WL2021RPA027_23.pdf

P A 0 27_ 2 3 F H R r e p ort s

V ali d a ti o n of t h e HI C r ai n g a u g es d a t a Y e ar 2 0 2 0

w w w. fl a n d ers h y dr a uli c sr e s e ar c h. b e

V ali d ati o n of t h e HI C r ai n g a u g e s d at a Y e ar 2 0 2 0

J o ur n é e, M.; V a n d e n br u w a e n e, W.; D es c h a m ps, M.; M ost a ert, F.

C o v er fi g ur e © T h e G o v er n m e nt of Fl a n d ers, D e p art m e nt of M o bilit y a n d P u bli c W or ks, Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h L e g al n oti c e Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h is of t h e o pi ni o n t h at t h e i nf o r m ati o n a n d p ositi o ns i n t his r ep ort ar e s u bst a nti at e d b y t h e a v ail a bl e d at a a n d k n o wl e d g e at t h e ti m e of writi n g. T h e p ositi o ns t a k e n i n t his r e p ort ar e t h os e of Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h a n d d o n ot r efl e ct n e c ess aril y t h e o pi ni o n of t h e G o v er n m e nt of Fl a n d ers or a n y of its i nstit uti o ns. Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h n or a n y p ers o n or c o m p a n y a cti n g o n b e h alf of Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h is r es p o nsi bl e f or a n y l oss or d a m a g e arisi n g fr o m t h e us e of t h e i nf or m ati o n i n t his r e p ort. C o p yri g ht a n d cit ati o n © T h e G o v er n m e nt of Fl a n d ers, D e p a rt m e nt of M o bilit y a n d P u bli c W or ks, Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h 2 0 2 1 D/ 2 0 2 1/ 3 2 4 1/ 1 4 6 T his p u bli c ati o n s h o ul d b e cit e d as f oll o ws: J o ur n é e, M.; V a n d e n br u w a e n e, W.; D e s c h a m p s, M.; M ost a ert, F. ( 2 0 2 1). V ali d ati o n of t h e HIC r ai n g a u g es d at a: Y e ar 2 0 2 0. V ersi o n 2. 0. F H R R e p orts, P A 0 2 7 _ 2 3. Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h: A nt w er p R e pr o d u cti o n of a n d r ef er e n c e t o t his p u bli c ati o n is a ut h oris e d pr o vi d e d t h e s o ur c e is a c k n o wl e d g e d c orr e ctl y. D o c u m e nt i d e ntifi c ati o n C ust o m er: K e y w or ds ( 3- 5): K n o wl e d g e d o m ai ns: T e xt ( p.): C o nfi d e nti al:

Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h R ef.: WL 2 0 2 1 R P A 0 2 7 _ 2 3 R ai n g a u g es, m o nt hl y, y e arl y, v ali d ati o n W at er b e h e er > H y dr ol o gi e W at er b e h e er > P er m a n e nti e W at er b e h e er > M e et n ett e n 37 A p p e n di c es ( p.): / No A v ail a bl e o nli n e

A ut h or(s):

J o ur n é e, M. ( R MI)

C o ntr ol Na me R e vis er(s):

Pr oj e ct l e a d er:

D es c h a m ps, M.

V a n d e n br u w a e n e, W.

Si g n at ur e

G et e k e n d d o or: M a art e n D e s c h a m p s ( Si g G et e k e n d o p: 2 0 2 1- 0 8- 2 4 1 6: 1 5: 4 8 + 0 2: 0 R e d e n:I k k e ur dit d o c u m e nt g o e d

G et e k e n d d o or: W o ut er V a n d e n br u w a e n e G et e k e n d o p: 2 0 2 1- 0 9- 1 4 1 0: 3 0: 5 2 + 0 2: 0 R e d e n:I k k e ur dit d o c u m e nt g o e d

A p pr o v al HI C m a n a g er:

D es c h a m ps, M. M ost a ert, F.

H e a d of Di visi o n:

F- W L- P P- 1 6. 0 3. 0 1- 0 2 V ali d as fr o m 6/ 1 1/ 2 0 2 0

F or t h e H e a d of Di visi o n, a bs e nt P atri k P e et ers, E n gi n e er, i n c h ar g e wit h l e a di n g t h e Di visi o n Fl a n d ers H y dr a uli cs R es e ar c h

G et e k e n d d o or: M a art e n D e s c h a m p s ( Si g G et e k e n d o p: 2 0 2 1- 0 8- 2 4 1 6: 1 6: 1 5 + 0 2: 0 R e d e n:I k k e ur dit d o c u m e nt g o e d

G et e k e n d d o or: St ef a n G e ert s ( Si g n at ur e) G et e k e n d o p: 2 0 2 1- 0 8- 2 6 1 0: 3 7: 5 5 + 0 2: 0 R e d e n:I k k e ur dit d o c u m e nt g o e d

V ali d ati o n of t h e HI C r ai n g a u g es d at a - Y e ar 2 0 2 0

A bstr a ct T his r e p ort s u m m ariz es t h e r es ults of t h e v ali d ati o n of t h e d at a r e c or d e d d uri n g t h e y e ar 2 0 2 0 b y 2 0 r ai n g a u g es o p er at e d b y HI C. T his v ali d ati o n is m a d e b y R MI a n d i nt e gr at es t w o as p e cts. First, a h u m a n o p er at or r o uti nel y m o nit ors t h e d at a o n s u c c essi v e p eri o ds of 2 4 h o urs. Iss u es d et e ct e d o n t h at d ail y ti m efr a m e ar e dir e ctl y c orr e ct e d. S e c o n d, m o nt hl y a n d a n n u al v al u es fr o m t h e v ali d at e d HI C d at a ar e c o m p ar e d a g ai nst n ei g h b ori n g st ati o ns d at a as w ell as r a d ar -d eri v e d rai nf all esti m at es. B ot h v ali d ati o n as p e cts ar e tr e at e d i n t his r e p ort.

Fi n al v ersi o n

WL 2 0 2 1 R P A 0 2 7 _ 2 3

III

❘❡ ♣ ♦

♦♥

❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦❢ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵

❛✐ ♥

▼✐ ❝ ❤ ❡❧ ❏ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❡✱ ❘ ♦ ② ❛❧ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ■ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ✭ ❘ ▼■✮

❆❜

❛❝

❚ ❤✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ③ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ② ❡ ❛ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❜ ② ✷ ✵ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❍■ ❈✳ ❚ ❤✐ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❜ ② ❘ ▼■ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✳ ❋✐ ✱ ❛ ❤ ✉ ♠ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡❧ ② ♠ ♦ ♥✐ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ❝ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ♦❢ ✷ ✹ ❤ ♦ ✉ ✳ ■ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✐ ♠ ❡❢ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞✐ ❡ ❝ ❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✳ ❙ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞✱ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❍■ ❈ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❛ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❇ ♦ ❤ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✳

❈♦♥ ❡♥ ✶ ■♥

♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸

✷

❉ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺

✸

❱ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

✾

✹

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

✺

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❛ ✐ ✐❝

✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✶

❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✸

✻

❈ ♦ ♥ ❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✺

❆

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ❡ ✉❧ ♣ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✶ ❛ ❆ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✷ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✷ ❛ ❇ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✸ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✸ ❛ ❇ ♦ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✹ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛ ❇ ✉ ❣ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✺ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ❉ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✉ ✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✻ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✻ ❛ ❊❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✼ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ● ❡ ♥ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✽ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❜ ● ❡ ♥ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✾ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✽ ❛ ❑ ❛ ♥ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ✵ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✾ ❛ ▲ ♦✲ ❋✐ ♥ ❡❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ✶ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✵ ❛ ▲ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ✷ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✶ ❛ ▲ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ✸ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✷ ❛ ❘ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❆✳ ✶ ✹ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✸ ❛ ❙✐ ♥ ✲ ❇ ❛ ❛❢ ✲ ❱✐❥ ✈ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✶✼ ✶✽ ✶✾ ✷✵ ✷✶ ✷✷ ✷✸ ✷✹ ✷✺ ✷✻ ✷✼ ✷✽ ✷✾ ✸✵ ✸✶

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣

❛ ✐♦♥

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶

❆✳ ✶ ✺ ❆✳ ✶ ✻ ❆✳ ✶ ✼ ❆✳ ✶ ✽ ❆✳ ✶ ✾ ❆✳ ✷ ✵

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✹ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✺ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✻ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✼ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✽ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✾ ❛

❙✐ ♥ ✲ ▲ ❛ ✉ ❡✐ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❚✐ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❱❧ ❛ ♠ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❩ ❡❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❩ ♦ ✉ ❧❡❡ ✉ ✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❩ ✇❡ ✈❡ ❣❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✸✷ ✸✸ ✸✹ ✸✺ ✸✻ ✸✼

✷

✶✳ ■ ♥

♦ ❞ ✉❝ ✐ ♦ ♥

❚ ❤✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ③ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ② ❡ ❛ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❜ ② ✷ ✵ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❍■ ❈✳ ❚ ❤✐ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❜ ② ❘ ▼■ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✳ ❋✐ ✱ ❛ ❤ ✉ ♠ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡❧ ② ♠ ♦ ♥✐ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ❝ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ♦❢ ✷ ✹ ❤ ♦ ✉ ✳ ■ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✐ ♠ ❡❢ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞✐ ❡ ❝ ❧ ② ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✳ ❙ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞✱ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❍■ ❈ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❛ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❇ ♦ ❤ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✿ ✐ ♥ ❙ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✷ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✸ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❙ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✹ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✺ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✳ ❘ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❛ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛❧❧ ② ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ③ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❙ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✻✱ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✺✮✳

❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✈✐ ❡ ✇ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✐ ♥ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ✉ ♠ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✐ ♥ ❯ ❝ ❝❧ ❡ ✐ ✇✐ ❤ ✼ ✸ ✶✳ ✾ ♠ ♠ ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✶ ✹ ✪ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✭ ✽ ✺ ✷✳ ✹ ♠ ♠✮✳ ❚ ❤✐ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ② ✐ ❞✐ ✐ ❜ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✻ ✾ ♣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡✿ ✶ ✾ ✽✳ ✼ ❞ ❛ ② ✮✱ ❛ ❤ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶✱ ✭❧ ❡❢ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♣ ❝❧ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✽ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ✱ ✐✳ ❡✳✱ ❛❧❧ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❙ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❖ ❝ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶✱ ✐ ❣ ❤ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✮✳

✇ ❤ ❡ ✶ ✾ ✽ ✶ ✕ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✭ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❯ ❝✲ ❡ ① ❝ ❡ ♣ ❋ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❛ ②✱ ▼ ❛ ❝ ❤✱

■ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❋❧ ❡ ♠✐ ❤ ❘ ❡ ❣✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✽ ✵ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮✱ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❛❧ ✈ ❛ ✐ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✺ ✷ ✵ ♠ ♠ ✭✐ ♥ ▲ ❛ ✉ ✇✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✾ ✽ ✵ ♠ ♠ ✭✐ ♥ ■ ♥ ❣ ❡❧ ♠ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✱ ❇ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❇ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❛ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♥ ♠ ♦ ♣❧ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❡ ✶ ✾ ✽ ✶ ✕ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✷✮✳ D a g elij k s e n e er sl a g h o e v e el h ei d, U k k el, 2 0 2 0

M a a n d elij k s n e er sl a gt ot a al, U k k el

840

35

735

30

630

25

525

20

420

15

315

10

210

5

105

0

0 0 1/ 0 1

0 1/ 0 2

0 1/ 0 3

0 1/ 0 4

0 1/ 0 5

0 1/ 0 6

0 1/ 0 7

0 1/ 0 8

d a g elij k s e w a ar n e mi n g e n g e c u m ul e er d e w a ar n e mi n g e n g e mi d d el d e v o or d e p eri o d e 1 9 8 1 − 2 0 1 0

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶✿

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

0 1/ 0 9

0 1/ 1 0

0 1/ 1 1

0 1/ 1 2

r e c e nt e w a ar d e n, n or m a al w a ar d e n ( 1 9 8 1 − 2 0 1 0) e n e xtr e m e w a ar d e n ( 1 9 8 1 − 2 0 1 9) 1996 2001

