Issuu

TEST BANK prepared by

Mohamad Haniff for

Adolescence 1st Edition Canadian Edition by

Ian McMahan Susan Thompson

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

Chapter 1: Adolescence: Understanding the Past and the Present, and Planning for the Future Multiple Choice Questions 1)

On the first day of class, Professor Parameswaran says, "We will look at adolescence as a set of interacting changes to the person that take place in interacting contexts." This most closely reflects a(n) _____ perspective. A) psychodynamic B) ecological systems C) behaviourist D) checks and balances Answer: B Page Ref: 5

The concept of stage-environment fit implies that A) teens should make special efforts to adapt to their settings. B) the theater has special importance for those in adolescence. C) teachers and parents need to adapt their approach to the developmental changes in teens. D) teens are particularly concerned about ecological issues such as global warming. Answer: C Page Ref: 5

Back when Emily's parents were in school, practically all the kids were of the same ethnocultural background as them. On Emily's first day of school, they notice that her classmates are from various ethnic backgrounds. This reflects the growth of _____ in Canada. A) cultural diversity B) age stratification C) active learning D) residential segregation Answer: A Page Ref: 5

Matthew wants to be an educated consumer of new social science discoveries. This involves A) searching the Internet for amazing facts. B) telling his friends about the remarkable information he heard on a radio talk show.

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) comparing new discoveries to what is already known and trying to decide if the differences make sense. D) All of the above. Answer: C Page Ref: 5-6 5)

As a community leader, Mr. Mandela wants to encourage programs to help teens be more confident, productive, and caring. This reflects a focus on A) neighbourhood safety. B) economic progress. C) positive development D) anti-crime measures. Answer: C Page Ref: 6

As Alana was reading about the physical changes of puberty, she paused now and then to try to remember her own experiences and the ways they did and did not fit with her reading. Alana is making use of a learning strategy called A) managed distraction. B) deep processing. C) directed reminiscence. D) the power of suggestion. Answer: B Page Ref: 6

Ali wants to use active learning to improve his comprehension and retention of new course material. One tactic he should probably try is to A) explain what he has learned to a friend. B) write a synopsis of the new material in his own words. C) find and highlight key sentences. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 6

Like many of her friends, Emma got her first driver's license soon after her 16th birthday. For her, this constituted a(n) A) puberty rite. B) normative transition.

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) delayed phase shift. D) idiosyncratic transition. Answer: B Page Ref: 8 9)

When Brandon was 14, his parents separated and he moved with his dad to a new town. For him, this constituted a(n) A) equilibrium B) stage change. C) normative transition. D) idiosyncratic transition. Answer: D Page Ref: 8

10) Hannah, 12, is in 6th grade and is taller than most of the boys in her class, but has not yet had her first period. Hannah would be considered in _____ adolescence. A) early B) middle C) late D) None of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 9 11) According to Havighurst, the developmental task of achieving psychological independence from one's parents is most relevant to someone in _____ adolescence. A) early B) middle C) late D) delayed Answer: B Page Ref: 9 12) According to Havighurst, adapting to one's changed body is a major developmental task of _____ adolescence. A) all of B) middle C) early D) late Answer: C Page Ref: 9 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-3

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

13) The phase of middle adolescence corresponds roughly with A) the last years of elementary school. B) high school. C) freshman year of college. D) None of the above. Answer: B Page Ref: 9 14) "Until the 20th century, there were no teenagers, only children and adults." This statement represents the view known as A) youth denial. B) retrospectivism. C) inventionism. D) historicism. Answer: C Page Ref: 9 15) Inventionism is the name given to the view that A) teens are especially creative in developing new technologies. B) the concept of adolescence was created to keep young people off the job market. C) society needs to develop new opportunities for teens. D) the Industrial Revolution gave teens an economic boost. Answer: B Page Ref: 10 16) In ancient Athens, boys became full citizens at the age of A) 12. B) 15. C) 18. D) 30. Answer: D Page Ref: 10 17) In ancient Athens, as in the Roman Empire, girls became legally adult at the age of A) 12 B) 15

