CHAPTER 1 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Anthropology is a uniquely holistic and comparative science. ⊚ true ⊚ false
2)
Holism refers to traditions and customs transmitted through learning. ⊚ true ⊚ false
3)
Food production refers to the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals. ⊚ true ⊚ false
4) In the discussion of the four types of high-altitude adaptation, "technology" (a form of adaptation) was considered a "biological" type of adaptation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
5)
The biocultural view studies only the biological sides of humanity. ⊚ true ⊚ false
6)
Paleoecology looks at the ecosystems of the past. ⊚ true ⊚ false
7)
Anthropology is comprised of four subfields. ⊚ true ⊚ false
8)
Ethnography is a key part of biological anthropology.
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9)
The practice of "garbology" has been used in the subfield of anthropological archaeology. ⊚ true ⊚ false
10)
A biological anthropologist might study the field known as primatology. ⊚ true ⊚ false
11) Cultural resource management would not study the impact of pending construction and its potential effects on an archaeological site. ⊚ true ⊚ false
12)
The interests and methods of anthropology and sociology are now converging. ⊚ true ⊚ false
13)
In the chapter, anthropology is not considered a humanistic science. ⊚ true ⊚ false
14)
A suggested but as yet unverified explanation is called a hypothesis. ⊚ true ⊚ false
15)
Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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16)
Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means. ⊚ true ⊚ false
17)
Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology. ⊚ true ⊚ false
18) Participation and achievement in sports are intrinsically motivated and are not influenced by cultural standards of attractiveness and propriety. ⊚ true ⊚ false
19) Anthropologists agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as researchers are diligent in their work. ⊚ true ⊚ false
20) Ethnography involves the collection of data that is used to create an account of a particular community, society, or culture. ⊚ true ⊚ false
21)
Ethnomusicology is one of the four main subfields of anthropology. ⊚ true ⊚ false
22)
Archaeologists study only prehistoric communities. ⊚ true ⊚ false
23)
Biological anthropologists study only human bones.
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24) As an academic discipline, anthropology falls under both the social sciences and the humanities. ⊚ true ⊚ false
25) The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming increasingly distinct. ⊚ true ⊚ false
26) Psychologists tend to study only people living in the non-Western world, so anthropology has very little to offer to this field. ⊚ true ⊚ false
27) Applied anthropology encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of its four subfields to identify, assess, and solve theoretical problems. ⊚ true ⊚ false
28)
Theories must be proved correct before they can be accepted. ⊚ true ⊚ false
29)
In the social sciences, explanations are usually probable rather than absolute. ⊚ true ⊚ false
30) According to this chapter's "Focus on Globalization," American baseball appears to be more ethnically diverse than American football or basketball.
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true false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 31) Holism refers to A) the comparative study of cultures. B) an approach in anthropology that parallels participant observation. C) a focus on the small details of culture. D) the study of the whole of the human condition. E) an adaptive change that occurred in early humans.
32)
Cultures are described as
A) biological influences on human behavior. B) traditions and customs that are transmitted through learning and that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. C) traditions of an economic nature that impact the spending habits of people. D) notions of sophistication that determine one's social status. E) influences of parenting and custom that impact humans.
33)
Anthropology A) is the study of human populations. B) is the study of North American cultures. C) is the study of humans around the world and through time. D) focuses on the biological aspects of humans, with little focus on cultural issues. E) is a subfield of sociology.
34)
An example of a cultural adaptation to high altitude would be
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A) an increased heart rate and hyperventilation. B) a more efficient respiratory system to extract oxygen from "thin air." C) the larger "barrel chests" of native highlanders. D) pressurized airplane cabins with oxygen masks. E) neural feedback systems within human arms.
35)
Adaptation
A) is a form of instinct. B) cannot be passed along to offspring. C) makes some organisms better than others. D) refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses. E) is a biological phenomenon with few cultural implications.
36) Increased heart rate and hyperventilation, as discussed in the case study of adaptation to high altitudes, is which type of adaptation? A) cultural adaptation B) technology C) genetic adaptation D) long-term physiological adaptation E) short-term physiological adaptation
37)
When did food production originate? A) 700−500 years ago B) 1,500−1,000 years ago C) 5,000−3,000 years ago D) 12,000−10,000 years ago E) 120,000−100,000 years ago
38)
Which of the following statements takes a biocultural perspective?