200 2016

2002

150

1991

2012

2004 2008

2001

1988

1984

1982

m m

40

G e c u m ul e er d e n e er sl a g h o e v e el h e d e n ( m m)

D a g elij k s e n e er sl a g h o e v e el h e d e n ( m m)

j a art ot a al: 7 3 1. 9 m m ( n or m a al 8 5 2. 4 m m) a a nt al n e er sl a g d a g e n: 1 6 9 d a g e n ( n or m a al: 1 9 8. 7 d a g e n)

100

50

0

1997

jan

1986

feb

1993

maa

w a ar d e n 2 0 2 0

2007

a pr

2018

2018

1989

m ei

jun

j ul

n or m a al w a ar d e n 1 9 8 1 − 2 0 1 0

2016 1983

aug

2006

1995

2011

sep

o kt

n ov

e xtr e m e w a ar d e n 1 9 8 1 − 2 0 1 9

❉ ❛✐❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❯ ❝ ❝❧ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✸

dec

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✷✿

❍■ ❈

▼ ❛ ♣ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ✐ ♥ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ✉ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✭❧ ❡❢ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❞ ❡ ✈✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❡ ✉ ❤ ❡ ✶ ✾ ✽ ✶ ✕ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✭ ✐ ❣ ❤ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✮✳ ▲ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ① ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❧ ② ♠ ♦ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠❛♣ ✳

❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡

❞❛ ❛

❚ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✷ ✵ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ② ❡ ❛ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❛ ❡ ❧✐ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❚❛ ❜❧ ❡ ✶ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞✐ ♣❧ ❛ ② ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❛ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✸✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦❧❧ ♦ ✇✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✿ ❼ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ✭ ● ❡ ♥ ❦✮ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❋ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❛ ② ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❜ ② ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❜ ✭ ● ❡ ♥ ❦✮ ✐ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❆ ✉ ❣ ✉ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✳ ❼ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛ ✭ ❇ ✉ ❣ ❣ ❡✮ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛❧❧ ② ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❏ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❜ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❝ ♦ ♥✲ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ♦ ❦ ❛ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❡✳ ❼ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ✭ ❉ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✉ ✇✮ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❆ ✉ ❣ ✉ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❜ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ♦ ❦ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❜ ② ✇ ❡✐ ✳ ❚ ❤✐ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♣❧ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❋ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❛ ② ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶ ❜ ② ❛ ♥ ❡ ✇ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ◆✐ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✭ ♣❧ ✉ ✷ ✵ ❛✮✳ ❆❧❧ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉❢ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❖ ❚ ❚✳ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✈ ❡ ② ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♦❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ✷ ❞ ❡ ❝✐ ♠ ❛❧ ✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✐ ❡ ❛ ❡

✹

❚❛ ❜❧ ❡ ✶✿ ❈ ♦ ❞ ❡✱ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✳ ❝ ♦ ❞❡

❧♦❝❛ ✐♦♥

❧❛ ✐ ✉ ❞❡

❧ ♦ ♥ ❣✐ ✉ ❞ ❡

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✶ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✷ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✸ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✻ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❜ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✽ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✾ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✵ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✶ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✷ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✸ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✹ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✺ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✻ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✼ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✽ ❛ ♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✾ ❛

❆❛ ❝❤♦ ❇ ♦ ♥❡ ♠ ❇ ♦ ♦ ♠❡❡ ❜❡❡❦ ❇ ✉ ❣ ❣❡ ❉❡ ♥ ❞❡ ❧❡❡ ✉ ✇ ❊❧ ●❡ ♥❦ ●❡ ♥❦ ❑❛ ♥ ♥❡ ▲ ♦✲ ❋✐ ♥ ❡❧ ❡ ▲ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡❧ ▲♦ ❘♦♥ ❡ ❙✐ ♥ ✲ ❇ ❛ ❛❢ ✲ ❱✐❥ ✈ ❡ ❙✐ ♥ ✲ ▲ ❛ ✉ ❡✐ ♥ ❚✐ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❱❧ ❛ ♠ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❩ ❡❧ ❡ ❩ ♦ ✉ ❧❡❡ ✉ ✇ ❩ ✇❡ ✈❡ ❣❡ ♠

✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✽ ✷ ✺ ✶✳ ✶ ✵ ✽ ✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✾ ✶ ✺ ✶✳ ✷ ✷ ✶ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✼ ✹ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✶ ✷ ✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✷ ✼ ✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✸ ✺ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✶ ✶ ✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✺ ✽ ✺ ✶✳ ✷ ✹ ✽ ✺ ✵✳ ✼ ✻ ✼ ✺ ✵✳ ✼ ✸ ✾ ✺ ✵✳ ✾ ✶ ✹ ✺ ✶✳ ✷ ✸ ✸ ✺ ✵✳ ✼ ✾ ✵ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✹ ✹ ✺ ✶✳ ✵ ✹ ✻ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✹ ✶ ✺ ✵✳ ✽ ✷ ✹

✹✳ ✽ ✺ ✶ ✹✳ ✷ ✸ ✾ ✹✳ ✺ ✼ ✾ ✸✳ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✹✳ ✵ ✼ ✼ ✸✳ ✼ ✸ ✾ ✺✳ ✺ ✶ ✸ ✺✳ ✹ ✾ ✸ ✺✳ ✻ ✼ ✶ ✷✳ ✼ ✸ ✻ ✺✳ ✷ ✻ ✸ ✹✳ ✷ ✼ ✵ ✸✳ ✺ ✺ ✹ ✸✳ ✹ ✶ ✻ ✸✳ ✺ ✸ ✹ ✹✳ ✾ ✶ ✹ ✷✳ ✽ ✶ ✶ ✹✳ ✵ ✹ ✼ ✺✳ ✶ ✵ ✾ ✸✳ ✸ ✹ ✺

❡ ♠❛ ❦

❡ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛❧❧ ② ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❏ ✉ ♥ ❡ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❆ ✉ ❣ ✉ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❋ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❛ ② ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ♦ ♣❡ ♥❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❆ ✉ ❣ ✉ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾

pl u 1 4 a Si nt − L a ur ei n s

●

●

●

pl u 1 0 a L o m m el

pl u 0 4 a Br u g g e pl u 0 2 a B or n e m ●

●

●

pl u 0 3 a B o ort m e er b e e k

pl u 1 7 a Z el e

pl u 0 9 a L o − Fi nt el e

●

pl u 1 6 a Vl a m erti n g e ●

●

●

pl u 0 1 a A ar s c h ot

pl u 1 3 a Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 0 5 a D e n d erl e e u w

pl u 1 8 a Z o utl e e u w

●

pl u 1 9 a Z w e v e g e m

●

●

●

pl u 0 6 a El st ●

●

pl u 1 1 a L ot

pl u 0 7 b G e n k ●●

pl u 0 7 a G e n k ●

pl u 0 8 a K a n n e

●

pl u 1 5 a Ti e n e n

pl u 1 2 a R o n s e

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✸✿ ▲ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✳

✷✳

❉ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

❚ ❤ ❡ ❘ ♦ ② ❛❧ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ■ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ✭ ❘ ▼■✮ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❏ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛ ② ✶✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✳ ❘ ▼■ ❤ ❛ ❛ ♦❧✐ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❘ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ✉ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❡ ✐ ✜ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡❧ ② ❛ ❘ ▼■ ❛ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❛ ❦✳ ❊ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛ ②✱ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❦ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✇✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡❧ ♣ ♦❢

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✺

❞❛ ✇✐ ✐♥ ❢✉

❛ ✈✐ ✉ ❛❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❛ ♥✐ ♣ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♦❧ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ❛ ❤✐ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✲❢ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❞❧ ② ✐ ♥ ❡ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❛ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❤✐ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❦ ✇ ❤ ♦ ❛ ❦ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛❧ ❞ ❡ ❝✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ♦

❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛❧❧ ② ❞ ❡ ✈ ❡❧ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❝ ❝ ❡ ✐ ❜❧ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♠✐✲ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♦❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❢ ♦ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✳

❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ❛❧❧ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✇✐ ❤ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✭ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛✮ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❛ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✭ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ✮✳ ❚✐❧❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❞ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✇✐ ❤✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ❛ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♥ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✭ ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✷ ✵ ✵ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮✱ ❜ ② ✶ ✺ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❘ ▼■ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ② ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❤ ❡ ❲ ❛❧❧ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❤ ② ❞ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✈✐ ❝ ❡ ✳ ❙✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❏ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛ ② ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤✐ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳

❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽✱ ❘ ▼■ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ♦✉♥❞ ✾✵ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✱ ❛✐ ♥

❇ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ❛ ♥ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ♥ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ❛ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♠ ♦ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ✭❧ ♦ ❝ ❛❧ ✐ ♠ ❡✮✱ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❜ ♦ ❤ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣✐ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ♦ ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ① ❞ ❛ ②✳ ■ ♥ ❤✐ ✇ ❛ ②✱ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❝ ♦ ❞✐ ♥ ❣❧ ② ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✳ ❊ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛ ② ❉✱ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ❡✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✈✐ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ✐❧❧ ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ❉ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❡ ✐ ✜ ❡ ❞ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ♦ ♥ ▼ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✱ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❋ ✐ ❞ ❛ ② ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ✐❧❧ ▼ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ❛ ❡ ② ♣✐ ❝ ❛❧❧ ② ✈ ❡ ✐ ✜ ❡ ❞✱ ✇ ❤✐❧ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❚ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❛ ② ✱ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ▼ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵ ✐❧❧ ❚ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❛ ② ✵ ✽✿ ✵ ✵✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦❧❧ ♦ ✇✐ ♥ ❣

♦ ♦❧ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✈ ❛✐❧ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ✐ ♥

❼ ❆ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✈✐ ❡ ✇ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ✉

❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝

✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✿

❛ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✈ ❛✐❧ ❛ ❜✐❧✐ ②✳

❼ ■ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♣ ✭ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ● ♦ ♦ ❣❧ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♣ ❆ ■✮ ❛❧❧ ♦ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✹ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✺✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ✉ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✳ ❖ ✈ ❡ ❧ ❛ ② ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❝ ❝ ✉ ♠❛ ❦ ❞❡ ✐✈❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ▼❡ ❡ ♦ ❛ ❙❡❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ●❡ ♥❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞❛ ❛

✇ ❛ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❛❧ ✈✐ ✉ ❛❧✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❝ ♦ ❤❡ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ✇✐ ❤ ❝❧ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ♦ ❛ ✈ ❛✐❧ ❛ ❜❧ ❡✳

❼ ❋ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♣❧ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ❞✐ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✺ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✻✮✳ ❼ ❆ ❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ♣❧ ❛ ✉ ✐ ❜✐❧✐ ② ❡ ♣❡ ❢ ♦ ♠❡ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛✮ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❛ ❡ ✳

✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✭ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥✱ ✶✲ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛✐❧ ②

❼ ❋ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❛ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❧✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✳ ❉ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❱ ▼ ▼ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✈ ❛✐❧ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✐❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❦ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❝✐ ❡ ✳ ❼ ❆ ♥ ♦ ✇ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✈✐ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♣ ♣✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✮✱ ❛❧❧ ❛ ✈ ❛✐❧ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♥ ♦ ✇ ✭ ♥ ♦ ✇❢ ❛❧❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♥ ♦ ✇ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❤✮ ❛ ❡ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❛❧✐ ③ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✻

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✹✿ ❉ ❛ ❛ ✈✐ ✉ ❛❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❤❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

♦ ♥ ♠ ❛ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧✿ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❙ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✷ ✺✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❜ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❣ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✜ ❡❧ ❞ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ❤✐❧ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✼

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✺✿ ❉ ❛ ❛ ✈✐ ✉ ❛❧✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❛ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❧ ✉ ✈✐ ♦ ❈ ♦ ♥ ♦❧✿ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✭ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❙ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✷ ✺✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❜ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❣ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✜ ❡❧ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♦❢ ❏ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❡ ❦ ❡✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❝❧✐ ♠ ❛ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✻✿ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ② ✭ ♦ ♣ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✱ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ❙ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✷ ✺✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✭ ❜ ♦ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡❧✱ ✐❧❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ♦❢ ✷ ✵ ❞ ❛ ② ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❖ ❝ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✶✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✮ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ❞✐ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❲✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡❧ ♣ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❦ ❛❧❧ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❜ ② ♦ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❛ ②✳ ❈ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣❧✐ ❡ ❞ ❞✐ ❡ ❝ ❧ ② ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❆❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡❧ ②✱ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ② ♦ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛❧❧ ② ❡ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ▼✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ② ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛❧❧ ② ✜❧❧ ❡ ❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ❤✐ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❧ ② ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❤ ❛ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜✐❧✐ ② ♦ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❞✱