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) 18 D) None of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 10 18) In pre-industrial Europe, children often spent the adolescent years away from their parents as apprentices or servants, in a custom known as A) incest avoidance. B) life-cycle service. C) wander-years. D) distancing. Answer: B Page Ref: 11 19) The idea that the life stage of adolescence should be valued for itself was introduced into Western thought by A) Aristotle. B) G. Stanley Hall. C) William Wordsworth. D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Answer: D Page Ref: 11 20) Jeb, 12, lived in Canada in the year 1800. It is most likely that Jeb A) was an orphan. B) lived on a family farm. C) worked in a textile factory. D) was a street kid in a big city. Answer: B Page Ref: 11 21) During the early 20th century in Canada, adolescent education A) was seen as the best path for children of the working and lower middle classes B) was pursued by 50% of those 14 to 19 at the high school level C) was promoted as a period of essential personal and social growth D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 12 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-5

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22) Increasing numbers of teens graduated high school and went on to college in the 1930s as a result of A) nationwide "Stay In School" campaigns. B) a lack of jobs during the Depression. C) more widely available scholarships and loans. D) None of the above. Answer: B Page Ref: 12 23) During the 1930s Depression and World War II, many Canadian couples delayed having children, which led to a(n) _____ in the period immediately after that war. A) baby boom B) economic crisis C) jazz age D) major college expansion Answer: A Page Ref: 12 24) The proportion of adolescents in the Canadian population rose by as much as _____ during the 1960s. A) 5% B) 15% C) 30% D) 45% Answer: C Page Ref: 12 25) In recent decades, Canadian adolescents have been affected by changes in family structure that include all the following except A) higher divorce rates. B) couples having children at younger ages. C) more single-parent families. D) more working mothers. Answer: B Page Ref: 14 26) Canadian teens spend twice as much time with _____ as with _____. A) siblings; friends B) parents; friends Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-6

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) teachers; parents D) friends; parents Answer: D Page Ref: 14 27) _____ percent of the Canadian population is younger than age 19. A) Twelve B) Twenty-two C) Forty D) Fifty Answer: B Page Ref: 15 28) In Country X, those under 18 make up half the population. It is most likely that Country X is part of A) Eastern Europe. B) Latin America. C) Africa. D) East Asia. Answer: C Page Ref: 15 29) A diagram that shows the percentage of people in a country who are of different ages is known as a(n) A) population pyramid. B) age stratification. C) cohort categorization. D) birthyear chart. Answer: A Page Ref: 16 30) According to the text book, the welfare of those in a society who are too young, too old, or too sick to take care of themselves depends on A) the kindness of strangers. B) those who are active and working productively. C) taxes. D) foreign aid. Answer: B Page Ref: 16 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-7

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31) Children and adolescents in Canada’s Aboriginal communities A) will be more similar to developing countries in their population pyramids. B) would have the same life experiences like mainstream Canadian children and adolescents. C) have interests that ally them with the elderly. D) All of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 17 32) International trade, faster communications, and economic interdependence are all factors that contribute to A) population pyramids. B) national isolation. C) age stratification. D) globalization. Answer: D Page Ref: 19 33) According to the text book, a major reason that adolescents are especially affected by globalization is that A) their youth makes them better able to adapt to changing conditions. B) the processes of puberty are impacted by worldwide pollution. C) world trade standards forbid employment of children and teens. D) All of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 19 34) The tendency for adolescents throughout the world to want to have the clothing, video games, and other goods that are currently fashionable is known as A) status envy. B) Westernism. C) consumerism. D) socialization. Answer: C Page Ref: 19 35) While on vacation in a distant country, you notice a teen wearing a New York Yankees cap. You should probably assume Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-8

