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SOUTHWEST RIVERSIDE COUNTY

CANCER RESOURCE

GUIDE 2019 EDITION

You have cancer...

What to expect Understanding Your Diagnosis Coping with Emotions Treatment Options Cancer and Your Finances Provider Resource Guide

COMPLETE GUIDE TO SOUTHWEST RIVERSIDE COUNTY CANCER SERVICES Presented by the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Treatment Task Force along with

VALLEY

NEWS

A Reeder Media Group Publication

We LIVE to Advance Healing

World-Class Cancer Care Near You. A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. Having the support of loved ones and the best team of medical experts by your side can help. At Loma Linda University Medical Center â€“ Murrieta, our specialists lead in the diagnosis and treatment of many types of cancers, working together to create a plan of action that fits your unique needs. Our faculty surgical oncologists specialize in minimally invasive techniques to treat a wide range of complex tumors for faster recovery and better outcomes. And our excellent standard of care earned us accreditation from the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons.

To learn more about our comprehensive cancer services, visit murrieta.lomalindahealth.org or call 951-290-4148.

MANY STRENGTHS. ONE MISSION.

The Largest Provider of Healthcare Services in Southwest Riverside County our Y d n i F all C n o e Surg 020

-1 . 9 7 8 l 800 eferra ree r for a f

Skilled, Board-Certified Cancer Surgeons On-site 24/7 Southwest Healthcare System, comprising the campuses of Inland Valley Medical Center and Rancho Springs Medical Center, offers advanced surgical cancer treatment. Whether you require a surgical procedure to prevent, diagnose or treat cancer, we are here to help.

Fighting Cancer on Many Fronts Southwest Healthcare System offers surgical care for cancers including: • • • • •

Bladder/Urologic Breast Colorectal Gynecologic Head and neck

• • • •

Hematology Pelvic Prostate Testicular

Choose Southwest Healthcare System The highly skilled surgeons at Southwest Healthcare System provide a range of surgical techniques, including minimally invasive and da Vinci® robot-assisted procedures. We take a multidisciplinary approach for better patient outcomes, even with complex cases.

Individual results may vary. There are risks associated with any surgical procedure. Talk with your doctor about these risks to find out if robotic or minimally invasive surgery is right for you. Physicians are independent practitioners who are not employees or agents of Southwest Healthcare System. The System shall not be liable for actions or treatments provided by physicians. For language assistance, disability accommodations and the non-discrimination notice, visit our website. 183529

SOUTHWEST HEALTHCARE SYSTEM INLAND VALLEY MEDICAL CENTER CAMPUS RANCHO SPRINGS MEDICAL CENTER CAMPUS Rancho Springs Campus 25500 Medical Center Drive Murrieta, CA, 92562 951-696-6000 swhealthcaresystem.com

Inland Valley Campus 36485 Inland Valley Drive Wildomar, CA, 92595 951-677-1111

Publisher’s Note If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with cancer, it is our hope and intention that this guide will be helpful to you. What you will find is that there are amazing resources locally and you do not have to fight this fight alone. In addition to medical and diagnostic services, there are teams of people ready and willing to walk with you, help you, and stand with you and your family. One of the things the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Treatment Task Force found in the Health Assessment and Research for Community study (HARC) was that people locally are more likely to survive cancer than in other areas, so that’s a great place to start! Cancer affects all of us in one way or another. Ironically, I have a biopsy scheduled the same day this resource guide is delivered. We know that early detection is a key component in fighting cancer. Several years ago, while I was fighting chronic diseases caused from inflammation, we realized that my markers for cancer were too high as well. My doctors and chiropractor started me on a new diet that changed my life.

Processed foods, sugar and a large number of carbohydrates I was eating were cut from my diet. I started an intermittent fasting and low carb, moderate protein diet with healthy nutrient and vitamin-rich foods. This helped rid me of diabetes, chronic hives, bursitis, rheumatoid arthri-

tis, asthma and 30 pounds. Will cancer be my next challenge? If so, I now know there are so many resources in this Valley that I am in a good place. Between faith, family, friends and resources, we have many things to be thankful for everyday and we are not alone. I would like to thank the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Treatment Task Force for the opportunity to publish this much-needed resource guide. City of Temecula Senior Analyst Betsy Lowrey and City of Temecula WRCOG Fellow Antonio Chavez were invaluable. Editor Kim Harris wrote stories and coordinated meaningful editorial and Project Coordinator Cindy Davis did an amazing job. Art Director Samantha Gorman always creates beautiful magazines for us and we are thankful for her and the rest of our support staff. Lastly, we would like to remember and dedicate this Resource Guide to Paul Bandong who was VP of Reeder Media/Valley News and passed away during the formation of the guide. The Resource Guide was his idea as he served on the Task Force and saw the need for a comprehensive guide to local resources. It was his last Reeder Media/Valley News project. Paul’s commitment to continually find ways to serve and help Valley News serve the community will never be forgotten. Many blessings to you on your journey.

2019 Edition

A Reeder Media Group Publication Publisher Julie Reeder Editor Kim Harris Copy Editor Stephanie Park Project Coordinator Cindy Davis Editorial Carrie Bacon Jami Buchanan McNees Leslee B. Cochrane, M.D. Ashlee Collins Dr. Sandra Finestone Kim Gerrish Kim Harris Wendy Herndon Halle Kowalewski Joel Lamon, M.D., F.A.C.P. Dr. Jenna LeComte-Hinely Dr. Maheswari Senthil Jennifer McMahon, DNP Jessica Young, RN, CBCN Advertising Sales Laurianna Briana Cindy Davis Josephine Mackenzie Graphics & Production Samantha Gorman Mylena Matheny

Julie Reeder

Publisher Reeder Media/Valley News SOUTHWEST RIVERSIDE COUNTY

RESOURCE CANCER GUIDE

Support Margot Meese Anna Mullen Special Thanks to Southwest Riverside County Cancer Treatment Task Force Betsy Lowrey Antonio Chavez

Please note: Reeder Media/Valley News has made every attempt to verify and document all of the information contained in the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide. If you have information or comments that would help us improve our 2020 edition, which is now in its planning stages, we ask that you contact our office at (951) 763-5510. We welcome your comments and suggestions. The Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide and all content is copyright 2019 by Village News, Inc.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

The Southwest Riverside County

REGIONAL CANCER TREATMENT TASK FORCE Assessing Local Cancer Care and Community Access to Information By City of Temecula on behalf of the Southwest Riverside County Regional Task Force

nitiated by the City of Temecula, the Southwest Riverside County Regional Cancer Treatment Task Force met over the span of two years with a primary objective to understand, and help address, local residents’ requests for additional cancer-specific medical services and resources closer to home. Undeniably, the effort spent coordinating and traveling from the southwest Riverside County region (comprised of the cities of Menifee, Murrieta, Wildomar, Lake Elsinore, Canyon Lake, Temecula and surrounding unincorporated areas) to San Diego, Orange County or Los Angeles for specialized cancer care can add a significant amount of stress on patients and their families who are already burdened with difficult challenges of battling a major illness. The task force hired HARC Inc., a nonprofit research organization, to assess the availability of regional treatment resources across the continuum of cancer care including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and post-treatment, and to assist in developing strategies to address what gaps, if any, exist. HARC conducted a secondary data analysis, “What Do We Know About Cancer in the Region” and a “Southwest Riverside County Cancer Care Needs Assessment.” These reports are on the Task Force webpage: https://temeculaca.gov/1149/ Regional-Cancer-Treatment-Task-Force. Among many other findings, the HARC data suggested there is a need to improve outreach to the community about the availability of local cancer care services so that residents are better informed of their options for medical treatment and resources located in Southwest Riverside County. As a result, the Task Force worked with Reeder Media to develop the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide. We hope this Resource Guide is helpful to those seeking health and healing. If you are a provider of medical services or resources that benefit cancer patients, and wish to be included in a future issue, please contact valleyeditor@ reedermedia.com. What else did we learn? The good news is people living in southwest Riverside County are statistically less likely to get cancer, excluding skin cancer, than those in California or the U.S. and more likely to survive it. Still, more than 900 die from cancer in southwest Riverside County each year. About half of local cancer deaths are due to cancers of digestive organs, e.g., stomach, small intestine, colon, anus, liver, pancreas, etc., and respiratory and intrathoracic organs, e.g, lungs, bronchus, larynx, etc.