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✽

✇ ❤✐ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ♣ ✐ ❛ ❡ ✭ ❡✳ ❣✳✱ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ♠ ❛❧❧✲ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✮✳ ❖ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❛❧❧ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❦ ❡ ❞✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ✈ ❡ ✐ ✜ ❡ ❞ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞✳ ◗ ✉ ❛❧✐ ② ✢ ❛ ❣ ✇✐ ❤ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ✬ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞✬✱ ✬ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ✬ ♦ ✬ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✬ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❜ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛✳

✸✳

❱ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

❛ ✐ ✐❝

❚ ❤ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✷ ✵ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ 2 .1 0 6 ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❛ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✽ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✉❧ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♣❧ ♦ ✐❧❧ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♥ ♦❢ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞✱ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✴ ✉ ♥❢ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❜❧ ❡✱ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❯ ♥❢ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❜❧ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❡ ❤ ❛ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✺ ✵ ♠ ♠✳ ❊ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✵ ♠ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✺ ✵ ♠ ♠ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❛ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✳ a. A m o u nt of v ali d d at a ( %)

b. A m o u nt of mi s si n g or u nf e a si bl e d at a ( %)

pl u 1 9 a

pl u 1 9 a

pl u 1 8 a

pl u 1 8 a

pl u 1 7 a

pl u 1 7 a

pl u 1 6 a

pl u 1 6 a

pl u 1 5 a

pl u 1 5 a

pl u 1 4 a

pl u 1 4 a

pl u 1 3 a

pl u 1 3 a

pl u 1 2 a

pl u 1 2 a

pl u 1 1 a

pl u 1 1 a

pl u 1 0 a

pl u 1 0 a

pl u 0 9 a

pl u 0 9 a

pl u 0 8 a

pl u 0 8 a

pl u 0 7 b

pl u 0 7 b

pl u 0 7 a

pl u 0 7 a

pl u 0 6 a

pl u 0 6 a

pl u 0 5 a

pl u 0 5 a

pl u 0 4 a

pl u 0 4 a

pl u 0 3 a

pl u 0 3 a

pl u 0 2 a

pl u 0 2 a

pl u 0 1 a

pl u 0 1 a J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

( 0, 5 0]

( 8 5, 9 0]

( 9 6, 9 7]

( 9 9, 9 9. 5]

[ 0, 0. 0 1]

( 2, 3]

( 5, 1 0]

( 2 0, 5 0]

( 5 0, 8 0]

( 9 0, 9 5]

( 9 7, 9 8]

( 9 9. 5, 9 9. 9]

( 0. 0 1, 0. 0 5]

( 3, 4]

( 1 0, 1 5]

( 5 0, 1 0 0]

( 8 0, 8 5]

( 9 5, 9 6]

( 9 8, 9 9]

( 9 9. 9, 1 0 0]

( 0. 0 5, 1]

( 4, 5]

( 1 5, 2 0]

D e c.

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✼✿ ■❧❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✪ ♦❢ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✴ ✉ ♥❢ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❜❧ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤✳ ❯ ♥❢ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❜❧ ❡ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦ ❛ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✺ ✵ ♠ ♠✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✾

c. A m o u nt of s u s pi ci o u s d at a ( %)

d. A m o u nt of err o n e o u s d at a ( %)

pl u 1 9 a

pl u 1 9 a

pl u 1 8 a

pl u 1 8 a

pl u 1 7 a

pl u 1 7 a

pl u 1 6 a

pl u 1 6 a

pl u 1 5 a

pl u 1 5 a

pl u 1 4 a

pl u 1 4 a

pl u 1 3 a

pl u 1 3 a

pl u 1 2 a

pl u 1 2 a

pl u 1 1 a

pl u 1 1 a

pl u 1 0 a

pl u 1 0 a

pl u 0 9 a

pl u 0 9 a

pl u 0 8 a

pl u 0 8 a

pl u 0 7 b

pl u 0 7 b

pl u 0 7 a

pl u 0 7 a

pl u 0 6 a

pl u 0 6 a

pl u 0 5 a

pl u 0 5 a

pl u 0 4 a

pl u 0 4 a

pl u 0 3 a

pl u 0 3 a

pl u 0 2 a

pl u 0 2 a

pl u 0 1 a J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

pl u 0 1 a J a n.

[ 0, 0. 0 1]

( 1, 2]

( 4, 5]

( 1 0, 1 5]

( 0. 0 5, 1]

( 2, 3]

( 5, 1 0]

( 1 5, 2 0]

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

[ 0, 0. 0 1]

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

( 0. 0 1, 0. 0 5]

A u g.

S e p.

( 0. 0 5, 1]

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

( 1, 2]

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✽✿ ■❧❧ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✪ ♦❢ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤✳ ❊ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✵ ♠ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✺ ✵ ♠ ♠ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❛ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✉❧ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✼ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✽ ✐ ♥ ❞✐ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♠ ♦ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ✾ ✾✳ ✺ ✪ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♥ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛✱ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ✵✳ ✺ ✪ ♦❢ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❧ ② ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ✇ ❤✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞✳ ❆ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✉ ✉ ❛❧ ❢ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♥ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ▼ ❛ ②✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ❛❧❧ ② ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✶ ✾ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✷ ✽ ▼ ❛ ② ❜ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ♦ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ✇✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛❧ ♦ ❣ ❣ ❡ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✾✮✳ ❙ ✉ ♣✐ ❝✐ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ✉✐ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❛❧❧ ♥ ♦ ♥✲ ③ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ② ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ✭ ❛ ❝ ❝ ♦ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ♦ ❤ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛✮✱ ✐✳ ❡✳✱ ♦✲ ❝ ❛❧❧ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❊ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❛❧ ♦ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ✷ ② ♣ ❡ ✿ ♠ ❛❧❧ ♥ ♦ ♥✲ ③ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ② ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ✭ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ♦ ❡ ① ❝ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡❧ ② ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ♠ ❡ ❞ ♥ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ❜ ② ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ♦ ❜ ② ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧✲ ❦ ♥ ♦ ✇ ♣ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛❧ ✐ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❖ ❚ ❚ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✭ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♠ ✇ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥✮ ❜ ✉ ❛ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❡ ❛❧❧ ② ♦❢ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ♥ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ❛ ❤✐ ♣ ♦ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❝ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♥❢ ❡ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❧ ②✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛ ✭ ❇ ✉ ❣ ❣ ❡✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ✭ ❉ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✉ ✇✮ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✜❧❧ ❡ ❞ ✇✐ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐❧❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❞ ♦❢ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶✵

Mi s si n g d at a i n M a y 2 0 2 0 pl u 1 9 a pl u 1 8 a pl u 1 7 a pl u 1 6 a pl u 1 5 a pl u 1 4 a pl u 1 3 a pl u 1 2 a pl u 1 1 a pl u 1 0 a pl u 0 9 a pl u 0 8 a pl u 0 7 b pl u 0 6 a pl u 0 5 a pl u 0 4 a pl u 0 3 a pl u 0 2 a pl u 0 1 a 2020−05−01

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✾✿ ■❧❧ ✉

✹✳ ■♥ ❜♦ ✐ ♦

2020−05−06

2020−05−11

2020−05−16

2020−05−21

[ 0, 0. 0 1]

( 5, 1 0]

( 1 5, 2 0]

( 0. 0 5, 1]

( 1 0, 1 5]

( 2 0, 5 0]

2020−05−26

( 5 0, 1 0 0]

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✪ ♦❢ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♣ ❡

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

2020−05−31

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛ ② ✐ ♥ ▼ ❛ ② ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳

♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣

❛ ✐♦♥

❤✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✲ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✳ ❋ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❤ ❡ ✹ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ❘ ▼■ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✮ ♦ ❖ ❚ ❚ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❲ ❛❧❧ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❤ ② ❞ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✈✐ ❝ ❡ ✳

❲ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ✐ ✐ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❦ ❡ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♥ ♠✐ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❲ ♦ ❧ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❖ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❲ ▼ ❖✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❲ ▼ ❖ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❛❧❧ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❤✐ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ✇ ❤✐ ❝ ❤ ✐ ✏ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♠✐ ♥ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❡ ① ♣ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❛ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤✐ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ❝ ❡✳ ■ ❤ ♦ ✉❧ ❞ ❜ ❡ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❛✐ ❞ ♦ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❝ ❤✐ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✛ ♦ ❞ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ❡ ✉✐ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✑ ✭ ❲ ▼ ❖✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽✮✳ ■ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❝ ❤✐ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛✲ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ✐ ✏ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ✺ ✪ ♦ ✵✳ ✶ ♠ ♠✑✳ ■ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✵✱ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ± ✺ ✪ ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛ ❝ ❤✐ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

❛❧ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✺✲ ♠✐ ♥ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✷ ✵ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❛❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❜❧ ✉ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❛ ❞✐ ♣❧ ❛ ② ❞ ❡ ✈✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ♦ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞ ❡ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❲ ▼ ❖ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ②✳

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶✶

A n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al 2 0 2 0 C o m p ari s o n a g ai n st t h e 4 n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n s ( or a n g e d ot s) Bl u e err or b ar s: d e vi ati o n s at + − 5 % of t h e a n n u al t ot al at t h e HI C st ati o n

pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

1000

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●

750

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●

●

●

● ●●

● ● ● ●

●●

● ●

●

●● ●

●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

●

●

● ●

●

●●

500

● ●

● ●

●

● ● ●●

● ●

● ●

●

●

●● ● ● ● ●● ●

250

*

0

●●

*

*

pl u 0 1 a pl u 0 2 a pl u 0 3 a pl u 0 4 a pl u 0 5 a pl u 0 6 a pl u 0 7 a pl u 0 7 b pl u 0 8 a pl u 0 9 a pl u 1 0 a pl u 1 1 a pl u 1 2 a pl u 1 3 a pl u 1 4 a pl u 1 5 a pl u 1 6 a pl u 1 7 a pl u 1 8 a pl u 1 9 a * I n c o m pl et e a n n u al v al u e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✵✿

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✹ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✭ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✮✳

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡

❋♦ ♠♦ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇✐ ❤✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ± ✺ ✪ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❛❧✳ ❋ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❡ ❡ ❆ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ① ❆✮ ❞ ♦ ❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ✜ ❝ ✐ ✉ ❡✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❞✐ ❝ ❡ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❝✐ ❡ ✇✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❧ ② ❡ ✉❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❛❧❧✲ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡✲ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❝✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❣ ♥✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❞✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ✜ ❝ ❞ ❛ ② ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ✹ ❤ ❡ ❤ ♦❧ ❞ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ❞ ❛ ② ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✵✳ ✶✱ ✶✱ ✺ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✶ ✵ ♠ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✮ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✶ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✹ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❘ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♦ ✇ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❤ ♦❧ ❞ ❛ ✵✳ ✶ ♠ ♠✱ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✇ ❡❧❧ ✇✐ ❤ ❤ ♦ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❋ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❤ ♦❧ ❞ ✱ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ✇✐ ❤✐ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✇ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ♦ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❆ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✲ ✇✐ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✐ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❆ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ① ❆✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❞ ♦ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ✜ ❝ ✐ ✉ ❡✳ A n n u al n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

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●

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● ● ●

● ●

a

a

19

a

18

a ●

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

● ● ●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

a

pl u

19

a

pl u

18

a

pl u

pl u

✶✷

17

a 16

a

pl u

15

a

pl u

14

a

pl u

13

a

pl u

12

a

pl u

11

a

pl u

10

a 09

pl u

08

07

a

● ●

*

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ❞ ❛ ② ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✵✳ ✶✱ ✶✱ ✺ ♦ ✶ ✵ ♠ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✹ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✭ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✮✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