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A) that he plays baseball. B) that he has visited New York City. C) that he speaks English. D) that he likes feeling in touch with the latest trends. Answer: D Page Ref: 19 36) When teens show up at school, a party, or a concert wearing the brand of clothing that is currently popular, they are A) letting others know that they have the power and means to choose their own clothes. B) signalling that they belong to the "trendy" group. C) offering a possible topic of conversation to teens they don't know. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 19 37) While Jacintha is at a concert waiting for the band to come on, she starts a conversation with the girl in the next seat. They are most likely to talk about A) globalization. B) the upcoming election. C) their favorite bands. D) sexual experiences. Answer: C Page Ref: 19 38) Major change(s) in the lives of Canadian adolescents across the 20th century was/were that they A) stayed in school longer. B) waited longer to enter the workforce. C) put off marriage and children to later ages. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 20 39) In developed countries around the world, _____ children go through both primary and secondary (high) school. A) essentially all B) about three-quarters of Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-9

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C) not many poor D) only middle class Answer: A Page Ref: 20 40) In developed countries, _____ teens who finish secondary education go on to some form of higher education. A) practically all B) about half of C) four of five D) only wealthy Answer: B Page Ref: 20 41) Primary or elementary education A) is basically universal in Asia and Latin America. B) is basically universal in Africa and the Middle East. C) is considered a useless luxury by parents in developing countries. D) All of the above. Answer: A Page Ref: 20 42) In developing countries, _____ of those who finish primary school are likely to go on to secondary school. A) essentially all B) very few C) about half D) only one in three Answer: C Page Ref: 20 43) The massive tendency for young people in developing countries to leave the countryside for big cities is called A) transmigration. B) urbanization. C) metropolitanism. D) rural impoverishment. Answer: B Page Ref: 21 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-10

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

44) The fastest growing cities in the world are in A) Western Europe. B) Australia and New Zealand. C) the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. D) Japan. Answer: C Page Ref: 21 45) Among young women, those with more education tend to A) reject their parents' values and goals. B) have smaller families. C) settle into traditional adult roles. D) All of the above. Answer: B Page Ref: 21 46) Kumar and Lata finished high school and some university before getting married and going to work in information technology. They have two children and are able to put aside money for their future education. According to the textbook, they and their children are involved in A) assimilation. B) a virtuous cycle. C) globalization. D) a vicious cycle. Answer: B Page Ref: 22 47) Benito, 13, lives in the capital city of a Third World country. His parents are too poor to pay for school fees and uniforms for him and his brothers and sisters, so he quit school after 4th grade to go to work running errands for a neighbour who has a stand in the market. Benito and his family are directly affected by what the textbook describes as A) globalization. B) a virtuous cycle. C) a vicious cycle. D) a business cycle. Answer: C Page Ref: 22 48) The AIDS epidemic has had its most drastic effect in A) the United States and Canada. B) Eastern Europe. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-11

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) sub-Saharan Africa. D) East Asia. Answer: C Page Ref: 23 49) Adolescents and young adults are particularly in danger from HIV/AIDS because of A) unprotected sex. B) intravenous drug use. C) ignorance about risks and protective measures. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 23 50) The "basic survival skills" that experts say all adolescents need include A) competence in martial arts. B) knowing how to use a computer. C) a caring relationship with an adult. D) the ability to get along without friends. Answer: C Page Ref: 23

Essay Questions 1)

Why have observers called the 20th century in North America "The Age of Adolescence"? Cite some demographic, educational, and social trends that contributed. Answer: The spread of compulsory education contributed to age segregation and the notion of "teenagers" as a separate category. The Baby Boom of the 1940s and 1950s gave teens a greater prominence in the population during the 1960s and 1970s and created the notion of a "Youth Culture", while the speed of technological change moved the society in the direction of a cofigurative culture.

If you had to choose a single issue as the most urgent one facing Canadian adolescents, what would it be? Describe the important aspects of the issue. Why that one? Answer: Issues cited could include: the changing nature of the family; the increasing importance of peers; the lack of communication between adolescents and adults; teen crime and substance use; and contradictory attitudes toward teen sexuality.