Approximately 26 percent of cancer patients and survivors traveled 50 miles or more for treatment. Providers refer patients out of the area usually due to clinical trials, rare types of cancer and alternative therapeutic options. It may also be related to healthcare insurance or pediatric cancer care. These medical needs and opportunities are worth exploring to expand within our region. In addition, the HARC reports suggest adding more primary and family physicians to meet the region’s growing population for preventative care and cancer screening by general practitioners. To help in this effort, residency programs are key to attracting future physicians and hospitals in our region have announced new residency programs to begin as early as 2019. Jacob’s House is a home of refuge where families and loved ones of those in hospitalized traumatic medical need can find hope, comfort, peace and inspiration. We are a community resource dedicated to serving families in crisis. We do this by providing lodging of families for the physical, emotional and spiritual support of each guest.

Jacob’s House never turns anyone away for their inability to pay! If you wish to DONATE to HELP families in crisis: You can make an online tax deductible donation at www.jacobshousetemecula.org OR Ask your employer to add Jacob’s House to your employee giving campaign. OR Become A Key Partner by donating monthly to Jacob’s House. We call them our Key Partners because they keep the doors open for our families in crisis. You can cover the cost for a family to stay one night at Jacob’s House by donating as little as $20.00 a month.

(951) 452-2627

Registered Charity: 26-1183832

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

31525 Jedediah Smith Road Temecula, CA 92592

Additionally, the Task Force created the region’s first-ever multijurisdictional collaborative video highlighting southwest Riverside County and inviting physicians and specialty cancer care centers from across the state and country to explore healthcare opportunities within our region: temeculaca.gov/1149/Regional-CancerTreatment-Task-Force. Milestones Several significant milestones have been accomplished in southwest Riverside County throughout the course of the twoyear Regional Cancer Treatment Task Force: Loma Linda University Medical Center – Murrieta Cancer Program earned National Accreditation by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons for its cancer program. Michelle’s Place, a local cancer resource center, previously focused on breast cancer has expanded their services to assist individuals with any type of cancer. The office also moved into a larger building to provide more cancer resources to the region. Temecula Valley Hospital is the primary teaching site for two new residency programs – Internal Medicine and Family Medicine – anticipated to start in 2019. This program is part of a larger graduate medical education to ultimately include 150 residents creating a strong teaching hospital that supports the growth of Temecula Valley.

Wildomar is home to Pop. 36,287

Median Age 52

38% of Land Undeveloped

Size: 24 Sq. Miles Centrally Located in SW Riverside County on the I15 Fwy

Rady Children’s opened a newly constructed 60,000-squarefoot Medical Plaza in Murrieta in 2018 providing added pediatric medical care to the region. Kaiser Permanente opened a newly constructed 82,000square-foot medical office facility in 2018 in Murrieta. City of Hope opened radiation oncology sites in Wildomar and Temecula in 2018. Hemet Valley Medical Center, a partner hospital to Menifee Valley Medical Center, includes a Residency Program for Diagnostic Radiology, Internal Medicine and Transitional Year that will expand in 2019 to also include Family Practice bringing more doctors to live and work in the region. Local Cancer Statistics Prevalence: Approximately 6.1 percent of adults in southwest Riverside County have been diagnosed with cancer, excluding skin cancer. Incidence: Approximately 1,994 new cases of cancer are diagnosed each year in southwest Riverside County. The most common types are prostate, breast, lung and uterus. Surgery: Approximately one-third of southwest Riverside County patients have oncology surgery performed locally, one-third travel long distances and one-third travel to other parts of the county. Survivors: There are approximately 22,400 cancer survivors or people living with cancer in southwest Riverside County.

• Inland Valley Medical Center Designated Trauma Center in Southwest Riverside County • City of Hope Wildomar Radiation Oncology • Kaiser Permanente Wildomar Medical Offices Inc. July 1, 2008

Over 2200+ Residential Units Planned

Est. in 1886

Rural Ranch Community Lifestyle

Developing Parks & Trails Network

City of Wildomar Vision Statement: The City of Wildomar will be a Safe and Active Community with Responsible Growth and Quality Infrastructure While Keeping a Hometown Feel.

www.cityofwildomar.org 6

28873 Clinton Keith Road, Suite 201 Wildomar, CA 92595

951.677.7751 • Fax 951.698.1463 City Hall Hours: Mon-Thurs 8am-5pm

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

SOUTHWEST RIVERSIDE COUNTY REGIONAL CANCER TREATMENT TASK FORCE MEMBERS AND STAKEHOLDERS COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE Chuck Washington, County Supervisor, 3rd District Sundae Sayles, Legislative Assistant CITY OF LAKE ELSINORE Steve Manos, Mayor Grant Yates, City Manager Johnathan Skinner, Director of Community Services Nicole Dailey, Assistant to the City Manager Audrey Young, Management Analyst CITY OF MENIFEE Lesa Sobek, Council Member Armando Villa, City Manager Gina Gonzalez, Economic Development Director Kayla Charters, Economic Development Analyst CITY OF MURRIETA Rick Gibbs, Council Member (Former) Alan Long, Council Member (Former) Kim Summers, City Manager City of Murrieta Economic Development Department CITY OF TEMECULA Michael Naggar, Mayor Maryann Edwards, Council Member Aaron Adams, City Manager Greg Butler, Assistant City Manager Kevin Hawkins, Director of Community Services Betsy Lowrey, Senior Management Analyst Erica Russo, Community Services Superintendent CITY OF WILDOMAR Tim Walker, Council Member (Former) Gary Nordquist, City Manager Janet Morales, Senior Administrative Analyst Cameron Luna, Community Services Intern WRCOG Andrea Howard, Program Manager Cynthia Mejia, Staff Analyst Antonio Chavez, City of Temecula Fellow AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY Cathy Zappia, Health Systems Manager, Hospitals MICHELLE’S PLACE Marilyn Watson, Founder Kim Gerrish, Executive Director HARC Jenna LeComte-Hinely, Ph.D., CEO Casey Leier, Ph.D., Director of Research & Evaluation

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

IEHP Dr. Bradley P. Gilbert, CEO Dr. Jennifer Sayles, Chief Medical Officer Victoria Ostermann, Director of Government Affairs Dr. Carrie Bacon, Family Medicine Program Director UHS Southern California Medical Education Consortium LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MURRIETA Peter Baker, Senior VP/Administrator Cheryl Allred, Cancer Program Administrator MENIFEE VALLEY MEDICAL CENTER Jeff Corless, VP/Strategic Communications/PIO INLAND VALLEY MEDICAL CENTER and RANCHO SPRINGS MEDICAL CENTER Brian Connors, Director of Marketing RIVERSIDE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SYSTEM - Public Health Salomeh Wagaw, Epidemiologist RIVERSIDE COUNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Sonya Jackson, Physician Workforce Development Director TEMECULA VALLEY HOSPITAL Darlene Wetton, CEO UC RIVERSIDE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Dr. Samar Nahas, GYN/ONC Division Director Dr. Michael Nduati, Associate Dean UC SAN DIEGO HEALTH Brandon Chase, Director, Business Development CITY OF HOPE Dan Ayer, Regional VP, Operations REEDER MEDIA Julie Reeder, President Kim Harris, Editor Cindy Davis, Senior Marketing Representative Paul Bandong, produced in Memoriam PHYSICIAN TASK FORCE MEMBERS Dr. Alberto Bessudo, Internal Medicine Dr. Amy Bremner, Surgical Oncology Dr. Richard Chinnock, Pediatrics Dr. Bruce Hayton, Internal Medicine & Oncology Dr. Jerry Hizon, Family Practice Dr. David Horner, Family Practice Dr. Arun Kalra, Hematology Oncology Dr. Evelyn Mendoza, Hematology Oncology Dr. Kishore Sehgal, Hematology Oncology Dr. Julie Schwenka, Pharm.D Dr. Tara Washington, Radiation Oncology

Need for a Local Cancer Resource Center Continues to Grow

By Kim Gerrish Michelle’s Place Executive Director

here are 1,994 new cases of cancer diagnosed each year in southwest Riverside County. And, there are over 22,000 cancer survivors and people living with cancer. Just about a quarter of those patients traveled at least 50 miles or more to get treatment. Because our region is not a major metropolitan area, resources for cancer treatment and support are limited. In fact, there are very limited support services available. In 2017 the Cancer Task Force of Southwest Riverside County surveyed the cancer community. They asked cancer patients, survivors, providers and caregivers about the needs in our community. The survey found that the largest need for cancer patients was finding resources. Thirty-two percent of cancer patients and survivors needed help finding local support and resources. Twenty-four percent needed help paying for treatment and 24 percent needed help applying for benefits. Having a resource center available to families who are facing cancer where they can find information on the latest in cancer treatment, clinical trials, holistic health and other services relevant to their cancer is imperative. As the community continues to grow, the need for these types of services will also grow. Physicians today do not have the time and availability to spend with their patients talking about their needs and concerns around their cancer.