● ●

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

pl u

pl u

*

●

● ● ●

● ●

pl u

*

04

a

pl u

03

a 02

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

a

10

a

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

07

● ● ●

b

● ● ● ●

* I n c o m pl et e a n n u al v al u e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✶✿

pl u

●

pl u

●

pl u

●

pl u

pl u

● ●

17

a

16

a

15

a

14 pl u

a

pl u

pl u

pl u

pl u

13

a

12

a

11

a

10

a

09 pl u

a

b

08 pl u

pl u

07

a

a

04

a

03 pl u

02

01

20

01

a

pl u

19

a

pl u

18

a

pl u

17

a

pl u

16

a

pl u

15

a

pl u

14

a

pl u

13

a

pl u

12

a

pl u

11

a

pl u

10

a

pl u

09

a

pl u

08

b

pl u

07

a

pl u

06

*

pl u

●● ● ●

a

● ●

06

●●● ●

●●● ●

●

●

0

07

a

*

● ●● ●

● ●● ●

●

a

●●

●●

●

● ●●

n u m b er of d a y s

●●

●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

●

●●

*

30

●

●

● ●●

● ●

●●●

pl u

pl u

pl u

*

05

a

*

04

a

pl u

03

a 02

01

a

0

●

●●

●● ● ●

● ●● ●

20

pl u

●●●

● ●

● ●

●

● ● ●

pl u

pl u

pl u

pl u

a

a

a

19

a

18

a

pl u

pl u

pl u

pl u

17

a

16

a

15

a

14

a

pl u

pl u

pl u

pl u

13

a

12

a

11

a

10

a

pl u

pl u

pl u

09

b

08

a

07

a

pl u

●

●● ●●

a

● ●● ●

pl u

n u m b er of d a y s

40

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● ●●

● ● ●

●● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

●

60

*

0

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ●●

●● ●●

● ●

50

pl u

*

07

a

06

a

pl u

pl u

05

04

a

a

03

a

02

01

pl u

pl u

*

● ● ●

● ● ●●

● ● ●●

●

pl u

*

0

100

●● ● ●

pl u

● ●●

● ●●

a

●● ● ●

100

● ●●

07

●●

pl u

●

● ●● ●

a

● ● ●

06

●●

●

pl u

●●● ●

●

05

● ● ●

pl u

● ●● ●

●● ● ●

a

●● ●

●● ●●

05

● ●

150

●

● ●●●

pl u

● ●

● ● ●

●

pl u

● ●

●

● ●

pl u

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

200

pl u

n u m b er of d a y s

● ●

▼ ♦ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❛✐❧ ❡ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✉❧ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳

✺✳

❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❤ ❡ ✹ ❝❧ ♦ ❡

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❆ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ① ❆

❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❛

■ ♥ ❤✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ❞❛ ✲ ❞❡ ✐✈❡ ❞ ❣ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❆ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✷ ✵ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❡ ❘ ❆ ❉ ◗ ❊ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✭ ● ♦ ✉ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❤ ♦ ♦❢ ❞ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✮✳ ❚ ❤✐ ❘ ❆ ❉ ◗ ❊ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ✉❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✸ ❉ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈✐ ② ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡✲ ♠❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❝❧ ✉ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❜❧ ♦ ❝ ❦ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ♠✐ ✐ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ♥ ♦ ♥✲ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ❝ ❤ ♦ ❡ ✱ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝❧ ❛ ✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛❧ ♣ ♦ ✜❧ ❡ ♦❢ ❡ ✢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈✐ ②✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❝ ✉ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❛ ❣✐ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ② ❛ ❦✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❞❥ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣❧ ❡ ❜✐ ❛ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❊ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣❧ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❞✐ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡✲ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❝ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦❧ ❞ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ② ❛ ❦✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ①✐ ♠ ✉ ♠ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✇ ❛ ♠ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✇ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♦❢ ❲✐ ❞ ❡ ✉ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❏ ❛ ❜ ❜ ❡ ❦ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❆ ✈ ❡ ♥ ♦✐ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❜✐ ❛ ✐ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❘ ▼■✱ ❙ ❲ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❱ ▼ ▼✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✷✳ ♦✈❡ ❡ ✐ ♠❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ✉✐ ❡ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❤ ❡ ❛

❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ✈ ❛❧✲ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❣ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❚ ❤✐ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❦ ❡ ❞ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠✐❧ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✈✐ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛✲ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✮✳ ■ ♥ ♣✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤✐ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥✲ ✇✐ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ❛ ❜✐❧✐ ② ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❛❧ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✷✮✳

A n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al 2 0 2 0 C o m p ari s o n a g ai n st r a d ar e sti m at e s ( or a n g e d ot s) bl u e err or b ar s: d e vi ati o n s at + − 5 % of t h e a n n u al t ot al at t h e HI C st ati o n

pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

●

750

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

500

● ●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

250

●

*

0

*

●

*

pl u 0 1 a pl u 0 2 a pl u 0 3 a pl u 0 4 a pl u 0 5 a pl u 0 6 a pl u 0 7 a pl u 0 7 b pl u 0 8 a pl u 0 9 a pl u 1 0 a pl u 1 1 a pl u 1 2 a pl u 1 3 a pl u 1 4 a pl u 1 5 a pl u 1 6 a pl u 1 7 a pl u 1 8 a pl u 1 9 a * I n c o m pl et e a n n u al v al u e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✷✿

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❛ ❞❛ ✲ ❞❡ ✐✈❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♠❛ ❡ ✳

❙✐ ♠✐❧ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ❛ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✸ ✭ ❜ ❛ ♣❧ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✶ ✹ ✭ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♣❧ ♦ ♣ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤✮✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❛ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❣ ♦ ♦ ❞ ♠ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❏ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛ ② ♦ ▼ ❛ ② ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❛ ◆ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❉ ❡ ❝ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❛❧❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ▲ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤ ✭ ❏ ✉ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❆ ✉ ❣ ✉ ✮✱ ✇ ❤✐❧ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❙ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶✸

M o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s 2 0 2 0 c o m p ari s o n a g ai n st r a d ar e sti m at e s ( or a n g e d ot s) pl u 0 1 a

pl u 0 2 a

pl u 0 3 a

200 150

●

100 50

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

0

●

●

pl u 0 4 a

●

pl u 0 5 a

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

pl u 0 6 a

200 150 100

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

50

●

●

0

●

●

pl u 0 7 a

●

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

pl u 0 7 b

●

●

● ● ●

●

pl u 0 8 a ●

200 150

●

● ●

100 50

● ● ●

●

●

●

pl u 0 9 a

●

●

●

0

pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

●

●

●

●

●

pl u 1 0 a

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

pl u 1 1 a

200 ●

150

●

●

●

●

100

● ●

●

50

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

0

●

●

●

●

pl u 1 2 a

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

pl u 1 3 a

●

pl u 1 4 a

200 150 ●

100 50

●

●

●

●

●

●

0

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

pl u 1 6 a

●

●

● ●

●

●

pl u 1 5 a

● ●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

pl u 1 7 a

200 150

● ●

100 50

● ●

● ● ●

●

●

●

0

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

●

●

●

J a n.

pl u 1 8 a

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

●

●

●

M ay

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

pl u 1 9 a

200 150

● ●

100 50

● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

A pr.

●

●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

I n c o m pl et e a n n u al s eri e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✸✿ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥

❛ ❞❛ ✲ ❞❡ ✐✈❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♠❛ ❡ ✳ ✶✹

M o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s 2 0 2 0 s c att er pl ot s of o b s er v ati o n s v er s u s r a d ar e sti m at e s J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

150 120

● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

90 ●

60 30

●

●

●

● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●

May

● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●

●

J u n.

●● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●

J ul.

A u g.

r a d ar pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

●

●

150

●

● ●

120

●

90

● ●

60 30

●●

● ●

●●

●

●

● ● ●● ● ●

● ●●

●

●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●

●

●

●

●●

●

● ●●

● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●

●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

150

D e c.

●

120 ●

90

●

60 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●

30 30

60

●●

●

●

●

●●

●

●

● ●● ●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●

90

120

30

60

90

120

30

60

●

●

● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●

●

st ati o n pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

90

120

30

60

90

120

I n c o m pl et e a n n u al s eri e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✹✿ ❙ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♣❧ ♦

♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈❡ ✉

❛ ❞❛ ✲ ❞❡ ✐✈❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♠❛ ❡ ✳

■ ♥ ♣✐ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❧✐ ♠✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛❧❧ ♦ ✇ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ✉ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ✜ ❝ ♦ ✉ ❧✐ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

✻✳

❈ ♦ ♥ ❝❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥

❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✷ ✵ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞✐ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❛✐ ♥❧ ② ❝ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♥ ♠✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✳ ❊ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♥❢ ❡ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❛❧❧ ♥ ♦ ♥✲ ③ ❡ ♦ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ② ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❞ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ♣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ♦ ❡ ① ❝ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡❧ ② ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜❧ ❡ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❛ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ③✐ ♥ ❣ ✷ ✹ ❤ ♦ ✉ ♦❢ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ■ ✉ ❡ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♠ ❛❧❧ ❜ ✉ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❜✐ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❞ ✐❢ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❤ ♦ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❢ ❛ ♠ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞✳ ■ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❡❢ ♦ ❡ ✉ ❡❢ ✉❧ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ♦❢ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡❢ ♦ ❡ ❛❧ ♦ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ③ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❍■ ❈ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ✇ ❡❧❧ ❛ ❛ ❞ ❛ ✲ ❞ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❛✐ ♥❢ ❛❧❧

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶✺

❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ❞ ♥ ♦ ❤✐ ❣ ❤❧✐ ❣ ❤ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ✜ ❝ ✐ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❞ ❛ ❛✳ ❲ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♦❢ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ✱ ✐ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ✇✐ ❤✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♦❢ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡❧ ♦ ✇ ❤✐ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡✱ ❜ ✉ ❛ ❡❧ ② ❛ ❜ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✐ ✳ ❆ ❧✐ ❣ ❤ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ✐ ❤ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜❧ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❞✐ ✣ ❝ ✉❧ ♦ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❘ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♠ ♠ ❛ ✐ ③ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✺✳ A n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al 2 0 2 0 HI C r ai n g a u g e s + R MI U c cl e

pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al ( m m)

800

600

400

200

*

0

*

*

pl u 0 1 a pl u 0 2 a pl u 0 3 a pl u 0 4 a pl u 0 5 a pl u 0 6 a pl u 0 7 a pl u 0 7 b pl u 0 8 a pl u 0 9 a pl u 1 0 a pl u 1 1 a pl u 1 2 a pl u 1 3 a pl u 1 4 a pl u 1 5 a pl u 1 6 a pl u 1 7 a pl u 1 8 a pl u 1 9 a

U c cl e

* I n c o m pl et e a n n u al v al u e s f or pl u 0 4 a ( 1 J a n. − 8 J u n.), pl u 0 5 a ( 1 J a n. − 2 4 A u g.) a n d pl u 0 7 a ( 1 J a n. − 1 3 F e b.)

