TEST BANK for Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, 1st Canadian Edition by Stephen Robbins, Timot by welldoneassistant

Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition (Robbins) Chapter 1 What Is Organizational Behaviour? 1) Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the ________ aspects of management. A) ethical B) people C) technical D) human E) global Answer: C Explanation: C) Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusing on economics, accounting, finance, and quantitative techniques. Course work in human behaviour and people skills received relatively less attention. Over the past three decades, however, business faculty have come to realize the role that understanding human behaviour plays in determining a manager's effectiveness, and required courses on people skills have been added to many curricula. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 2) Which of the following is not a reason why business schools have begun to include classes on organizational behaviour? A) to increase manager effectiveness in organizations B) to help organizations attract top quality employees C) to expand organizations' consulting needs D) to improve retention of quality workers E) to help increase organizations' profits Answer: C Explanation: C) Understanding human behaviour plays an important role in determining a manager's effectiveness. Developing managers' interpersonal skills helps organizations attract and keep high-performing employees. Positive social relationships are associated with lower stress at work and lower turnover. Finally, companies with reputations as good places to work have been found to generate superior financial performance. Expanding a company's consulting needs is not a positive reason to teach organizational behaviour. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace.

3) There is a connection between companies which have ________ and the incorporation of organizational behaviour principles. A) high turnover rates B) specialized technical processes C) superior financial performance D) long-lasting CEOs E) all of the above Answer: C Explanation: C) Companies such as Canadian Tire, Great West Life, 3M Canada, the Aboriginal People's Television Network, Labatt Breweries, SaskTel, and RBC all have incorporated the concepts of organizational behaviour and attribute it to their ability to generate high financial outcomes. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 4) ________ is the study of the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within organizations. A) Leadership B) Organizational strategy C) Performance management D) Employee relations E) Organizational behaviour Answer: E Explanation: E) Organizational behaviour is the field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 5) What are the three primary determinants of behaviour in organizations? A) profit structure, organizational complexity, and job satisfaction B) individuals, profit structure, and job satisfaction C) individuals, groups, and job satisfaction D) groups, structure, and profit structure E) individuals, groups, and structure Answer: E Explanation: E) OB investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within organizations. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 2 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

6) Which of the following is not a topic or concern related to OB? A) turnover B) leader behaviour C) productivity D) management E) family behaviour Answer: E Explanation: E) OB is concerned specifically with employment-related situations such as jobs, work, absenteeism, employment turnover, productivity, human performance, and management. OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader behaviour and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, personality, emotions, values, attitude development, perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and work design. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 7) Which of the following is not a core topic of organizational behaviour? A) motivation B) attitude development C) conflict D) resource allocation E) work design Answer: D Explanation: D) OB includes the core topics of motivation, leader behaviour and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, personality, emotions, and values, attitude development and perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and work design. It does not include resource allocation. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace.

8) Betty believes that it is best to take the casual or common sense approach to reading others. She needs to remember that ________. A) the casual approach is nonsensical, and should be avoided as much as possible B) the systematic approach and the casual approach are one and the same C) laboratory experiments on human behaviour often result in unreliable findings D) the casual or common sense approach to reading others can often lead to erroneous predictions E) behaviour is unpredictable, hence there is no accurate way to analyze it Answer: D Explanation: D) Unfortunately, the casual or common sense approach to reading others can often lead to erroneous predictions. However, you can improve your predictive ability by supplementing intuition with a more systematic approach. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB). 9) In order to predict human behaviour, it is best to supplement your intuitive opinions with information derived in what fashion? A) common sense B) direct observation C) systematic study D) speculation E) organizational theory Answer: C Explanation: C) To make good OB decisions it is important to use evidence to supplement intuition and experience. Evidence should come through systematic study, which involves looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB).

10) Which of the following explains the usefulness of the systematic approach to the study of organizational behaviour? A) Human behaviour does not vary a great deal between individuals and situations. B) Human behaviour is not random. C) Human behaviour is not consistent. D) Human behaviour is rarely predictable. E) Human behaviour is often not sensible. Answer: B Explanation: B) Underlying the systematic approach to the study of organizational behaviour is the belief that behaviour is not random. Rather, we can identify fundamental consistencies underlying the behaviour of all individuals and modify them to reflect individual differences. Behaviour is generally predictable, and the systematic study of behaviour is a means to making reasonably accurate predictions. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB). 11) Which of the following problems would an OB study be least likely to focus on? A) an increase in absenteeism at a certain company B) a fall in productivity in one shift of a manufacturing plant C) a decrease in sales due to growing foreign competition D) an increase in theft by employees at a retail store E) excessive turnover among volunteer workers at a nonprofit organization Answer: C Explanation: C) OB is concerned specifically with employment-related situations such as jobs, work, absenteeism, employment turnover, productivity, human performance, and management. A study of foreign competition would not be part of an OB research project. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB.

12) Analyzing relationships, determining causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence all constitute aspects of ________ study. A) organizational B) intuitive C) theoretical D) systematic E) case-based Answer: D Explanation: D) Systematic study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 13) Which of the following terms means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence? A) organizational behaviour B) scientific study C) evidence-based management D) big data E) social science Answer: B Explanation: B) The term scientific study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions, and rigorously measured and interpreted. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB.

14) Janet needs to assign a very important advertising account to one of her writers. First she reviewed each writer's work load, then she studied the sales data of the products for the last three campaigns of each writer, then she reviewed each writer's annual review to familiarize herself with their goals. Finally, she gave the account to Paula, a very creative, efficient writer who has had high sales results with her last three clients' products. Janet's management style is based on ________. A) intuition or "gut feeling" B) organizational behavioural studies C) subjective assessments D) preconceived notions E) scientific study Answer: E Explanation: E) Scientific study means looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific evidence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 15) Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific support is called ________. A) intuition B) organizational process C) organizational behaviour D) evidence-based management E) conceptual management Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence-based management (EBM) complements systematic study (which includes looking at relationships, not merely studying scientific evidence), by basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB.

16) Which of the following argues that managers should search for the best available knowledge and apply the relevant information when answering a managerial question? A) scientific study B) systems approach C) conceptual management D) evidence-based management E) contingency theory Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence-based management (EBM) argues that managers should become more scientific in how they think about management problems. A manager might pose a managerial question, search for the best available evidence, and apply the relevant information to the question or case at hand. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 17) "Big data" has been recently applied to making effective decisions and ________. A) managing human resources B) creation of surveys C) decreasing online sales D) marketing campaigns E) none of the above Answer: A Explanation: A) Historically used in marketing and statistical compilation, big data is now being used within the development of human resources, particularly in relation to behaviour tendencies. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 18) Which of the following involves the extensive use of statistical compilation and analysis for making effective decisions and managing human resources? A) "big data" B) evidence-based management C) social science D) political science E) neuroscience Answer: A Explanation: A) While "big data"–the extensive use of statistical compilation and analysis–has been applied to many areas of business, increasingly it is applied to making effective decisions and managing human resources. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 8 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

19) Austin is a graduate student helping to organize a study on individual job satisfaction. The study focuses on the top five causes of satisfaction or dissatisfaction on a job. His department is surveying 200 individuals in 100 different types of organizations. Austin is most likely a graduate student in the department of ________. A) psychology B) anthropology C) political science D) social psychology E) archaeology Answer: A Explanation: A) Because Austin's study focuses on the causes of job satisfaction, he is most likely conducting the study through the department of psychology. Psychology is defined as the science which seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 20) Organizational behaviour is constructed from all of the following disciplines except ________. A) physics B) psychology C) anthropology D) sociology E) social psychology Answer: A Explanation: A) Organizational behaviour is an applied behavioural science built on contributions from a number of behavioural disciplines, mainly psychology and social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Physics does not form a part of OB studies. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

21) Which behavioural science discipline is most focused on understanding individual behaviour? A) sociology B) social psychology C) psychology D) anthropology E) organizational behaviour Answer: C Explanation: C) Organizational behaviour is an applied behavioural science built on contributions from a number of behavioural disciplines, mainly psychology and social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology's contributions have been mainly at the individual or micro level of analysis, while the other disciplines have contributed to our understanding of macro concepts such as group processes and organization. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 22) Psychology's major contributions to the field of organizational behaviour have been primarily at what level of analysis? A) the level of the group B) the level of the individual C) the level of the organization D) the level of culture E) the level of interacting groups Answer: B Explanation: B) Psychology's contributions to the field of organizational behaviour have been mainly at the individual or micro level of analysis, while the other disciplines have contributed to our understanding of macro concepts such as group processes and organization. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

23) ________ is a science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals. A) Psychiatry B) Psychology C) Sociology D) Political science E) Organizational behaviour Answer: B Explanation: B) Psychology is defined as the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals through study of the individual. Contributions include learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, and more. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 24) You are bringing together faculty from different behavioural disciplines to author a new textbook in organizational behaviour. Represented are professors from psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and industrial engineering. Which faculty member should furnish information about personality, learning, and motivation? A) the sociologist B) the psychologist C) the anthropologist D) the political scientist E) the industrial engineer Answer: B Explanation: B) Psychology seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals. Psychology's focus on the individual has led to contributions in the areas of learning, personality, emotions, motivational forces, and more. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

25) The science of ________ was developed by applying general concepts to a particular situation, person, or group. A) organizational behaviour B) anthropology C) psychology D) sociology E) social psychology Answer: A Explanation: A) The science of OB has been developed by applying general concepts to a particular situation, person, or group, whereas, anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities; psychology seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals; sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture; and social psychology focuses on people's influence on one another. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 26) You are bringing together faculty from different behavioural disciplines to author a new textbook in organizational behaviour. Represented are professors from psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and industrial engineering. Which professor out of this group would you expect to address issues on communication? A) the psychologist B) the anthropologist C) the political scientist D) the social psychologist E) the industrial engineer Answer: D Explanation: D) Social psychology focuses on people's influence on one another. Social psychologists contribute to identifying communication patterns and more. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

27) Group behaviour, power, and conflict are central areas of study for ________. A) archaeologists B) philanthropists C) anthropologists D) social psychologists E) operations analysts Answer: D Explanation: D) Social psychology, generally considered a branch of psychology, blends concepts from both psychology and sociology to focus on people's influence on one another. This field has made important contributions to our study of group behaviour, power, and conflict. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 28) ________ blends concepts from psychology and sociology and focuses on the influence people have on one another. A) Corporate strategy B) Anthropology C) Political science D) Social psychology E) Archaeology Answer: D Explanation: D) Social psychology, generally considered a branch of psychology, blends concepts from both psychology and sociology to focus on people's influence on one another. One major study area is change, how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 29) Jude is a social psychologist. He is working on a concept in social psychology, which is a major study area, and learning how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. Jude is studying the concept of ________. A) culture B) ethics C) power D) change E) fatigue Answer: D Explanation: D) One major study area of social psychology is change–how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. Social psychologists also contribute to measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes; identifying communication patterns; and building trust. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 13 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

30) You are bringing together faculty from different behavioural disciplines to author a new textbook in organizational behaviour. Represented are professors from psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, and industrial engineering. You should expect that the faculty member from ________ will probably contribute information about large-scale group behaviour. A) sociology B) psychology C) social psychology D) anthropology E) industrial engineering Answer: A Explanation: A) Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Sociologists have contributed to OB through their study of group behaviour in organizations. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 31) ________ focuses on the study of people in relation to their social environment. A) Psychology B) Sociology C) Corporate strategy D) Political science E) Operations management Answer: B Explanation: B) Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Sociologists have contributed to OB through their study of group behaviour in organizations, particularly formal and complex organizations. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

32) Which field of study has contributed to OB through its research on organizational culture and formal organization theory and structure? A) psychology B) operations management C) corporate strategy D) political science E) sociology Answer: E Explanation: E) Perhaps most important to the field of sociology is the study of organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict, which all contribute widely to OB. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 33) Which field of study has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behaviour between people in different countries and within different organizations? A) anthropology B) corporate strategy C) political science D) operations research E) psycholinguistics Answer: A Explanation: A) Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. Anthropologists' work on cultures and environments has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behaviour between people in different countries and within different organizations. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

34) Myriam is analyzing the gender roles of men and women in management in Canada and comparing them to the gender roles in management in Japan. She is surveying fifty male and fifty female managers in each country to compare their daily behaviour. Myriam's study exemplifies how ________ contributes to OB. A) anthropology B) psychology C) archaeology D) political science E) corporate strategy Answer: A Explanation: A) Myriam is an anthropologist. Much of our current understanding of organizational culture, organizational environments, and differences among national cultures is a result of the work of anthropologists or those using their methods. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 35) The subject of organizational culture has been most influenced by which behavioural science discipline? A) anthropology B) psychology C) social psychology D) political science E) corporate strategy Answer: A Explanation: A) Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. Much of our current understanding of organizational culture, organizational environments, and differences among national cultures is a result of the work of anthropologists or those using their methods. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

36) Which field of study provides insight into the distribution of power and resources, and how those distribution decisions are influenced? A) social psychology B) sociology C) anthropology D) political science E) psychology Answer: D Explanation: D) Political science is the study of systems of government but also political behaviours and activities. As such, it provides insight into the distribution of power and resources, and how those distribution decisions are influenced. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 37) Which group of researchers study the government regulation of industry, strategic mergers and acquisitions, and public relations? A) psychologists B) sociologists C) political scientists D) anthropologists E) behavioural scientists Answer: C Explanation: C) Political scientists contribute to our understanding of the government regulation of industry, strategic mergers and acquisitions, group behaviour and decision making, public relations, and the use of personal-influence tactics and power plays within organizations. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 38) Which field of study explores the structure and function of the human nervous system and brain? A) social psychology B) sociology C) anthropology D) political science E) neuroscience Answer: E Explanation: E) Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system and brain. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 17 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

39) Which field of study has recently begun contributing to OB by studying such topics as the impact of hormone levels on risk-taking in business contexts and the influence of pheromones on team behaviours? A) social psychology B) sociology C) anthropology D) political science E) neuroscience Answer: E Explanation: E) Neuroscientists have recently begun contributing to OB by studying topics such as the impact of hormone levels on risk-taking in business contexts, the influence of pheromones on team behaviours, and the underlying cognitive structures and neural processes that contribute to inadvertent prejudice and associated skill discounting and underutilization of workers. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 40) What is the major contribution of the Hawthorne studies that were conducted between 1924 and 1932 at Hawthorne Electrical Company? A) helping develop the concept of bounded rationality B) discovering the influence of the broader environment on management practice C) making understanding of culture and change more immediately relevant to management research D) offering new insights about optimizing the effectiveness of diversity management programs E) helping launch an entire area of study devoted to motivation and teams Answer: E Explanation: E) The famous Hawthorne studies were conducted between 1924 and 1932 at Hawthorne Electrical Company. The scientists discovered that being observed and having people pay attention to the efforts of workers increased productivity regardless of temperature, lighting, etc. This helped launch an entire area of study devoted to motivation and teams. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

41) OB concepts must reflect contingency conditions for all of the following reasons except ________. A) human beings are complex B) our predictions and assumptions are almost accurate all the time C) one person's behaviour changes in different situations D) we are limited in our ability to make sweeping generalizations E) two people often act very differently in the same situation Answer: B Explanation: B) Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behaviour. Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person's behaviour changes in different situations. Because we are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations is limited. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 42) Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behaviour. Nevertheless, it does not mean that OB cannot offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behaviour or make valid predictions. It does mean that OB concepts must ________. A) focus on the reliability and validity of research data B) attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships C) be consistently applicable across a wide range of situations D) reflect situational, or contingency, conditions E) avoid assumptions Answer: D Explanation: D) Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behaviour. That doesn't mean that we can't offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behaviour or make valid predictions. It does mean that OB concepts must reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z—the contingency variables. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB.

43) Which of the following statements best describes contingency variables? A) They are scientific factors based on universal truths. B) They are factors that moderate the relationship between two or more events or situations. C) There is general consensus among OB researchers that they can be controlled. D) They are the cause-and-effect principles that tend to apply to all situations that have been discovered. E) They are simple and universal principles that explain organizational behaviour. Answer: B Explanation: B) Contingency variables are variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables. For example, an OB study can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. Because humans are somewhat unpredictable, all OB studies must have contingency variables. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 44) Raymond is completing a study on discrimination in which he has noted that saleswomen who wear skirt suits make more sales than saleswomen who only wear pant suits. However, Raymond determined that his findings only pertained to those industries in which the purchasing decision maker is traditionally masculine. For example, the sales results were the same for all women selling to medical office managers, a female-dominated field. Raymond used ________ variables to more accurately explain his results. A) global B) general C) dependent D) non-reactive E) contingency Answer: E Explanation: E) Contingency variables are variables that moderate the relationship between two or more variables. For example, an OB study can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z. Because humans are somewhat unpredictable, all OB studies must have contingency variables. By limiting his results to only male-oriented industries, Raymond is able to make a generalization. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB.

45) Munwar and Jackson both work as logistics supervisors at a successful restaurant management company. Recently, the manager for District G retired and both Munwar and Jackson have been approached about filling the position. While Munwar was excited about the possible promotion, Jackson was not interested in the position because it would require relocation and travel as well as the supervision of over 200 employees. Jackson's behaviour can be explained by ________. A) sociology B) big data C) organizational behaviour D) contingency variables E) interpersonal skills Answer: D Explanation: D) Different people are motivated by different things and the appeal of the new job is contingent on who is taking it. For Jackson, the increase of responsibility may conflict with his personal life or career motivations. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 46) Which of the following has not contributed to blurring the lines between employees' work life and personal life? A) communication technology allowing employees to work any time and from any place B) organizations asking employees to put in longer hours C) creation of flexible teams D) the increase in employees with dependent parents E) the increase in single-parent households Answer: C Explanation: C) One of the biggest challenges to maintaining employee well-being is that organizations are asking employees to put in longer hours, either in the office or online. Employees are increasingly complaining that the line between work and nonwork time has blurred, creating personal conflicts and stress. Second, employee well-being is challenged by heavy outside commitments. Millions of single-parent households and employees with dependent parents are significantly challenged in balancing work and family responsibilities, for instance. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB.