Discuss the ways the proportion of adolescents are different within the populations of different countries. What are some implications of these differences? Answer: Adolescents make up a much larger part of the population in developing countries, which puts them at much greater competition with each other for education and work and makes fewer resources available because of the relatively few productive workers. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-12

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

What is "globalization" and what are some important ways the process affects adolescents today? Would you evaluate globalization as a positive, a negative, or a mixed influence? Why? Answer: Globalization has made it possible for teens in different parts of the world to be in touch with one another and to exert mutual influence. It has also made teens worldwide targets of the same commercial and political campaigns by adult interests. Globalization has also alerted those in power throughout the world to the importance of helping children and teens acquire the skills they will need to achieve satisfying and productive lives.

What is the connection between the wave of urbanization in developing countries and the setting in motion of a vicious circle for many young people in these countries? Answer: As teens leave the countryside for the city, they lose the support and social controls of the family. Unlikely to be able to afford to continue their education, they become prey to economic and sexual exploitation. Their poverty and lack of qualifications makes it likely that their children, of whom they generally have many at early ages, will be trapped in a similar cycle.

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

Chapter 2: Puberty and Physical Development Multiple Choice Questions 1)

_____is a universal feature of adolescent development. A) "Storm and stress" B) Puberty C) Separation from parents D) Sexual initiation Answer: B Page Ref: 36

The process that propels children in the direction of physical and sexual maturity is called A) puberty. B) recapitulation. C) nurture. D) socialization. Answer: A Page Ref: 36

The endocrine system influences bodily processes by producing and releasing A) neural fibers. B) chemical energy. C) hormones. D) electrical impulses. Answer: C Page Ref: 37

The _____ functions as the control center for the endocrine system. A) hypothalamus B) pituitary C) adrenal gland D) medulla Answer: A Page Ref: 37

A key event in setting off puberty occurs when A) there is a surge in levels of human growth hormone. B) the adrenal gland produces higher levels of stress hormone. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 2-1

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to sex hormones and signals the gonads to produce higher levels of them. D) the growth curve becomes steepest. Answer: C Page Ref: 38-39 6)

The letter "G" in HPG axis stands for A) growth. B) GnRH. C) giveback. D) gonads. Answer: D Page Ref: 38

The earliest phase of puberty, which begins before any outward physical changes, is known as A) adrenarche. B) spermarche. C) menarche. D) asynchronicity. Answer: A Page Ref: 39

During puberty, levels of _____ increase much more in boys than in girls. A) DHEA B) estrogen C) androgens D) leptin Answer: C Page Ref: 39

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

Chapter 3: Cognitive Changes Multiple Choice Questions 1)

The changes that take place in the ways adolescents think are known as A) mental progress. B) informational input. C) cognitive development D) knowledge processing. Answer: C Page Ref: 76

The most important figure to study how children's thinking changes during development was A) Sigmund Freud. B) Jean Piaget. C) Konrad Lorenz. D) G, Stanley Hall. Answer: B Page Ref: 76

For Piaget, the process of trying to understand new information in terms of one's existing knowledge is known as A) interaction. B) maturation. C) accommodation. D) assimilation. Answer: D Page Ref: 77

For Piaget, the process of changing one's current ways of thinking in response to new experiences is known as A) assimilation. B) accommodation. C) interaction. D) maturation. Answer: A Page Ref: 77

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

According to Piaget, young adolescents enter the stage of _____, in which thinking is based on an abstract system of logic. A) concrete operations B) abstract operations C) formal operations D) logical operations Answer: C Page Ref: 78

When trying to understand social relationships in her new school, Farah generates a set of hypotheses about who is friends with whom, then systematically looks for evidence to confirm or disconfirm them. Piaget would place Farah in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational Answer: D Page Ref: 78

The competence-performance gap is likely to be larger when A) the adolescent's attention is divided among different problems. B) the material fits well with the teen's own views. C) the matter is personally relevant. D) the information being considered is more familiar. Answer: A Page Ref: 79

Patrick, a 10th grader, does not believe there are such things as UFOs. He is most likely to notice illogical reasoning when reading an article that A) discusses the benefits and costs of globalization. B) argues for the existence of UFOs. C) argues that UFOs are imaginary. D) explains why 10th graders are superior to younger adolescents. Answer: B Page Ref: 79

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What are the important elements of critical thinking, and how do they improve during adolescence? Answer: Critical thinking involves analyzing what you know, deciding if it is relevant, and coordinating it with other things you know. According to Keating, its components are conceptual flexibility, reflective thinking, and cognitive self-regulation. Adolescents are better at this because they know more, can think about multiple aspects of a problem, and realize that knowledge is relative and uncertain.

