Rogers c. both Skinner and Rogers d. neither Skinner nor Rogers
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37.
Concerning education, Rogers believed: a. the training of graduate students was typically cold and mechanical b. improving the educational system in the United States would require a revolution c. education in the United States was the best in the world because it was humanistically oriented d. * more than one of the above
38.
Which of the following terms did Rogers want to replace the term "teacher": a. friend b. conditioner c. dispenser d. * facilitator
39.
According to Rogers, for a marriage to work it must be: a. based entirely on love b. destined to work c. * advantageous to both partners d. viewed as sacred
40.
A satellite relationship is: a. * a close, perhaps intimate, relationship with someone outside of one's marriage b. a deep, emotional involvement in America's space program c. a relationship one forms instead of a marital relationship d. more than one of the above
41.
According to Rogers, jealousy is closely related to: a. honesty b. * possessiveness c. our biogrammar d. our organismic valuing process
42.
Rogers saw the emergence of a new person who is _____ oriented: a. * humanistically b. technologically c. scientifically d. religiously
43.
According to Rogers, which of the following slogans represents a viewpoint that will oppose the emergence of "the person of tomorrow": a. Our truth is the truth b. The intellect above all c. Tradition above all d. * All of the above
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44.
In a review of 22 studies, Gurman’s psychotherapy research showed that clients who perceived their therapists as _______ were more likely to judge the therapy as effective. a. genuine b. showing unconditional positive regard c. empathic d. * all of the above
45.
In Flett and Hewitt’s study of perfection, they believe that _______ perfectionism denotes a response to others’ unrealistic goals. a. self-oriented b. other-oriented c. * social prescribed d. other prescribed
46.
Rogers has been criticized for: a. ignoring the unconscious mind b. refusing to use established diagnostic categories, such as neurotic and psychotic c. having an overly simplified view of human nature d. * all of the above
47.
Among Rogers’ contributions are: a. the creation of a new form of therapy b. promoting a positive view of humans c. the creation of a theory with significant applied value d. * all of the above
Test 2 48.
Rogers postulated one master motive which he called: a. the need to reduce uncertainty b. hedonism c. * the actualizing tendency d. internal harmony
49.
Because Rogers believed in the inherent goodness of humans and that the emotions are the best guide for human conduct, his theory can be placed in the philosophical tradition of: a. empiricism b. rationalism c. existentialism d. * romanticism
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50.
According to Rogers, it is _____ that determines a person's behavior: a. objective reality b. * phenomenological reality c. the physical environment d. the unconscious mind
51.
According to Rogers, a person's subjective reality can: a. be completely known by other people b. * be known only by the person himself or herself c. never be known by anyone d. be known only by a psychotherapist
52.
According to Rogers, _____ is all that is going on within the organism's environment at any given moment which is potentially available to awareness: a. awareness b. * experience c. symbolization d. more than one of the above
53.
Experiences become part of the person's phenomenological field after: a. * they become symbolized and enter awareness b. the individual experiences some degree of self-actualization c. they enter awareness but before they become symbolized d. they attain a degree of independence from one another
54.
Although Rogers initially opposed the use of the term self, he finally accepted the term into his theory because he: a. found instruments with which to reliably measure it b. * found that it was an important element in the experiences of his clients c. realized that it could be differentiated from the concepts of "me" and "I" d. all of the above
55.
The concept of self: a. was not used by Rogers b. * was only of secondary importance to Rogers c. is the cornerstone of Roger's theory d. became increasingly less useful to Rogers although it was very useful earlier in his theorizing
56.
By making positive regard contingent on a child's desirable behavior, parents create: a. the need for self regard b. self-actualization c. * conditions of worth d. the need for positive regard
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84.
Research has indicated that the variables that produce effective psychotherapy and those that produce effective education are: a. * the same b. distinctly different c. somewhat similar d. somewhat different
85.
Flett and Hewitt’s research showed that _______ perfectionism was linked to higher levels of vulnerability to stress. a. * self-oriented b. other-oriented c. socially prescribed d. other prescribed
86.
Rogers’ theory has been criticized for: a. being overly simplistic and optimistic b. failing to give credit to those that influenced his theory c. ignoring or denying important aspects of personality d. * all of the above
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Chapter 15 – Abraham Maslow Chapter Outline I.
Biographical Sketch A. Born on April 1, 1908 B. University of Wisconsin BA in1930, MA in 1931, and PhD in 1934 C. Married 1928 D. Died June 8, 1970
II.
Third Force Psychology A. First and Second Forces: Psychoanalytic and Behavioristic Psychology B. Humanistic Psychology as the third force 1. Emphasis on the positive aspects of human personality 2. Use of holistic-analytic approach to science C. Humanistic Principles 1. Study of psychology should be the experiencing person 2. Choice, creativity, and self-realization are primary concerns 3. Only personally and socially significant problems should be studied 4. Concern should be dignity and enhancement of people
III.
Hierarchy of Needs A. Needs are instinctoid (innately human) B. Higher versus lower needs 1. Higher needs emerge later in evolution 2. Higher needs emerge later in individual development 3. Higher needs not related directly to survival 4. Satisfaction of higher needs is mere satisfying (psychologically) 5. Higher needs require more prerequisites than lower needs C. Maslow's Hierarchy 1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Belongingness and Love Needs 4. Esteem Needs 5. Self-Actualization D. Exceptions in the Hierarchy of Needs 1. Individuals may fixate at certain stages E. Degrees of Satisfaction 1. Individuals may attempt to satisfy two or more needs simultaneously 2. Individuals may regress F. Desire to Know and Understand (Exist at all levels of hierarchy) G. The Aesthetic Needs (Also instinctoid)
IV.
Being Motivation A. Self-Actualizing People 1. Governed by Being Values (B-values)
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