47) Which of the following does not bring opportunities for managers to use OB concepts? A) The typical employee is getting older. B) The workforce is becoming increasingly diverse. C) Temporary workers are heavily used. D) Global competition requires employees to become more flexible. E) Employees are more educated. Answer: E Explanation: E) Understanding organizational behaviour has never been more important for managers. Take a quick look at the dramatic changes in organizations. The typical employee is getting older; the workforce is becoming increasingly diverse; corporate downsizing and the heavy use of temporary workers are severing the bonds of loyalty that tied many employees to their employers; and global competition requires employees to become more flexible and cope with rapid change. In short, today's challenges bring opportunities for managers to use OB concepts. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 48) Which of the following represents a typical organizational response to economic pressures? A) hire more people B) lay off employees C) extend employee work hours D) increase employee compensation E) enforce more strict work rules Answer: B Explanation: B) In early 2015 the Canadian economy experienced major challenges. Dropping oil prices severely impacted oil sands production and profitability. Since this industry represents a significant component of the Canadian economy, everything from the dollar to average housing prices was negatively impacted. Layoffs and job losses were widespread, especially in Alberta. When things like this happen managers are on the front lines with the employees who must be fired, who are asked to make do with less, and who worry about their futures. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

49) The difference between good and bad management can be the difference between ________ and ________. A) profit; loss B) employment; success C) development; deterioration D) collaboration; noncooperation E) productivity; unproductivity Answer: A Explanation: A) The difference between good and bad management can be the difference between profit and loss or, ultimately, between survival and failure. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 50) Which of the following factors makes it imperative that organizations be fast and flexible? A) workforce diversity B) corporate excess C) truncated capacity D) advances in corporate strategy E) globalization Answer: E Explanation: E) Globalization, expanded capacity, and advances in technology have required organizations to be fast and flexible if they are to survive. The result is that most managers and employees today work in a climate best characterized as "temporary." Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

51) Timothy works with people of various nationalities and faiths. How can he effectively manage people from different cultures? A) by adapting his management style to their differences B) by keeping a straightforward and open communication style C) by using his own motivations to guide others D) by treating everyone uniformly, regardless of their background E) by guiding them to adapt to his management style Answer: A Explanation: A) To work effectively with people from different cultures, you need to understand how their culture, geography, and religion have shaped them and how to adapt your management style to their differences. What motivates you may not motivate them. Or your communication style may be straightforward and open, which others may find uncomfortable and threatening. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 52) Which one of the following is not an example of globalization? A) After years of lackluster performance, Boeing realized it needed to change its business model. B) McDonald's sells hamburgers in more than 100 countries in six continents. C) All major automobile makers now manufacture cars outside their borders. D) At Finland-based phone maker Nokia's renowned research centre in Helsinki, non-Finns now outnumber Finns. E) ExxonMobil, a so-called United States company, reported that less than 6 percent of their 2011 earnings were from gas and products sales in the United States. Answer: A Explanation: A) Organizations are no longer constrained by national borders. McCain Foods, headquartered in Florenceville, New Brunswick, has 21,000 employees and 52 production facilities spanning six continents. The Vancouver-based franchise 1-800-GOT-JUNK licenses their business model in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Toronto-based custom broker Livingston International has over 3,200 employees located at more than 125 border points, seaports, airports, and other locations across in North America, Europe, and Asia. Montreal's Bombardier sells their planes and trains all over the world and they have facilities on all continents except Antarctica. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

53) ________ is an effect of increasing globalization. A) More expensive consumer goods B) An increase in manufacturing jobs in developed nations C) An ever increasingly homogeneous workforce D) Shared economic values among all cultures E) Jobs moving to nations with low-cost labour Answer: E Explanation: E) In a global economy, jobs tend to flow where lower costs give businesses a comparative advantage. Because of this consumer goods remain affordable, but manufacturing jobs flow to less developed nations and the workforce is increasingly diverse physically and psychologically. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 54) Which of the following is not an issue that managers in global organizations are experiencing? A) increased foreign assignments B) working with people from different cultures C) overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labour D) adapting to differing cultural and regulatory norms E) managing workforce diversity Answer: E Explanation: E) The world has indeed become a global village. In the process, the manager's job has changed. Effective managers will anticipate and adapt their approaches to the global issues, including increased foreign assignments, working with people from different cultures, overseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labour, and adapting to differing cultural and regulatory norms. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

55) As managers oversee the movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labour, ________. A) they tend to ignore the home country needs B) they must deal with strong criticism from labour groups C) they manage less diverse workforces D) they avoid markets like China and other developing nations E) they work themselves out of a job Answer: B Explanation: B) In a global economy, jobs tend to flow where lower costs give businesses a comparative advantage, though labour groups, politicians, and local community leaders see the exporting of jobs as undermining the job market at home. Managers face the difficult task of balancing the interests of their organization with their responsibilities to the communities in which they operate. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 56) ________ is a measure of how organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. A) Globalization B) Workforce diversity C) Affirmative action D) Organizational culture E) Operational homogeneity Answer: B Explanation: B) Workforce diversity acknowledges a workforce of women, men, and transgendered persons, many racial and ethnic groups, individuals with a variety of physical or psychological abilities, and people who differ in age and sexual orientation. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

57) Whereas ________ focuses on differences among people from different countries, ________ addresses differences among people within given countries. A) workforce diversity; globalization B) globalization; workforce diversity C) culture; diversity D) culturalization; workforce diversity E) psychology; social psychology Answer: B Explanation: B) One of the most important challenges for organizations is adapting to people who are different. We describe this challenge as workforce diversity. Whereas globalization focuses on differences among people from different countries, workforce diversity addresses differences among people within given countries. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 58) Which of the following statements is not true about workforce diversity? A) Disability is a category of workforce diversity. B) Managing workforce diversity presents many challenges. C) Workforce diversity focuses on differences within a country. D) Sexual orientation is a part of workforce diversity. E) Workforce diversity is a concern only in Canada. Answer: E Explanation: E) Managing diversity is a global concern. Though we have more to say about workforce diversity later, suffice it to say here that diversity presents great opportunities and poses challenging questions for managers and employees in all countries. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

59) Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of all of the following except ________. A) age B) gender C) race D) socioeconomic status E) sexual orientation Answer: D Explanation: D) Gender, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and ability are the major workforce diversity categories. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 60) Which of the following would not be considered a service employee? A) fast food counter worker B) sales clerk C) police officer D) automobile repair technician E) financial planner Answer: C Explanation: C) Service employees are those who have considerable interaction with an organization's customers. Police officers are not serving a particular organization, nor are those with whom they deal considered customers. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 61) The common characteristic of service jobs is that they require ________. A) substantial interaction with an organization's customers B) low pay C) a focus on productivity D) little job knowledge E) little technical competence Answer: A Explanation: A) The common characteristic of service jobs is substantial interaction with an organization's customers. Many an organization has failed because its employees failed to please customers. Management needs to create a customer-responsive culture. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 28 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

62) Which of the following is not considered a key quality of an employee in a customer-friendly culture? A) friendly and courteous B) accessible C) knowledgeable D) good computer skills E) willing to do what's necessary to please the customer Answer: D Explanation: D) Management needs to create a customer-friendly culture. OB can provide considerable guidance in helping managers create such cultures–in which employees are friendly and courteous, accessible, knowledgeable, prompt in responding to customer needs, and willing to do what's necessary to please the customer. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 63) Which of the following is the major challenge to managers in a fully networked organization? A) eliminating the need for paper communication by relying entirely on e-mail, file transfers, and the like B) retaining team members who can easily move to another employer when demand for their services changes C) managing contract and temporary workers D) maintaining a "virtual office" through the use of computers, interoffice networks, and the Internet E) managing people who work together but are geographically separated Answer: E Explanation: E) Networked organizations allow people to communicate and work together even though they may be thousands of miles apart. Motivating and managing people online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

64) ________ allow(s) people to communicate and work together even though they may be thousands of miles apart. A) Flexible cubicles B) Stratified work environments C) Decentralized communication D) Evidence-based management E) Networked organizations Answer: E Explanation: E) Networked organizations allow people to communicate and work together even though they may be thousands of miles apart. Motivating and managing people online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 65) Which of the following is not an example of people who can work from home or other nonoffice locations? A) assembly line workers B) systems analysts C) technical writers D) medical transcribers E) book and media editors Answer: A Explanation: A) Software programmers, graphic designers, systems analysts, technical writers, photo researchers, book and media editors, and medical transcribers are just a few examples of people who can work from home or other non-office locations. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

66) Raul is a financial analyst who oversees the daily financial expenditures for a major big box retailer. On a typical day, Raul does not interact with other employees and only meets with his team on Monday afternoons; however, he typically has to run a report at 7:30 am and then a final report at 7:30 pm. Raul and his wife Emily have a 6-month-old son and Emily will soon be returning to work, thus requiring the couple to engage childcare. To enhance Raul's well-being at work, his manager could ________. A) reassign Raul to a position which requires less time B) allow Raul to completely work from home C) allow Raul to work from home four days a week D) fire Raul E) None of these ideas would enhance Raul's well-being. Answer: C Explanation: C) While allowing Raul to work totally from home may seem attractive, this could cause problems within the workplace. By allowing Raul to work from home four days a week, he will still have a presence in the office but also be able to reduce his work and nonwork conflicts. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 67) The blurring of the line between work and nonwork time has created ________. A) personal conflicts B) a more stable workforce C) higher pay scales for more hours worked D) dual career households E) greater job satisfaction Answer: A Explanation: A) Employees are increasingly complaining that the line between work and nonwork time has become blurred, creating personal conflicts and stress. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

68) Which of the following has studied how organizations develop human strengths, foster vitality and resilience, and unlock potential? A) positive organizational behaviour B) psychology C) anthropology D) neuroscience E) sociology Answer: A Explanation: A) A significant growth area in OB research is positive organizational scholarship (also called positive organizational behaviour), which studies how organizations develop human strengths, foster vitality and resilience, and unlock potential. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 69) Which of the following variables is most likely to be studied by positive OB scholars? A) engagement B) absenteeism C) turnover D) stress E) conflict Answer: A Explanation: A) Researchers in this area say too much OB research and management practice has been targeted toward identifying what is wrong with organizations and their employees. In response, they try to study what is good about them. Some key independent variables in positive OB research are engagement, hope, optimism, and resilience in the face of strain. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

70) Situations where an individual is required to define right and wrong conduct are termed ________. A) diversity issues B) human resource problems C) ethical dilemmas D) organizational complexities E) social puzzles Answer: C Explanation: C) Ethical dilemmas and ethical choices are situations in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct. For example, if an employee has to decide to uncover illegal activities in the company, even if it means losing his job, he has an ethical dilemma. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 71) Employees today are ________. A) expressing increased confidence in management B) expressing increased trust in management C) increasingly certain about what constitutes appropriate ethical behaviour D) increasingly uncertain about what constitutes appropriate ethical behaviour E) less likely to engage in unethical practices Answer: D Explanation: D) Increasingly employees today face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in which they are required to identify right and wrong conduct. What constitutes ethical behaviour has never been clearly defined, and in recent years it has showed. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

72) Which of the following is not an example of an ethical dilemma? A) Do I allow some employees to work from home, and not others? B) Do I offer a bribe to land a contract? C) Do I play politics to advance my career? D) Do I follow orders with which I personally disagree? E) Do I fire a whistle blower for exposing the company's wrongdoing? Answer: A Explanation: A) Increasingly, employees face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in which they are required to identify right and wrong conduct. Should they blow the whistle if they uncover illegal activities in their company? Do they follow orders with which they don't personally agree? Do they play politics to advance their career? What constitutes ethical behaviour has never been clearly defined, and in recent years it has showed. Everywhere we see elected officials pad expense accounts or take bribes, corporate executives inflate profits so they can cash in lucrative stock options, and university administrators look the other way when winning coaches encourage scholarship athletes to take easy courses. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Application LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 73) Managers and their organizations are responding to the problem of unethical behaviour in all of the following ways except ________. A) by creating an ethically healthy climate B) by promoting a strong ethical mission C) by hiring people who can identify unethical employees and take action against them D) by encouraging employees to behave with integrity E) by providing strong leadership that can influence employee decisions to behave ethically Answer: C Explanation: C) Today's manager must create an ethically healthy climate for employees in which they can do their work productively with minimal ambiguity about right versus wrong behaviours. Companies that promote a strong ethical mission, encourage employees to behave with integrity, and provide strong leadership can influence employee decisions to behave ethically. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

74) An ethically healthy climate ________. A) exists where employees confront a minimal degree of ambiguity regarding what constitutes right and wrong behaviours B) is non-existent in businesses C) seldom allows employees to do their work productively D) cannot be created by managers, but must be dictated by the organization's mission E) interferes with the actual performance of the organization Answer: A Explanation: A) Companies that promote a strong ethical mission, encourage employees to behave with integrity, and provide strong ethical leadership can influence employee decisions to behave ethically. Today's manager must create an ethically healthy climate for his or her employees, where they can do their work productively with minimal ambiguity about what right and wrong behaviours are. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 75) According to this text, organizational behaviour can be analyzed on all of the following levels except ________. A) outcome B) group C) organizational D) individual E) none of the above Answer: A Explanation: A) According to the authors, there are three levels of analysis: individual, group, and organizational. Outcomes are a type of variable used within the levels of analysis. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.7 Compare the three levels of analysis in this text's OB model. 76) Over the last three decades, business school curricula has focused more on the technical aspects of management such as economics, accounting, finance, and quantitative techniques, and less on subjects related to human behaviour and people skills. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusing on economics, accounting, finance, and quantitative techniques. Over the past three decades, however, business faculty have come to realize the role that understanding human behaviour plays in determining a manager's effectiveness, and required courses on people skills have been added to many curricula. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.1 Discuss the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. 35 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

77) Organizational behaviour is a field of study that helps in measuring, understanding, and changing attitudes; identifying communication patterns; and building trust. It has made important contributions to the study of group behaviour, power, and conflict. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Organizational behaviour is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB). 78) Behaviour is generally unpredictable, and the systematic study of behaviour is a means to making reasonably accurate predictions. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Behaviour is generally predictable, and the systematic study of behaviour is a means to making reasonably accurate predictions. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB). 79) Intuition comes from "gut feelings" about the state of some phenomenon of interest. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Intuition is a gut feeling not necessarily supported by research. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB. 80) Conflict and power have been major topics of concern for social psychologists. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Social psychologists have made important contributions to our study of group behaviour, power, and conflict. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB.

81) What psychology is to the group, sociology is to the individual. Answer: FALSE Explanation: While psychology focuses on the individual, sociologists have contributed to OB through their study of group behaviour in organizations, particularly formal and complex organizations. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 82) Anthropology has helped us understand differences in values and attitudes between people in different countries. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. Anthropologists' work on cultures and environments has helped us understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behaviour between people in different countries and within different organizations. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 83) OB researchers cannot offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behaviour since people act very differently in similar situations. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person's behaviour changes in different situations. That doesn't mean that we can't offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behaviour or make valid predictions. It does mean that OB concepts must reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z—the contingency variables. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB.

84) In good economic conditions, understanding how to reward, satisfy, and retain employees is at a premium, however, in bad times, issues like stress, decision making, and coping come to the fore. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Managing employees well when times are tough is just as hard as when times are good–if not more so. But the OB approaches sometimes differ. In good times, understanding how to reward, satisfy, and retain employees is at a premium. In bad times, issues like stress, decision making, and coping come to the fore. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 85) As the world has become more global, managers have to become capable of working with people from different cultures. Answer: TRUE Explanation: To work effectively with people from different cultures, you need to understand how their culture, geography, and religion have shaped them and how to adapt your management style to their differences. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 86) Workforce diversity is a topic dealing with how organizations are becoming more homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Workforce diversity acknowledges a workforce of women and men; many racial and ethnic groups; individuals with a variety of physical or psychological abilities; and people who differ in age and sexual orientation. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

87) The common characteristic of manufacturing jobs is that they require substantial interaction with an organization's customers. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The common characteristic of service jobs is that they require substantial interaction with an organization's customers. Many an organization has failed because its employees failed to please customers. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 88) Organizational behaviour principles are consistent between networked and non-networked organizations. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Making collaborative decisions in an online environment is quite different than in a traditional organization and requires the manager to develop new skills. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 89) There's an increasing blurring between work and nonwork time. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Employees are increasingly complaining that the line between work and nonwork time has become blurred, creating personal conflicts and stress. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 90) Ethical dilemmas are situations in which employees are required to identify right and wrong conduct. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Increasingly, employees are facing ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in which they are required to identify right and wrong conduct. Managers must create an ethically healthy climate for employees, where they can do their work productively with minimal ambiguity about what right and wrong behaviours are. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

91) Describe how one of the sciences that contributes to organizational behaviour could be used in EBM. Define the science, some of the science's contributions to OB, and describe a workplace example of how it could be used in EBM. Answer: Evidence-based management (EBM) complements systematic study by basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence. Doctors need to make decisions about patient care based on the latest available evidence, and EBM argues that managers should do the same, becoming more scientific in how they think about management problems. For example, a manager that is struggling with high turnover in his company could look toward social psychology to help solve the problem. Social psychology, generally considered a branch of psychology, blends concepts from both psychology and sociology to focus on people's influence on one another. One major study area is change, how to implement it and how to reduce barriers to its acceptance. A manager could look at a social psychology study on job satisfaction to determine what changes he might make to be able to better retain employees. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Reflective thinking Quest Category: Synthesis LO: 1.2 Define organizational behaviour (OB). 92) Why is it important to complement intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behaviour within organizations? Answer: It is important to complement intuition with systematic study in our attempts to understand behaviour within organizations in order to help uncover important facts and relationships. This will provide a base from which more accurate predictions of behaviour can be made. That is, we can improve our predictive ability by complementing intuitive opinions with a more systematic approach. Systematic study involves looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific evidence. This process helps us to explain and predict behaviour. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.3 Assess the importance of using a scientific approach to OB.

93) How have the fields of psychology and sociology contributed to our understanding of organizational behaviour? Answer: Psychology seeks to measure, explain, and change the behaviour of humans. Contributions have been made by learning theorists, personality theorists, counselling psychologists, and industrial and organizational psychologists. Contributions have been made in learning, perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision-making processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, employee-selection techniques, work design, and job stress. Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. The greatest contributions by sociologists have been in the study of group behaviour in organizations, organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 94) Compare and contrast the fields of psychology, social psychology, and sociology. Answer: These fields all deal with the human condition. While psychology focuses on the individual, sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Social psychology blends concepts from both psychology and sociology, though it is generally considered a branch of psychology. It focuses on people's influence on one another. Thus, it could be said that social psychology falls between the extremes of the individual focus of psychology and the large group focus of sociology. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Reflective thinking Quest Category: Synthesis LO: 1.4 Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB. 95) Explain why there are few absolutes in organizational behaviour. Despite this, how are we able to make valid predictions? Answer: Human beings are complex, and few, if any, simple and universal principles explain organizational behaviour. Because we are not alike, our ability to make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations is limited. Two people often act very differently in the same situation, and the same person's behaviour changes in different situations. Not everyone is motivated by money, and people may behave differently at a religious service than they do at a party. However, we can offer reasonably accurate explanations of human behaviour or make valid predictions, provided OB concepts reflect situational, or contingency, conditions. We can say x leads to y, but only under conditions specified in z–the contingency variables. For example, OB scholars would avoid stating that everyone likes complex and challenging work (the general concept) because not everyone wants a challenging job. Some people prefer routine over varied, or simple over complex. A job attractive to one person may not be to another; its appeal is contingent on the person who holds it. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 41 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

96) Explain "workforce diversity." Answer: Workforce diversity is a term used to describe the way that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, ability, and inclusion of other diverse groups. Whereas globalization focuses on differences among people from different countries, workforce diversity addresses differences among people within a given country. Diff: 1 Type: ES AACSB: Reflective thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 97) What are "networked organizations"? Describe the role of the manager in such organizations. Answer: Networked organizations allow people to communicate and work together even though they may be thousands of miles apart. Independent contractors can telecommute via computer to workplaces around the globe and change employers as the demand for their services changes. Software programmers, graphic designers, systems analysts, technical writers, photo researchers, book and media editors, and medical transcribers are just a few examples of people who can work from home or other non-office locations. The manager's job is different in a networked organization. Motivating and leading people and making collaborative decisions online requires different techniques than when individuals are physically present in a single location. As more employees do their jobs by linking to others through networks, managers must develop new skills. OB can provide valuable insights to help with honing those skills. Diff: 1 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.5 Explain why few absolutes apply to OB. 98) Explain the scope of OB in service jobs and describe its role in improving customer service. Answer: Service employees include technical support representatives, fast-food counter workers, sales clerks, nurses, automobile repair technicians, consultants, financial planners, and flight attendants. The shared characteristic of their jobs is substantial interaction with an organization's customers. OB can help managers increase the success of these interactions by showing how employee attitudes and behaviour influence customer satisfaction. Many an organization has failed because its employees failed to please customers. OB can provide considerable guidance in helping managers create customer-friendly cultures in which employees are friendly and courteous, accessible, knowledgeable, prompt in responding to customer needs, and willing to do what is necessary to please the customer. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces.