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

Chapter 4: Families Multiple Choice Questions 1)

Parents and families strive to give children the values, beliefs, and aspirations of their culture through the process of A) assimilation. B) skills training. C) socialization. D) discrimination learning. Answer: C Page Ref: 110

According to Robert LeVine, in raising children, families implicitly give higher priority to _____ than to encouraging self fulfillment. A) social advancement B) economically valuable skills C) creativity D) All of the above. Answer: B Page Ref: 110

Family members have a direct influence on each other. In addition, each ________between two of the members has an indirect effect on a third member who also has an influence on that relationship. Each of these relationships has a reciprocal effect on each of the other relationships. A) open relationship B) one-way relationship C) dyadic relationship D) dynamic relationship Answer: C Page Ref: 111

Maria's cheerful "Good morning!" elicits a smile from her mother, which raises Maria's spirits further and leads her to make a joke. This is an example of A) assimilation. B) a positive feedback loop. C) a discriminative stimulus. D) a negative feedback loop. Answer: B Page Ref: 112 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 4-1

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Chapter 5: Peers Multiple Choice Questions 1)

Social scientists consider peers to be those who A) have the right to tell others what to do. B) are involved in the same activities. C) are of roughly the same status or level of functioning. D) are still considered less than adult. Answer: C Page Ref: 148

Unlike relationships with other adolescents, a teen's family relationships are generally A) asymmetrical. B) full of storm and stress. C) based on social equality. D) open to radical change. Answer: A Page Ref: 148

Canadian adolescents spend the largest proportion of their waking hours A) with their parents. B) with their siblings. C) alone, doing homework. D) with other adolescents. Answer: D Page Ref: 149

The fact that Canadian teens spend so much time with others who are almost exactly the same age is the result of A) finding those who are younger childish and boring. B) not wanting to be bossed around by those who are older. C) significant amount of time in schools and organized teen sports. D) the influence of child labor laws. Answer: C Page Ref: 149

Adolescents are more open to new styles, trends, and ideas because A) they have fewer set habits. B) their new cognitive abilities allow them to imagine different approaches. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 5-1

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

C) they are eager to construct identities different from those they are assigned. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 152 6)

During the 1960s, the proportion of teens in the Canadian population climbed steeply as a result of A) increased immigration. B) the baby boom that followed World War II. C) more adults leaving the country. D) higher casualties in the Vietnam War. Answer: B Page Ref: 152

In his book, The Adolescent Society, sociologist James Coleman expressed deep concern that the monolithic world of adolescents A) were becoming radicalized by the civil rights movement. B) rejected the importance of learning and academic success. C) were more interested in literature and the arts than in the sciences. D) were becoming sexually active at younger ages. Answer: B Page Ref: 153

_____ refers to a contrast in values and behaviours between adolescents and adults. A) The generation gap B) Storm and stress C) The age divide D) Cohort clash Answer: A Page Ref: 152

9) The biological, cognitive, and social changes that adolescents are going through are similar enough to make the idea of a separate and coherent _____________ plausible. A) globalization. B) back-to-the-land movements. C) youth culture. D) greater respect for older generations. Answer: C Page Ref: 154 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 5-2

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is to steer students toward an appropriate university or college and perhaps even guide them through the application process, but not all high school counsellors have the time for individual attention. In Canada, high school students can apply anywhere they like and go anywhere they are admitted if they can afford the tuition or get enough financial aid. This openness creates wider possibilities for students. However, the lack of coordination between high schools and colleges or universities can create problems for them. Many students believe, wrongly, that simply meeting the requirements for high school graduation will prepare them for post-secondary study. 2)

An important characteristic of schools is the goodness of fit between the student's stage of development and the school's approach. Discuss this in terms of adolescents and the typical middle school and high school environment. Answer: Secondary schools tend to be more impersonal and to place greater emphasis on maintaining order, at a time when adolescents are looking for adult models and seeking greater autonomy. Students in smaller schools feel a greater sense of school membership, linked to better mental health and academic performance.