Caregivers have no one to relieve them when they are tired. And, families don’t know what to say or do to support their loved ones during the cancer journey. Ideally, a cancer resource center would provide a variety of support groups, access to patient navigators, financial assistance, a library, various classes offering education, insight, exercise and relaxation methods. It would be a safe place for cancer patients to find information as well as resources to help in the healing process. A key component to providing patients with support is the patient navigator. Patient navigators walk through the cancer journey with patients. Navigators provide information and access to resources. Most people are not prepared with how or what to do when they are given a cancer diagnosis. No one plans on getting cancer. So, when you are diagnosed with cancer, fear and confusion can quickly settle in. A patient navigator is there to listen and help you find resources to help you through your journey. They can also offer questions to ask your doctor and insight into your new diagnosis. Michelle’s Place Cancer Resource Center provides information and resources for people facing cancer. In this guide, you will find information on Michelle’s Place as well as other resources available to cancer patients in our community.

By Kim Harris Editor

am a breast cancer survivor. I went through my treatment process while living on the East Coast and found care there to be easy to manage and navigate. But since I have had two brain metastasis thanks to that pesky BRCA2 gene I inherited from my father’s side of the family, I need constant follow-up care, something that has proven to be difficult in southwest Riverside County. Since relocating to the area in November 2012, I have had to drive to San Diego for my follow-up 8

appointments which include PET scans, MRIs, bone density scans, bloodwork and countless other tests. With my busy schedule, these appointments have proven to be difficult at best. So why do I drive to San Diego for my ongoing cancer care? The answer is twofold. Part of the issue is the lack of oncologists in the area who accept TRICARE, the insurance that we carry as a military family. On my last check, there were only six oncologists in the area accepting new patients who accept our Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

insurance, and with a large military populapattern as I wait for the military to send my I am a breast cancer tion, getting an appointment is problematic medical records to this clinic. for me. I don’t have the statistics, but I do By the time you read this, it is likely that I need know that many military families – both acmy annual checkup will be more than a year constant follow-up care. tive duty and retirees – call southwest Riverlate due to the issues that I am experiencside County home. ing. And for someone who has a history of Without oncologists to serve our needs, brain metastasis, this wait could be a potenmany people are forced to fight traffic to get tially life-threatening situation. to their appointments, including people with active cancer, receivI can honestly say that while we have high quality health care in ing life-saving treatments. If there is one thing I do know, cancer the region, there is a need for more in southwest Riverside County. patients do not want to drive over an hour and sometimes more in Don’t get me wrong, we have some great organizations who can traffic after receiving a chemo or radiation treatment. It’s a prob- help navigate through the process. Michelle’s Place is top notch lem that many people I know have struggled with. and I highly recommend them, Susan G. Komen IE is also super The other issue is a more pressing one, in my opinion; while helpful. There are many more knowledgeable and caring medical the HARC report says we have enough oncologists to serve our professionals and nonprofit organizations throughout the area and population, I think we could use more, especially those who ac- all are a great resource for those in need of help, but I just need cept TRICARE. to be able to see an oncologist on a regular basis, something that The number of oncologists accepting TRICARE in the area is so has proven to be difficult at best. low, in fact, that the wait times to see an oncologist for follow-up When I look at social media sites and see so many from southcare is, in my experience, a several months wait. west Riverside County battling this debilitating disease, I can see I am currently attempting to change my oncologist to a local why it is difficult to get an appointment in town. Those who have clinic with great reviews. I jumped through all the hoops, filled active cancers definitely need to be a top priority, but as a survivor out my paperwork, sent it to the office. Now I am in a holding who needs ongoing care, my needs are important as well.

survivor...

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Emotions Living Your What About About Life Through Clinical Cancer Treatment Trials 25 30 35

Table of Contents

Supportive Treatments

5 The Southwest Riverside County Regional Cancer Treatment Task Force Assessing Local Cancer Care and Community Access to Information

8 Need for a Local Cancer Resource Center Continues to Grow

39 Cancer Insurance: Preparing for the Unexpected

40 Eating for Pleasure Is the Optimal Cancer Diet for Patients

42 Patient Navigation Proves to Reduce Cancer Mortality

43 How to Survive the Financial Burden of Cancer

45 Palliative Care â€“ Truth and Misconceptions

46 What Every Cancer Patient Should Know About Hospice Care and Hospice of the Valleys

48 Planning on a Future After Cancer

12 What is Cancer? 18 Demographics and Cancer: Whatâ€™s My Risk?

You Have Cancer, Now What?

25 Coping with Emotions About Cancer

26 Cancer Diagnosis, a Life-Changing Experience

27 Understanding Your Diagnosis

29 Online Research for Cancer Requires Vigilance

30 Living Your Life Through Treatment, a Survivor Story

31 Cancer Takes an Emotional Toll

Provider Resource Guide

What About Treatment?

49 Local Oncologists

32 Types of Cancer Treatment

50 Local Resources

33 How to Decide What Treatment is Best

58 Online & Phone Resources

34 Getting a Second Opinion after a Cancer Diagnosis

Glossary

35 What About Clinical Trials?

36 Long-Term Effects of Cancer

62 Glossary of Cancer Terms

38 Immunotherapy Offers New Hope for Cancer Patients 10

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

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What is

By National Cancer Institute www.cancer.gov

CANCER?

ancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form A dividing lung cancer cell. new tumors far from the original tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening. Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, 12

unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping. In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells. Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor – an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors. Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system. Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with National Institute of Health photo the help of certain immune system cells that normally prevent a runaway immune response, cancer cells can actually keep the immune system from killing cancer cells. How Cancer Arises Cancer is a genetic disease – that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Genetic changes that cause cancer can be inherited from parents. They can also arise during a person’s lifetime as a result of errors that occur as cells divide or because of damage to DNA caused by certain environmental exposures. Cancer-causing environmental exposures include substances, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke, and radiation, such as ultraviolet rays from the sun. Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical units of inheritance. Genes are arranged in long strands of tightly packed DNA called chromosomes. Terese Winslow photo

In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (primary cancer), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (metastatic tumors) in other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. Terese Winslow photo

Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes. In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes, such as mutations in DNA, than normal cells. Some of these changes may have nothing to do with the cancer; they may be the result of the cancer, rather than its cause.

“Drivers” of Cancer The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes – proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer. Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or on-

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Health Insurance is complicated. Let’s review your coverage together and confirm your current coverage options. You can reach me at 844.514.3258 or jami@thehealthinsurancelady.com.