99) What conclusions can you draw about turnover if an employer strives to find balance in work-life conflicts? How can the employer find this balance and still have productive employees? Answer: Because work is constantly infringing on people's lives, some employers make efforts to find balance in the work-life conflict. For example, if a job requires a lot of travel time away from the family, when the travel assignment is done, the employer could allow the employee to work from home several days to be able to spend more time with the family. Allowing flexible schedules and complimentary time off for overtime worked gives an employee time to recuperate what was lost to work, thus increasing job satisfaction and most likely decreasing turnover. Turnover is the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization. A high turnover rate results in increased recruiting, selection, and training costs–which are quite significant. Although it might appear that the employer is losing productivity by allowing flexible time and balance in work-life conflicts, he is actually increasing productivity because he isn't training new employees due to reduced turnover, and employees with high job satisfaction are more productive. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Synthesis LO: 1.6 Describe the challenges and opportunities managers face when applying OB concepts in their workplaces. 100) List and describe the three levels of analysis which comprise the OB model. Answer: Individual—the elements of study which explore OB on the personal level, including the topics of diversity, attitudes, job satisfaction, emotions, moods, personality, values, decision making, and motivation. Group—the elements which explore the organization from the perspective of how individuals interact with one another, including groups and teams, communication, leadership, power, politics, and conflict. Organization—the elements of OB which pertain to the ways in which multiple groups interact with one another, including organizational culture, change, and stress management. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 1.7 Compare the three levels of analysis in this text's OB model.

Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition (Robbins) Chapter 2 Diversity in Organizations 1) The two major forms of workforce diversity are ________ and ________. A) surface-level diversity; deep-level diversity B) surface-level diversity; lateral-level diversity C) organizational-level diversity; individual-level diversity D) lateral-level diversity; deep-level diversity E) physical-level diversity; intellectual-level diversity Answer: A Explanation: A) Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, and can lead employees to perceive one another through stereotypes and assumptions. However, evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they become less concerned about demographic differences if they see themselves as sharing more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 2) Differences in characteristics like education, ethnicity, regional background, and gender form part of ________. A) individual-level diversity B) organizational-level diversity C) lateral-level diversity D) surface-level diversity E) deep-level diversity Answer: D Explanation: D) Surface-level diversity refers to the differences in characteristics like education, upbringing, work-status, regional background, and gender. Deep-level diversity, on the other hand, refers to differences in individual characteristics like personality and values. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

3) Differences in characteristics such as personality and values form part of ________. A) surface-level diversity B) deep-level diversity C) lateral-level diversity D) organizational-level diversity E) individual-level diversity Answer: B Explanation: B) Surface-level diversity refers to the differences in characteristics like education, upbringing, work-status, regional background, and gender. Deep-level diversity, on the other hand, refers to differences in individual characteristics like personality and values. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 4) While initial meetings may depend on surface-level diversity in making attempts to understand other individuals, studies show that after time ________ and ________ become more important to understanding the other individual. A) stereotypes; assumptions B) assumptions; judgments C) values; personality D) age; wisdom E) gender; age Answer: C Explanation: C) Evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they become less concerned about demographic differences if they see themselves in terms of more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity. This type of diversity is much more subtle, and can be difficult to recognize at first because it relates to invisible patterns of thought and unstated (often non-conscious) cultural assumptions. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

5) Which of the following statements is true regarding surface-level diversity? A) Surface-level diversity will overcome fundamental differences and promote harmony. B) Surface-level diversity can co-exist with deep-level diversity within an organization. C) Surface-level diversity does not affect employees' perceptions. D) Surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, is mostly reflected in demographics. E) Surface-level diversity in the workforce can be eliminated by effective diversity management. Answer: D Explanation: D) Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, and can lead employees to perceive one another through stereotypes and assumptions. However, evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they become less concerned about demographic differences if they see themselves as sharing more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 6) Ravinder and Diane are two employees in an organization who recently started working together. Diane is an older, long-tenured woman raised in rural Alberta, who achieved her current level in the organization by starting as a high school graduate and working her way up the hierarchy. Ravinder is a young, recently hired male university graduate with a business degree, raised in a downtown neighbourhood in Toronto. However, both are deeply committed to their families, share a common way of thinking about important work problems, like to work collaboratively, and are interested in international assignments in the future. Which of the following describes the diversity between these two? A) lateral-level diversity B) deep-level diversity C) surface-level diversity D) individual-level diversity E) hierarchical-level diversity Answer: C Explanation: C) Although these two employees seem very different from one another, these are surface-level differences. If they are able to get past these differences and get to know one another on a deeper level, they will likely find that their deep-level similarities are more important than their surface-level differences and work very well together. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

7) Steve and Dave are two unmarried, white, male college graduates from Ontario who recently started working together. However, Steve is highly introverted, prefers to avoid risks, solicits the opinions of others before making decisions, and likes the office quiet. Dave is extroverted, riskseeking, and assertive, and likes an active, energetic work environment. Which of the following describes the diversity between these two? A) lateral-level diversity B) deep-level diversity C) surface-level diversity D) individual-level diversity E) hierarchical-level diversity Answer: B Explanation: B) Superficially, they seem well matched. However, their surface-level similarity will not necessarily lead to positive interactions, because they have fundamental, deep-level differences. It will be a challenge for them to collaborate regularly at work, and they'll have to make some compromises to get things done together. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 8) According to a 2015 poll of 3,000 Canadians between the ages of 30 and 65, what percent planned to work past age 65? A) 25 percent B) 30 percent C) 40 percent D) 54 percent E) 60 percent Answer: E Explanation: E) According to a 2015 poll of 3,000 Canadians between the ages of 30 and 65, 60 percent planned to work past age 65, an increase from 48 percent when the same poll was conducted in 2008. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

9) Which of the following statements represents findings from studies of the age-turnover relationship? A) The older you get, the less likely you are to be satisfied with your job. B) The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. C) The older you get, the more likely you are to equip yourself with new skills. D) The older you get, the more likely you are to take a leave of absence. E) The older you get, the less likely you are to be productive on the job. Answer: B Explanation: B) The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. That conclusion is based on studies of the age-turnover relationship. As workers get older, they have fewer alternative job opportunities as their skills have become more specialized to certain types of work. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 10) In a recent study of 8,000 employees across 128 companies, it was found that ________. A) employees over the age of 50 were more productive than those under 50 B) employees under 50 were more productive than those over 50 C) policies allowing age discrimination encouraged lower levels of organizational commitment D) policies allowing age discrimination encouraged higher levels of organizational commitment E) age has no effect on performance or commitment Answer: C Explanation: C) Companies with age discrimination policies had lower levels of organizational commitment which in turn resulted in lower levels of organizational performance. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 11) Statistics Canada data from 2015 showed that the gender wage gap was ________ for fulltime workers. A) 46 percent B) 36 percent C) 26 percent D) 13 percent E) 6 percent Answer: C Explanation: C) Statistics Canada data from 2015 showed that the gender wage gap was 13 percent for full-time workers. This meant that for every $1 earned by a male, a female earned 87 cents. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 5 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

12) ________ is defined as the biological heritage people use to identify themselves. A) Race B) Diversity C) Culture D) Civilization E) Ethnography Answer: A Explanation: A) We define race in this resource as the biological heritage people use to identify themselves; ethnicity is the additional set of cultural characteristics that often overlaps with race. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 13) ________ is the additional set of cultural characteristics which often overlaps with race. A) Ethnicity B) Civilization C) Diversity D) Anthropology E) Acculturation Answer: A Explanation: A) Ethnicity is the additional set of cultural characteristics that often overlaps with race. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 14) Alton, a mid-level manager for Knockaround Clothing in charge of monthly inventory, often participates in quarterly meetings of the Fort McKay First Nation in Edmonton, Alberta. Alton's supervisors' allowing him flex time to attend these meetings embraces Alton's ________. A) religion B) cultural identity C) abilities D) ethnicity E) tenure Answer: D Explanation: D) Ethnicity is the additional set of cultural characteristics that often overlaps with race. These definitions allow every individual to define his or her race and ethnicity. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

15) The manner in which people carry themselves in terms of race and ethnicity is commonly referred to as ________. A) heritage B) ethnic background C) cultural identity D) regionalistic customs E) collective individuality Answer: C Explanation: C) Many people, both immigrants and domestic-born, also carry a strong cultural identity as well. This link with the culture of their ancestry or youth lasts a lifetime, no matter where the individual may live in the world. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 16) Jared was raised on a cattle farm and currently works as a civil engineer. When Jared recently represented his company at a formal dinner, his supervisor was surprised to see Jared wearing an expensive suit with cowboy boots. Jared's boots would be an example of his ________. A) religion B) cultural identity C) abilities D) ethnicity E) tenure Answer: B Explanation: B) Customs of dress are just as much a part of one's cultural identity as are their holidays and foods. Jared's boots were simply an expression of his cultural identity. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

17) The Canadian Multiculturalism Act introduced some changes to multiculturalism policies, including all of the following except ________. A) formal statements of support for the maintenance of languages other than Canada's two official languages B) mandating programs and practices that enhance community participation for all citizens C) mandating programs and practices that enhance understanding and respect for diversity D) requiring the collection of statistical data measuring the outcomes of these initiatives E) mandating programs and practices that enhance intellectual protection Answer: E Explanation: E) The Canadian Multiculturalism Act introduced some changes of multiculturalism policies, including: (1) formal statements of support for the maintenance of languages other than Canada's two official languages, (2) mandating programs and practices that enhance community participation for all citizens, (3) mandating programs and practices that enhance understanding and respect for diversity, and (4) requiring the collection of statistical data measuring the outcomes of these initiatives. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 18) Which of the following describes the main goal of the multiculturalism policy of Canada? A) It ensures that all citizens maintain their identities, acknowledge and celebrate their ancestry. B) It ensures that all citizens get equal pay for equal work. C) It ensures that all citizens can refuse to work in an unsafe work environment. D) It ensures that all citizens have freedom of speech. E) It ensures that all citizens have freedom of conscience and religion. Answer: A Explanation: A) Multiculturalism as a policy ensures that all citizens can maintain their identities, acknowledge and celebrate their ancestry, and still have a sense of belonging in Canada. As a result, it encourages harmony and cross-cultural understanding and supports efforts to integrate all citizens and enable them to take an active part in Canada's social, cultural, economic, and political affairs. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices.

19) All of the following represent the critiques against Canadian multiculturalism legislation except ________. A) encouraging people to focus on their differences rather than their similarities B) making a shallow commitment to multiculturalism C) discouraging people to maintain their own ethnical identities D) not backed up with the resources necessarily to genuinely foster cultural maintenance E) failing to address underlying systemic barriers to true cross-cultural acceptance and inclusion Answer: C Explanation: C) Multiculturalism legislation has been criticized on various grounds. Some critics claim that it encourages people to focus on their differences rather than their similarities. Others say that the legislation represents a shallow commitment not backed up with the resources necessarily to genuinely foster cultural maintenance. The latter critics state that in practice multiculturalism has focused on things like festivals while failing to address underlying systemic barriers to true cross-cultural acceptance and inclusion. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 20) The case of Alberta Dairy Pool versus the Alberta Human Rights Commission (1990, 2.S.C.R. 489) established a set of criteria for undue hardship used to determine if an employer is required to provide a specific accommodation, which include all of the following except ________. A) the employer has a very large operation B) excessive expenses will be incurred C) it will disrupt existing collective agreements D) it will create morale problems with other employees E) the employer has legitimate safety concerns Answer: A Explanation: A) The case of Alberta Dairy Pool versus the Alberta Human Rights Commission (1990, 2.S.C.R. 489) established the following criteria for undue hardship used to determine if an employer is required to provide a specific accommodation, which have since been used more broadly in courts across the country: (1) Excessive expenses will be incurred. (2) It will disrupt existing collective agreements. (3) It will create morale problems with other employees. (4) The employer has highly interchangeable workforce/facilities. (5) The employer has a very small operation. (6) The employer has legitimate safety concerns. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices.

21) Which of the following is not an example of common accommodations for physical disabilities? A) fixed work schedule B) technical devices such as Braille readers C) software such as voice recognition D) human support in the form of personal assistants E) special parking spaces Answer: A Explanation: A) Examples of common accommodations for physical disabilities are technical devices such as Braille readers, software such as voice recognition, assistive devices such as special chairs or railings in washrooms, human support in the form of personal assistants, scheduling flexibility, and special parking spaces. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 22) Which of the following is not an example of common accommodations for mental, sensory, and psychiatric disabilities? A) software such as voice recognition B) scheduling flexibility C) darkened rooms D) being able to work in a quiet, private workspace without distractions for people with attention deficit disorder E) social accommodation such as creating understanding among coworkers about communication-style differences associated with autism Answer: A Explanation: A) Common accommodations for mental, sensory, and psychiatric disabilities include being able to work in a quiet, private workspace without distractions (for people with attention deficit disorder), scheduling flexibility, social accommodation (creating understanding among coworkers about communication-style differences associated with autism, for example), and darkened rooms (as sensitivity to florescent lighting is a common side effect of medications taken for mood disorders and schizophrenia). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices.

23) All of the following describe the benefits of effective diversity management except ________. A) increasing an organization's access to the widest possible pool of skills, abilities, and ideas B) helping an organization innovate more effectively C) helping an organization reduce its operation costs D) helping an organization address diverse customer needs more appropriately E) allowing an organization to recognize and capitalize on employee differences Answer: C Explanation: C) Valuing differences helps to minimize discrimination, which occurs when job candidates or employees experience differential treatment based on characteristics unrelated to work performance such as gender, ethnicity, or religious beliefs. Beyond that, however, effective diversity management also increases an organization's access to the widest possible pool of skills, abilities, and ideas. This can help companies innovate more effectively, address diverse customer needs more appropriately, and have other positive benefits. That said, while diversity can be a great asset, managers also need to recognize that differences among people can lead to miscommunication, misunderstanding, and conflict. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 24) Which of the following biological characteristics is a potent variable in explaining turnover? A) age B) religion C) gender identity D) sexual orientation E) race Answer: A Explanation: A) Based on studies of the age—turnover relationship, the older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. This shouldn't be too surprising. As workers get older, they may have fewer alternative job opportunities because their skills may have become more specialized to certain types of work. There is also an incentive for older workers to stay in their current jobs: Longer tenure tends to provide higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

25) Which of the following statements is an accurate representation of the relationship between age and productivity? A) Employee productivity declines with age. B) Employee productivity increases with age. C) Employee productivity and age are unrelated. D) Employee productivity increases to the maximum at age 30. E) Employee productivity increases to the maximum at age 65. Answer: C Explanation: C) Many people believe productivity declines with age. It is often assumed that skills like speed, agility, strength, and coordination decay over time and that prolonged job boredom and lack of intellectual stimulation contribute to reduced productivity. The evidence, however, contradicts those assumptions. Reviews of the research find that age and job task performance are unrelated and that older workers are more likely to engage in organizationhelping behaviour. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 26) Which of the following statements is not an accurate representation of important differences between men and women affecting job performance? A) There are no consistent male-female differences in problem-solving ability, analytical skills, competitive drive, motivation, sociability, or learning ability. B) Research suggests that women believe sex-based discriminations are less prevalent than do male employees. C) Psychological studies have found women are more agreeable and willing to conform to authority. D) Working mothers are more likely than their counterparts to prefer part-time work, flexible work schedules, and telecommuting in order to accommodate their family responsibilities. E) After rethinking what constitutes male and female roles, we can safely assume no significant difference in job productivity between men and women. Answer: B Explanation: B) Sex roles affect our perceptions. For example, women who succeed in traditionally male domains are perceived as less likeable, more hostile, and less desirable as supervisors, although women at the top have been reporting that this perception can be countered by effective interpersonal skills. Research also suggests that women believe sex-based discrimination is more prevalent than do male employees, and these beliefs are especially pronounced among women who work with a large proportion of men. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

27) Women who succeed in traditionally male dominated roles are usually perceived as ________. A) more likeable B) less hostile C) more sociable D) less desirable E) more capable Answer: D Explanation: D) Women who succeed in traditionally male domains are perceived as less likeable, more hostile, and less desirable as supervisors, although women at the top have been reporting that this perception can be countered by effective interpersonal skills. There are no consistent male—female differences in problem-solving ability, analytical skills, competitive drive, motivation, sociability, or learning ability. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 28) Research shows which form of discrimination can result in the highest levels of psychological stress? A) intimidation B) exclusive practices C) sexual harassment D) mockery E) age discrimination Answer: C Explanation: C) Research has shown that sexual harassment is the most overt form of discrimination and can lead to lower levels of organizational commitment and higher turnover rates. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

29) Which of the following statements is not an accurate representation of employment statistics for Canadians? A) The unemployment rate for Indigenous people is higher than that for other Canadians. B) When employed, Indigenous people tend to earn less than other Canadians. C) The unemployment rate for new immigrants is higher than that for Canadian-born workers in Ontario. D) Recent arrivals who were African-born experienced higher unemployment rates than do domestic-born workers. E) Recent arrivals who were Asian-born experienced lower unemployment rates than do domestic-born workers. Answer: E Explanation: E) In 2012 the general unemployment rate across Canada was 7.2 percent, while for Aboriginals it was 14.8 percent. When employed, Indigenous people also tend to earn less than other Canadians, even when education and geographical location are taken into account. Labour market statistics from 2011 indicate that in Canada the unemployment rate for established immigrants was 7.1 percent compared to 5.5 percent for Canadian-born workers. Recent arrivals who were African-born experienced unemployment rates as high as 21.3 percent, while recently arrived Asian-born immigrants had rates much closer to those of domestic-born workers. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

30) Which of the following statements is not an accurate representation of research findings on the impact of disabilities on employment outcomes? A) When disability status is randomly assigned to hypothetical candidates, disabled individuals are rated as having superior personal qualities like dependability and potency. B) Despite higher performance ratings, individuals with disabilities tend to encounter lower performance expectations and are less likely to be hired. C) The recognition of the talents and abilities of disabled individuals has actually reduced workplace diversity. D) People with disabilities are much more likely to be stereotyped in ways that negatively impact long-term employment prospects. E) Workers with psychiatric disabilities in particular experience very high levels of discrimination and are often stereotyped as unpredictable and violent. Answer: C Explanation: C) On the one hand, when disability status is randomly assigned to hypothetical candidates, disabled individuals are rated as having superior personal qualities like dependability and potency. Another review suggested workers with disabilities receive higher performance evaluations; however, it also found that individuals with disabilities tend to encounter lower performance expectations and are less likely to be hired. People with disabilities are much more likely to be stereotyped in ways that negatively impact long-term employment prospects, often being unfairly perceived as less capable or even infantile. These effects impact all workers with disabilities, but are strongest for people with psychiatric and neurological impairments, and for people with invisible disabilities or disabilities such as obesity or addiction that are perceived as being one's own fault. Workers with psychiatric disabilities in particular experience very high levels of discrimination and are often stereotyped as unpredictable and violent. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