❋✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✺✿

❆ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ▼■

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❯ ❝ ❝❧ ❡✳

❋✐ ♥ ❛❧❧ ②✱ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ❡❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✢ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✈✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡✲ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ■ ♥ ❤✐ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❡ ① ✱ ❲ ▼ ❖ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝❧ ❛ ✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❲ ▼ ❖✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽ ❜✮✳ ❘ ▼■ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❝❧ ❛ ✐ ✜ ❡ ❞ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✏ ❈❧ ❛ ✶✑ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ❡❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✐ ❡✮ ♦ ✏ ❈❧ ❛ ✷✑ ✭✐✳ ❡✳✱ ❛ ❞ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ❛ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✺ ✪✮✳ ❋ ♦ ✐ ❡ ♦❢ ✏ ❈❧ ❛ ✸✑✱ ✏ ❈❧ ❛ ✹✑ ♦ ✏ ❈❧ ❛ ✺✑✱ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❞✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ❛ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❛ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❤ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✶ ✺ ✪✱ ✷ ✺ ✪ ♦ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✪✱ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡❧ ②✳

❘ ❡❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❊ ❞ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❞ ● ♦ ✉ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❤ ♦ ♦❢ ❞ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✾✳ ❘ ❆ ❉ ◗ ❊ ❯ ❡ ● ✉✐ ❞ ❡✱ ❘ ♦ ② ❛❧ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ■ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❇ ❡❧ ❣✐ ✉ ♠✳ ❲ ♦ ❧ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❖ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❲ ▼ ❖✮✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽✳ ❖ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛❧ ▼ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❯ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛✐ ♥ ② ❘ ❡ ✉✐ ❡✲ ♠❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ■ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡✳ ❆ ♥ ♥ ❡ ① ✶✳ ❊✳ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ♦❢ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❈■ ▼ ❖ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❡✮✳ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❛✱ ❙ ✇✐ ③ ❡ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞✿ ❙ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❲ ♦ ❧ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦✲ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❖ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❲ ▼ ❖ ◆ ♦✳ ✽✳ ❲ ♦ ❧ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❖ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❲ ▼ ❖✮✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✽ ❜✳ ❙✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❈❧ ❛ ✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❙ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❖ ❜ ❡ ✈✐ ♥ ❣ ❙ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ▲ ❛ ♥ ❞✳ ❆ ♥ ♥ ❡ ① ✶✳ ❇ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ♦❢ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❛✲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❈■ ▼ ❖ ❣ ✉✐ ❞ ❡✮✳ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❛✱ ❙ ✇✐ ③ ❡ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞✿ ❙ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❲ ♦ ❧ ❞ ▼ ❡ ❡ ♦ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❖ ❣ ❛ ♥✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥✳ ❲ ▼ ❖ ◆ ♦✳ ✽✳

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✶✻

❆✳

❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛❧ ② ✐ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛ ✐♦♥

♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣

❚ ❤✐ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞✐ ① ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❛✐❧ ❡ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✉❧ ♦❢ ❛ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❛ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ✹ ❝❧ ♦ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇✐ ❤ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣❧ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❡✐ ❤ ❡ ❘ ▼■ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❲ ❛❧❧ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❤ ② ❞ ♦❧ ♦ ❣✐ ❝ ❛❧ ❡ ✈✐ ❝ ❡ ✭ ❙ ❲✮✳ ❋ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❛

❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ❡ ✉❧

❤ ❡ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ❍■ ❈ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✈ ❛❧✐ ❞ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝✮ ♦ ✇ ❡✐ ❣ ❤✐ ♥ ❣ ❛✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♦ ♥✱ ✹ ♦ ✺ ② ♣ ❡ ♦❢ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ❛ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✈✐ ❞ ❡ ❞✿

✲ ❝ ✉ ♠ ✉❧ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♣❧ ♦ ✱ ✲ ❜ ❛ ♣❧ ♦

♦❢ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♦ ❛❧ ✱

✲ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♣❧ ♦

♦❢ ❞ ❛✐❧ ② ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ✱

✲ ❜ ❛ ♣❧ ♦ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❤❧ ② ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦❢ ❞ ❛ ② ✇✐ ❤ ✵✳ ✶✱ ✶✱ ✺ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✶ ✵ ♠ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝✐ ♣✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❞♦ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞✐ ♥ ❣ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ♦❢ ❤ ❡ ✹ ♥ ❡✐ ❣ ❤ ❜ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮✳ ✲ ❜ ❛ ♣❧ ♦

✇✐ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♥ ✉ ❛❧ ✈ ❛❧ ✉ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✶ ✾ ✾ ✶✲ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✵ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❛❧ ✭ ♥ ♦

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

❢ ♦ ♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ✴ ❜✮

✶✼

❆✳ ✶✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✶ ❛ ❆ ❛

❝❤♦

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0

600

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a ( 6 2 5. 1 m m) B e gij n e n dij k R MI ( 6. 4 k m, 7 2 1. 2 m m)

400

W e z e m a al R MI ( 7. 8 k m, 6 8 0. 5 m m) Bl a u b er g R MI ( 8. 2 k m, 7 4 2 m m)

200

Si nt − Pi et er s − R o d e R MI ( 9. 1 k m, 7 1 2. 9 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

120 A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a ( 6 2 5. 1 m m)

80

B e gij n e n dij k R MI ( 6. 4 k m, 7 2 1. 2 m m) W e z e m a al R MI ( 7. 8 k m, 6 8 0. 5 m m) Bl a u b er g R MI ( 8. 2 k m, 7 4 2 m m)

40

Si nt − Pi et er s − R o d e R MI ( 9. 1 k m, 7 1 2. 9 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a B e gij n e n dij k R MI ( 6. 4 k m, 7 2 1. 2 m m)

W e z e m a al R MI ( 7. 8 k m, 6 8 0. 5 m m)

Bl a u b er g R MI ( 8. 2 k m, 7 4 2 m m)

20

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●

● ●

●

10

20

30

40

0

●

● ●

●

●●

●● ●● ● ● ● ●

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●

●

●

● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●●

●

20

30

40

0

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ●

●● ● ●● ● ● ●●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

● ●

10

20

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

30

40

0

●

●

10

20

30

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

20

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

10

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ●

● ● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

10

●

5

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 1 0. 0

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

0. 0

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

● ● ● ●

J ul.

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

A u g.

S e p.

● ●

● ● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 5

● ● ● ●

7. 5

2. 5

● ● ●

15

0

5. 0

● ●

20

●

● ● ● ●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

4

●

3

●

●

●

2

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

●

F e b.

●

M ar.

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

●

A ar s c h ot pl u 0 1 a 1000

Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 0 8 m m)

750 500 250 0 2011

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

●

● ●●

● ●●

10

●

●

●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ●

●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

●

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

● ●

●

Si nt − Pi et er s − R o d e R MI ( 9. 1 k m, 7 1 2. 9 m m)

●

●

●

● ●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●

●

●

●

●

● ●● ●

●

●

10

0

●

●

●

15

5

●

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s

2017

2018

2019

2020

✶✽

40

❆✳ ✷✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✷ ❛ ❇ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 800 600

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a ( 7 5 9. 1 m m) Ni e u w k er k e n R MI ( 1 0. 5 k m, 8 1 1. 5 m m)

400

K a p ell e − O p − D e n − B o s R MI ( 1 4. 5 k m, 7 3 6. 6 m m) Z el e R MI ( 1 4. 9 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m)

200

Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 2 0. 5 k m, 7 2 5 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a ( 7 5 9. 1 m m)

100

Ni e u w k er k e n R MI ( 1 0. 5 k m, 8 1 1. 5 m m) K a p ell e − O p − D e n − B o s R MI ( 1 4. 5 k m, 7 3 6. 6 m m) 50

Z el e R MI ( 1 4. 9 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m) Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 2 0. 5 k m, 7 2 5 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s K a p ell e − O p − D e n − B o s R MI ( 1 4. 5 k m, 7 3 6. 6 m m) ●

30

●

●

0

● ●

●

●

20

40

60

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●

● ●

0

●

20

40

60

●

●

0

20

40

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●

60

●

●

● ●

● ● ●●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●

●

●

●

●

0

●

20

40

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 25

●

20

●

● ●

● ●

●

15

● ● ●

10

● ● ● ●

5

●

● ● ● ●

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

●

15 ● ●

5

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

6

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

● ●

●

J a n.

● ● ●

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

5

●

4

●

3

●

2

●

J ul.

A u g.

A pr.

M ay

● ●

● ●

●

● ● ●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

● ●

● ●

J a n.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

1 0

J u n.

M ar.

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

9

F e b.

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

0

● ●

● ● ●

10

0

3

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●

●

Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 2 0. 5 k m, 7 2 5 m m)

●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

●

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

● ●

S e p.

O ct.

●

●

●

●

N o v.

D e c.

B or n e m pl u 0 2 a 1000

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

● ●●

● ●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

20

Z el e R MI ( 1 4. 9 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m)

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

Ni e u w k er k e n R MI ( 1 0. 5 k m, 8 1 1. 5 m m) 40

Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 5 0 m m)

750 500 250 0 2014

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2015

2016

2017

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2018

2019

2020

✶✾

60

❆✳ ✸✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✸ ❛ ❇ ♦ ♦

♠❡❡ ❜❡❡❦

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 600 B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a ( 6 8 5. 2 m m) H a a c ht R MI ( 4. 4 k m, 7 1 3. 5 m m)

400

Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 1 0. 1 k m, 7 2 5 m m) Z a v e nt e m R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 6 4 2. 7 m m)

200

H er e nt R MI ( 1 1. 3 k m, 6 1 8. 5 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

100

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a ( 6 8 5. 2 m m) H a a c ht R MI ( 4. 4 k m, 7 1 3. 5 m m) Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 1 0. 1 k m, 7 2 5 m m)

50

Z a v e nt e m R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 6 4 2. 7 m m) H er e nt R MI ( 1 1. 3 k m, 6 1 8. 5 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s H a a c ht R MI ( 4. 4 k m, 7 1 3. 5 m m)

Si nt − K at elij n e − W a v er( A w s) R MI ( 1 0. 1 k m, 7 2 5 m m)

Z a v e nt e m R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 6 4 2. 7 m m)

●

H er e nt R MI ( 1 1. 3 k m, 6 1 8. 5 m m)

●

●

30 ●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

0

●●

● ●

● ● ●

●

● ●

10

20

30

●

●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●

●

40

● ●

●

●

0

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ● ●●

●

10

20

30

40

0

●

● ●

●

10

20

30

●

●●●

●

● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ●● ●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

40

0

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ●

●

●

10

20

30

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

20

● ● ●

●

● ●

● ● ●

●

●

10

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

●

● ●

15 ● ● ●

10

●

●

● ● ●

5

0

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

6 ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

● ● ● ●

● ●

J ul.

A u g.

M ar.

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

9

F e b.

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

0 J a n.

3

● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●

● ●● ●

● ●

●

●

● ●

S e p.

● ● ● ●

O ct.

● ●

N o v.

n u m b er of d a y s

●

● ●

● ●

D e c.

4

●

3

●

● ●

●

2

●

●

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

O ct.

N o v.

S e p.

●

D e c.

B o ort m e er b e e k pl u 0 3 a 1000

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

10

0

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

20

●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

●

Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 7 9 4 m m)

750 500 250 0 2011

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✵

40

❆✳ ✹✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✹ ❛ ❇ ✉ ❣ ❣ ❡

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 300 Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a ( 2 6 8. 7 m m) 200

A s s e br o e k R MI ( 3. 7 k m, 2 9 7. 1 m m) H o ut a v e R MI ( 8. 8 k m, 2 6 7. 7 m m) Li s s e w e g e R MI ( 8. 9 k m, 2 7 7. 9 m m)

100

K n o k k e − H ei st R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 3 2 9. 6 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a ( 2 6 8. 7 m m)

100

A s s e br o e k R MI ( 3. 7 k m, 2 9 7. 1 m m) H o ut a v e R MI ( 8. 8 k m, 2 6 7. 7 m m) 50

Li s s e w e g e R MI ( 8. 9 k m, 2 7 7. 9 m m) K n o k k e − H ei st R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 3 2 9. 6 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a A s s e br o e k R MI ( 3. 7 k m, 2 9 7. 1 m m)

●

0

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●

●

●

●

Li s s e w e g e R MI ( 8. 9 k m, 2 7 7. 9 m m) ●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

●

10

20

30

0

● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●

● ●

●

10

20

●● ●

●

30

0

●

●

●●● ●

● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●

●

10

20

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

30

●

●●

● ● ●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

●

● ● ●

●

●

● ●

0

10

20

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 25 20

● ●

15

●

● ● ● ● ● ●

5 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

M ay

J u n.

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ●

M ay

J u n.

●

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ● ● ●

● ●

5

J a n.

●

● ●

● ●

10

0

●

5. 0

0. 0

●

●

7. 5

2. 5

A pr.

● ● ●

15

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

1 0. 0

● ● ●

20

10

1 2. 5

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

M ay

J u n.