What is meant by teacher expectancy effects, what is the evidence for and against them, and which adolescents are most likely to be affected by them? Answer: Teachers may treat students differently as a result of holding different expectations for them. These differences are most likely to affect those whose race, gender, or social class are often linked to lower expectations and performance.

What are extracurricular activities and what effects do they have on those who take part in them? Answer: Taking part in a school based club, activity, or team sport is linked to a long list of benefits. These include increased motivation and involvement, a stronger sense of school membership, better grades, higher educational aspirations, better self-esteem, and fewer problem behaviours.

What proportion of Canadian teens work part-time, how much do they earn, and what do they do with the money? What effects does this have? Answer: A majority of Canadian adolescents work, mostly for about the minimum wage, and they spend much of what they earn on clothing and entertainment. This premature affluence may lead to unrealistic and harmful attitudes about money.

McMahan/Thompson, Adolescence, Canadian Edition

Chapter 7: Community, Culture, and the Media Multiple Choice Questions 1)

In Bronfenbrenner's terms, those systems that affect an adolescent directly, such as families and friends, make up the A) macrosystem. B) microsystem. C) exosystem. D) endosystem. Answer: B Page Ref: 230

For Bronfenbrenner, the exosystem is represented by A) families and peers. B) travel to foreign countries. C) the local community. D) cultural forces and beliefs. Answer: C Page Ref: 230

Cultural beliefs about how children should be raised and what the role of adolescents is in society are important elements of what Bronfenbrenner terms the A) microsystem. B) macrosystem. C) exosystem. D) endosystem. Answer: B Page Ref: 230

When people believe they are members of a group with a common purpose, it creates a A) sense of community. B) sense of alienation. C) social division. D) dislike of those not in the group. Answer: A Page Ref: 231

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Chapter 8: Gender Multiple Choice Questions 1)

Professor Mushinski does research on the rate at which caffeine affects adolescent boys and girls. This would best be described as a question of A) gender roles. B) sex differences. C) gender differences. D) gender typing. Answer: B Page Ref: 268

Doctor Kawasaki is interested in the ways adolescent girls and boys use networking sites on the Internet. This would best be described as a question of A) sex differences. B) sex-linked characteristics. C) gender differences. D) neurobiology. Answer: C Page Ref: 268

The expectations within a society about how males and females are supposed to be are known as A) gender roles. B) sex differences. C) culture specificity. D) social influence. Answer: A Page Ref: 268

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During prenatal development, the hormone testosterone A) is present in male, but not female fetuses. B) is equally high in all males and equally low in all females. C) has an impact on the appearance of the external genitals in both sexes. D) is produced only in the testes of the male fetus. Answer: C Page Ref: 269

A genetic disorder known as _____ leads to an overproduction of androgens in the developing fetus. A) hyperandrism B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia C) prenatal testosterone D) automasculinization Answer: B Page Ref: 270

Girls who were exposed to high levels of prenatal testosterone A) tend to prefer playing with boys' toys. B) play more with boys. C) are sometimes born with ambiguous genitals. D) All of the above. Answer: D Page Ref: 270

In Bandura's view, a central element in gender typing is A) the child's belief that he or she has the resources needed for gender-typical activities. B) the parents' awareness that the child was affected by prenatal hormones. C) the child's ability to solve concrete operational problems. D) the parents' commitment to avoid sex discrimination in child rearing. Answer: A Page Ref: 271

On Kristina's first day of nursery school, she hovers near the door, unsure what to do. The teacher's aide leads her to the kitchen corner and suggests she have a tea party with another girl and two dolls. This is best seen as an example of A) cognitive dissonance. B) gender socialization. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 8-2