31) Which of the following situations would not be considered a faith-based employment issue? A) Monday-to-Friday workweek B) leaving early on Christmas Eve C) wearing of a Hijab in the office D) refusing to work on Saturday E) refusing to work the night shift Answer: E Explanation: E) Faith can be an employment issue wherever religious beliefs prohibit or encourage certain behaviours. The behavioural expectations can be informal, such as a common practice of employees leaving early on Christmas Eve. Or they may be systemic, such as the Monday-to-Friday workweek, which accommodates a Christian belief of not working on Sundays and a Jewish belief of not working on Saturdays. Religious individuals may also feel they have an obligation to express their beliefs in the workplace. Simple steps can often be taken to accommodate this, such as having rooms available for daily prayers or installing ventilation systems to manage smoke from First Nations smudging ceremonies. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 32) Although diversity does present many opportunities for organizations, effective diversity management means also working to eliminate ________. A) surface-level diversity B) unfair discrimination C) ethnic diversity D) irrelevant biographical characteristics E) discrepancies in employee performance Answer: B Explanation: B) Although diversity does present many opportunities for organizations, effective diversity management also means working to eliminate unfair discrimination. To discriminate is to note a difference between things, which in itself isn't necessarily bad. Noticing one employee is more qualified is necessary for making hiring decisions; noticing another is taking on leadership responsibilities exceptionally well is necessary for making promotion decisions. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

33) Which of the following options does not suggest that diversity experiences are more likely to lead to positive adaptation for all parties? A) if the positive experience of stereotype undermining is repeated frequently B) if the perceiver engages in stereotype suppression and generative thought in response to the diversity experience C) if the perceiver is perceived to be stereotypical and if his message is undermined by the audience D) if the diversity experience undermines stereotypical attitudes E) if the perceiver is motivated and able to consider a new perspective on others Answer: C Explanation: C) Researchers also suggest that diversity experiences are more likely to lead to positive adaptation for all parties if (1) the diversity experience undermines stereotypical attitudes, (2) if the perceiver is motivated and able to consider a new perspective on others, (3) if the perceiver engages in stereotype suppression and generative thought in response to the diversity experience, and (4) if the positive experience of stereotype undermining is repeated frequently. Diversity programs based on these principles are likely to be more effective than traditional classroom learning. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 34) The act of discriminating can be positively utilized in the manner of ________. A) firing incapable employees B) designing effective compensation plans C) providing effective training programs D) hiring appropriate candidates E) improving employee performance Answer: D Explanation: D) To discriminate is to note a difference between things, which in itself isn't necessarily bad. Noticing one employee is more qualified than another is necessary for making hiring decisions; noticing an employee is taking on leadership responsibilities exceptionally well is necessary for making promotion decisions. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2a Evaluate how stereotyping and workplace discrimination undermine equity goals.

35) Although discrimination has come under great legal and public scrutiny over the past years, still thousands of cases of discrimination occur every year. Which action would not be considered a form of discrimination? A) exclusion B) conflict C) incivility D) intimidation E) All are forms of discrimination. Answer: B Explanation: B) Simply because two or more parties do not agree does not constitute that discrimination has taken place. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 36) Carol is over 55 years of age and is targeted for layoff because she is highly paid and has lucrative benefits. Which of the following terms explains what she has been subjected to? A) recessionary practice B) mockery and insult C) discriminatory practice D) exclusion E) incivility Answer: C Explanation: C) Discriminatory policies or practices are actions taken by representatives of the organization that deny equal opportunity to perform or unequal rewards for performance. Example: Older workers may be targeted for layoffs because they are highly paid and have lucrative benefits. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics.

37) ________ can be defined as unwanted sexual advances and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that create a hostile or offensive work environment. A) Exclusion B) Inclusion C) Intimidation D) Mockery E) Sexual harassment Answer: E Explanation: E) Sexual harassment refers to unwanted sexual advances and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that create a hostile or offensive work environment. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 38) ________ can be defined as overt threats or bullying directed at members of specific groups of employees. A) Exclusion B) Inclusion C) Intimidation D) Mockery E) Sexual harassment Answer: C Explanation: C) Intimidation refers to overt threats or bullying directed at members of specific groups of employees. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics.

39) ________ is a form of discrimination where people are cast into negative stereotypes and made fun of. A) Exclusion B) Inclusion C) Intimidation D) Mockery E) Sexual harassment Answer: D Explanation: D) Mockery and insults are a form of discrimination where people are cast into negative stereotypes and made fun of; sometimes the results of these jokes are taken too far. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 40) Recently, Thadius announced that he and his partner Ryan were planning to marry. Since this time, Thadius has no longer been invited to lunch with the members of his team and was not asked to play in the inter-departmental softball league this year. Thadius is experiencing which form of discrimination? A) sexual harassment B) intimidation C) insult D) exclusion E) incivility Answer: D Explanation: D) Exclusion from certain events, even if they are purely social, within the office based on sexual orientation is a form of discrimination. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics.

41) A female lawyer noted that male attorneys frequently cut her off or do not adequately address her comments. Which of the following terms explains what she has been subjected to? A) exclusion B) inclusion C) intimidation D) mockery E) incivility Answer: E Explanation: E) Incivility refers to disrespectful treatment, including behaving in an aggressive manner, interrupting the person, or ignoring varying opinions. Example: Female lawyers note that male attorneys frequently cut them off or do not adequately address their comments. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 42) The phrase ________ can refer to any characteristic that makes people different from one another. A) lateral diversity B) individual diversity C) organic diversity D) workplace diversity E) deep-level diversity Answer: D Explanation: D) Diversity is a broad term, and the phrase workplace diversity can refer to any characteristic that makes people different from one another. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics.

43) The Tent Prine Inc. wishes to enhance its workforce diversity by targeting recruiting messages to specific demographic groups underrepresented in the workforce. If it wants to maximize its results, which of the following options should it not resort to? A) recruit at colleges, universities, and other institutions with significant numbers of underrepresented minorities B) place advertisements in publications geared toward specific demographic groups C) form partnerships with associations like the Society for Women Engineers D) enter into a contractual agreement to hire from the Graduate Minority Business Association E) rely on word of mouth marketing from its employees and resort to an e-mail campaign Answer: E Explanation: E) One method of enhancing workforce diversity is to target recruiting messages to specific demographic groups underrepresented in the workforce. This means placing advertisements in publications geared toward specific demographic groups; recruiting at colleges, universities, and other institutions with significant numbers of underrepresented minorities; posting job ads in community centres and social venues where underrepresented groups gather; and forming partnerships with associations like the Justicia Project (supporting female lawyers) or the Society of Women Engineers. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 44) ________ is an individual's current capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. A) Inductive reasoning B) Dynamic strength C) Deductive reasoning D) Ability E) Social intelligence Answer: D Explanation: D) As we use the term, ability is an individual's current capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

45) ________ is needed to perform mental activities–thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. A) Dynamic flexibility B) Extent flexibility C) Static strength D) Dynamic strength E) Intellectual ability Answer: E Explanation: E) Intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 46) Which of the following is not a part of the seven most frequently cited dimensions comprising intellectual abilities? A) verbal comprehension B) spatial visualization C) balance D) number aptitude E) perceptual speed Answer: C Explanation: C) The seven most frequently cited dimensions making up intellectual abilities are number aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, and memory. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 47) Aria can calculate and juggle numbers in her head. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does her skill reflect? A) number aptitude B) perceptual speed C) spatial visualization D) deductive reasoning E) inductive reasoning Answer: A Explanation: A) Number aptitude is the ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

48) Edwin is a plant manager and is adept in framing corporate policies for hiring and training. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does his skill reflect? A) spatial visualization B) deductive reasoning C) inductive reasoning D) verbal comprehension E) perceptual speed Answer: D Explanation: D) Verbal comprehension is the ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 49) ________ is the ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately. A) Memory B) Verbal comprehension C) Spatial visualization D) Perceptual speed E) Inductive reasoning Answer: D Explanation: D) Perceptual speed is the ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 50) Hiba leads a team of interior decorators. Her job requires her to visualize various positions of objects in space. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does this skill accurately refer to? A) spatial visualization B) memory C) deductive reasoning D) perceptual speed E) inductive reasoning Answer: A Explanation: A) Spatial visualization is the ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space were changed. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

51) ________ is the ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem. A) Verbal comprehension B) Perceptual speed C) Inductive reasoning D) Spatial visualization E) Deductive reasoning Answer: C Explanation: C) Inductive reasoning is the ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 52) ________ is the ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space were changed. A) Cymographic visualization B) Deductive reasoning C) Spatial visualization D) Perceptual speed E) Inductive reasoning Answer: C Explanation: C) Spatial visualization is the ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space were changed. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 53) Hassan is a server at a popular restaurant. He addresses all his customers by their first names. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does this skill accurately refer to? A) memory B) inductive reasoning C) deductive reasoning D) spatial visualization E) perceptual speed Answer: A Explanation: A) Memory is the ability to retain and recall past experiences. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

54) Adrianna is a research analyst in the Toronto Montreal Exchange. Her job requires her to forecast demand for various companies' stocks and shares for various time periods. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does this skill accurately refer to? A) verbal comprehension B) memory C) inductive reasoning D) spatial visualization E) perceptual speed Answer: C Explanation: C) Inductive reasoning is the ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 55) ________ is the ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument. A) Verbal comprehension B) Inductive reasoning C) Deductive reasoning D) Perceptual speed E) Spatial visualization Answer: C Explanation: C) Deductive reasoning is the ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 56) Hector is a chief consultant and has to choose between suggestions offered by members of his team. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does this skill accurately refer to? A) perceptual speed B) verbal comprehension C) deductive reasoning D) memory E) spatial visualization Answer: C Explanation: C) Deductive reasoning is the ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

57) ________, the most widely used intelligence test in hiring decisions, takes only 12 minutes to complete. A) Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) B) Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (KBIT) C) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Assessment D) Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB-II) E) Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test Answer: E Explanation: E) The Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test is the most widely used intelligence test in hiring decisions and it takes only 12 minutes to complete. There are different forms, and each has 50 questions. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 58) Which of the following statements is not true about the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test? A) Most of the companies using the Wonderlic stop using other hiring tools, such as application forms or interviews. B) It measures both speed and power, so the average score is pretty low—about 21/50. C) It is able to provide valid information cheaply (for $5 to $10/applicant). D) It has different forms and each has 50 questions. E) More companies are using the Wonderlic in hiring decisions. Answer: A Explanation: A) The companies don't give up other hiring tools, such as application forms or interviews. Rather, they add the Wonderlic for its ability to provide valid data on applicants' intelligence levels. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

59) Which of the following is not a part of the nine basic physical abilities identified by research to be needed in the performance of physical tasks? A) dynamic strength B) stamina C) balance D) perceptual speed E) extent flexibility Answer: D Explanation: D) Research on hundreds of jobs has identified nine basic abilities needed in the performance of physical tasks. These are dynamic strength, trunk strength, static strength, explosive strength, extent flexibility, dynamic flexibility, body coordination, balance, and stamina. Perceptual speed is an intellectual ability. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 60) ________ is the ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over time. A) Trunk strength B) Dynamic strength C) Explosive strength D) Static strength E) Body coordination Answer: B Explanation: B) Dynamic strength is the ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over time. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 61) ________ is the ability to exert force against external objects. A) Static strength B) Extent flexibility C) Explosive strength D) Dynamic strength E) Trunk strength Answer: A Explanation: A) Static strength is the ability to exert force against external objects. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

62) ________ is the ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of acts. A) Trunk strength B) Extent flexibility C) Explosive strength D) Static strength E) Dynamic flexibility Answer: C Explanation: C) Explosive strength is the ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of explosive acts. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 63) ________ is the ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible. A) Dynamic strength B) Static strength C) Dynamic flexibility D) Extent flexibility E) Explosive strength Answer: D Explanation: D) Extent flexibility is the ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 64) ________ is the ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements. A) Extent flexibility B) Dynamic flexibility C) Dynamic strength D) Trunk strength E) Explosive strength Answer: B Explanation: B) Dynamic flexibility is the ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

65) ________ is the ability to direct the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body. A) Stamina B) Body coordination C) Balance D) Dynamic flexibility E) Extent flexibility Answer: B Explanation: B) Body coordination is the ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 66) ________ is the ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off equilibrium. A) Extent flexibility B) Dynamic strength C) Balance D) Stamina E) Dynamic flexibility Answer: C Explanation: C) Balance is the ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 67) ________ is the ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time. A) Stamina B) Static strength C) Explosive strength D) Dynamic strength E) Balance Answer: A Explanation: A) Stamina is the ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

68) Which is the best manner in which to deal with racial and ethnic diversity in the workplace? A) Ignore the differences; we are all the same. B) Implement policies which prohibit cultural conversations. C) Create work groups which have members of all possible racial groups. D) Hold an orientation in which team members can discuss their differences. E) Force people to work with people with whom they are uncomfortable. Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence suggests that knowing clear behavioural scripts along with understanding other people's viewpoints can lead to developing a positive working environment. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 69) ________ can be defined as actions taken by representatives of the organization that deny equal opportunity to perform or unequal rewards for performance. A) Intimidation B) Exclusive practices C) Sexual harassment D) Discriminatory policies or practices E) Inclusive practices Answer: D Explanation: D) Discriminatory policies or practices are actions taken by representatives of the organization that deny equal opportunity to perform or unequal rewards for performance. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 70) Which of the following is a type of discrimination that cannot be monitored or observed and may occur simply because the actor is not aware of the effects of their actions? A) randomization B) inclusion C) company policy D) exclusion E) sexual harassment Answer: D Explanation: D) Some forms of discrimination, like exclusion or incivility, are especially hard to root out because they are impossible to observe and may occur simply because the actor isn't aware of the effects of his or her actions. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization.

71) Martha claims that she has been assigned marginal job roles or light workloads that do not lead to promotion. Which of the following terms accurately explains the type of discrimination she has been subjected to? A) intimidation B) sexual harassment C) exclusion D) inclusion E) insult Answer: C Explanation: C) Exclusion is a type of discrimination whereby certain people are left out from job opportunities, social events, discussions, or informal mentoring; it can occur unintentionally. For example: many women in finance claim they are assigned to marginal job roles or are given light workloads that don't lead to promotion. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Application LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 72) ________ is a form of discrimination whereby certain people are left out from job opportunities, social events, discussions, or informal mentoring. A) Exclusion B) Mockery C) Intimidation D) Sexual harassment E) Inclusion Answer: A Explanation: A) Exclusion is a type of discrimination whereby certain people are left out from job opportunities, social events, discussions, or informal mentoring; it can occur unintentionally. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 73) Which of the following is not a consequence of discrimination for employers? A) reduced productivity B) workplace diversity C) citizenship behaviour D) negative conflicts E) increased turnover Answer: B Explanation: B) Whether intentional or not, discrimination can lead to serious negative consequences for employers, including reduced productivity and citizenship behaviour, negative conflicts, and increased turnover. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 32 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

74) All of the following efforts could enhance workplace diversity except ________. A) confirming that interview questions and selection tests are free from subtle cultural or gender biases B) having multiple interviewers to minimize the impact of individual biases C) ensuring that the same level of training and support is offered to all new hires D) using subjective scoring sheets to rank job candidates instead of objective ones E) confirming that performance criteria are clearly communicated and objectively measured Answer: D Explanation: D) The selection process is one of the most important places to apply diversity efforts. Managers who hire need to value fairness and objectivity in selecting employees and focus on the productive potential of new recruits. When managers use a well-defined protocol for assessing applicant talent and the organization clearly prioritizes nondiscrimination policies, qualifications become far more important in determining who gets hired than demographic characteristics. In concrete terms this would mean the following: (1) Confirm that interview questions and selection tests are free from subtle cultural or gender biases. (2) Have multiple interviewers to minimize the impact of individual biases (both conscious and non-conscious). (3) Use statistical (mathematical) scoring sheets to rank job candidates instead of subjective approaches. (4) Ensure that the same level of training and support is offered to all new hires. (5) Confirm that performance criteria are clearly communicated and objectively measured. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization.

75) Which of the following is not a component of comprehensive workforce programs encouraging diversity? A) encouraging employees to learn foreign languages and culture to promote and attract a diverse workforce B) encouraging fair treatment of all people regardless of their demographic characteristics C) fostering personal development practices that bring out the skills and abilities of all workers D) teaching managers about the legal framework for equal employment opportunity E) teaching managers how a diverse workforce will be better able to serve a diverse market of customers and clients Answer: A Explanation: A) Effective, comprehensive workforce programs encouraging diversity have three distinct components. First, they teach managers about the legal framework for equal employment opportunity and encourage fair treatment of all people regardless of their demographic characteristics. Second, they teach managers how a diverse workforce will be better able to serve a diverse market of customers and clients. Third, they foster personal development practices that bring out the skills and abilities of all workers, acknowledging how differences in perspective can be a valuable way to improve performance for everyone. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 76) Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity and not deep-level diversity. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, and can lead employees to perceive one another through stereotypes and assumptions. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 77) Differences in characteristics like education, financial status, ethnicity, regional background, and gender constitute surface-level diversity. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Education, financial status, ethnicity, regional background, and gender constitute surface-level diversity. More important characteristics like personality and values constitute deep-level diversity. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

78) Research findings show that men and women may be offered a similar number of developmental experiences, but females are less likely to be assigned challenging positions by men. Answer: TRUE Explanation: A recent study reported that once on the job, men and women may be offered a similar number of developmental experiences, but females are less likely to be assigned challenging positions by men, assignments that may help them achieve higher organizational positions. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 79) Federal law does not prohibit discrimination against employees based on sexual orientation. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Federal law prohibits discrimination against employees based on sexual orientation. This protection extends to all aspects of employment, including the provision of benefits to same-sex spouses and common-law partners. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 80) The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Act prohibit employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of their religion. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Act prohibit employers from discriminating against employees on the basis of their religion. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1b Explain the relevance of the Multiculturalism Act and other equity-focused legislation to Canadian diversity practices. 81) Younger workers are more likely than older workers to quit their job. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Older workers have higher incentives to stay at their jobs, because of earned benefits and specialization of skills. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

82) Research shows the positive correlation between employees' age and absenteeism. Answer: FALSE Explanation: It may seem likely that age is positively correlated to absenteeism, but this isn't true. Most studies show that older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence versus younger employees and equal rates of unavoidable absence, such as sickness absence. In general, the older working population is healthier than you might expect. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 83) Hiring managers should automatically preclude a candidate with a disability if they appear to be unable to do the job. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Managers need to be attuned to the true requirements of employee jobs and match the skills of the individual with the requirements of the job, providing accommodations when needed for all qualified individuals. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 84) All forms of unfair discrimination can be observed and rooted out in an organizational setup. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Some forms of unfair discrimination, like exclusion or incivility, are especially hard to root out because they are impossible to observe and may occur because the actor isn't aware of the effects of his or her actions. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.2b Identify the key biographical characteristics that are prone to workplace stereotyping and describe how intersectionality influences the lived experiences of workers with these characteristics. 85) Overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and psychological. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Ability is an individual's current capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

86) There is a perfect correlation between intelligence and job satisfaction. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The correlation is in fact zero as intelligent people tend to be more critical of job conditions. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 87) With the changing nature of work suggesting the increasing importance of intellectual abilities for many jobs, the value of physical abilities is reducing. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Though the changing nature of work suggests intellectual abilities are increasingly important for many jobs, physical abilities have been and will remain valuable. Diff: 3 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 88) Extent flexibility and dynamic flexibility are dimensions of intellectual abilities. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Physical abilities are made up of nine basic abilities needed in the performance of physical tasks. Extent flexibility and dynamic flexibility are flexibility factors forming part of physical abilities. Extent flexibility refers to the ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible. Dynamic flexibility refers to the ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 89) Effective diversity management means working to eliminate diversity from organizational culture. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Although diversity does present many opportunities for organizations, effective diversity management also means working to eliminate unfair discrimination. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization.