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A) A certain culture shuns athletics because a flabby body is considered attractive. B) In the field, anthropologists try to blend in with the culture they are studying. C) Some archaeologists study the interrelations among living things in an environment. D) Traditionally, ethnographers worked with small and nonliterate populations. E) Many cultural anthropologists prefer to analyze and interpret aspects of culture, rather than trying to explain them scientifically.
39)
General anthropology refers to A) anthropology as a whole, or "four-field anthropology." B) anthropology as a whole, or "three-field anthropology." C) anthropology as a whole, or "two-field anthropology." D) the study of everyday life in natural settings. E) the study of primates.
40)
The four fields of anthropology include A) ethnography, primatology, linguistics, and kinship. B) cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology. C) archaeology, cultural anthropology, gender roles, and linguistics. D) cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology, and economics. E) kinship, economics, political organization, and religion.
41)
General anthropology is a North American concept because
A) Europeans do not study cultural anthropology. B) only North Americans study Native Americans. C) Europeans do not study any of the four fields of anthropology. D) interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together the four fields of anthropology. E) North American archaeologists in the nineteenth century weren't interested in Native Americans.
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42) The subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is called A) cultural ethnography. B) cultural anthropology. C) cultural archaeology. D) anthropological archaeology. E) biological anthropology.
43) The term that cultural anthropologists use to describe fieldwork in a particular cultural setting is A) ethnology. B) social psychology. C) manwatching. D) ethnography. E) field patterning.
44)
Ethnology is
A) a research methodology that focuses on direct observation of people in social settings. B) a term used to describe the emphasis on world events in the era of globalization. C) a form of primatological research. D) fieldwork in a specific society. E) the study of sociocultural differences and similarities based on data gathered in different societies.
45)
Anthropological archaeology
A) looks at the linguistic patterns of humans from around the world. B) studies only material culture of the distant past. C) looks at the biological makeup ofHomo sapiens. D) reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains. E) studies the significance of historic architectural structures.
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46)
The study of the interrelations among living things in an environment is called A) anthropology. B) cultural resource management. C) ecology. D) cultural anthropology. E) applied anthropology.
47)
Biological anthropology includes the study of A) cultural symbols. B) speech patterns. C) human genetics. D) religion. E) behavior in social groups.
48) The thinker who understood that the variety that exists in any population permits some individuals to do better than others at surviving and reproducing was A) Franz Boas. B) Charles Darwin. C) Bronislaw Malinowski. D) Herbert Spencer. E) Max Weber.
49)
Linguistic anthropology A) studies language in its social and cultural context, across space and time. B) studies only the languages of primates. C) studies only languages that are spoken in the present day. D) studies only languages that were spoken in the past. E) studies only the sounds that make up languages.
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50)
Sociolinguistics investigates A) the evolution of languages. B) historical aspects of language, without regard for the social contexts of language. C) biological aspects of human language. D) relationships between primate sign language and human sign language. E) relationships between social and linguistic variation.
51)
Applied anthropology
A) focuses primarily on theory. B) is limited to applications from the subfield of biological anthropology. C) refers to the application of anthropological data and methods to solve contemporary social problems. D) is an offshoot of clinical psychology. E) is an offshoot of applied sociology.
52)
Cultural resource management A) involves only preserving sites. B) in some cases allows for the destruction of sites if they are not significant. C) is concerned with the preservation of languages before they go extinct. D) is a subarea of cultural anthropology. E) is a subarea of biological anthropology.
53) The name of the branch of anthropology that includes activities such as cultural resource management, public educational programs, and historic preservation is A) business archaeology. B) public archaeology. C) museum archaeology. D) practicing fieldwork. E) home archaeology.
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54) A field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world, is called A) philosophy. B) psychology. C) science. D) religion. E) scientology.
55) As a field of study that is devoted to discovering, describing, understanding, appreciating, and explaining similarities and differences in time and space among humans and our ancestors, anthropology can be considered A) less scientific. B) more scientific. C) not at all scientific. D) a "humanistic science." E) to focus more on personal and political biases.