~Jami McNees, Bladder Cancer Survivor

License #0H98382

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

cancer that spreads to and forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast Terese Winslow photo cancer, not lung cancer. Under a microscope, metastatic cancer cells generally look the same as cells of the original cancer. Moreover, metastatic cancer cells and cells of the original cancer usually have some molecular features in common, such as the presence of specific chromosome changes. Treatment may help proCourtesy photo long the lives of some people with metastatic cancer. In Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the general, though, the primary cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer. goal of treatments for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to recogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not. lieve symptoms caused by it. Metastatic tumors can cause severe Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell damage to how the body functions, and most people who die of growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppres- cancer die of metastatic disease. sor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner. DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with Tissue Changes that Are Not Cancer mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in Not every change in the body’s tissues is cancer. Some tissue other genes. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to be- changes may develop into cancer if they are not treated, however. come cancerous. Here are some examples of tissue changes that are not cancer As scientists learned more about the molecular changes that but, in some cases, are monitored: lead to cancer, they found that certain mutations commonly occur Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster than in many types of cancer. Because of this, cancers are sometimes normal and extra cells build up or proliferate. However, the cells characterized by the types of genetic alterations that are believed and the way the tissue is organized look normal under a microto be driving them, not just by where they develop in the body and scope. Hyperplasia can be caused by several factors or conditions, how the cancer cells look under the microscope. including chronic irritation. Dysplasia is a more serious condition than hyperplasia. In dysWhen Cancer Spreads plasia, there is also a buildup of extra cells, but the cells look abIn metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first normal and there are changes in how the tissue is organized. In formed as the primary cancer, travel through the blood or lymph general, the more abnormal the cells and tissue look, the greater system, and form new tumors, also called metastatic tumors, in the chance that cancer will form. other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor is the same type of Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated. cancer as the primary tumor. An example of dysplasia is an abnormal mole, called a dysplasA cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to tic nevus, that forms on the skin. A dysplastic nevus can turn into another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process melanoma, although most do not. by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called An even more serious condition is carcinoma in situ. Although metastasis. it is sometimes called cancer, carcinoma in situ is not cancer beMetastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of can- cause the abnormal cells do not spread beyond the original tissue. cer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast That is, they do not invade nearby tissue the way that cancer cells 14

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Soft tissue sarcoma forms in soft tissues of the body, including muscle, tendons, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and tissue around joints. Terese Winslow photo

do. But, because some carcinomas in situ may become cancer, they are usually treated. Types of Cancer There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form. For example, lung cancer starts in cells of the lung, and brain cancer starts in cells of the brain. Cancers also may be described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an epithelial cell or a squamous cell. You can search NCI’s website, at www.cancer.gov, for information on specific types of cancer based on the cancer’s location in the body or by using the A to Z List of Cancers. The website also has collections of information on childhood cancers and cancers in adolescents and young adults. Here are some categories of cancers that begin in specific types of cells: Carcinoma Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They are formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body. There are many types of epithelial cells, which often have a column-like shape when viewed under a microscope. Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names: Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

produce fluids or mucus. Tissues with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues. Most cancers of the breast, colon and prostate are adenocarcinomas. Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or basal layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s outer layer of skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in squamous cells, which are epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin. Squamous cells also line many other organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder and kidneys. Squamous cells look flat, like fish scales, when viewed under a microscope. Squamous cell carcinomas are sometimes called epidermoid carcinomas. Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a type of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or urothelium. This tissue, which is made up of many layers of epithelial cells that can get bigger and smaller, is found in the linings of the bladder, ureters, part of the kidneys and a few other organs. Some cancers of the bladder, ureters and kidneys are transitional cell carcinomas. Sarcoma Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels and fibrous tissue such as tendons and ligaments. Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone. The most common types of soft tissue sarcoma are leiomyosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Leukemia Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow are called leukemias. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells – leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells – build up in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells. The low level of normal blood cells can make it harder for the body to get oxygen to its tissues, control bleeding or fight infections. There are four common types of leukemia, which are grouped based on how quickly the disease gets worse, such as acute or chronic, and on the type of blood cell the cancer starts in, such as lymphoblastic or myeloid. Lymphoma Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes with T cells and B cells. These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are part of the immune system. In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other organs of the body. There are two main types of lymphoma: 15

Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells. Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma is cancer that begins in plasma cells, another type of immune cell. The abnormal plasma cells, called myeloma cells, build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in bones all through the body. Multiple myeloma is also called plasma cell myeloma and Kahler disease. Melanoma Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes, which are specialized cells that make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye. Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors. These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes, which help keep nerve cells healthy.

Brain tumors can be benign and not cancerous or malignant and cancerous. Other Types of Tumors: Germ Cell Tumors Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. These tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. Neuroendocrine Tumors Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. These tumors, which may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, can cause many different symptoms. Neuroendocrine tumors may be benign or malignant. Carcinoid Tumors Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor. They are slow-growing tumors that are usually found in the gastrointestinal system and most often are found in the rectum and small intestine. Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome. “What is Cancer” was originally published by the National Cancer Institute and can be found online at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer.

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Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

KOMEN® INLAND EMPIRE

PROVIDES FUNDING FOR BREAST CANCER DETECTION, SUPPORT, EDUCATIONAL AWARENESS

2018 Komen IE Race for the Cure®

OUR MISSION: Save lives by meeting the most critical needs in our communities and investing in breakthrough research to prevent and cure breast cancer.

or two decades, Susan G. Komen® Inland Empire has been the go-to source in southwest Riverside County and beyond for breast cancer patients and their families, helping with detection services, support and educational awareness. The affiliate remains strong and committed to serving the southwest, where key leaders in the community launched the affiliate as part of their fight for a world free of breast cancer in honor of the late Charlene March. Patients and their families throughout all of Riverside and San Bernardino counties benefit from the affiliate’s services every year, and donors and volunteers throughout the region work to help realize the founders’ goal. The overwhelming majority of those donations stay right here, with 75 percent of the affiliate’s net income remaining in the community. The remaining 25 percent goes toward the national Komen® Grants Program, which funds breast cancer research, meritorious awards and educational and scientific programs around the world.

Komen® IE has invested more than $6.5 million in local breast health agencies and organizations since its founding, with a focus on education, screening, diagnosis, patient navigation and treatment support programs such as financial assistance, support groups and treatment supplies. In 2018, 5 local organizations that serve uninsured or underinsured and underserved residents are offering programs and services funded by Komen® IE. The affiliate holds numerous fundraising events throughout the year and regularly engages partners to raise money. October, which is National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, is a particularly busy time for Susan G. Komen®. Throughout the month of October, local restaurants, bakeries and coffeehouses across Riverside and San Bernardino counties participate in Susan G. Komen Inland Empire’s Dine Out for the Cure®. Businesses dedicate a percentage of their proceeds to Susan G. Komen® IE, and the affiliate always is looking for additional restaurants to be a part of the event. Also in October, Susan G. Komen® IE holds its annual Race for the Cure® – which is

being renamed the More than Pink Walk – at the picturesque Murrieta Town Square. The popular event draws elected officials, breast cancer survivors, vendors and participants from across Southern California. It also features a special survivor tent along with a survivor and forever fighter ceremony before the walk starts. Volunteers play a key role in all of Komen® IE’s activities, and the affiliate has numerous opportunities for anyone who is interested in supporting Komen’s efforts. There are opportunities to work at events, engage in community outreach, assist in office work and join committees for key fundraisers. While only 25 percent of funds raised locally go to the national organization, that money plays a key role in the fight against breast cancer. Susan G. Komen® has provided more money for breast cancer research and community health programs than any entity other than the federal government. Komen® is committed to supporting life-saving research that is helping reduce breast cancer mortality and incidence along with addressing disparities in breast cancer across populations.

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Coping with

By Jessica Young, RN, CBCN Patient Navigator at Michelle’s Place

Emotions About Cancer

ach person’s response to breast cancer is dif- about what her breasts mean to her. Your treatferent. It is hard to hear the words, “you have ment decisions may not be easy ones. So many cancer,” “your biopsy report came back positive.” unknowns and thoughts can be scary. You have You may not believe it or accept it. You may think choices. Believe in yourself, and you will make the “they” got it wrong. You might feel numb, frightened, right decision for you based on the information you sad or worried. As you learn more about your cancer have right now. It will take time to adjust to changes and treatment options, this numbness may lessen. in your body and how you feel about yourself. Be You may find yourself in a confusion mode and try- gentle and kind to yourself. ing to cope with all different emotions. Initially, it is Find ways to help yourself cope and improve your common to feel overwhelmed, shock, anger, sad- mood. Create time for yourself. You may want to ness, fear, denial and in a few cases, hopeful. You write your thoughts down. Write about what’s hapmay feel all of them or some of them at different pening now and what you see for your future. You times. All of these responses to diagnosis are nor- may want to talk or express your feelings to a loved mal and reasonable. Be patient with yourself. This one, a friend or a healthcare provider. Going to a gentleness is an important part of coping. There is support group or self help group may be helpful. no right or wrong way to respond emotionally. Find- They are many breast cancer helplines available ing ways to address your feeling and get the support that may be specific to your cancer or needs. Muyou need is important. sic, art, cooking, crafts and Don’t always believe what outside activities such as you think. Get the facts. gardening or going for a walk Share your thoughts with your can also help manage and It is hard to hear the words healthcare team. They can express your feelings. Learn answer your questions and ways to quiet your body and address your concerns. Feelmind. Meditation, guided imings of sadness and worry agery, reiki, qigong, tai chi or are normal. Everyone copes yoga may be just what your differently. But if you have intense feelings of depres- body and mind may need. Your spiritual or religious sion or anxiety, sleep disorders or memory changes, practice may aid in your comfort and guidance. seek help from a provider as soon as possible. Take care of your physical health. Make dietary Ask questions as while going through each step changes if you feel it may help. Eat nutritious foods. of treatment. Have your provider go through your Get enough sleep. Take a short rest during the pathology report with you as it will determine your day if possible. Exercise to improve your mood, treatment plan. Find a support team. Bring some- decrease anxiety and depression, help maintain a one with you to each doctor appointment. You may healthy weight, strengthen bones and help you feel need a second pair of ears. Write down your ques- physically strong. tions and the answers or have someone else do Your feelings about breast cancer are your own; that for you. Getting the information you need when how you choose to move forward is also personal. you need it may help you feel stronger and more It is reasonable for breast cancer to continue to confident. impact your emotions on occasion. How you deal Every woman has her own thoughts and feelings with it is up to you. Find what works best for you.