90) Organizations that provide diversity training are more likely to have women and minorities in upper management positions when compared with organizations that did not provide diversity training. Answer: FALSE Explanation: A major study of the consequences of diversity programs concluded that organizations with diversity training were not consistently more likely to have women and minorities in upper management positions than organizations without diversity training. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization. 91) Summarize the two major forms of workforce diversity. Answer: Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, and can lead employees to perceive one another through stereotypes and assumptions. However, evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they become less concerned about demographic differences if they see themselves in terms of more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity. This type of diversity is much more subtle, and can be difficult to recognize at first because it relates to invisible patterns of thought and unstated (often non-conscious) cultural assumptions. For example, people from some parts of the world may consider it improper to question their manager if they think he or she is making a mistake, while others may believe it expected and required of them. Since these types of differences tend to go unrecognized, deep-level diversity can be responsible for persistent conflicts and misunderstandings. But it can also lead to profoundly different modes of thought that can heighten creativity and innovation in team settings. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force.

92) Explain and provide a workplace example of how stereotypes function in an organizational setting. Answer: Demographics mostly reflect surface-level diversity, not thoughts and feelings, and can lead employees to perceive one another through stereotypes and assumptions. However, evidence has shown that as people get to know one another, they become less concerned about demographic differences if they see themselves in terms of more important characteristics, such as personality and values, that represent deep-level diversity. To better understand the difference between surface- and deep-level diversity, consider the following example. Luis and Carol are managers who seem to have little in common at first glance. Luis is a young Mexican who emigrated to Canada three years ago. He is a university graduate with a business degree. Carol is an older, long-tenured employee raised in rural Manitoba, who started as a customer service trainee after high school and worked her way up the hierarchy. At first, these coworkers may notice their surface-level differences in education, ethnicity, regional background, and gender. However, as they get to know one another, they may find they are both deeply committed to their families, have a common way of thinking about important work problems, like to work collaboratively, and are interested in international assignments in the future. Such similarities will overshadow the more superficial differences, and research suggests that after an initial period of familiarization the two people will work well together. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1a Describe the demographic characteristics of the Canadian labour force. 93) Identify and explain any TWO of the biological characteristics in which employees differ and explain any two characteristics' effect on organizational behaviour in Canada. Answer: Answers to this will vary but will focus on age, race, gender, ethnicity, religion, and disability status. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

94) Explain how the biological characteristics of sexual orientation and gender identity affect organizational behaviour in Canada. Answer: Federal law prohibits discrimination against employees based on sexual orientation. This protection extends to all aspects of employment, including the provision of benefits to same-sex spouses and common-law partners. The unique workplace needs of transgendered individuals have also received increased attention, especially as regards respectful pronoun usage and access to safe and harassment-free washroom facilities. In 2001, only eight companies in the Fortune 500 had policies on gender identity. By 2013, that number had increased to roughly half. Ken Disken, former senior vice-president of defence contractor Lockheed Martin (one of the top companies in the Fortune 500), justified the firm's pro-tolerance policies as follows: "Lockheed Martin is committed to providing the most supportive and inclusive environment for all employees. Ensuring a positive, respectful workplace and robust set of benefits for everyone is critical to retaining employees and helping them develop to their fullest potential." In concrete terms, simple accommodations like gender-neutral washrooms and change rooms can make the workplace more welcoming for transgendered persons, contributing to a culture of respect. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Critical thinking LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 95) Discuss how intellectual abilities are relevant to organizational behaviour. Answer: Intellectual abilities are abilities needed to perform mental activities—thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. Most societies place a high value on intelligence, and for good reason. Smart people generally earn more money and attain higher levels of education. They are also more likely to emerge as leaders of groups. Jobs differ in the demands they place on intellectual abilities. The more complex a job in terms of information-processing demands, the more general intelligence and verbal abilities will be necessary to perform successfully. While intelligence is a big help in performing a job well, it doesn't make people happier or more satisfied with their jobs. The correlation between intelligence and job satisfaction is about zero. Why? Research suggests that although intelligent people perform better and tend to have more interesting jobs, they are also more critical when evaluating their job conditions. Thus, smart people have it better, but they also expect more. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce.

96) Discuss whether diversity helps or hinders a group. Answer: Most contemporary workplaces require extensive work in group settings. When people work in groups, they need to establish a common way of looking at and accomplishing the major tasks, and they need to communicate with one another often. If they feel little sense of membership and cohesion in their groups, all these group attributes are likely to suffer. In some cases, diversity in traits can hurt team performance, whereas in others it can facilitate it. Whether diverse or homogeneous teams are more effective depends on the characteristic of interest. Demographic diversity (in gender, race, and ethnicity) does not appear to either help or hurt team performance in general. On the other hand, teams of individuals who are highly intelligent, conscientious, and interested in working in team settings are more effective. Thus diversity on these variables is likely to be a bad thing—it makes little sense to try to form teams that mix in members who are lower in intelligence, conscientiousness, and uninterested in teamwork. In other cases, differences can be a strength. Groups of individuals with different types of expertise and education are more effective than homogeneous groups. Similarly, a group made entirely of assertive people who want to be in charge, or a group whose members all prefer to follow the lead of others, will be less effective than a group that mixes leaders and followers. Regardless of the composition of the group, differences can be leveraged to achieve superior performance. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 2.1c Assess the business benefits and management challenges associated with a diverse workforce. 97) Discuss intellectual abilities. List and describe the seven dimensions that make up intellectual abilities. Answer: Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities–thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. Most societies put a high value on intelligence, and for good reason. Smart people generally earn more money and attain higher levels of education. They are also more likely to emerge as leaders of groups. However, assessing and measuring intellectual ability is not always simple. People aren't consistently capable of correctly assessing their own cognitive ability. IQ (intelligence quotient) tests are designed to ascertain a person's general intellectual abilities, but the origins, influence factors, and testing of IQ are controversial. The seven most frequently cited dimensions making up intellectual abilities are number aptitude (ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic), verbal comprehension (ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other), perceptual speed (ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately), inductive reasoning (ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem), deductive reasoning (ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument), spatial visualization (ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space were changed), and memory (ability to retain and recall past experiences). Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability.

98) List and describe the physical abilities needed in the performance of physical tasks. Answer: Physical abilities have been and will remain valuable for many jobs. Research on hundreds of jobs has identified nine basic abilities needed in the performance of physical tasks. Individuals differ in the extent to which they have each of these abilities. High employee performance is likely to be achieved when management has ascertained the extent to which a job requires each of the nine abilities and then ensures that employees in that job have those abilities. The physical abilities are divided into three factors: strength factors, flexibility factors, and other factors. Strength factors consist of: 1. dynamic strength (ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over time), 2. trunk strength (ability to exert muscular strength using the trunk–particularly abdominal–muscles), 3. static strength (ability to exert force against external objects), and 4. explosive strength (ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of explosive acts). Flexibility factors consist of: 5. extent flexibility (ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible), and 6. dynamic flexibility (ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movements). Other factors consist of: 7. body coordination (ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body), 8. balance (ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance), and 9. stamina (ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time). Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 99) Discuss discrimination and paraphrase with an example how its types can affect organizational behaviour. Answer: To discriminate is to note a difference between things, which in itself isn't necessarily bad. Although diversity does present many opportunities for organizations, effective diversity management also means working to eliminate unfair discrimination. Usually when we talk about discrimination, though, we mean allowing our behaviour to be influenced by stereotypes about groups of people. Rather than looking at individual characteristics, unfair discrimination assumes everyone in a group is the same. This discrimination is often very harmful to organizations and employees. Some of the types of discrimination in an organizational setup are unfair policies or practices, sexual harassment, intimidation, mockery and insults, exclusion, and incivility. Discriminatory policies or practices of the organization's representatives would result in denying equal opportunities to perform or unequal rewards for performance. Unwanted sexual advances and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature would create a hostile or offensive work environment. Overt threats or bullying directed at members of specific groups of employees would make the targeted employees intimidated. Jokes or negative stereotypes would be taken as mockery or insults when the results of the jokes are taken farther than what is acceptable. Exclusion of certain people from job opportunities, social events, discussions, or informal mentoring could happen unintentionally. Disrespectful treatment, including behaving in an aggressive manner, interrupting the person, or ignoring their opinion is considered as uncivil behaviour. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Concept LO: 2.3 Contrast intellectual and physical ability. 42 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

100) Despite increases in diversity training programs, outcomes are not consistently leading to increases of diversity within upper management. What might be the reason for this phenomenon and how might it be addressed? Answer: Simply holding one training session is not enough. Companies need strategies in place to encourage diversity in an ongoing manner. Researchers also suggest that diversity experiences are more likely to lead to positive adaptation for all parties if (1) the diversity experience undermines stereotypical attitudes, (2) the perceiver is motivated and able to consider a new perspective on others, (3) the perceiver engages in stereotype suppression and generative thought in response to the diversity experience, and (4) the positive experience of stereotype undermining is repeated frequently. Diversity programs based on these principles are likely to be more effective than traditional classroom learning. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 2.4 Recommend best practices for managing diversity effectively within the organization.

Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition (Robbins) Chapter 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 1) Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude? A) Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event. B) Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures one's actions. C) Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of a person, object, or event. D) Attitudes are evaluative statements about objects, people, or events. E) Attitudes are a measure of how the worth of an object, person or event is evaluated. Answer: D Explanation: D) Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favourable or unfavourable, about objects, people, or events. They reflect how we feel about something. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 2) The emotional or feeling component of a person's attitude is called ________. A) complex understanding B) the cognitive component C) the affective component D) a complex attitude E) the behaviour component Answer: C Explanation: C) Typically, researchers have believed that attitudes have three components: cognition, affect, and behaviour. The statement "My pay is low" is the cognitive component of an attitude—a description of or belief in the way things are. It sets the stage for the more critical part of an attitude—its affective component. Affect is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude and is reflected in the statement "I am angry over how little I'm paid." Finally, affect is often an immediate precursor to behaviour. The behavioural component of an attitude describes an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something—to continue the example, "I'm going to look for another job that pays better." Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude.

3) Ayesha is spending the summer working as an intern writing copy for a local firm. Today Ayesha's senior editor sent back some of Ayesha's work covered in red ink corrections. Up until now, all of Ayesha's work had been corrected in green or blue ink. Janice is upset and worried that her senior editor doesn't like her. Which component of an attitude is not represented in the previous scenario? A) the positive component B) the cognitive component C) the affective component D) the negative component E) the behavioural component Answer: E Explanation: E) In the example, Ayesha does not take action. Therefore, she does not demonstrate the behavioural component of an attitude. Ayesha believes that her senior editor doesn't like her. This judgment, or evaluation, demonstrates the cognitive component of an attitude. Ayesha is upset. She has had an emotional reaction to the red ink on her work, which represents the affective component of an attitude. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 4) The belief that "violence is wrong" is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the ________ component of an attitude. A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioural E) reactive Answer: A Explanation: A) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified in the statement "violence is wrong." Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude.

5) Which of the following is an example of an affective attitude? A) believing that you did a good job B) the observation that most dogs have four legs C) the opinion that it is never acceptable to steal D) anger at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing E) the avoidance of a restaurant where one once received bad service Answer: D Explanation: D) Affective attitudes reveal emotion, such as anger. Belief and opinions are examples of cognitive or evaluative attitudes. Observation and avoidance are behaviours and are facets of behavioural attitudes. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 6) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have each been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead, while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions, although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. When Thad complained about not getting a raise, he was experiencing which attitude? A) cognitive B) affective C) behavioural D) negative E) dissonance Answer: A Explanation: A) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified when Thad complained about not getting a raise. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 7) Leon Festinger argued that ________ follow(s) ________. A) behaviour; job satisfaction B) behaviour; attitude C) attitudes; behaviour D) attitudes; job satisfaction E) job satisfaction; behaviour Answer: C Explanation: C) In the late 1960s, a review of the research challenged the assumed effect of attitudes on behaviour. One researcher, Leon Festinger, argued that attitudes follow behaviour. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 3 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

8) The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by ________. A) Maslow B) Festinger C) Hofstede D) Skinner E) Pavlov Answer: B Explanation: B) In the 1960s, Leon Festinger argued that attitudes follow behaviour. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will therefore attempt to reduce it. They will seek a stable state, which is a minimum of dissonance. Maslow, Hofstede, Skinner, and Pavlov all made other contributions to OB. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 9) "Dissonance" means ________. A) reactance B) constancy C) resistance D) consistency E) inconsistency Answer: E Explanation: E) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility, or inconsistency, an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. Reactance is an emotional reaction to pressure. Constancy and consistency are to continue and not interrupt. Resistance is to avoid. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

10) Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes results in ________. A) organizational dissonance B) cognitive dissonance C) attitudinal clarification D) values clarification E) affective reactance Answer: B Explanation: B) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. Organizational dissonance, attitudinal clarification, values clarification, and affective reactance are not types of attitude or behaviour in OB. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 11) Individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes are important or when they believe the dissonance is ________. A) directly related to their pay B) the work of a disgruntled coworker C) due to something they can control D) their supervisor showing favouritism E) completely out of their control Answer: C Explanation: C) Individuals will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes are important or when they believe the dissonance is due to something they can control. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

12) Jo is a courier delivering parcels throughout the metropolitan area. Although she considers herself law abiding, she often breaks the speed limit while making her deliveries. Which of the following statements does not reflect a likely response to the conflict between her attitude and her behaviour? A) "It's not a problem that I speed a little bit; it's not much over the limit, and everyone else speeds some." B) "The speed limits are just too low around here; anyone driving at a reasonable speed will break them." C) "This speeding is irresponsible. From now on I am observing the speed limits." D) "I've got to drive fast sometimes, otherwise I will not make all my deliveries and I'll lose clients." E) "It's wrong to break even minor laws, but I'll probably keep speeding anyway." Answer: E Explanation: E) Jo seeing speeding as wrong and not providing a reason to continue does not logically fit into a method of reducing cognitive dissonance. Jo is able to justify her speeding just a little bit and still feel comfortable. Jo justifies her speeding because the limits are too low. Jo's cognitive dissonance is too strong, so she quits speeding. Jo reduces the dissonance by rationalizing her need to speed. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 13) Sheila works for a manufacturer of Styrofoam trays for school lunches. Last year her son came home from school and told her that the trays she makes go straight to the landfill where they sit for hundreds of years without ever biodegrading. Although this information bothers Sheila, she does not look for another job because she enjoys her very high salary. Which dissonance moderating factor is illustrated by this example? A) Dissonance is reduced because of the sense of control by the individual. B) Dissonance is reduced because of the importance to the individual. C) There is no dissonance moderating factor in the example. D) Dissonance is increased because of the sense of control by the individual. E) High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward. Answer: E Explanation: E) Sheila tolerates her dislike for this aspect of her job because she is given a high reward in the form of a high salary. Sheila does not feel like she can control what the company does with the trays. Control doesn't increase or reduce the dissonance. Although the information bothers Sheila and she considers it important, she is not able to reduce the dissonance. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

14) Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that workers' rights be respected, and that one of the more important ways of doing this is to ensure that all workers be properly documented. She is supervising a contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company. While doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by the contractor are undocumented aliens working for well below minimum wage. Mrs. Jonas is likely experiencing ________. A) cognitive dissonance B) unresolved anger C) ethical evasion D) uncertainty avoidance E) social pressure Answer: A Explanation: A) Because there is a contradiction in what Mrs. Jonas is feeling and the situation in which she finds herself, she is experiencing cognitive dissonance, any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behaviour and attitudes. The example doesn't say that Mrs. Jonas is experiencing anger or social pressure. Not knowing what Mrs. Jonas will do, we cannot say whether she will avoid the ethical decisions. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 15) Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that workers' rights be respected, and that one of the more important ways of doing this is to ensure that all workers be properly documented. She is supervising a contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company. While doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by the contractor are undocumented aliens working for well below minimum wage. Mrs. Jonas can be expected to relieve the discomfort she is experiencing by doing the following except ________. A) deciding this issue is unimportant B) rationalizing that it is not her problem since she is not the contractor C) attempting to stop the contractor using undocumented workers D) coming to accept that using undocumented workers does not harm workers' rights E) terminating the contract as it is against her attitude Answer: E Explanation: E) Research has generally concluded that people do seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behaviour. They either alter the attitudes or the behaviour, or they develop a rationalization for the discrepancy. Each of these answers is an example of how Mrs. Jonas either alters her attitude or behaviour. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

16) Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that workers' rights be respected, and that one of the more important ways of doing this is to ensure that all workers be properly documented. She is supervising a contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company. While doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by the contractor are undocumented aliens working for well below minimum wage. In this situation Mrs. Jonas has a(n) ________ that is in conflict with a(n) ________. A) behaviour; behaviour B) attitude; attitude C) social need; social interest D) social need; social need E) attitude; behaviour Answer: E Explanation: E) The belief in workers' rights represents Mrs. Jonas' attitude, which comes into direct conflict with her behaviour of contracting illegal workers. Her behaviour is not conflicting with another behaviour, nor are two conflicting attitudes represented in this example. Social need and interest are not a part of the attitude equation. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 17) Cameron loves her job as a data programmer, but her coworker Blake is very challenging. Blake often loses his temper over aspects of shared projects that neither of them can control. When discussing projects in Cameron's work station, Blake plays with her office supplies, rearranges her desk, and leaves snack and food crumbs. Worst of all, Blake always takes the portion of a project that is the easiest, leaving Cameron to work harder and longer hours. Which of the following is not an effective method for handling Cameron's problems with Blake? A) Cameron should invite Blake to lunch and directly confront him with her feelings. B) Cameron should invite Blake to coffee to clarify if there are any misunderstandings. C) Cameron should simply ignore Blake and his behaviour. D) Cameron should make a point of going to Blake's work station and leaving a mess. E) Cameron should ask a manager to help divide the work load for the next project. Answer: D Explanation: D) Although tempting, retaliation will only escalate the situation. Cameron should not engage in Blake's petty behaviour by messing up his work station. A direct and conciliatory approach is the first step to try, as well as seeing the problem from the other person's point of view. If unable to solve the problem, the next best thing to do is to ignore it. Involving management is a last resort, but can be done if there is a positive solution in mind, such as evenly dividing the work. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