56)
As opposed to sociology, cultural anthropologists traditionally
A) focused more on the study of popular culture. B) relied more on biological analyses of societies. C) tended to focus less on the use of statistical methods and have studied small and nonliterate societies. D) offered more truths and profound understandings of society. E) focused, almost exclusively, on the study of life in corporate settings.
57)
Cultural anthropology, as compared to psychology,
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A) conducts research only in home societies. B) relies on cross-cultural comparisons of psychological patterns to make statements about human psychology. C) observes the psychological patterns in home societies and applies them universally. D) has a more positive professional image. E) has many more undergraduate majors in the discipline.
58) __________ studies cross-cultural similarities and differences in psychological traits and conditions. A) Ethnography B) Sociolinguistics C) Psychological anthropology D) Physical anthropology E) Applied anthropology
59)
Culturally specific syndromes are A) not something that anthropologists study. B) universals of the human experience. C) patterns of behavior that over time create disease. D) a method of studying group interaction. E) patterns of unusual behavior confined to a single culture or a group of related cultures.
60)
The example of koro was used to describe A) an ethnographic study in Brazil. B) culturally specific syndromes. C) a contrast of etic and emic analyses. D) a theoretical dispute among cultural anthropologists. E) anorexia.
61)
The postpartum taboo is an example of
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A) the scientific method being used to hypothesize the origin of a social custom. B) how diseases can be avoided. C) why cultural resource management is important. D) how anthropologists can study medicine. E) a highly controversial issue among anthropologists.
62)
A __________ is a framework of logically connected ideas. A) theory B) religion C) platonic solid D) fact E) method
63)
Covariation of variables is referred to as a(n) A) theory. B) fact. C) association. D) paradigm. E) set.
64)
A(n) __________ is a proposed explanation for an association and must be tested. A) cosmology B) association C) theory D) hypothesis E) fact
65)
What is the first step in the scientific method?
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A) Contribute to larger theory. B) Get data to test your hypothesis. C) Draw a conclusion. D) Have a research question. E) Analyze your data.
66)
As it relates to social science, "laws" A) tend to be imperfect generalizations. B) apply in all instances of an association. C) do not have exceptions. D) are useful only if they apply 100 percent of the time. E) make things less predictable.
67)
A holistic and comparative perspective
A) makes general anthropology superior to sociocultural anthropology. B) refers only to the cultural aspects of human diversity that anthropologists study. C) makes anthropology an interesting field of study, but too broad of one to apply to real problems people face today. D) most characterizes anthropology when compared to other disciplines that study humans. E) is the hallmark of all social sciences, not just anthropology.
68) As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products
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A) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon. B) have made some human groups more cultured than others. C) prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature. D) rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible. E) are shared with other animals capable of organized group life—such as baboons, wolves, and even ants.
69)
Which of the following statements about culture is FALSE? A) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B) Culture is passed on genetically to future generations. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.
70)
What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition? A) acculturation B) ethnology C) enculturation D) ethnography E) biological adaptation
71) This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates
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A) human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations. B) how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic. C) how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago. D) how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture. E) the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments.
72) The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high altitudes is an example of A) short-term physiological adaptation. B) cultural adaptation. C) symbolic adaptation. D) genetic adaptation. E) long-term physiological adaptation.
73) In order to cope with the range of environments humans have occupied in time and space, which of the following have humans become increasingly dependent on? A) social and cultural means of adaptation B) biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research C) a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving D) social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action E) technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality
74) Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems—the region, the nation, and the world. Why does the study of how local people adapt to global forces pose challenges to anthropologists according to Marcus and Fischer?