“you have cancer”

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Cancer Diagnosis, a Life-Changing Experience By Ashlee Collins Marketing Coordinator Southwest Healthcare Systems Rancho Springs & Inland Valley Medical Center

verything changes in that single moment that you hear, “you have cancer.” To make the critically important decisions about your treatment, you need the most accurate information that’s available about your particular situation. The place to start is asking the cancer specialists you consult with about what they uncovered during the diagnostic process and the variety of treatment options that may be available to you based on that information. Questions to ask include: • What treatment options are right for me? • Should I seek a second opinion? • Where will I receive the most comprehensive treatment? • Where can I find research and clinical trials on my type of cancer? • Are there new diagnostic tools that I should be aware of? Because the initial symptoms of cancer can be vague or inconclusive, your doctor may perform several tests to determine whether you have cancer and, if that’s the case, the precise location, type and extent of the disease. This information is essential for you and your doctor to determine which therapies are likely to be the most effective. Tests that may be performed include: • Blood tests can detect substances that are produced by certain cancers • Endoscopes use a small camera to see inside the body • Scans such as mammograms, CT scan, and MRI use radiation or magnetic waves to create pictures of internal organs • Biopsies are the surgical removal of tissue for examination under a microscope As genetic research and other scientific advances yield a deeper understanding of cancer, increasingly sophisticated diagnostic tools are enabling more individualized diagnosis and treatment. For example, certain kinds of cancers release proteins, hormones and other substances into your blood, or cause your body to produce certain substances called tumor markers. By testing your 26

blood, urine or a tumor sample to measure the levels of these markers, doctors are able to diagnose and track cancer and even, in some cases, predict how it might respond to certain therapies. One example of the critical information that tumor markers can yield is the diagnostic test immunohistochemistry. Oncologists use this process to identify cell types based on how color-stained antibodies bind to different molecular markers in a cell. For some metastatic tumors, it may be difficult to determine where the cancer originated. Since it’s important to know the cancer’s primary site to treat it effectively, doctors may use IHC to identify the cell type – for instance liver or pancreatic cells pinpoint the origin of the tumor. In some cases, a person’s Immunohistochemistry (IHC) results can also help oncologists determine whether specific therapies are likely to be effective. Women with breast or ovarian cancer, for instance, whose IHC results indicate high levels of the HER2 protein, may be good candidates for certain biotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, which are immune system cells that are laboratory engineered to fight a specific type of tumor. No one can tell you how long you will live or how well you will respond to treatment. The only information your doctor can give you is the statistical average for a large and diverse group of people with a similar diagnosis and stage. If you ask for this information, your doctor will probably tell you the five-year survival rate – the percentage of people who are cancer free after five years. But keep in mind that these statistics include people who had other health problems, those who refused treatment and those who were treated 10 or 20 years ago, without today’s advanced therapies. In fact, recent studies indicate that cancer survival statistics may be too pessimistic. In other words, survival rates may be inaccurate and misleading. Equally important, since statistics apply to groups, not individuals, they don’t translate into a personal prognosis. Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Understanding By Halle Kowalewski

YOUR Diagnosis

& Natural!

Writer

iagnoses come in many forms and use shorthand that can be difficult to comprehend. It is important to understand a cancer diagnosis in order to fully comprehend what measures should be taken in treatment and daily life. The choice of treatment is a personal decision and should be based on health and needs of the patient after discussing all the options with a medical professional. It is important to understand the diagnosis before making treatment decisions. Pathology Report Pathology reports are official documents which describe the results of laboratory tests and cell evaluations. Tissue is taken from the patient’s body and studied to provide an accurate representation of the spread and extent of cancer throughout the body. The report contains information about whether the tissue contains a tumor which is cancerous or non-cancerous. Cancerous tumors are malignant and can invade nearby tissue. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and are less harmful but can still cause complications if located near vital structures. The microscopic description of the specimen contains more details about the tissue. This information is important in diagnosing and treating cancer. It contains: • Information on whether the cancer is invasive. Noninvasive cancers, marked “in situ,” have not spread outside of the tissue where they began. Though they can become invasive, these cancers are considered lower-risk. Invasive cancers spread or metastasize throughout the body. • Grade. This figure measures the difference between a patient’s healthy cells and diseased cells. In general lower grades show a smaller difference and indicates a better prognosis. • Mitotic rate. This figure measures how quickly cells are dividing. A lower rate indicates a better prognosis. • Tumor margin. This figure indicates whether cancer cells are at the margin of the sample. A “positive” or “involved” margin indicates that cancer cells are at the margin and may potentially be in the rest of the body. • Lymph nodes. A “positive” spread indicates that the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. This figure will most likely Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

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It is important to understand the diagnosis before making treatment decisions.

not be included in the report if the results came back negative. • Staging figure. Each type of cancer is sorted into a stage group which details the severity of the cancer and aids doctors in finding a prognosis. • TNM figure. This figure describes cancer growth, location and spread. Other sections include a summary of treatment options and recovery, sampling differences and comments about the nature of the cancer. Staging Cancer staging is a summary of the extent of the cancer’s reach. This diagnosis is based on a series of tests including laboratory and imaging tests. Doctors use stage rankings in order to assess the best course of action in treatment and to form a prognosis. The clinical stage, which is found before treatment begins, is used throughout the entire treatment process, even if the cancer grows or spreads. The pathological stage, which is through treatment, is considered a better assessment of the spread and extent of the cancer. The TNM system is often used to specify details that are important to both diagnosis and treatment. This rating is most likely released in the pathology report and is an important aspect of understanding treatment options. It has three distinct components: • Tumor: indicates the size and location of the tumor. • Node: indicates whether cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes. • Metastasis: indicates whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. These factors are used to determine the cancer’s stage group, which is ranked on a scale of 0-IV depending on the nature of the cancer. These stage groups connect to a patient’s prognosis. Generally, earlier stages have a better prognosis. • Stage 0: the cancerous tumor is highly unlikely to spread. • Stage I: the patient has small primary tumors that have not spread to the lymph nodes.

• Stage II and III: tumors are smaller and may have spread to the lymph nodes • Stage IV: cancer has spread to distant sites. Certain types of cancer may operate on a five-group scale, with stage V being the most severe. Prognosis A prognosis, based on general statistics, is the doctors estimate for a patient’s likelihood of survival. Many factors affect a prognosis, making it impossible to find with complete certainty. Furthermore, a prognosis is based on general statistics. These statistics are taken from patients with a similar TNM, stage and health preceding treatment. Though prognoses are based on the most recent statistics and are considered the best system currently in place, they are based on averages and therefore should be accepted with a degree of uncertainty. Many patients’ cancer does not behave in the way predicted, making these prognoses merely an estimate. Though a patient’s doctor will recommend a course of action based on the prognosis, in the end, the decision about treatment is up to the patient and is deeply personal. Cancer-specific survival statistics measure the survival statistics of individuals with the same type of cancer. These statistics typically only measure patients who seek out treatment. Individuals who choose to forego treatment or to use more uncommon treatment methods may not have accurate statistics available to them. Relative survival statistics compare the survival of cancer patients after treatment to that of an individual without cancer. Overall survival statistics detail the number of people who have not died of any cause for a set number of years after treatment. Disease-free, recurrence-free or progression-free survival statistics detail the percentage of patients who have no signs of cancer for a set number of years after treatment. Patients should always talk to their doctors for more information regarding diagnosis and treatment.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Online Research for Cancer Requires Vigilance By Susan G. Komen Inland Empire Affiliate