3

●

●

2

●

●

1

●

0

●

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

●

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

Br u g g e pl u 0 4 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 8 1 m m) 1000 750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

K n o k k e − H ei st R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 3 2 9. 6 m m) ●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●

●

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

5

●●

● ●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

H o ut a v e R MI ( 8. 8 k m, 2 6 7. 7 m m) ●

●●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s 15

2020

✷✶

30

❆✳ ✺✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✺ ❛ ❉ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✉ ✇

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 500 400

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a ( 4 3 4. 3 m m)

300

H el d er g e m R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 6 8. 8 m m) A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 8 8. 7 m m)

200

Dil b e e k R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 4 3 9. 5 m m) L e d e R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 4 0 8. 1 m m)

100 0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

120 90

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a ( 4 3 4. 3 m m) H el d er g e m R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 6 8. 8 m m)

60

A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 8 8. 7 m m) Dil b e e k R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 4 3 9. 5 m m)

30

L e d e R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 4 0 8. 1 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a H el d er g e m R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 6 8. 8 m m)

●

●

●

10

20

30

40

0

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●●

10

20

30

40

0

●

●● ●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●

●●

0

●

● ●●

●

● ●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●

● ●

●

● ●

●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ● ●●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

10

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ●

●

●

● ● ●

10 ● ● ● ●

●

15 ● ●

5

●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 1 0. 0

● ●

●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

0. 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

J u n.

J ul.

●

A pr.

M ay

●

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ●

A u g.

●

2

●

●

1

●

0

●

M ay

M ar.

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 3

● ●

7. 5

F e b.

● ● ●

●

0 J a n.

2. 5

● ●

10

0

5. 0

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

J a n.

A u g.

●

F e b.

M ar.

●

A pr.

●

●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

D e n d erl e e u w pl u 0 5 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 3 5 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

●

n u m b er of d a y s

5

●

L e d e R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 4 0 8. 1 m m) ●

●

●

15

Dil b e e k R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 4 3 9. 5 m m)

● ●

20

10

A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 7. 9 k m, 4 8 8. 7 m m)

●

n u m b er of d a y s

25

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✷

40

❆✳ ✻✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✻ ❛ ❊❧

El st pl u 0 6 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 750 El st pl u 0 6 a ( 8 0 6 m m) Si nt − M ari a − L at e m R MI ( 8. 7 k m, 7 0 7. 9 m m)

500

Z ul z e k e R MI ( 1 1. 9 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m) D er g n e a u S P W ( 1 5. 6 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m)

250

W ort e g e m R MI ( 1 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

El st pl u 0 6 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0 100

El st pl u 0 6 a ( 8 0 6 m m)

75

Si nt − M ari a − L at e m R MI ( 8. 7 k m, 7 0 7. 9 m m) Z ul z e k e R MI ( 1 1. 9 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m)

50

D er g n e a u S P W ( 1 5. 6 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m) W ort e g e m R MI ( 1 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

25 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

El st pl u 0 6 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Si nt − M ari a − L at e m R MI ( 8. 7 k m, 7 0 7. 9 m m)Z ul z e k e R MI ( 1 1. 9 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m)

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

D er g n e a u S P W ( 1 5. 6 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m)

W ort e g e m R MI ( 1 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

●

●

●

●

50 40

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

10

●

● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●

0

20

30

●

40

0

●

10

●

● ●

●

●

●

●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●

10

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

20

●

●

●

30

0

20

30

●

●

●

●

40

0

●

●

●

●

●

10

20

30

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

●

●

● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●

0

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ●

40

●

●

●

10

20

30

40

El st pl u 0 6 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

●

20

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ●

● ●

● ●

●

10

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

● ●

●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

10

● ● ● ● ●

5

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

● ●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

● ● ●

●

● ●

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

●

●

● ●

● ● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ● ●

0 J a n.

3

●

● ● ● ●

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

9

F e b.

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

15

0

6

● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

n u m b er of d a y s

●

n u m b er of d a y s

2

●

●

1

●

●

0 O ct.

N o v.

●

D e c.

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

●

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

El st pl u 0 6 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 2 3 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

125

750 500 250 0 2010

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✸

❆✳ ✼✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❛ ● ❡ ♥ ❦

G e n k pl u 0 7 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 90 G e n k pl u 0 7 a ( 8 4. 7 m m) Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 9 9. 9 m m)

60

Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 9 6. 8 m m) H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 9 2. 8 m m)

30

M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 1 0 8. 5 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

G e n k pl u 0 7 a

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

G e n k pl u 0 7 a ( 8 4. 7 m m)

40

Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 9 9. 9 m m) Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 9 6. 8 m m) 20

H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 9 2. 8 m m) M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 1 0 8. 5 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

G e n k pl u 0 7 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 9 9. 9 m m)

Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 9 6. 8 m m)

●

9

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 1 0 8. 5 m m) ●

●

●

●

6

H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 9 2. 8 m m) ●

●

●

● ●

●

●

3 ● ●

5

●

●● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ●

10

0

●

● ●●

● ●

●

●

●

5

●

● ● ●● ●●●●●●●

10

●

●●

● ●● ●

●● ●

● ●

0

5

10

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

● ●●● ● ● ●●

● ●

●

●

0

5

10

G e n k pl u 0 7 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ● ●

15 10

● ●

5

n u m b er of d a y s

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

0

6

● ●

3

F e b.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 5 4

● ●

9

0 J a n.

●

3

F e b.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 3

● ● ●

2 1 0

n u m b er of d a y s

●●●●● ●●●

0

●

● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

●

●

2

●

●

1

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

0 J a n.

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

F e b.

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

✷✹

●

❆✳ ✽✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✼ ❜ ● ❡ ♥ ❦

G e n k pl u 0 7 b c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0

600

G e n k pl u 0 7 b ( 6 7 9. 9 m m) Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m)

400

Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 6 8 8. 5 m m) H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 7 1 1. 5 m m)

200

M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

G e n k pl u 0 7 b

100

G e n k pl u 0 7 b ( 6 7 9. 9 m m) Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m) Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 6 8 8. 5 m m)

50

H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 7 1 1. 5 m m) M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

G e n k pl u 0 7 b s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 4. 6 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m)

Z o n h o v e n R MI ( 1 1. 6 k m, 6 8 8. 5 m m)

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

●

H o ut h al e n R MI ( 1 3. 5 k m, 7 1 1. 5 m m)

●

M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 4. 4 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

●

●

30 ●

20

●

●

●

10

0

●

●● ●● ●●●

●

0

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●

20

30

0

●

●

●

● ● ●

10

20

30

0

10

●

20

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●

●

●

30

● ● ●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●● ●

●

●

●

●

●

10

●

●

●

●

●

●

●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●

0

● ●

●

10

20

30

G e n k pl u 0 7 b, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n n u m b er of d a y s

●

20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

10

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

15 10

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

5

0

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 5

●

●

4

●

3

●

● ●

6

● ●

● ● ● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

A pr.

● ● ●

● ● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ●

A u g.

M ar.

A pr.

J ul.

A u g.

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

M ay

J u n.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

●

S e p.

● ● ●

● ●

●

● ●

O ct.

N o v.

n u m b er of d a y s

9

F e b.

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

20

● ● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

n u m b er of d a y s

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

2

●

1

●

● ●

●

J a n.

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

●

●

0 D e c.

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

●

●

●

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

D e c.

✷✺

❆✳ ✾✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✽ ❛ ❑ ❛ ♥ ♥ ❡

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0

600

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a ( 6 4 4. 5 m m) L a n a y e S P W ( 2. 2 k m, 5 8 5. 2 m m)

400

Li e g e − M o n si n R MI ( 1 6. 3 k m, 7 4 4. 9 m m) M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 6. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

200

Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 1 9. 4 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

150 K a n n e pl u 0 8 a ( 6 4 4. 5 m m)

100

L a n a y e S P W ( 2. 2 k m, 5 8 5. 2 m m) Li e g e − M o n si n R MI ( 1 6. 3 k m, 7 4 4. 9 m m) M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 6. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

50

Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 1 9. 4 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m) 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Li e g e − M o n si n R MI ( 1 6. 3 k m, 7 4 4. 9 m m)

●

20

●

10

20

●

● ● ● ● ●

●

●

●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●

30

0

●

● ● ● ● ●

●●

●●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

●

10

20

●

● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●

30

●

●

●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●

0

●

●● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

10

● ●

●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●

●

20

30

● ● ● ●

● ●

●

●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

●

0

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

10

20

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 25

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

20

●

● ● ●

15

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

10

● ● ●

● ●

A pr.

M ay

5

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ● ● ● ●

●

15 10

● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

5

0

●

● ● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

6

● ●

● ● ● ● ● ●

0 F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

● ● ●

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

● ●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

9

3

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ● ● ●

●

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

● ● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ●

A u g.

●

● ● ●

● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ● ● ● ●●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

6 ●

4 2

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

0

●

●

●

J a n.

D e c.

●

●

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

●

●

●

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

●

●

K a n n e pl u 0 8 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 7 7 0 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

5

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●

●● ●●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

●

● ●

●

● ●

Di e p e n b e e k A w s R MI ( 1 9. 4 k m, 6 5 6. 3 m m)

●

● ●●

15

M a a s m e c h el e n R MI ( 1 6. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 8 m m)

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

L a n a y e S P W ( 2. 2 k m, 5 8 5. 2 m m)

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✻

30

❆✳ ✶ ✵✳

♣❧ ✉ ✵ ✾ ❛ ▲ ♦✲ ❋✐ ♥ ❡❧ ❡

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 1000 750

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a ( 7 1 2. 3 m m) H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 6 7 5. 7 m m)

500

B e er st R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 9 7 5. 8 m m) P a s s e n d al e R MI ( 2 1. 6 k m, 7 3 5. 3 m m)

250

H o o gl e d e R MI ( 2 3. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 4 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a

100

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a ( 7 1 2. 3 m m) H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 6 7 5. 7 m m) B e er st R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 9 7 5. 8 m m)

50

P a s s e n d al e R MI ( 2 1. 6 k m, 7 3 5. 3 m m) H o o gl e d e R MI ( 2 3. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 4 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 2. 5 k m, 6 7 5. 7 m m)

B e er st R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 9 7 5. 8 m m)

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

P a s s e n d al e R MI ( 2 1. 6 k m, 7 3 5. 3 m m)

H o o gl e d e R MI ( 2 3. 8 k m, 7 5 2. 4 m m)

●

●

●

●

40

30 ●

●

●

●

●

20

10

● ●●

●

0

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

20

30

●

40

0

●

● ● ● ●

● ●●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●

●

10

●

●

●

●

●

●

20

30

40

0

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●

●

10

●

●

●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●

●

●

●

● ●

●●

0

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

● ●●

●

●

●

●

10

20

30

●●

●

● ●

● ●●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●

●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

40

0

●

●

10

20

30

40

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●● ●

20

● ●

● ●●

10

●●●

●

●

● ●

●

25

● ●● ●

● ●

● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

n u m b er of d a y s

30

●● ● ● ● ●●

●●●

●

● ● ●

15

● ● ● ●

10

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

● ● ●

● ●

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

● ● ● ● ●

●

●

0 J a n.

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

● ● ● ●

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ● ●

A u g.

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

●

● ●

● ● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

10

F e b.

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

5

D e c.

●

● ●

0 J a n.

5

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

20

0

n u m b er of d a y s

● ● ●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

4

●

3

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

2

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

●

● ●

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

●

D e c.