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CHAPTER 9 TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture. ⊚ true ⊚ false
2)
Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex. ⊚ true ⊚ false
3) In stateless societies, gender stratification is less obvious with regard to prestige than it is with regard to wealth. ⊚ true ⊚ false
4)
The tasks and activities that a culture assigns by gender are called gender roles. ⊚ true ⊚ false
5)
Sexual dimorphism indicates that men and women are physically the same size. ⊚ true ⊚ false
6) Unequal distribution of socially valued resources between men and women is a definition of gender stereotyping. ⊚ true ⊚ false
7) Adding together men's and women's subsistence activities and domestic work, men tend to work more hours than women do. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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8) Cross-culturally, women's activities tend to be closer to home, while men are more likely to be active in the public domain. ⊚ true ⊚ false
9)
Economic roles influence gender stratification. ⊚ true ⊚ false
10) The relative gender equality found in horticultural societies most likely characterizes the most natural state of gender differentiation. ⊚ true ⊚ false
11)
Women in matrilineal societies tend to have high status. ⊚ true ⊚ false
12)
Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal–patrilocal societies. ⊚ true ⊚ false
13)
Polyandry (multiple husbands) is much more common than polygyny (multiple wives). ⊚ true ⊚ false
14) In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed much more to the diet than women did. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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15) Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal–patrilocal systems in which women are cut off from their supportive kin ties. ⊚ true ⊚ false
16)
Descent traced through women only is called matrilineal descent. ⊚ true ⊚ false
17)
A political system ruled by men is referred to as a patriarchy. ⊚ true ⊚ false
18) In certain areas of Papua New Guinea, some men follow a taboo that suggests that sexual contact with women will weaken or pollute them. ⊚ true ⊚ false
19) In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs. ⊚ true ⊚ false
20) The reason there are more modern-day "Rosie the Riveters" is that modern industry is even more physically demanding than it was during World War II. ⊚ true ⊚ false
21) As of 2019, more than 40 percent of American mothers are the primary or sole source of income in their homes. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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22) The feminization of poverty refers to the increasing representation of women (and their children) among America's poorest people. ⊚ true ⊚ false
23)
The Feminine Mystique was written by Betty Friedan. ⊚ true ⊚ false
24) The average income of married-couple families is more than twice that of families maintained by a single woman. ⊚ true ⊚ false
25) "Transgender" and "XX intersex" are interchangeable terms referring to individuals with external genitals that are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or female. ⊚ true ⊚ false
26) "Pertaining to a group of biological conditions reflecting a discrepancy between external and internal genitals" is the definition of intersex. ⊚ true ⊚ false
27) Individuals whose gender identity contradicts their biological sex at birth and the gender identity assigned to them in infancy are known as transgender. ⊚ true ⊚ false
28)
Flexibility in sexual expression seems to be an aspect of our primate heritage. ⊚ true ⊚ false
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29)
Ritualized homosexuality was considered in the work of Gilbert Herdt. ⊚ true ⊚ false
30) In the case of the Etoro of Papua New Guinea, there was an absolute avoidance of homosexual intercourse. ⊚ true ⊚ false
31) Both masturbation and same-sex sexual activity exist among chimpanzees and other primates. ⊚ true ⊚ false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 32) With the term sex, anthropologists are referring to biological differences. In contrast, they define gender as A) the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else. B) a political system ruled by men that defines the identity of women. C) the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex. D) the marked differences in male and female biology, which vary across cultures. E) one's biological identity.
33)
The tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex are known as A) gender stereotypes. B) the prestige coefficient. C) sexually ascribed statuses. D) gender roles. E) sex roles.
34)
Both men and women
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A) act the same in terms of their cultural training, stereotypes, and expectations of gender. B) are unaffected by gender in most cultures. C) are constrained by their cultural training, stereotypes, and expectations of gender. D) are unaffected by gender in the United States. E) are completely aware of the forces of gender in their own lives.
35)
The predominant anthropological position on sex–gender roles and biology is that
A) the basis of gender is biology. B) the biological nature of men and women should be seen as a broad base upon which a variety of structures can be built. C) gender roles are consistent across cultures. D) there is universal agreement about the ways in which gender is constructed in a culture. E) cultures are not sites in which gender plays a prominent role.
36) Which term refers to marked differences in male and female besides the contrasts in breasts and genitalia? A) biological sex B) sexual dimorphism C) transgenderism D) sexual tradition E) sexual tendency
37) Which term refers to oversimplified, strongly held views about the characteristics of males and females? A) gender stereotypes B) gender roles C) gender strata D) gender hegemonies E) gender identities
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