ancer patients are increasingly looking beyond their traditional sources of information – physicians, friends and family – and turning to the internet for information. While the internet is a readily available source of information it can be an overwhelming source of misinformation. A lot of what passes for cancer information on the internet is opinion, salesmanship and testimonials and is not grounded in careful science. It may take some extra time and effort, but it is important that patients find accurate reliable information. The wrong information can be harmful. On many websites, there are basic facts about certain types of cancer and vast amounts of information on research studies, doctors and hospitals, cancer treatment guidelines, drugs and complementary and alternative treatment methods. User beware – Cancer information on the internet comes from many different sources – expert organizations such as Susan G. Komen, government agencies and universities along with merchants, interest groups, the general public and scam artists. Anyone can post any kind of information online, and some people may be passing along information that is inaccurate or just plain wrong. Some even try to deceive the reader. Even when patients go to a reputable site, they need to discuss the information with their doctor. Many of the links are for sponsored findings. These are actually advertisements for a specific product. Seller information can be helpful for many products, but it is still something that should be discussed with a physician. The following tips can help discern which sites are trustworthy: Any honest, health-related site should make it easy to find out who is responsible for the information on it. Click on “About Us” and look at the website address. • EDU means it is from a college or university • ORG means it is from a nonprofit organization • GOV means is it part of a national or state government • COM or BIZ means it is a commercial or for-profit site

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Information from foreign countries usually has the country code in their web address. In the U.S., the most reliable sources of health information tend to be government agencies, hospitals, universities and major public health organizations such as Susan G. Komen for breast cancer information and The American Cancer Society or National Cancer Institute for all cancers information. It is important to look for where the information came from. Is it based on scientific fact or is it based on opinion or personal experiences. Personal stories, often called blogs, may be quite moving, but they may not apply to other individual circumstances. A few people stating that they have done well on a particular treatment does not mean that most people will. Good information comes from studies that are done on large groups of people, using careful methods to be sure that the results actually reflect what is being tested. • Look to see if the information has been reviewed by experts. • Make sure the information is up to date. • They should not ask for personal information. The Federal Trade Commission has developed a list of claims that should make people suspicious of a website. • Claims for “scientific breakthrough,” “miraculous cures” or “ancient remedy” • Claims that product can cure a wide range of illnesses • Stories of people with amazing results • Money-back guarantee • Websites that do not list the company’s address and contact information Some reliable sources are: • Susan G, Komen, https://ww5.komen.org • National Library of Medicine, www.nlm.nih.gov • PubMed/Medline, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed • National Institute of Medicine, www.nih.gov • National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, http://nccam.nih.gov • Office of Dietary Supplements, http://ods.od.nih.gov

Living Your Life Through Treatment,

a Survivor Story By Kim Harris Editor Courtesy photos

ancer is a beast. It drags you down, drains your energy, sucks up all your time with treatments and doctor appointments, it messes with your mental well-being and creates stress of an unquantifiable amount. It is a battle for your life at every level. I should know, because I am a survivor. Katherine is currently battling I was diagnosed with Stage IIB breast cancer. cancer in 2008, two months after my 42nd birthday. The cause, BRCA2, a genetic marker passed down to me from my father’s side of the family. After 11 years, two brain metastasis and more than two dozen surgeries - including two brain resections and a bilateral mastectomy – I am still here to tell the story of my journey despite the odds. I am not the only survivor of this debilitating disease that robs those it strikes of so much, there are others. Many others. This story isn’t about me. It is about someone else, someone who has been through a journey similar to mine and lived to tell the tale. This story is about the journey faced by another cancer survivor and her battle to get from a “deep, dark place” to where she is now, living at peace with her cancer. Katherine’s story Katherine was about to turn 44 when she was diagnosed with Stage IIIB breast cancer. “I had grown up watching both my mother and grandmother go through treatment, and emerge ‘cancer free’, and I felt that would be my outcome as well,” Katherine said. “I confidently began my treatment, consisting of a mastectomy, lymph node dissection (6 of 12 nodes positive), TRAM Flap reconstruction, six months of chemotherapy, 30 days of radiation, and a plan for five years of Tamoxifen.” Following her treatment Katherine looked at cancer in the rearview mirror, bid it goodbye, and said hello to a new perspective on life. “But my time with cancer was far from over,” she said. “Less than a year after completing treatment, I received news that sent me into a deep, dark place. My cancer had metastasized to my bones.” 30

Katherine was devastated by the news. “At that time, I lost myself in a seemingly never-ending loop of unbearable thoughts; thoughts of hopelessness, thoughts of my family without me, and thoughts of my life being cut short,” she said. “I began treatment.” Katherine said she began to emerge from the darkness, slowly at first, but emerging, nonetheless. “I made the decision to continue working and found the busy days helped keep my mind off my cancer,” she said. “But in my alone time, the cancer would find its way into my head, and bring thoughts of sadness, anxiety, worry, anger and depression. I would find myself consumed by the thoughts of cancer moving throughout my body, and what I was doing to fight this malignant spread. I was at war with my cancer.” Katherine said that being at war with the disease was not an ideal place for her to be. “I wasn’t really living my life, but rather just waiting to die,” she said. Eventually she realized that she needed to approach her battle against cancer differently. “Through some very difficult emotional work, I was able to come to that realization,” she said. “I worked on removing myself from this battle zone of cancer fighting and emerging in a place of acceptance and an (almost) harmonious relationship with my cancer.” While her initial battle was one filled with strife and struggle, 14 years later she is on treatment number 12. “After enduring two years of chemo, 90 radiation treatments, a 43-day hospital stay, six months of dialysis and so much more, I am at peace,” she said. Katherine said that after her time battling cancer she has learned and grown so much. “I now see clearly what is important and what is not,” she explained. “I have never felt more empowered to be in control of my life, my time, and my energy. With this diagnosis, you can flourish, or you can give in and wait to die. I have decided to flourish. I have decided to live and enjoy this amazing, unpredictable, wondrous life.” Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Cancer Takes An

Emotional Toll

By Dr. Sandra Finestone President Susan G. Komen Inland Empire Affiliate

Words are powerful things, and some people like to be considered a cancer survivor but others prefer to say that they survived cancer. Courtesy photos

earing the words “you have cancer” changes your world in a matter of seconds, and you can never completely go back to the safety of wellness again. A cancer diagnosis can cause both physical and emotional change. It can change how you feel about your body, about your relationships and about what is important to you. You may find due to fatigue you are not able to do the everyday things you have been able to do in the past. There is no “right” way to feel. Your emotions are a product of your situation, your personality and your personal coping style. People who take on life as a challenge tend to welcome new situations as opportunities to learn, to grow, to develop on a personal level and to bounce back. Others look at everything with pessimism and see anything that is unfamiliar as a threat. Things that seemed important no longer do and other things now take on a bigger importance. Cancer survivors must first learn to live “with” cancer, then they must learn to live “through” cancer and they must learn to live “after” cancer. This stage is, for some, the most difficult thing to do. They often feel isolated, lonely and fearful of the future. This emotion is something family, friends and colleagues do not understand. When your treatment is completed and you are beginning to “look” like your old self, they think it is over. They think you have dealt with cancer

world of wellness and one foot in the world of cancer because you know it might come back. Words are very powerful things, and some people like to be considered a cancer survivor but others prefer to say that they survived cancer. Some get strength from believing they conquered cancer; others feel that cancer conquered them. Many people do not participate in cancer support groups because they do not want to listen to others’ sad cancer stories. Some think that joining a cancer support group is a sign of weakness, that they should be able to handle this on their own. If someone prefers to deal with their emotional turmoil after a cancer diagnosis personally, they often find it difficult to find a therapist that deals specifically with the cancer experience. So what can you do to calm your emotional instability? For some, envisioning a future that they want to work toward builds a bridge between a difficult present and a desired future. The way they cross that bridge is to set goals, plan for some potential obstacles and create new goals when a goal is blocked. Research suggests that these actions, setting goals that matter, thinking about ways to reach them and devoting effort to pursuing those goals, may promote better quality of life during and after cancer. Think about the areas of your life that matter most to you. Is it work? Relationships, community, spirituality? Think about the values you hold. What do you want to be present in your life

People who take on life as a challenge tend to welcome new situations as opportunities to learn, to grow, to develop on a personal level and to bounce back. and may even congratulate you on how well you did, and they all go back to the lives they had before. But you do not. You may get physically stronger. You may get emotionally stronger. But you will forever have one foot in the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

right now? Once you have a sense of your priorities, you can start working toward making sure they are part of your life in the present. Share your goals with others. Let the people in your life know what you want to do and what you’re worried will get in the way. Bridges can be built faster if you have a team to help you. 31

TYPES OF

Cancer TREATMENT By National Cancer Institute www.cancer.gov

here are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that you receive will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. Some people with cancer will have only one treatment. But most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. When you need treatment for cancer, you have a lot to learn and think about. It is normal to feel overwhelmed and confused. But, talking with your doctor and learning about the types of treatment you may have can help you feel more in control.