L o − Fi nt el e pl u 0 9 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 7 9 3 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✼

❆✳ ✶ ✶✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✵ ❛ ▲ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡❧

L o m m el pl u 1 0 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 750 L o m m el pl u 1 0 a ( 6 8 4. 1 m m) B al e n R MI ( 9 k m, 8 8 7. 8 m m)

500

D e s s el R MI ( 9. 8 k m, 7 1 8. 6 m m) O o st h a m R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 6 4 4. 2 m m)

250

H e c ht el − E k s el R MI ( 1 5. 4 k m, 6 7 5. 3 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

L o m m el pl u 1 0 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

150 L o m m el pl u 1 0 a ( 6 8 4. 1 m m) 100

B al e n R MI ( 9 k m, 8 8 7. 8 m m) D e s s el R MI ( 9. 8 k m, 7 1 8. 6 m m) O o st h a m R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 6 4 4. 2 m m)

50

H e c ht el − E k s el R MI ( 1 5. 4 k m, 6 7 5. 3 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

L o m m el pl u 1 0 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s B al e n R MI ( 9 k m, 8 8 7. 8 m m)

D e s s el R MI ( 9. 8 k m, 7 1 8. 6 m m)

O o st h a m R MI ( 1 5. 3 k m, 6 4 4. 2 m m)

●

●

H e c ht el − E k s el R MI ( 1 5. 4 k m, 6 7 5. 3 m m)

●

●

20 ●

● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●

●

0

0

● ●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ●

●

●

● ● ●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●

● ● ●

●

●

10

20

30

●● ● ● ●● ●

●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

0

●

10

20

●

●

● ●●●●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ●●●●●

●

●

30

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

0

10

20

●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●

●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

●

●

30

0

●

● ●

●● ●

●

● ●● ●

●

● ●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●●

● ● ●

● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●

●

●

● ● ●

●

● ●

●

● ●

● ●

10

20

L o m m el pl u 1 0 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ●

20

● ● ●

●

●

●

● ● ●

10

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

●

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

5

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

● ●

10

● ●

5

D e c.

●

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

● ● ● ● ●

F e b.

●

● ●

0 J a n.

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ●

● ● ●

M ay

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

● ● ●

F e b.

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

10

● ● ●

●

0 J a n.

5

●

15

0

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ●

M ay

● ● ●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

● ●

● ●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

● ● ●

●

6 ●

4 ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

●

●

2 0

S e p.

● ●

●

A pr.

●

M ay

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

● ● ●

●

N o v.

D e c.

L o m m el pl u 1 0 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 4 4 m m) 1000

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

10

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

15

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

25

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✽

30

❆✳ ✶ ✷✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✶ ❛ ▲ ♦

L ot pl u 1 1 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 800 L ot pl u 1 1 a ( 7 2 4. 9 m m)

600

B ui zi n g e n R MI ( 4. 7 k m, 8 3 1. 1 m m) 400

U c cl e Vi v a q u a R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 4 3 m m) U c cl e − U k k el ( O u v ert) R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 5 0. 2 m m)

200

U c cl e S P W ( 7. 1 k m, 6 9 2. 9 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

L ot pl u 1 1 a

100

L ot pl u 1 1 a ( 7 2 4. 9 m m) B ui zi n g e n R MI ( 4. 7 k m, 8 3 1. 1 m m) U c cl e Vi v a q u a R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 4 3 m m)

50

U c cl e − U k k el ( O u v ert) R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 5 0. 2 m m) U c cl e S P W ( 7. 1 k m, 6 9 2. 9 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

L ot pl u 1 1 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s B ui zi n g e n R MI ( 4. 7 k m, 8 3 1. 1 m m)

U c cl e Vi v a q u a R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 4 3 m m)

50

●

U c cl e − U k k el ( O u v ert) R MI ( 6. 9 k m, 7 5 0. 2 m m)

●

U c cl e S P W ( 7. 1 k m, 6 9 2. 9 m m)

●

●

40 30

●

●

20 ●

●

10

●

●

●

20

30

40

●

● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ●

50

0

● ● ●●

●

20

30

40

●

50

0

● ● ●

●

●

●

10

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●● ● ●

●

10

●

●

●

20

30

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

40

● ●

● ● ●

●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●

50

0

10

●

20

30

40

50

L ot pl u 1 1 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

●

●

● ● ● ●

10 ● ● ●

● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ●

15

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

5

●

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

●

J u n.

J ul.

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

● ●

● ● ●

10

0

M ay

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 4

●

●

●

●

7. 5

● ●

5. 0

●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

20

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

● ●

2. 5

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

0. 0 F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

3

●

2

●

●

1

●

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

● ●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

0

●

J a n.

n u m b er of d a y s

0

●

●

●

●

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

L ot pl u 1 1 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 4 4 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

750 500 250 0 2010

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✷✾

❆✳ ✶ ✸✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✷ ❛ ❘ ♦ ♥ ❡

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 800 600

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a ( 7 0 0. 9 m m) D er g n e a u S P W ( 3. 3 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m)

400

Z ul z e k e R MI ( 5. 5 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m) T hi m o u gi e s R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 7 7 8. 3 m m)

200

H eri n n e s R MI ( 1 3. 6 k m, 7 3 5 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

125 100

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a ( 7 0 0. 9 m m)

75

D er g n e a u S P W ( 3. 3 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m) Z ul z e k e R MI ( 5. 5 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m)

50

T hi m o u gi e s R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 7 7 8. 3 m m) H eri n n e s R MI ( 1 3. 6 k m, 7 3 5 m m)

25 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Z ul z e k e R MI ( 5. 5 k m, 7 8 1. 3 m m)

●

T hi m o u gi e s R MI ( 1 2. 3 k m, 7 7 8. 3 m m)

●

H eri n n e s R MI ( 1 3. 6 k m, 7 3 5 m m)

●

●

30 ●

20

●

10

●

●

● ●

20

30

40

0

●

● ●

20

30

40

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●

50

●

●

●

● ● ● ●● ●

10

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●●

●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●

50

●

●●

●

●

●

●

●

0

● ●

●

10

20

30

40

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●

50

0

●

● ●●

●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

● ●

10

20

30

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ●

● ● ●

20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ●

●

●

● ●

●

10

● ●

● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

●

●

● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

● ●

10

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

9 6

●

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

● ●

J ul.

● ●

F e b.

● ●

3 ●

●

● ●

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

2

1

0 A u g.

J u n.

J ul.

●

● ● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ● ●

● ●

5

D e c.

● ● ●

● ●

15

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

20

0

n u m b er of d a y s

0

●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●

●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

●

●

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

D e c.

R o n s e pl u 1 2 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 7 9 m m) 1000

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

10

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

D er g n e a u S P W ( 3. 3 k m, 6 9 0. 2 m m)

750 500 250 0 2011

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✵

40

50

❆✳ ✶ ✹✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✸ ❛ ❙✐ ♥ ✲ ❇ ❛ ❛❢ ✲ ❱✐❥ ✈ ❡

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 1000 750

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a ( 6 3 3. 7 m m) Kr ui s h o ut e m R MI ( 8. 4 k m, 7 6 2. 1 m m)

500

I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 9. 3 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m) W ort e g e m R MI ( 9. 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

250

M ei g e m R MI ( 1 2 k m, 7 5 4. 1 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

150 Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a ( 6 3 3. 7 m m) 100

Kr ui s h o ut e m R MI ( 8. 4 k m, 7 6 2. 1 m m) I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 9. 3 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m) W ort e g e m R MI ( 9. 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

50

M ei g e m R MI ( 1 2 k m, 7 5 4. 1 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a Kr ui s h o ut e m R MI ( 8. 4 k m, 7 6 2. 1 m m)

I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 9. 3 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m)

W ort e g e m R MI ( 9. 6 k m, 8 6 4. 7 m m)

●

●

20

30

40

50

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●

60

0

10

●●

●

●● ●●

●

● ●

●

20

30

40

50

60

● ●●

● ●

0

●

●

●

●●

●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

10

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●● ●

●

20

30

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

40

50

60

0

10

● ● ●

●

●

●

20

30

40

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

●

●

●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

10 ● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

15

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

5

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

● ●

0

● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

4

●

3

●

●

●

●

2

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

A pr.

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

●

●

1 0

●

J a n.

M ar.

● ● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

9

F e b.

● ● ●

● ●

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

● ● ●

10

0

6

● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

10

D e c.

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

● ●

J u n.

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

●

● ●

S e p.

O ct.

●

N o v.

D e c.

Si nt − B a af s − Vij v e pl u 1 3 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 2 0 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

●

● ●

●

●

●

● ● ●

●● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●

●

●

●

●

10

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

20

●

●

M ei g e m R MI ( 1 2 k m, 7 5 4. 1 m m)

●

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s

750 500 250 0 2010

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✶

50

60

❆✳ ✶ ✺✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✹ ❛ ❙✐ ♥ ✲ ▲ ❛ ✉ ❡✐ ♥

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 750 Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a ( 7 2 7. 2 m m) W at erl a n d − O u d e m a n R MI ( 6. 8 k m, 7 5 1. 2 m m)

500

B a s s e v el d e R MI ( 9. 4 k m, 8 5 4 m m) Ur s el R MI ( 1 1. 2 k m, 8 1 8. 6 m m)

250

Z o m er g e m R MI ( 1 4 k m, 7 4 0. 2 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a

100

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a ( 7 2 7. 2 m m) W at erl a n d − O u d e m a n R MI ( 6. 8 k m, 7 5 1. 2 m m) B a s s e v el d e R MI ( 9. 4 k m, 8 5 4 m m)

50

Ur s el R MI ( 1 1. 2 k m, 8 1 8. 6 m m) Z o m er g e m R MI ( 1 4 k m, 7 4 0. 2 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s W at erl a n d − O u d e m a n R MI ( 6. 8 k m, 7 5 1. 2 m m)

B a s s e v el d e R MI ( 9. 4 k m, 8 5 4 m m)

Ur s el R MI ( 1 1. 2 k m, 8 1 8. 6 m m)

●

●

Z o m er g e m R MI ( 1 4 k m, 7 4 0. 2 m m)

●

●

40

●

30 ●

●

● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●

●

●

●

10

20

30

40

50

0

10

●●

20

30

●

●

40

50

0

● ●

●●

●

● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●● ●● ● ●●● ●

10

20

30

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ●●

40

50

0

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ● ●

10

20

30

40

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

● ● ●

20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

●

● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

10

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

● ● ● ● ● ●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

●

● ●

●

● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ● ●● ●●●●●●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

● ● ●

● ● ●

5

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 9

J a n.

●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

●

● ● ● ●

● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ●

●

6

F e b.

● ● ●

● ● ●

5

●

0

● ● ●

● ● ●

10

●

● ●

15

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

20

0

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ● ●

4 ●

●

2

●

●

●

●

●

1 0

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

●

J a n.

D e c.

●

●

3

●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

●

S e p.

O ct.

●

Si nt − L a ur ei n s pl u 1 4 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 9 1 9 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

20

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

750 500 250 0 2012

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✷

50

❆✳ ✶ ✻✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✺ ❛ ❚✐ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♥

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 600 Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a ( 6 5 1. 1 m m) H o ut e m R MI ( 2. 8 k m, N A m m)

400

H el e ci n e S P W ( 6. 7 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m) R a n s b er g R MI ( 1 1. 7 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m)

200

K or b e e k − L o R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 6 8 0. 9 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a

100

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a ( 6 5 1. 1 m m) H o ut e m R MI ( 2. 8 k m, N A m m) H el e ci n e S P W ( 6. 7 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m)

50

R a n s b er g R MI ( 1 1. 7 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m) K or b e e k − L o R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 6 8 0. 9 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s H o ut e m R MI ( 2. 8 k m, N A m m)

H el e ci n e S P W ( 6. 7 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m)

●

R a n s b er g R MI ( 1 1. 7 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m)

K or b e e k − L o R MI ( 1 4. 3 k m, 6 8 0. 9 m m)

●

40

●

●

●

●

●

●

30 ●

●

20

0

● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●●

0

●

●

●

●●

10

●

●

●

10

20

30

40

0

●

●

20

30

40

0

10

● ●

● ● ●

20

30

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●

40

●● ●● ●● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●

0

●

●

●

● ● ●

●●

10

●

●

●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●

●

● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●●

●

● ●

10

20

30

40

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 20 15

● ● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

10

● ●

● ● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

5

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

●

●

●

● ● ● ●

10

● ● ●

5

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 1 0. 0

n u m b er of d a y s

7. 5 ● ●

● ● ● ●

0. 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ●

● ●

M ay

●

J u n.

J ul.

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

A u g.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ●

A pr.