18) Your friend Leslyn has been driving a Mustang for the past few years and is very vocal about how much she likes her car. Unfortunately, she was recently in an accident and has now purchased a brand new Challenger. Now she talks about how much she likes the Challenger and has started to criticize Mustangs! Which statement would best describe what you should say to Leslyn the next time she talks about cars? A) Leslyn, I liked your Mustang better than your new car. B) Leslyn, I am sorry about your car. Why did you not get another Mustang? C) Leslyn, I am sorry about your Mustang. It was a great car but your Challenger is great too! D) Leslyn, I am sorry about your Mustang, but do you need to be so negative toward it now? E) Leslyn, your negativity is driving us all nuts! Answer: C Explanation: C) Leslyn is experiencing cognitive dissonance and needs help resolving her feelings about the old car in relation to the new car. By complimenting both cars, you are aiding her in resolving her feelings which allows her to embrace both vehicles. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 19) Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by three moderating factors including the ________. A) values of the elements creating the dissonance B) degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over the elements C) degree of positive affect the person has toward the behaviour D) fact that values and attitudes will vary over the short term E) awareness that dissonance exists Answer: B Explanation: B) Festinger proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance depends on moderating factors, including the importance of the elements creating it, the degree of influence we believe we have over it, and the rewards of dissonance. Festinger does not mention the values of the elements or the degree of positive affect toward the behaviour. Values and attitudes will vary, but don't reduce dissonance. Awareness of dissonance doesn't mean that dissonance will be reduced. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

20) Which of the following statements is not true about attitudes in the workplace? A) Changing employee attitudes is necessary if you are to manage dissonance. B) High pay alone is not likely to create a satisfying workplace. C) Generating positive job attitudes helps lower absenteeism and turnover. D) Attitudes help determine how well employees perform on the job. E) Attitudes give warnings of potential problems. Answer: A Explanation: A) Dissonance can be managed in a variety of ways, and usually the person with the attitude will do what he needs to do to reduce dissonance. Job satisfaction is not related to pay after employees reach a comfortable income. Absenteeism and turnover are shown to decrease as job satisfaction increases. Attitudes increase productivity and allow managers to see future problems. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 21) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have each been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Willy was happy to receive the raise but felt guilty that Thad did not also get a raise. Which best describes Willy's feelings? A) cognitive dissonance B) affective behaviour C) job satisfaction D) workplace deviance E) organizational citizenship Answer: A Explanation: A) While he is happy for what he has received, Willy feels badly for his teammate. He has two different feelings toward the same situation which is causing his dissonance. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

22) Which of the following is not a moderating variable of the attitude-behaviour relationship? A) direct experience B) correspondence to behaviour C) power D) accessibility E) importance Answer: C Explanation: C) The most powerful moderators of the attitudes relationship are the importance of the attitude, its correspondence to behaviour, its accessibility, the presence of social pressures, and whether a person has direct experience with the attitude. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 23) Which of the following reflect people's fundamental values, self-interest, or identification with individuals or groups they value? A) cognitive dissonances B) emotional dissonances C) social cultures D) important attitudes E) specific behaviours Answer: D Explanation: D) Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values, self-interest, or identification with individuals or groups we value. These attitudes tend to show a strong relationship to our behaviour. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

24) Which of the following is not considered a major job attitude by OB researchers? A) job satisfaction B) positive personality C) organizational commitment D) employee engagement E) job involvement Answer: B Explanation: B) A positive personality isn't considered a major job attitude in OB. A positive feeling about one's job as indicated in job satisfaction is considered a major job attitude. Organizational commitment, the degree to which a person identifies with the organization, and job involvement, the degree to which a person identifies with the job and participates in it, are both considered major job attitudes, as is employee engagement, a person's involvement with the job. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 25) What refers to a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics? A) job satisfaction B) job involvement C) job stability D) organizational commitment E) social investment Answer: A Explanation: A) When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually mean job satisfaction, which describes a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about his or her job, while a person with a low level holds negative feelings. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

26) Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as ________. A) psychological empowerment B) organizational commitment C) perceived organizational support D) employee engagement E) job satisfaction Answer: A Explanation: A) Employees' beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as psychological empowerment. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 27) The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is ________. A) job satisfaction B) job involvement C) job stability D) organizational commitment E) social embeddedness Answer: B Explanation: B) Job involvement measures the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth. Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work they do. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

28) In her work in the publishing industry, Vera seeks out new authors whom she considers promising. In the past two years she has found a number of new writers whose work she thought was exceptional, and immersed herself in the task of helping them shape their manuscripts for submission to her managers for publishing. Although she was extremely proud of the results, none of the authors she worked with were chosen for publication. Vera believes that the decision not to publish these authors was based on personal rivalries within management, rather than the quality of her writers' work. She is extremely frustrated, dreads coming into work each morning, and is seriously thinking of resigning. How can Vera's job attitudes best be described? A) low job satisfaction and low job involvement B) low job satisfaction and high job involvement C) high job satisfaction and low job involvement D) high job satisfaction and high job involvement E) low organizational commitment Answer: B Explanation: B) Vera is feeling negative toward her job resulting in low job satisfaction, even though she believes that she has invested tremendously in the organization and is important to it, showing a high job involvement. Vera's negative feelings reveal a low job satisfaction rating. Vera showed dedication to her organization as she prepared her writers. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 29) Organizational commitment is defined as ________. A) the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for and its goals B) an employee's belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to ensure that its employees are treated fairly C) the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self-worth is related to their job D) the amount of effort an employee will make in order to keep or advance their position in an organization E) the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization Answer: A Explanation: A) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is organizational commitment. Perceived organizational support (POS) is an employee's belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to ensure that its employees are treated fairly. Job involvement is the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self-worth is related to their job. Psychological empowerment is the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

30) Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________. A) pay B) supervision C) organizational commitment D) cognitive dissonance E) affective dissonance Answer: C Explanation: C) Research evidence demonstrates negative relationships between organizational commitment and both absenteeism and turnover. Pay, supervision, cognitive dissonance, and affective dissonance are not attitudes. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 31) What kind of relationship exists between organizational commitment and job productivity? A) an inverse relationship B) an independent relationship C) a weak relationship D) a positive relationship E) a negative relationship Answer: D Explanation: D) A positive relationship appears to exist between organizational commitment and job productivity, but it is a modest one. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

32) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Of the five major job attitudes, Jamarcus probably has the highest level of ________ while Willy probably has the highest level of ________. A) job satisfaction; perceived organizational support B) job satisfaction; organizational commitment C) organizational commitment; job involvement D) organizational commitment; job satisfaction E) job involvement; job satisfaction Answer: B Explanation: B) While both are probably experiencing high levels of all job attitudes, it is likely that Jamarcus has the highest level of job satisfaction because he apparently is doing so well in his job that he has been promoted. Willy probably has the highest level of organizational commitment because, even though he has not been promoted, his efforts have been rewarded. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Critical thinking LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 33) In regards to job engagement, having a good manager they enjoy working for and ________ were found to be the top causations. A) feeling appreciated by one's supervisor B) being paid what they feel they are worth C) getting timely promotions D) socializing with one's coworkers E) having flexible work schedules Answer: A Explanation: A) Two top reasons for job engagement that participants gave in a recent study were (1) having a good manager they enjoy working for and (2) feeling appreciated by their supervisor. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

34) Lance recently earned his doctorate from a historic university, famous for its top academics and sports programs. While in graduate school, he was very active in student life and intramurals and maintained an active social life while earning high marks for his teaching and research. Upon graduation, he was elected "senator at large" for the alumni association and still maintains strong relationships with his faculty and mentors. After graduation, Lance was hired as an assistant professor at a metropolitan university. This university is only 30 years old, has no sports program and very little collegiality among the faculty and staff. Although his teaching evaluations are high, he gets very little positive input from his supervisors and feels that he is constantly being abused and overworked by the administration, regardless of his personal life. With which two job attitudes is Lance most likely having issues? A) cognitive dissonance and job satisfaction B) job satisfaction and employee engagement C) employee engagement and perceived organizational support D) perceived organizational support and cognitive dissonance E) job satisfaction and perceived organizational support Answer: D Explanation: D) First, Lance is experiencing perceived organizational support issues because he feels that regardless of what his personal needs are that his current university does not support him or respect what he does. Second, Lance is experiencing cognitive dissonance because he is comparing his current experience to the more positive experience he had while in graduate school, even though the situations are not particularly similar. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 35) ________ is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. A) Psychological empowerment B) Employee engagement C) Perceived organizational support D) Organizational commitment E) Job involvement Answer: C Explanation: C) Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Research shows that people perceive their organization as supportive when rewards are deemed fair, when employees have a voice in decisions, and when they see their supervisors as supportive. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

36) Guillermo's wife was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Guillermo had to take a considerable amount of time off work to care for their children, and he was late in completing his portion of a large project. Guillermo never feared that his job was in jeopardy because of his absences or his delay in completion of work. Name the major job attitude relative to this example. A) psychological empowerment B) perceived organizational support C) organizational commitment D) employee engagement E) job involvement Answer: B Explanation: B) Guillermo believed that his organization would be supportive through his times of stress. This major job attitude is called perceived organizational support. The belief and sense that a person has an effect in the work environment is psychological empowerment. Organizational commitment, the degree to which a person identifies with the organization, and job involvement, the degree to which a person identifies with the job and participates in it, are both considered major job attitudes, as is employee engagement, a person's involvement with the job, but these were not what calmed Guillermo's fears. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 37) Bryan Eusebius has a positive attitude toward his organization. He feels the management treats all employees fairly in matters concerning rewards, takes into account employees' opinions, and overall, is highly supportive. Bryan's attitude toward his employing organization is indicative of ________. A) psychological empowerment B) employee engagement C) perceived organizational support D) core self evaluations E) organizational citizenship Answer: C Explanation: C) Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. Research shows that people perceive their organization as supportive when rewards are deemed fair, when employees have a voice in decisions, and when they see their supervisors as supportive. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes.

38) In the context of employee engagement, it is observed that highly engaged employees feel a deep connection to their company. Disengaged employees ________. A) feel disconnected, portraying deviant behaviour at the workplace B) put in efforts to be as good as engaged employees C) continue working without affecting the turnover D) put time but no attention into their work E) engage in productive activities to prove their worth Answer: D Explanation: D) Highly engaged employees have a passion for their work and feel a deep connection to their company; disengaged employees have essentially checked out–putting time but not energy or attention into their work. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 39) An individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work he/she performs is known as ________. A) employee engagement B) job involvement C) loyalty D) job satisfaction E) psychological empowerment Answer: A Explanation: A) A new concept is employee engagement, an individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for, the work he/she does. Highly engaged employees have a passion for their work and feel a deep connection to their company; disengaged employees have essentially checked out—putting time but not energy or attention into their work. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 40) A global study of job satisfaction levels of workers in 15 countries reported that the highest levels of job satisfaction appear in ________. A) Russia B) South Korea C) Switzerland D) Canada E) France Answer: C Explanation: C) A global study of job satisfaction levels of workers in 15 countries reported that the highest levels of job satisfaction appear in Mexico and Switzerland. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction. 19 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

41) Which major job-satisfaction facet is most strongly correlated with high levels of overall job satisfaction? A) work flexibility B) pay C) social context of the workplace D) supervision E) transparency Answer: C Explanation: C) There is a strong correspondence between how well people enjoy the social context of their workplace and how satisfied they are overall. Interdependence, feedback, social support, and interaction with coworkers outside the workplace are strongly related to job satisfaction, even after accounting for characteristics of the work itself. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction. 42) Ramiro has been a forklift driver for the local grocery store for six years. He earns $32,000 a year. He works with a nice crew. He plays softball with his coworkers on the weekends. They also volunteer together at the local food bank during the holidays, and socialize with their families at summer picnics. Ramiro is highly satisfied with his job. Which of the following is the most probable cause of Ramiro's high job satisfaction? A) pay B) promotion C) high stress D) social context E) work itself Answer: D Explanation: D) There is a strong correspondence between how well people enjoy the social context of their work place and how satisfied they are overall. Ramiro is very active with his coworkers, which leads to his job satisfaction. Ramiro's pay is under $40,000 which would, in general, indicate a less comfortable lifestyle and lower level of satisfaction. Ramiro has been doing the same thing for six years, indicating little promotion or stress. The work itself is repetitive and would not usually indicate a high level of satisfaction. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction.

43) Once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living, the relationship between pay and job satisfaction ________. A) becomes stronger B) turns positive C) becomes negligible D) becomes negative E) weakens, but only slightly Answer: C Explanation: C) For people who are poor or who live in poor countries, pay does correlate with job satisfaction and overall happiness. But once an individual reaches a level of comfortable living (at about $40,000 a year, depending on the region and family size), the relationship between pay and job satisfaction virtually disappears. People who earn $80,000 are, on average, no happier with their jobs than those who earn closer to $40,000. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction. 44) Charles makes $24,000 a year. Ana makes $40,000 a year. Ellis makes $75,000 a year. Adam makes $75,000 a year. Shonali makes $30,000 a year. Which of the following is not a true statement about the usual correlation between pay and job satisfaction? A) Charles is less likely to be satisfied with his job than Adam. B) Ana is as likely to be as satisfied with her job as Ellis. C) Ellis and Adam are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than Shonali. D) Charles is less likely to be satisfied with his job than Shonali. E) Shonali is as likely to be satisfied with her job as Charles. Answer: D Explanation: D) Research shows that once a person earns a comfortable living at $40,000, the correlation between pay and job satisfaction disappears, making Ana, Ellis, and Adam all likely to be equally satisfied with their jobs. For those earning under $40,000 a year, pay is related to job satisfaction, making Charles likely to be less satisfied than Adam. Since Charles and Shonali both earn under $40,000, they are likely to be equally dissatisfied. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction.

45) Compared to people who have a negative core self-evaluation, people who have a positive core self-evaluation ________. A) are less satisfied with their jobs B) see their work as less challenging C) see their work as less fulfilling D) are less likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs E) are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties Answer: E Explanation: E) Those with negative core self-evaluations are more likely to give up when confronting difficulties. Research has shown that people who have positive core self-evaluation, who believe in their inner worth and basic competence, are more satisfied with their jobs than those with negative core self-evaluations. Not only do they see their work as more fulfilling and challenging, they are more likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs in the first place. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction. 46) Research shows that someone with a ________ core self-evaluation will have a ________ job satisfaction level. A) high; high B) high; low C) low; high D) low; low E) There is no connection between these two factors. Answer: A Explanation: A) Individuals who have positive core self-evaluation also tend to show positive job satisfaction levels. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction.

47) A manufacturing company asked its employees to rate the question, "All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?" by circling a number between 1 and 5 on a scale from "highly satisfied" to "highly dissatisfied." This company might use ________ to assess employee job satisfaction. A) the behavioural anchoring rating B) the projective rating C) the single global rating D) the general job facets E) the summation of job facets Answer: C Explanation: C) An employee's assessment of his satisfaction with the job is a complex summation of many discrete elements. Two approaches are popular. The single global rating is a response to one question, such as "All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?" Respondents circle a number between 1 and 5 on a scale from "highly satisfied" to "highly dissatisfied." The second method, the summation of job facets, is more sophisticated. It identifies key elements in a job such as the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relationships with coworkers. Respondents rate these on a standardized scale, and researchers add the ratings to create an overall job satisfaction score. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.3b Recommend best practices for measuring job satisfaction. 48) ________ uses a standardized scale to rate key elements in a job such as the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relationships with coworkers, and researchers then add the ratings to create an overall job satisfaction score. A) The behavioural anchoring rating B) The projective rating C) The single global rating D) The general job facets E) The summation of job facets Answer: E Explanation: E) An employee's assessment of his satisfaction with the job is a complex summation of many discrete elements. Two approaches are popular. The single global rating is a response to one question, such as "All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job?" Respondents circle a number between 1 and 5 on a scale from "highly satisfied" to "highly dissatisfied." The second method, the summation of job facets, is more sophisticated. It identifies key elements in a job such as the nature of the work, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, and relationships with coworkers. Respondents rate these on a standardized scale, and researchers add the ratings to create an overall job satisfaction score. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.3b Recommend best practices for measuring job satisfaction.