Surgery When used to treat cancer, surgery is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from the body. Learn the different ways that surgery is used against cancer and what you can expect before, during, and after surgery at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/ treatment/types/surgery. Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones they might have and more at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/ radiation-therapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn how chemotherapy works against cancer, why it causes side effects and how it is used with other cancer treatments at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/ types/chemotherapy. Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer. Get information about the types of immunotherapy and what to expect during treatment at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/ immunotherapy. 32

Targeted Therapy Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against cancer and about common side effects that may occur at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/ treatment/types/targeted-therapies. Hormone Therapy Hormone therapy is a treatment that slows or stops the growth of breast and prostate cancers that use hormones to grow. Learn about the types of hormone therapy and side effects that may happen at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/hormone-therapy. Stem Cell Transplant Stem cell transplants are procedures that restore blood-forming stem cells in cancer patients who have had theirs destroyed by very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Learn about the types of transplants, side effects that may occur, and how stem cell transplants are used in cancer treatment at www.cancer.gov/aboutcancer/treatment/types/stem-cell-transplant. Precision Medicine Precision medicine helps doctors select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a genetic understanding of their disease. Learn about the role precision medicine plays in cancer treatment, including how genetic changes in a person’s cancer are identified and used to select treatments at www.cancer.gov/aboutcancer/treatment/types/precision-medicine. “Type of Treatments” was originally published by the National Cancer Institute and can be found online at www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

How to Decide What Treatment

IS BEST By Dr. Maheswari Senthil & Jennifer McMahon, DNP, Oncology Nurse Navigator Loma Linda University Medical Center Murrieta Cancer Program

iagnosis of cancer can bring many questions to mind for a person and their loved ones. It may be a time of high stress and urgency to make decisions quickly, but it is important to understand what steps to take after diagnosis and which treatment options may be available. The following is meant to provide some guidance with making important treatment decisions, but please keep in mind that this information is not meant to replace the advice of personal medical teams. There are few important points to remember. Have an open mind to learn about different treatment options despite past experiences or other patientâ€™s stories. Discuss the goals of care with your team, which helps them to present treatment options that will meet those goals. Patients have the right to, and it is critical to, research their treatment options and seek a second opinion. Discuss the risks and benefits of each treatment and weigh whether or not itâ€™s a good option for each situation. Communicate thoughts, fears, questions, concerns and ideas to the healthcare team. Do not be afraid to speak up.

health and personal situations also impact treatment options. Knowing how the cancer is treated and establishing goals with the doctor is critical throughout planning and treatment. Understanding the options is crucial for making decisions about personal cancer care. It is good to know not only the options presented by the medical team and oncologist, but also the potential options through second opinions and clinical trials. The patient is the foundation to decision-making so make sure to explore the treatment paths that are interesting personally as well as the ones presented by the medical team. Discuss these options with the medical team to come up with the best treatment plan. Be aware that cancer treatment changes based on how the patient is doing as they go through the treatment. Remember to have an open line of communication with the medical team to discuss the goals of care and each experience. The patient has the right to stop treatment at any time and revisit their treatment decisions if they feel their quality of life is not being maintained. The medical team is there to guide the patient based on their expertise, but also to support the patient as they explore the goals

easonable amount of time

Contrary to popular thought, being diagnosed with cancer does not mean patients have to make decisions about their treatment during the first visit with the oncology provider. In most cases, they have a reasonable amount of time to explore options before starting a treatment plan. It is important to understand that cancer treatment is customized to an individual patient based on the type and extent or stage of cancer. Other factors such as age, overall

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

of care. For a patient to find out they have cancer is traumatic, but knowing they have options, they have a voice and they have the right to work with their healthcare team to create a plan of care that works can make all the difference in their care. For more information, visit The American Cancer Society: Making treatment decisions at www.acs.org.

Getting a

Second Opinion after a Cancer

Diagnosis

By Kim Harris Editor

hose diagnosed with cancer are faced with many difficult decisions. From treatments to facilities there are a variety of decisions that need to be made when facing cancer. It’s not unusual when exploring cancer treatments to wonder if another doctor could offer more information or a different treatment option that might be more beneficial to the patient. Getting a second opinion can help a patient feel more secure in their diagnosis and treatment plans so oftentimes cancer patients find a second doctor, who will look at everything from test results and treatment plans, to discuss other options that may be available. Decisions on treatment for cancer should not be taken lightly and a second opinion is helpful to ensure that the treatment a patient is receiving is right for them. The one thing that all oncologists will tell a patient is that even when they have cancer, treatment decisions do not have to be made immediately. Patients can take some time to think about and research proposed treatment options before making a decision, and that often means getting a second opinion. According to the American Cancer Society, there are a variety of reasons for getting a second opinion, including to explore all available options. Other reasons can include if the patient is concerned that the doctor is underestimating how serious the cancer is, if the doctor is not a specialist in the type of cancer the patient has been diagnosed with, or if the patient just wants peace of mind that the diagnosis is correct and that they are making the right treatment decisions. Before the patient discusses getting a second opinion It’s not uncommon for with their doctor, the first thing that they should do is contact patients to get a second their insurance company to opinion and doctors are make sure that second opinion is a cost covered under usually comfortable with their policy. As a matter of fact, many insurances actuthe request. ally require a second opinion when it comes to a cancer diagnosis. So how does a patient approach their doctor about getting a second opinion? Simple, just ask. It’s not uncommon for patients to get a second opinion and doctors are usually comfortable with the request. They understand how daunting a cancer diagnosis can be and want the best for

“

”

their patients. The best way to approach the situation is with openness and honesty. Many doctors will even go so far as to make recommendations when a patient approaches them regarding a second opinion. The American Cancer Society recommends the following conversation starters for those patients who are unsure how to start the discussion of getting a second opinion with their doctor: “I’m thinking of getting a second opinion. Can you recommend someone?” “Before we start treatment, I’d like to get a second opinion. Will you help me with that?” “If you had my type of cancer, who would you see for a second opinion?” “I think that I’d like to talk with another doctor to be sure I have all my bases covered.” Once the patient has found a doctor for the second opinion it is important to give them as much information as possible about the diagnosis and proposed treatment. The American Cancer Society suggests taking a copy of the pathology report from any biopsy or surgery, a copy of the operative report if the patient has had surgery, a discharge summary prepared by the doctor if the patient was in the hospital, a summary of the current or proposed treatment plan, a list of all medication and dosages and any other requested information. Once the patient has seen the doctor for a second opinion, if it differs from the original diagnosis and treatment plan, the patient is then faced with the task of making a decision on how to proceed. The American Cancer Society recommends the patient make an appointment with their original doctor to discuss the second opinion. They also recommend asking both doctors to explain how they arrived at their treatment plan, asking the doctors to explain how they interpreted test results and what research studies or professional guidelines they consulted. Patients can even ask the two doctors to sit down together and review their case. Keep in mind, patients may need to get a third opinion for another specialist such as a pathologist, surgeon, medical oncologist or radiation oncologist to talk about the two opinions and give their opinion on the patient’s diagnosis. Once a patient has gathered all the information and had numerous discussions with all the medical professionals involved, they can feel secure in knowing they are making the right treatment decision for their unique situation. Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

What About

Clinical Trials?