M ay

● ● ● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 6

● ●

● ●

F e b.

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

0 J a n.

2. 5

● ●

15

0

5. 0

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

n u m b er of d a y s

25

n u m b er of d a y s

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

●

4

● ●

●

2

0 D e c.

●

●

J a n.

●

F e b.

M ar.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

● ●

S e p.

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Ti e n e n pl u 1 5 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 7 2 5 m m) 800

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

600 400 200 0 2011

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✸

❆✳ ✶ ✼✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✻ ❛ ❱❧ ❛ ♠ ❡

✐ ♥❣❡

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 600

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a ( 6 9 4. 5 m m) H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, 6 7 5. 7 m m)

400

C o mi n e s − É cl u s e S P W ( 1 5. 7 k m, 6 8 2. 4 m m) P a s s e n d al e R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 3 5. 3 m m)

200

B eit e m A w s R MI ( 2 2. 9 k m, 6 7 5. 8 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a

90

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a ( 6 9 4. 5 m m) H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, 6 7 5. 7 m m)

60

C o mi n e s − É cl u s e S P W ( 1 5. 7 k m, 6 8 2. 4 m m) P a s s e n d al e R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 3 5. 3 m m)

30

B eit e m A w s R MI ( 2 2. 9 k m, 6 7 5. 8 m m)

0 F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

H o ut h ul st R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, C6 o7 5.mi 7n em s m) − É cl u s e S P W ( 1 5. 7 k m,P a6 s8 s2.e 4n dm alm)e R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 3B 5.eit3 e m m m)A w s R MI ( 2 2. 9 k m, 6 7 5. 8 m m) ●

50

●

●

●

40 30 ●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●

●

●

●

●

10

● ● ●●

● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●

20

●

0

●

● ●●

●

● ●

●

●

●

● ● ●

0

●

● ●

● ●

10

●

●

20

0

● ●

10

● ●

●

● ●●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●

20

0

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

●●

● ● ●

20

●

●

●

● ●

●

● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●

0

10

●

10

●●

● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

● ●

●

● ●

● ●

●

20

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

20

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

●

●

●

● ●● ●

●

● ●

●

10

● ●●

●

● ●

●

● ●

● ● ●●

● ●

● ● ●

● ●

●

●●

15

● ● ●

● ● ●

10

● ● ●

●

● ●

5

0 F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

5. 0

● ●

● ●

●

●

●

●

● ●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

0. 0

n u m b er of d a y s

●

●

●

● ●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ●

● ● ●

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

5

● ●

●

M ar.

● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

7. 5

F e b.

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

2. 5

● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

30

n u m b er of d a y s

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

4

●

●

3

●

2

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

●

A pr.

● ●

● ●

M ar.

● ●

M ay

●

J u n.

J ul.

●

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Vl a m erti n g e pl u 1 6 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 0 0 m m) 1000

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

J a n.

n u m b er of d a y s

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✹

❆✳ ✶ ✽✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✼ ❛ ❩ ❡❧ ❡

Z el e pl u 1 7 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 750 Z el e pl u 1 7 a ( 7 4 7. 8 m m) Z el e R MI ( 1. 2 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m)

500

L e d e R MI ( 9 k m, 7 8 5. 1 m m) L a ar n e R MI ( 1 5. 1 k m, 8 4 4. 5 m m)

250

A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, 8 7 6. 5 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Z el e pl u 1 7 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

150

Z el e pl u 1 7 a ( 7 4 7. 8 m m)

100

Z el e R MI ( 1. 2 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m) L e d e R MI ( 9 k m, 7 8 5. 1 m m) L a ar n e R MI ( 1 5. 1 k m, 8 4 4. 5 m m)

50

A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, 8 7 6. 5 m m) 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Z el e pl u 1 7 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s Z el e R MI ( 1. 2 k m, 7 9 6. 3 m m)

L e d e R MI ( 9 k m, 7 8 5. 1 m m)

L a ar n e R MI ( 1 5. 1 k m, 8 4 4. 5 m m)

●

A s s e − T er − H ei d e R MI ( 1 5. 5 k m, 8 7 6. 5 m m)

●

●

●

40 ●

●

20

40

60

●

80

0

20

40

60

● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●

80

●

● ●

●●

●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●●

●

0

20

40

60

80

●

●

●

0

●

●

●

●

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

20

●

40

60

Z el e pl u 1 7 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ●

20

● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

10

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

15 ● ●

10

● ● ●

● ● ● ●

5

0 F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 1 0. 0

●

● ● ● ● ●

●

5. 0

● ●

● ●

●

●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

●

●

● ● ●

● ●

0. 0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ●

● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ● ●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

● ●

7. 5

F e b.

● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

0 J a n.

2. 5

● ● ●

20

n u m b er of d a y s

0

● ●●● ● ●

● ●

●

●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

5

●

4

●

3

●

●

●

●

2

●

●

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

M ay

●

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

Z el e pl u 1 7 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 4 8 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

0

●

●

● ● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

●

●

● ●

20

●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

60

750 500 250 0 2009

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✺

80

❆✳ ✶ ✾✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✽ ❛ ❩ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✉ ✇

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 600 Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a ( 6 3 1. 2 m m) R a n s b er g R MI ( 5. 9 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m)

400

H el e ci n e S P W ( 1 3. 8 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m) K uri n g e n R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 0 5. 7 m m)

200

H o ut e m R MI ( 1 7. 6 k m, N A m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

100

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a ( 6 3 1. 2 m m) R a n s b er g R MI ( 5. 9 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m) H el e ci n e S P W ( 1 3. 8 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m)

50

K uri n g e n R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 0 5. 7 m m) H o ut e m R MI ( 1 7. 6 k m, N A m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s H el e ci n e S P W ( 1 3. 8 k m, 5 7 4. 6 m m)

●

●

●

20

30

40

50

0

●

10

20

30

40

50

●

10

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

20

30

40

●

● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●

50

●

●

●

● ●

0

●

●

●

●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ●

●

0

●

● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●

●

●

10

20

30

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 25

● ● ●

●

20

● ● ●

15

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

10 5

● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

● ●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ● ● ●

●

15 ● ● ●

10

● ●

● ● ● ●

5

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

J a n.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

6

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

● ●

M ay

J u n.

● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

J ul.

A u g.

M ar.

A pr.

● ● ● ●

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

● ● ●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 6

● ● ●

9

F e b.

● ●

● ●

● ●

0 J a n.

3

● ● ●

20

0

S e p.

● ● ● ●

● ●

O ct.

N o v.

● ●

4

● ●

●

2

●

●

●

●

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

D e c.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

●

M ay

●

●

●

J u n.

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

●

●

●

●

●

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Z o utl e e u w pl u 1 8 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 7 5 0 m m) 800

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

10

●

●

●●

● ●

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

0

●

● ●

●

●

● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ●●● ●● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●

●

●

0

●

●

●●

n u m b er of d a y s

● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ●●●● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●● ●●●●●● ●●● ●

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

10

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

H o ut e m R MI ( 1 7. 6 k m, N A m m)

●

●

20

●

K uri n g e n R MI ( 1 6. 6 k m, 7 0 5. 7 m m)

●

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

R a n s b er g R MI ( 5. 9 k m, 6 5 5. 8 m m) 30

600 400 200 0 2010

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✻

●

40

50

❆✳ ✷ ✵✳

♣❧ ✉ ✶ ✾ ❛ ❩ ✇ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♠

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a c u m ul at e d pr e ci pit ati o n ( m m)

c u m ul ati v e pr e ci pit ati o n i n 2 0 2 0 1000 750

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a ( 6 3 7. 7 m m) M o u s cr o n S P W ( 1 0. 6 k m, 8 0 8. 2 m m)

500

I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 1 0. 6 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m) M o u s cr o n R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 8 0 2. 7 m m)

250

W e v el g e m R MI ( 1 2. 4 k m, 7 0 6. 7 m m)

0 01−01

02−01

03−01

04−01

05−01

06−01

07−01

08−01

09−01

10−01

11−01

12−01

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a m o nt hl y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s i n 2 0 2 0

m o nt hl y t ot al ( m m)

150 Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a ( 6 3 7. 7 m m) 100

M o u s cr o n S P W ( 1 0. 6 k m, 8 0 8. 2 m m) I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 1 0. 6 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m) M o u s cr o n R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 8 0 2. 7 m m)

50

W e v el g e m R MI ( 1 2. 4 k m, 7 0 6. 7 m m)

0 J a n.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

s c att er pl ot of d ail y pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s M o u s cr o n S P W ( 1 0. 6 k m, 8 0 8. 2 m m)

20

5 0

●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● ● ●●●●●● ●●●● ●●

● ● ●

●

●●

0

●

●

●

●

●

20

40

60

● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ● ●●●

● ●● ● ● ●

●

0

●

20

40

60

W e v el g e m R MI ( 1 2. 4 k m, 7 0 6. 7 m m)

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●●● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ● ●●●● ●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●

●

M o u s cr o n R MI ( 1 1. 1 k m, 8 0 2. 7 m m)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

20

●

● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ●●●

●

●

0

●

● ●

●

40

d ail y t ot al at n ei g h b ori n g st ati o n ( m m)

60

●

●

● ●

●

0

20

40

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a, m o nt hl y n u m b er of pr e ci pit ati o n d a y s i n 2 0 2 0 N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 0. 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n 30

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 m m pr e ci pit ati o n ●

20

●

●●

●●●

● ●

● ●●

●

10

●● ●

●●

A pr.

M ay

● ●●

●●

● ●

●●

●●●

●● ●

●● ●

15 10

● ●

● ●

F e b.

M ar.

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

● ● ●

9

●

● ●

0 F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

●

J u n.

J ul.

A u g.

F e b.

M ar.

A pr.

M ay

5

● ●

● ●

● ●

● ●

●

●

J a n.

●

J u n.

J ul.

● ● ●

● ● ●

● ●

A u g.

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

●

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 1 0 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

●

● ●

● ● ● ●

● ● ●

● ● ●

J a n.

●

● ● ● ●

●

●

●

5

N u m b er of d a y s wit h at l e a st 5 m m pr e ci pit ati o n

3

● ● ●

● ● ●

0 J a n.

6

● ●

20

0

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

●

4

● ●

2

●

1

●

●

0

●

●

J a n.

F e b.

●

●

3

●

● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

M ar.

●

A pr.

M ay

J u n.

●

●

●

●

J ul.

A u g.

●

S e p.

O ct.

N o v.

D e c.

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a Ti m e s eri e s of a n n u al pr e ci pit ati o n t ot al s ( bl u e b ar s) v er s u s t h e cli m at e n or m al 1 9 9 1 − 2 0 2 0 ( h ori z o nt al li n e, 8 4 0 m m)

a n n u al t ot al ( m m)

10

●

●

n u m b er of d a y s

15

I n g el m u n st er R MI ( 1 0. 6 k m, 9 7 8. 8 m m)

● ●

n u m b er of d a y s

●

n u m b er of d a y s

25

n u m b er of d a y s

d ail y t ot al at HI C st ati o n ( m m)

Z w e v e g e m pl u 1 9 a

750

500

250

0 2011

❯ ♣ ❞ ❛ ❡✿ ❏ ✉❧ ② ✷✱ ✷ ✵ ✷ ✶

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

✇ ✇ ✇✳ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦✳ ❜ ❡

2017

2018

2019

2020

✸✼

60

D E P A R T M E N T M O BI LI T Y & P U B LI C W O R K S Fl a n d ers h y dr a uli c s R es e ar c h B er c h e ml ei 11 5, 21 4 0 A nt w er p T + 3 2 ( 0) 3 2 2 4 6 0 3 5 F + 3 2 ( 0) 3 2 2 4 6 0 3 6 w at er b o u w k u n di gl a b o @ vl a a n d er e n. b e w w w. fl a n d e rs h y d r a uli cs res e a r c h. b e