49) The exit–voice–loyalty–neglect framework aids in understanding the consequences of ________. A) pay B) low motivation C) dissatisfaction D) lack of loyalty E) low levels of employee engagement Answer: C Explanation: C) One theoretical model—the exit–voice–loyalty–neglect framework—is helpful in understanding the consequences of dissatisfaction. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 50) The performance variables productivity, absenteeism, and turnover are generally considered a part of the ________ behaviours in the exit–voice–loyalty–neglect framework. A) voice and neglect B) neglect and loyalty C) exit and voice D) loyalty and exit E) exit and neglect Answer: E Explanation: E) In the exit–voice–loyalty–neglect framework, the exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Exit and neglect behaviours encompass our performance variables—productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

51) Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark, Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to be reacting differently to the problems at work. Toni has decided that she'll just get a new job and get away from the problem. Toni is dealing with her dissatisfaction through ________. A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) acceptance Answer: A Explanation: A) The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Acceptance is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 52) Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark, Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to be reacting differently to the problems at work. Susan has composed a list of concerns along with her suggestions for improving conditions. Susan is dealing with her dissatisfaction through ________. A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) acceptance Answer: B Explanation: B) The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Acceptance is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

53) Employees at Acme Express are dissatisfied with the working conditions, salary, and the general attitude of the management. Mark, Susan, and Toni are good friends who work at Acme, yet each seems to be reacting differently to the problems at work. Mark believes that his manager is a good person and will work things out if Mark just gives him time to do so. Mark is dealing with his dissatisfaction through ________. A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) acceptance Answer: C Explanation: C) The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Acceptance is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 54) Maria was dissatisfied with the way that her manager treated her. She quit her job and found a new position with another firm. She has expressed her dissatisfaction through ________. A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) citizenship Answer: A Explanation: A) The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Citizenship is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

55) Steve is unhappy with his job. He takes every possible vacation and sick day and sometimes shows up late for work. He is expressing his dissatisfaction through ________. A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) social voice E) neglect Answer: E Explanation: E) The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. Social voice is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 56) Which response is demonstrated by Joe when he speaks up to support his company's actions even when the local newspaper is criticizing them? A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) performance Answer: C Explanation: C) The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Performance is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

57) Munwar is dissatisfied with his job and deals with it by regularly discussing his problems with his manager. Which type of response is Joe using in this situation? A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) performance Answer: B Explanation: B) The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Performance is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 58) Attending union meetings as a way of coping with job dissatisfaction is what type of response? A) exit B) voice C) loyalty D) neglect E) reification Answer: B Explanation: B) The voice response includes actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and undertaking some forms of union activity. The exit response directs behaviour toward leaving the organization, including looking for a new position as well as resigning. The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve. The neglect response passively allows conditions to worsen and includes chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate. Reification is not a reaction to dissatisfaction on the job. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

59) To get his company through some hard economic times, Ben's hours have just been reduced from 40 a week to 33. Ben is upset about the reduction in time and pay, but he shows up at work every morning and is willing to patiently wait until economic times improve, and he can go back to working full time. Which of the following best describes Ben's response to his dissatisfaction? A) active, constructive voice B) passive, destructive neglect C) passive, constructive loyalty D) active, destructive exit E) active, constructive loyalty Answer: C Explanation: C) Ben demonstrates loyalty to the company and is passively waiting for things to improve, which is a constructive response. Ben is not voicing his negative feelings about less work. Ben continues to show up for work and does not neglect his duties. Ben is waiting for things to get better rather than looking for a different job. Ben is passive, rather than active in his behaviour. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 60) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions, although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. At a recent meeting, Thad was decidedly combative with Jamarcus and the two had a rather heated discussion. This interaction likely triggered which in Willy? A) exit response B) organizational citizenship C) workplace deviance D) turnover E) neglect response Answer: B Explanation: B) There is no indication that Willy has been experiencing job dissatisfaction; thus, the only likely response at this point would be for Willy to engage in some type of organizational citizenship behaviour. Prolonged exposure to such interactions may eventually harm his job satisfaction levels which then might cause the remaining responses to occur. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

61) Which of the following is not an example of organizational citizenship behaviour? A) telling your friends about the company's great work environment B) contributing to a fund for a coworker to help with medical bills C) discouraging a friend from applying for a job at the company D) working over the weekend to make sure a project gets done E) volunteering to help a colleague meet a deadline Answer: C Explanation: C) OCB, or organizational citizenship behaviour, refers to positive behaviours toward the company. Discouraging a friend to apply implies a dissatisfaction and negative attitude. Talking positively about the organization, helping others, and going beyond the normal expectations of the job are all examples of OCB. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 62) Sharon is unhappy with her job as a salesperson at a retail store for many reasons. Yesterday a customer asked her where the shampoo was located. Sharon listlessly replied, "I don't know." She then turned her back on the customer and continued stocking the shelf. This is an example of how job satisfaction can affect ________. A) employee OCB B) customer satisfaction C) absenteeism D) turnover E) work place deviance Answer: B Explanation: B) Sharon's rude behaviour toward the customer will directly affect customer satisfaction. Organizational citizenship behaviour is not reflected in this example. Sharon is at work and the example doesn't discuss looking for a new job. Sharon is doing her job, although badly, and is not engaging in deviant activities. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

63) Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism? A) There is a consistent positive relationship between the two. B) There is a consistent negative relationship between the two. C) There is a curvilinear relationship between the two. D) When fairness is controlled for, there is a direct relationship between the two. E) No relationship can be established between the two. Answer: B Explanation: B) Although moderate to weak, there is a consistent negative relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism. The fairness control does not affect the relationship. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 64) How can the gaps between what managers think employees feel and what employees really feel be reduced? A) conducting regular surveys B) enforcing administrative policies C) improving workplace conditions D) providing incentives E) training employees Answer: A Explanation: A) Regular surveys can reduce gaps between what managers think employees feel and what they really feel. This can impact the bottom line in small franchise sites as well as in large companies. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

65) Job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into ________ when employees feel or perceive they have many available alternatives. This can happen when employees have high human capital. A) neglect B) engagement C) tardiness D) turnover E) absenteeism Answer: D Explanation: D) Job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover when employment opportunities are plentiful because employees perceive that it is easy to move to another job. When employees have high "human capital" (high education, high ability), job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover because they have, or perceive, many available alternatives. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 66) Under which of the following conditions is job dissatisfaction less predictive of turnover? A) when employees consider their current jobs to be unattractive B) when employees are presented with unsolicited job offers C) when employment opportunities are plentiful D) when employees are highly skilled E) when employees are highly educated Answer: B Explanation: B) If an employee is presented with an unsolicited job offer, job dissatisfaction is less predictive of turnover because the employee is more likely leaving because of "pull" (the lure of the other job) than "push" (the unattractiveness of the current job). Similarly, job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover when employment opportunities are plentiful because employees perceive that it is easy to move to another job. Finally, when employees have high "human capital" (high education, high ability), job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover because they have, or perceive, many available alternatives. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

67) Under which of the following conditions is job dissatisfaction not likely to translate into turnover? A) lack of job prospects B) alternative job prospects C) high human capital D) ease of job mobility E) high employee education Answer: A Explanation: A) The satisfaction–turnover relationship is affected by alternative job prospects. Job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover when employment opportunities are plentiful because employees perceive that it is easy to move to another job. When employees have high "human capital" (high education, high ability), job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover because they have, or perceive, many available alternatives. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 68) Which of the following employees does not exhibit deviant behaviour in the workplace? A) Samuel quits his job because his manager never appreciates his efforts. B) Joanna, an HR executive, uses work time to surf articles on the latest fashion trends. C) Wilson takes work supplies like pens and paper clips home for personal use. D) Lily does not show up for work for more than 3 days a week. E) Cara wraps up her work early to attend her daughter's ballet recital. Answer: E Explanation: E) Job dissatisfaction and antagonistic relationships with coworkers predict a variety of behaviours organizations find undesirable, including unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing, and tardiness. These behaviours are indicators of deviant behaviour in the workplace (or counterproductive behaviour or employee withdrawal). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

69) Rashid is dissatisfied at work. He feels he is paid too little and asked to do too much. To compensate for his perceived unjust pay, he regularly takes work supplies home for personal use, such as computer ink cartridges, staplers, and reams of paper. Rashid's behaviour is an example of ________. A) employee OCB B) customer satisfaction C) absenteeism D) turnover E) workplace deviance Answer: E Explanation: E) Rashid's behaviour is a manifestation of workplace deviance, in which workers who don't like their jobs "get even" somehow. Organizational citizenship behaviour is not reflected in this example. There is no mention of Rashid's customers in the example. Rashid goes to work and the example does not mention him looking for a new job. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 70) Dispatch Heroes Inc. is a medium-sized logistics company. The management is facing tough times as the workers are dissatisfied and are engaging in a number of deviant workplace behaviours such as stealing, undue socializing, and tardiness. The management is considering enforcing several restrictions to curb these counterproductive behaviours. What would be a better way to deal with such forms of workplace deviance? A) Employers must take corrective action to stop the unwanted activities. B) Employers should attack the source of the problem, i.e., the dissatisfaction. C) Employers must introduce surveillance to ensure smooth flow of work. D) The management must suspend employees who engage in deviant workplace behaviours. E) The management must restrict the activities that adversely affect productivity. Answer: B Explanation: B) Workers who don't like their jobs "get even" in various ways—and because those ways can be quite creative, controlling only one behaviour, such as with an absence control policy, leaves the root cause untouched. To effectively control the undesirable consequences of job dissatisfaction, employers should attack the source of the problem—the dissatisfaction— rather than try to control the different responses. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

71) A study conducted by a management consulting firm found that companies with higher morale ________. A) experienced a larger growth in their stock prices B) experienced a larger growth in market share C) experienced a smaller decrease in their stock prices D) experienced a smaller decrease in their market share E) had more dissatisfied employees Answer: A Explanation: A) One study by a management consulting firm separated large organizations into high morale (more than 70 percent of employees expressed overall job satisfaction) and medium or low morale (fewer than 70 percent). The stock prices of companies in the high morale group grew 19.4 percent, compared with 10 percent for the medium or low morale group. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 72) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions, although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Which of the following would be the best action for Jamarcus to take in regards to Thad? A) Fire him…we do not need negative team members. B) Promote him…that way he will stop complaining. C) Talk to him…everyone likes to talk. D) Retrain him…he is not good at his job. E) Survey him…we need to know what is going on. Answer: C Explanation: C) While offering him a job satisfaction survey is a viable option and may produce good results, talking to him is the best course of action. Research has shown that having the opportunity to discuss their position can increase one's job satisfaction. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

73) Thad, Jamarcus, and Willy have been working for Davidson International for three years. While the trio started together as analysts and are all still on the same team, Jamarcus has recently been made a team lead while Willy and Thad are still in their respective positions, although Willy did receive a small raise after his last performance evaluation. Which of the following is most probably to occur soon? A) Jamarcus fires Thad…we do not need all that negativity on the team! B) Thad sabotages Willy…he did not deserve the raise, I did! C) Willy encourages everyone…let's all stick together! D) Jamarcus promotes Willy…he is doing a great job! E) Thad quits…I do not need this job! Answer: B Explanation: B) While all of these events may occur, given the circumstances, it is unlikely that Jamarcus or Willy see the need to act in any way. Thad is the only player who is experiencing a negative affective attitude. When this attitude translates to behaviour, it is likely that Thad will first express workplace deviance prior to exiting the organization. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 74) Why should managers be interested in their employees' attitudes? A) They result from behaviour. B) They cause problems. C) They give warnings of potential problems. D) They are generally low. E) They result in cognitive dissonance. Answer: C Explanation: C) Managers should be interested in their employees' attitudes because attitudes can influence behaviour, resulting in higher or lower profits and productivity. Some researchers believe that attitudes follow behaviour, not the other way around. Although negative attitudes can cause problems, there are many positive reasons managers should look at job attitudes. Job satisfaction and attitudes are generally high. Cognitive dissonance is the result of a disparity between an attitude and a behaviour. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

75) A satisfied workforce does not guarantee successful organizational performance. In order to improve organizational effectiveness, managers ________. A) must formulate strategies to attack and eliminate deviant behaviours B) must keep track of absenteeism and turnover among the employees C) must make jobs easier and targets achievable D) must offer periodic salary increments E) must try to improve employee attitudes Answer: E Explanation: E) Creating a satisfied workforce is not a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in positive outcomes, including greater organizational effectiveness, higher customer satisfaction, and increased profits. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 76) Attitudes are evaluative statements. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Attitudes in OB are defined as evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 77) There are three components of an attitude: cognition, affect, and behaviour. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Typically, researchers have assumed that attitudes have three components: cognition, affect, and behaviour. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude. 78) The intent to act in a certain way is the affective component of an attitude. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The affective component is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. An intent to act in a certain way is the behavioural component of an attitude. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1a Describe and contrast the three components of an attitude.

79) According to Festinger, people seek consistency among their attitudes and their behaviours. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable and that individuals will, therefore, attempt to reduce it. They will seek a stable state, which is a minimum of dissonance. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 80) Rewards can offset dissonance. Answer: TRUE Explanation: High rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 81) The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behaviour, the stronger the link between the two. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Specific attitudes tend to predict specific behaviours, whereas general attitudes tend to best predict general behaviours. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 82) Job involvement refers to an individual's general attitude toward his or her job. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Job involvement is the degree to which a person identifies with a job, actively participates in it, and considers performance important to self-worth. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 83) Organizational commitment is a more global response to the organization than is job satisfaction. Answer: TRUE Explanation: In organizational commitment, an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to remain a member. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 38 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

84) Evidence suggests that employees in Eastern cultures have higher levels of job satisfaction than those in Western cultures. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Evidence suggests employees in Western cultures have higher levels of job satisfaction than those in Eastern cultures. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments Quest Category: Analytical LO: 3.3a Define job satisfaction. 85) Summing up responses to a number of job factors achieves a more accurate evaluation of job satisfaction than does a single global rating. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The summation of job facets helps managers zero in on problems and deal with them faster and more accurately. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.3b Recommend best practices for measuring job satisfaction. 86) Voice is an active and constructive response to dissatisfaction. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Voice response is the dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 87) Actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions is part of the loyalty response to dissatisfaction. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The loyalty response means passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve, including speaking up for the organization in the face of external criticism and trusting the organization and its management to do the right thing. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

88) Neglect is an active and destructive response to dissatisfaction. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The neglect response to dissatisfaction passively allows conditions to worsen. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 89) The evidence indicates that satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 90) Creating a satisfied workforce guarantees successful organizational performance. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Creating a satisfied workforce is hardly a guarantee of successful organizational performance, but evidence strongly suggests that whatever managers can do to improve employee attitudes will likely result in heightened organizational effectiveness. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 91) Discuss cognitive dissonance theory. How do individuals seek consistency among their attitudes, and between their attitudes and their behaviour? Answer: Cognitive dissonance refers to any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes, or between behaviour and attitudes. Festinger argued that any form of inconsistency is uncomfortable, and that individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence, the discomfort. They will seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance. Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes, and between their attitudes and their behaviour. They do this by altering either the attitudes or the behaviour, or by developing a rationalization for the discrepancy. They can deny that any clear causation between the attitude and the behaviour has been established. They can brainwash themselves by continually articulating the benefits of the attitude or the behaviour. They can acknowledge the negative consequences of the attitude or behaviour, but rationalize it. They can accept the research evidence and begin actively working to better the conditions. Or they can quit the attitude or the behaviour because the dissonance is too great. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

92) James is a scientist for a local manufacturer that employs a large percentage of the small town where he lives. Until recently James has loved his job. However, it has been discovered that the company is releasing small amounts of toxins into the local river. James is extremely bothered by this information. Based on what you know about James, describe the cognitive dissonance that he is experiencing, and two ways that James might alter his behaviour or attitude to reduce the dissonance. Answer: As a scientist James is horrified by his company's pollution. The dissonance he feels is the contradiction between a sense of loyalty and love for his job, versus an anger at the company's infractions. To reduce the dissonance James could rationalize that all companies pollute a little bit, and that it is worth the sacrifice because his company provides jobs for the whole community. James could accept certain excuses and evidence that the company provides, such as that the pollution is tiny and moves down-river, not really affecting his community. James can ignore the dissonance because he values his job as a scientist in a community with few jobs. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 93) We often forget how important attitude is. For example, Xifu is originally from mainland China. She has certain views on the experience in the classroom. She is used to a very "rote" style of learning. How can this affect her behaviour in the Canadian classroom? Answer: Specific attitudes tend to predict specific behaviours, whereas general attitudes tend to best predict general behaviours. Attitudes that our memories can easily access are more likely to predict our behaviour. Attitudes you frequently express are attitudes you are more likely to remember. So the more you talk about your attitude on a subject, the more likely you are to remember it, and the more likely it is to shape your behaviour. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.1b Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. 94) Most of the research in OB has been concerned with three attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Explain the difference between these attitudes. Answer: Job satisfaction refers to an individual's general attitude toward his or her job. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes toward the job, while a person who is dissatisfied with his or her job holds negative attitudes about the job. Job involvement measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his or her job and considers his or her perceived performance level important to self-worth. Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work they do. Organizational commitment is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization. So high organizational commitment means identifying with one's employing organization. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Synthesis LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 41 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

95) Discuss why employees who are committed will be less likely to engage in work withdrawal even if they are dissatisfied. Answer: In organizational commitment, an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to remain a member. Theoretical models propose that employees who are committed will be less likely to engage in work withdrawal even if they are dissatisfied, because they have a sense of organizational loyalty or attachment. On the other hand, employees who are not committed, who feel less loyal to the organization, will tend to show lower levels of attendance at work across the board. Research confirms this theoretical proposition. It does appear that even if employees are not currently happy with their work, they are willing to make sacrifices for the organization if they are committed enough. Diff: 4 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.2 Compare and contrast the major job attitudes. 96) List and explain the four ways employees can express job dissatisfaction. Answer: Employees can express dissatisfaction in four ways: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. These four responses differ along two dimensions: constructive/destructive and active/passive. 1) Behaviour directed toward leaving the organization is defined as exit behaviour. It is active and destructive. 2) Voice involves actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions, including suggesting improvements, discussing problems with superiors, and some forms of union activity. 3) Loyalty involves passively but optimistically waiting for conditions to improve, hence it is passive and constructive. 4) Neglect is passively allowing conditions to worsen, including chronic absenteeism or lateness, reduced effort, and increased error rate, hence it is a passive and destructive response. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

97) Patrice has just been passed up for a promotion and is still earning less than $40,000 a year. He is experiencing a very low level of job satisfaction. Describe two active responses that Patrice might take due to his dissatisfaction. Design a plan that Patrice's immediate supervisor can use to diffuse the situation and keep Patrice on board with the company. Answer: Patrice's active responses could be to voice his dissatisfaction to his supervisor, lobbying for his promotion or seeking reasons why he wasn't promoted. His other active option would be to exit the company, beginning immediately to look for another job. If the immediate supervisor is aware of Patrice's dissatisfaction and values him as an employee, he needs to proactively discuss why Patrice was passed over for the promotion. He could design a training program, or longer term plan of how Patrice can reach his income and responsibility goals, with small measurable steps that would receive rewards, such as lunch gift cards, or time off in place of the income that Patrice feels he is denied. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 98) Explain the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. Answer: Happy workers are more likely to be productive workers. A review of 300 studies suggested that the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance is pretty strong. As we move from the individual to the organizational level, we also find support for the satisfactionperformance relationship. When we gather satisfaction and productivity data for the organization as a whole, we find organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction. 99) Elisa is upset with her supervisor because she was denied her requested vacation days, which were given to another worker. She is experiencing a very low level of job satisfaction, but cannot afford to quit her job. Describe three negative, passive responses that Elisa might take due to her dissatisfaction. Imagine that her manager actively catches her in a manifestation of workplace deviance. Predict the outcome of Elisa's behaviour. Answer: Because Elisa cannot quit her job, her responses will be to passively neglect her work. She could manifest this in a number of ways, from increased absenteeism, to poor customer service, to workplace deviance, such as surfing the Internet during work hours, or stealing work supplies. If Elisa's manager were to catch her surfing the Internet he or she would most likely reprimand Elisa, increasing her level of dissatisfaction and level of job neglect. A better solution would be to question Elisa as to what she is doing, and perhaps opening up lines of communication which would allow her a chance to actively and positively voice her grievance. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

100) Creating a high performance organization is very difficult. Discuss how job satisfaction can impact employee productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. What can employers do to enhance job satisfaction? Answer: At the individual level, the evidence suggests that productivity is likely to lead to satisfaction. There is a consistent negative relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism, but the correlation is moderate to weak. Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover, but the correlation is stronger than what was found for absenteeism. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 3.4 Assess potential employee responses to dissatisfaction.

Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Second Canadian Edition (Robbins) Chapter 4 Emotions and Moods 1) Emotions are ________. A) independent of the personality of individuals B) strongly affected by weather C) less intense as compared to moods D) less likely to be caused by a specific event than moods E) critical to rational thinking Answer: E Explanation: E) Emotions are critical to rational thinking. We must have the ability to experience emotions to be rational. Why? Because our emotions provide important information about how we understand the world around us. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 2) Which of the following is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience? A) affect B) emotions C) moods D) emotional labour E) cognition Answer: A Explanation: A) Affect is defined as a broad range of feelings that people experience, and it encompasses both moods and emotions. Emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions and often (though not always) lack a contextual stimulus. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

3) Which of the following statements is true regarding emotions? A) Emotions are caused by specific events. B) Emotions last longer than moods. C) Moods are more action oriented in nature than emotions. D) Emotions are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. E) Emotions are less intense feelings than moods. Answer: A Explanation: A) Emotions are caused by specific events. Moods last longer than emotions. Emotions are usually accompanied by distinct facial expressions. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions. Emotions are more action oriented in nature than moods. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 4) Which of the following terms best describes feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions? A) affect B) cognition C) moods D) thoughts E) reactions Answer: C Explanation: C) Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus. Moods aren't usually directed at a person or an event. Moods may be more cognitive, meaning they may cause us to think or brood for a while. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

5) Rejvir works as a receptionist in a real estate company. One morning her boss comes in the door and yells at her, telling her that the front office is a mess and that she needs to get up and clean it immediately. After her boss leaves the room, Rejvir grabs three magazines and violently slams them into the trash can. Which of the following best describes Rejvir's anger? A) an affect B) a thought C) a mood D) an emotion E) a mental process Answer: D Explanation: D) Rejvir is experiencing the intense feeling of anger, which is an emotion directed toward her boss. Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something and are more likely to be caused by a specific event. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 6) Erin works at a software company, in charge of the help desk. After being yelled at by a customer about the state of her company's software, she becomes angry, and has to take a short break to calm down. What makes her anger an emotion, rather than a mood? A) It is a simple, unambiguous feeling. B) Her response is prolonged. C) It has a contextual stimulus. D) Her response is not accompanied by facial expressions. E) It is cognitive in nature. Answer: C Explanation: C) Erin's feelings are brought on by being yelled at, which is a contextual stimulus. Her response is short, rather than prolonged. These are both characteristics of emotion. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

7) When the team he supports wins the World Cup, Robert feels a surge of joy, which turns into a feeling of satisfaction that lasts for days. What is one of the reasons that the feeling of satisfaction might be categorized as a mood and not an emotion? A) It is a very strong feeling. B) It is brought about by a specific event. C) It has a lengthy duration. D) It is a positive feeling. E) It is expressed on his face. Answer: C Explanation: C) Robert's general ambiguous feeling of happiness is ongoing or prolonged, which is a characteristic of mood. Contextual stimulus, strong feelings, and facial expression are characteristics of emotion. Both mood and emotion can be positive. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 8) When Ariana is told that her dog has been killed by a car, her eyes widen in disbelief and tears begin to stream down her face. Later that day she is able to laugh and talk about the fun times she had with her dog. What is one of the reasons that Ariana's reaction can be categorized as an emotion? A) It is a general, unambiguous feeling. B) It is accompanied by facial expressions. C) It has a lengthy duration. D) It is a positive feeling. E) Her reaction is cognitive in nature. Answer: B Explanation: B) Ariana's shock and crying are visible on her face, a characteristic of emotion. Most experts believe emotions are more fleeting than moods, which is why Ariana is able to laugh and talk about the fun times she had with her dog later that day. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

9) Which of the following statements is true regarding moods? A) Moods are more intense feelings than emotions. B) Moods don't last longer than emotions. C) Moods are more action oriented in nature, as compared to emotions. D) Moods are less cognitive in nature than emotions. E) Moods are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. Answer: E Explanation: E) Moods are generally not indicated by distinct facial expressions. Moods are less intense feelings than emotions and last longer than emotions. Emotions are more action oriented in nature and moods are more cognitive in nature. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 10) Kathryn expresses her anger against her supervisor for denying her a well-deserved promotion. Which of the following terms best describes the intense feelings that she directs at him? A) affect B) cognition C) moods D) emotional labour E) emotions Answer: E Explanation: E) Emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. Emotions are reactions to a person (seeing a friend at work may make you feel glad) or an event (dealing with a rude client may make you feel angry). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 11) ________ is an emotion that falls into the category of high positive affect. A) Serenity B) Elation C) Fatigue D) Boredom E) Relaxation Answer: B Explanation: B) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, elation, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 5 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

12) ________ is a pure marker of high positive affect. A) Excitement B) Serenity C) Nervousness D) Relaxation E) Boredom Answer: A Explanation: A) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, elation, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 13) ________ is a pure marker of low positive affect. A) Stress B) Relaxation C) Boredom D) Tranquility E) Anxiety Answer: C Explanation: C) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, elation, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 14) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of ________ at the low end. A) excitement B) stress C) nervousness D) tranquility E) boredom Answer: E Explanation: E) Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, elation, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end and boredom, sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

15) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of ________ at the low end. A) nervousness B) calmness C) anxiety D) stress E) depression Answer: B Explanation: B) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end (high negative affect), and contentedness, calmness, and serenity at the low end (low negative affect, or lack of negative affect). Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 16) Which of the following mood dimensions is a pure marker of high negative affect? A) depression B) stress C) fatigue D) boredom E) nervousness Answer: E Explanation: E) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end (high negative affect), and contentedness, calmness, and serenity at the low end (low negative affect, or lack of negative affect). Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 17) ________ is a pure marker of low negative affect. A) Boredom B) Nervousness C) Contentedness D) Excitement E) Serenity Answer: C Explanation: C) Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end (high negative affect), and contentedness, calmness, and serenity at the low end (low negative affect, or lack of negative affect). Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

18) A ________ means that when nothing is going on, people are generally in a mildly good mood. A) low positive affect B) positivity offset C) high positive affect D) residual positivity E) high negative affect Answer: B Explanation: B) A positivity offset means that at zero input most individuals experience a mildly positive mood. For most people, positive moods are somewhat more common than negative moods. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 19) What is positivity offset? A) having misperceptions of one's environment B) experiencing self-elation C) experiencing the fundamental attribution error D) exhibiting a self-serving bias when there is negative input E) experiencing a mildly positive mood at zero input Answer: E Explanation: E) Positivity offset is defined as the tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing in particular is going on). Positivity offset does not have anything to do with misperceptions, biases, or errors. Positivity offset is mild positivity, not elation. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods.

20) A researcher finds that people who work in a fish processing plant, doing work that most people find extremely unpleasant, still have a positive mood about 60 percent of the time. Which of the following concepts can explain such a finding? A) bandwagon effect B) framing effect C) the fundamental attribution error D) self-serving bias E) positivity offset Answer: E Explanation: E) The people in the plant are generally happy and positive which is the definition of positivity offset, or the tendency of most individuals to experience a mildly positive mood at zero input (when nothing in particular is going on). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.1 Differentiate between emotions and moods. 21) Research has indicated that people in a ________ mood are better able to ________. A) good; deal with others B) good; discern the truth about others C) bland; discern the truth about others D) bad; discern the truth about others E) bad; deal with others Answer: D Explanation: D) Individuals in a negative mood are better able to discern truthful information than are people in a positive mood. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 22) Which of the following is not an example of moral emotions? A) sympathy for the suffering of others B) guilt about our own immoral behaviour C) disgust at violations of moral norms D) perturbation toward those acting altruistically E) anger about injustice done to others Answer: D Explanation: D) Moral judgments are closely tied to emotions; however, these emotions are bounded by rationality. Being perturbed by someone acting selflessly is unreasonable. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods.

23) All of the following could affect people's moods and emotions except ________. A) personality B) age C) creativity D) day of the week E) social activities Answer: C Explanation: C) There are a number of factors that could influence people's moods and emotions. They can be grouped into two main types: influences based on who you are (such as age and personality) and influences based on your circumstances at the time (such as time of day, your blood sugar level, etc.). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 24) People feeling different emotions after being subjected to identical emotion-provoking stimuli is a result of ________. A) cognitive dissonance B) positivity offset C) emotional dissonance D) emotional labour E) personality Answer: E Explanation: E) Because of personality, most people have built-in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others do, therefore giving different responses. The intensity with which a person experiences the emotion is based on personality. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods.

25) Which of the following is the term used for the strength with which individuals experience emotion? A) emotional dissonance B) affect intensity C) emotional labour D) positivity offset E) emotional intelligence Answer: B Explanation: B) Affect intensity is defined as the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply: when they're sad, they're really sad, and when they're happy, they're really happy. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 26) Ben is prone to experiencing emotions in a much stronger manner than most other people. Events that don't provoke any significant emotional response in the average person often send him into fits of happiness, anger, or depression. Ben has a high level of ________. A) emotional dissonance B) negative affect C) emotional intelligence D) positive affect E) affect intensity Answer: E Explanation: E) Affect intensity is defined as the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Affectively intense people experience both positive and negative emotions more deeply: when they're sad, they're really sad, and when they're happy, they're really happy. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods.

27) Which of the following statements is true about the difference between men and women when it comes to emotional reactions? A) Men are more emotionally expressive than women. B) Men experience emotions more intensely than women. C) Women express anger more frequently than men. D) Women tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men. E) Men display positive emotions more frequently than women. Answer: D Explanation: D) Evidence does confirm women are more emotionally expressive than men; they experience emotions more intensely, they tend to "hold onto" emotions longer than men, and they display more frequent expressions of both positive and negative emotions, except anger. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 28) Andy, Barack, Liza, Tet, and Jerome are online customer service representatives. They have all been reprimanded by their boss. Andy is 24 years old. Barack is 46 years old. Liza is 45 years old. Tet is 26 years old. Jerome is 35 years old. Who is least likely to be upset by the reprimand? A) Andy B) Barack C) Liza D) Tet E) Jerome Answer: B Explanation: B) Because Barack is older, and male, he is less likely to experience a high level of negative emotions. Younger people experience a higher number of negative emotions. Females experience higher levels of emotions. Diff: 3 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 29) On which day of the week does positive affect tend to be the lowest? A) Sundays B) Mondays C) Tuesdays D) Wednesdays E) Thursdays Answer: B Explanation: B) Are people in their best moods on the weekends? In most cultures that is true– for example, U.S. adults tend to experience their highest positive affect on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, and their lowest on Monday. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 12 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

30) Research suggests which of the following relationships exists between the weather and mood? A) moderately positive effect B) moderately negative effect C) strong positive effect D) strong negative effect E) limited or little effect Answer: E Explanation: E) Many people believe their mood is tied to the weather. However, a fairly large and detailed body of evidence conducted by multiple researchers suggests weather has little effect, at least for most people. Some people do experience a medical condition called seasonal affect disorder, in which depressive moods are associated with the lowered light levels of the winter months. This occurs most frequently at northern latitudes and can often be addressed with the use of special lights. For others, however, the link between weather and mood is an illusory correlation, which occurs when we associate two events that in reality have no connection. This phenomenon explains why people tend to think nice weather improves their mood. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Analytical LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 31) Jo has a job interview. Which of the following will have the least effect on her feelings on the day of the interview? A) sleep quality that Jo had the night before B) the amount Jo exercised on that day C) Jo's age D) Jo's gender E) the weather on the day of the interview Answer: E Explanation: E) Many people believe their mood is tied to the weather. However, a fairly large and detailed body of evidence conducted by multiple researchers suggests weather has little effect, at least for most people. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods.

32) Gerardo believes that every time he picks up a penny he is blessed with good fortune, due to the fact that the last time he picked up a penny he had a lottery win, and the time before that he got a big bonus at work. Gerardo's perception is likely a product of a(n) ________. A) affect intensity B) high-positive affect C) emotional dimension D) self-serving bias E) illusory correlation Answer: E Explanation: E) Illusory correlation occurs when people associate two events that in reality have no connection. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 33) What effect do stressful events typically have on mood? A) short term positive B) long term positive C) short term positive but long term negative D) negative E) positive Answer: D Explanation: D) Stressful daily events at work negatively affect moods. Stress never has a positive effect on mood. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 34) Which of the following activities is most strongly associated with an increase in positive mood? A) watching TV B) playing video games C) reading a book D) going to a party E) surfing the Internet Answer: D Explanation: D) Social activities increase positive mood. Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV with friends, playing video games, reading, computer usage). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 14 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

35) Carlos is upset because his boss gave him work to finish over the weekend. It is Friday. Which of the following will least help Carlos lift his spirits? A) going skiing with friends B) playing video games with his friends C) going out to dinner with his friends D) going to a party at his friend's house E) having his card club over for dinner at his house Answer: B Explanation: B) Social activities increase positive mood. Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV or playing video games with friends). Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods. 36) Which of the following statements is true regarding the sources of moods and emotions? A) Moods and emotions are independent of the personality of the individuals. B) Sleep quality affects mood. C) The weather strongly affects moods. D) As we grow older, we experience more negative emotions. E) People tend to be in their best moods on Sundays. Answer: B Explanation: B) Many people believe their mood is tied to the weather. However, a fairly large and detailed body of evidence conducted by multiple researchers suggests weather has little effect on mood, whereas sleep quality does affect mood. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.3 Assess the validity of potential sources of emotions and moods.

37) If an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions (irrespective of his true emotions), then it is known as ________. A) emotional labour B) negative affect C) positive affect D) emotional intelligence E) deviant behaviour Answer: A Explanation: A) Emotional labour is defined as a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work, meaning that his job demands a certain set of emotional responses, regardless of true feelings. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees. 38) ________ are the emotions that an individual is actually experiencing, despite what they might display. A) Felt emotions B) Displayed emotions C) Conditional emotions D) Surface emotions E) Disseminative emotions Answer: A Explanation: A) Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions in contrast to displayed emotions or emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees. 39) What term is used for those emotions that an organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job? A) felt emotions B) displayed emotions C) conditional emotions D) required emotions E) mandated emotions Answer: B Explanation: B) Displayed emotions are emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job. Felt emotions are an individual's actual emotions. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees. 16 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

40) Ismael spent the morning in the field making sales calls. He called on four prospective clients and they all declined to purchase his company's product. Ismael returned to the office stressed and exhausted. He has an hour and a half for lunch before he has to make a large sales presentation to a current client, which Ismael hopes will expand his account. Which of the following is most likely to be the best way for Ismael to spend his lunch hour? A) He should prepare his sales pitch data and graphics on the computer. B) He should practice his sales pitch orally with a coworker. C) He should go through the past sales orders placed by this client in order to better understand her requirements. D) He should rest and relax before the presentation. E) He should ask his boss to help him prepare the presentation. Answer: D Explanation: D) Ismael spent the morning surface acting, and has to do it again in the afternoon. Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees because it entails feigning their true emotions. A study that looked at how cheerleading instructors spent their breaks from teaching found those who used their breaks to rest and relax were more effective instructors after their breaks. Instructors who did chores during their breaks were only about as effective after their break as they were before. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Application LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees. 41) What do you call the practice of hiding inner feelings by modifying facial expressions? A) surface acting B) deep acting C) emotional intelligence D) affective camouflage E) confirmation bias Answer: A Explanation: A) Surface acting is defined as hiding one's inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules, or rather outwardly showing emotions that are different from those that are felt. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees.

42) Surface acting deals with ________ emotions. A) negative B) weak C) strong D) displayed E) felt Answer: D Explanation: D) Displayed emotions are those that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job. Therefore, a person engaging in surface acting is only revealing displayed emotions. Diff: 1 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees. 43) Which of the following statements is true regarding surface acting? A) Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. B) A health care provider trying to genuinely feel more empathy for her patients is surface acting. C) Research shows surface acting is less stressful to employees than deep acting. D) Surface acting deals with felt emotions as opposed to deep acting which deals with displayed emotions. E) Surface acting is trying to modify our true inner feelings based on display rules. Answer: A Explanation: A) Surface acting is hiding inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules. Surface acting deals with displayed emotions, and deep acting deals with felt emotions. Research shows surface acting is more stressful to employees because it entails feigning their true emotions. Diff: 2 Type: MC AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 4.4 Describe the impact emotional labour has on employees.

85) High self-monitors tend to pay less attention to the behaviour of other people than do low self-monitors. Answer: FALSE Explanation: High self-monitors pay closer attention to the behaviour of others than low selfmonitors. Diff: 2 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.4 Discuss how the concepts of core self-evaluation (CSE), self-monitoring, and proactive personality contribute to the understanding of personality. 86) Values tend to be stable and enduring. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Values are not flexible and they tend to be relatively stable and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years, by parents, teachers, friends, and others. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.6 Contrast terminal and instrumental values. 87) "Instrumental values" refers to desirable end-states, i.e., the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime. Answer: FALSE Explanation: "Terminal values" refers to desirable end-states. These are the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime. The other set, called instrumental values, refers to preferable modes of behaviour, or means of achieving the terminal values. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.6 Contrast terminal and instrumental values. 88) According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the "realistic" type prefer rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities. Answer: FALSE Explanation: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the "realistic" type prefer physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.7 Describe the differences between person-job fit and person-organization fit.

89) According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. Answer: FALSE Explanation: According to the Hofstede's framework, power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.8 Evaluate how differences in value scores across Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture may impact behaviour. 90) According to Hofstede's framework, masculinity describes the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. Answer: FALSE Explanation: According to the Hofstede's framework, the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. Diff: 1 Type: TF AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.8 Evaluate how differences in value scores across Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture may impact behaviour. 91) Define personality. Answer: Personality is commonly defined as a persistent set of characteristics, qualities, and traits that taken together form a unique a person. Personality can be regarded as the sum total of the ways an individual reacts to and interacts with others. Early work on personality tried to identify and label enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behaviour, including shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal, and timid. When someone exhibits these characteristics in a large number of situations, they are called the personality traits of that person. The more consistent the characteristic over time, and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important that trait is in describing the individual. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.1 Describe personality, the way it is measured, and the factors that shape it.

92) What are the various categories in which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classifies people? Answer: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of their answers, individuals are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P). These terms are defined as follows: a) Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. b) Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture." c) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. d) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.2 Explain the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality framework and the Big Five model, and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. 93) Briefly describe the five key traits in the Big Five personality model. Conscientiousness is an important trait to have in the workplace. Describe conscientiousness and explain how it can predict behaviour at work. Give two examples. Answer: The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are: a) Extraversion: The extraversion dimension captures our comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. b) Agreeableness: The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. c) Conscientiousness: The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. d) Emotional stability: The emotional stability dimension–often labelled by its converse, neuroticism–taps a person's ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. e) Openness to experience: The openness to experience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.2 Explain the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality framework and the Big Five model, and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. 41 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Canada Inc.

94) Describe conscientiousness and explain how it can predict behaviour at work. Answer: The Big Five conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. Employees who score higher in conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowledge, probably because highly conscientious people learn more. Higher levels of job knowledge contribute to higher levels of job performance. There can be "too much of a good thing," however, as extremely conscientious individuals typically do not perform better than those who are simply above average in conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is important to organizational success. A study of the personality scores of 313 CEO candidates in private equity companies (of whom 225 were hired; their company's performance was later correlated with their personality scores) found conscientiousness—in the form of persistence, attention to detail, and setting of high standards— was more important than other traits. Interestingly, conscientious people don't adapt as well to changing contexts, however. They are generally performance-oriented and may have more trouble learning complex skills early in the training process, because their focus is on performing well rather than on learning. Finally, they are often less creative than less conscientious people, especially artistically. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.2 Explain the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality framework and the Big Five model, and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. 95) We have seen leaders who have had the characteristics of Machiavellianism. Describe the five personality characteristics of Machiavellianism. Give examples of leaders who have these characteristics. Answer: The personality characteristic of Machiavellianism (often abbreviated Mach) is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the 16th century on how to gain and use power. An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes ends can justify means. "If it works, use it" is consistent with a high-Mach perspective. A considerable amount of research has found high Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Machs. They are more likely to act aggressively and engage in other counterproductive work behaviours as well. A recent review of the literature revealed that Machiavellianism does not significantly predict overall job performance. High-Mach employees, by manipulating others to their advantage, may win in the short term, but they lose those gains in the long term because they are not well liked. Diff: 3 Type: ES AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest Category: Concept LO: 5.3 Identify the three traits of the Dark Triad, and describe the contrasting ideas of the approach-avoidance framework.