By Dr. Maheswari Senthil & Jennifer McMahon, DNP, Oncology Nurse Navigator Loma Linda University Medical Center Murrieta Cancer Program

fter receiving news that you or a loved one has cancer, assigned. This leads to a discussion on how clinical trials work. there is often a drive to find the best treatment available. As previously mentioned, clinical trials are voluntary. To An option that comes up for discussion but may not be well un- address the proverbial “elephant in the room,” a common concern derstood is clinical trial. A clinical trial is a study that is designed about clinical trials is, are patients acting as a “guinea pig” for to test different treatment combinations, new medications or dif- a medical study? While clinical trials are created to answer a ferent sequence of treatments in patients who willingly partici- medical question, there are strict regulations by the U.S. Food pate in the study. and Drug Administration guiding what is allowed in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are essential to bring new therapies to patients Being on a clinical trial does not mean you will not receive expert and to advance cancer care. They are available for every stage care nor does it mean you will only receive a placebo. In fact, of cancer and could be focused on treatment or quality of life. most clinical trials do not use placebos unless they are given in It is important to weigh the risks and benefits of clinical trials. combination with another medication. It is important to note that Most novel therapies that are not yet part of routine cancer it is considered unethical to withhold a treatment known to work treatment are only available through and provide a placebo instead. clinical trials. Clinical trials have significant When looking into clinical trials, do not oversight from several regulatory bodies be afraid to ask questions. It is OK to ask A common concern about and carefully monitored for safety. Also, about other treatment options versus the some sponsors of the trial pay for all trial. It is good to know where the location clinical trials is, are patients or part of treatment relating to the trial of the study and care will be as well as acting as a for which can make the trial that much more who is responsible to cover the costs. appealing. Do not be afraid to take time making a a medical study? The possible downside to clinical trials decision about the trial and to ask how is that the side effects and risks of the long you have to decide. Your local treatment are not always known. Just oncologist, the American Cancer Society, like any treatment, the clinical trial may not work for you even a nurse navigator and most academic or large institutions can if it is working for others with the same cancer diagnosis. The help you find suitable clinical trials. trial may require you to do frequent testing which is not always convenient. One common concern is, if the study is randomized For more information, visit The American Cancer Society: The Basics of Clinical Trials with participants randomly assigned to a treatment group, you at www.acs.org or the National Cancer Institute: What are Clinical Trials at www. will not be able to select the treatment arm to which you are cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/what-are-trials.

‘guinea pig’

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Long-Term Effects

CANCER By Kim Harris Editor

“

One of the most common complaints of cancer survivors is fatigue.

”

fter a battle with cancer, survivors are ready to move on with the next stage of their lives. Regardless of a cancer survivor’s lifestyle, many people are faced with a myriad side effects from the disease and treatments that can interfere with quality of life. While some side effects may be temporary, some can last a lifetime including fatigue, infertility and memory problems. There are ways to manage those side effects and still live a full and happy life. Fatigue One of the most common complaints of cancer survivors is fatigue. The degree of fatigue varies from patient to patient and can be temporary or long lasting. For those suffering from fatigue there are a variety of ways to feel less tired and more energetic. Oftentimes caused by stress, chemotherapy, radiation and even preexisting medical conditions, fatigue can be combated with some simple tips. Exercising regularly – just 20 minutes a day – can help cancer survivors to relax. Limiting naps is also beneficial when fighting fatigue. Experts say that if napping is necessary to keep them short – under 30 minutes – to boost energy levels. Avoiding caffeine, alcohol, chocolate and nicotine in the evenings, turning off the television one hour before bedtime and keeping a regular sleep schedule can all help boost energy and fight fatigue. Cancer Recurrence The threat of cancer returning or spreading to another part of the body is something that all cancer survivors live with. Regular follow-up exams, cancer screening and reporting symptoms to the doctor can help detect new or spreading cancers as early as possible, according to experts at MD Anderson Cancer Center, one of the leading cancer centers in the nation. Infertility According to the National Institute of Health’s National Cancer Institute, infertility can also be a problem for both men and women who have had chemotherapy, radiation and surgery to the abdominal area. Even hormone therapy can cause problems with the reproductive system. For those interested in having a child after cancer treatment, there are a variety of ways to handle the problem, including egg freezing, ovarian

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

shielding and ovarian transposition for women and banking sperm for men. Patients should discuss all options with their doctor before starting cancer treatments to determine what option is best for them. Learning and memory problems Anyone who knows anyone that has gone through cancer has heard the term “chemobrain.” Defined as difficulty processing information, it is a legitimate, diagnosable condition that can be caused by chemotherapy treatment, the cancer itself or secondary medical conditions such as anemia. Symptoms of chemobrain can include, but are not limited to, difficulty concentrating on a single task, problems with short-term memory, forgetting details of recent events, confusing dates and appointments, misplacing objects and even struggling for the right words or phrases. Symptoms of chemobrain can fade after chemotherapy ends, but for some, full mental ability is never regained. While there are no treatments for chemobrain, some patients do find some relief by taking stimulants such as Ritalin. Exercising daily and using memory aids such as a notebook, planner or list and minimizing distractions can all help to minimize the effects of chemobrain. Hypothyroidism According to MD Anderson, “survivors of head and neck cancers who were treated with radiation therapy often suffer from hypothyroidism.” Defined as a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain, constipation, dry skin and sensitivity to cold. The good news is hypothyroidism can be treated with medication to manage the side effects. Incontinence Incontinence, or the inability to control urination and bowel movements, is another common side effect for those who have battled certain cancers. Those who have been treated for colon, anal and rectal cancers sometimes find it harder to control the bowels while removal of the prostate or bladder cancer can increase the possibility of urinary incontinence. Corrective surgery to repair or replace the anal sphincter may ease fecal incontinence. Exercises to strengthen the muscles in the pelvic floor, such as Kegel exercises, can also help both men and women regain

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

control over bowel movements and the bladder. Osteoporosis Bone loss is a common side effect for survivors of lymphoma, leukemia, breast and prostate cancers. Osteoporosis can be caused by the cancer itself, cortisone-type drugs, treatment-induced menopause, cancer cells in the bone marrow and treatments that affect testosterone levels. Treatments for osteoporosis include medications such as Fosamax and Boniva. According to the Mayo Clinic, those with osteoporosis should not smoke and should avoid excessive alcohol. Other alternative medicines those suffering from bone loss can try include soy proteins, though soy should be avoided by women who have a personal or family history of breast cancer. Organ damage One of the side effects that can be most damaging to a patient’s health following chemotherapy is organ damage. Organ damage to the heart, lungs or airway, liver and kidneys have all been reported and can result in long-term health problems that can appear as the patient ages. Patients showing symptoms or organ damage should contact their doctor immediately to discuss treatment. Other issues Other problems those who have survived cancer may experience include dental and oral problems, diabetes, endocrine changes – which can cause memory loss, anemia and a decreased sex drive – lymphedema, or swelling that generally occurs in the arms or legs, neuropathy, defined as a tingling or burning sensation in the hands and feet, sexual dysfunction and ongoing pain. What patients should do Cancer patients who experience any side effects, either long or short term, should always contact their doctor to discuss what treatment is best for them.

Immunotherapy offers New Hope for Cancer Patients By Dr. Sandra Finestone President Susan G. Komen Inland Empire Affiliate

ancer patients diagnosed today are living longer with more effective treatments than ever before, and immunotherapy is one of the latest options to emerge. Immunotherapy, also known as biologic cancer, uses the body’s own immune system to attack the cancer cells. Cancer cells are normal cells in the body that mutate in some way and have lost the ability to stop growing. Because they are the body’s own cells, the immune system does not recognize them as foreign and does not attack and kill them. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient body to seek out and attack the cancer cells. It can also use substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system function. There are several types of immunotherapy: Monoclonal antibodies are a specific type of therapy made in a laboratory. They may be used in a variety of ways. They can be used to block an abnormal protein in a cancer cell or they can attach to a specific protein that flags the cell so the immune system can find and destroy it. Other types of antibodies work by putting the brakes on the immune system so it can destroy the cancer cell. Once the immune system is able to find and respond to the cancer it can stop or slow the cancer’s growth. Nonspecific immunotherapies also help the immune system destroy cancer cells and are usually given after or at the same time as another cancer treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Two common forms of nonspecific immunotherapies are interferons and interleukins. Oncolytic virus therapy uses genetically modified viruses to kill cancer cells. The doctor injects a virus into the tumor; the virus then enters the cancer cells and makes copies of itself. As a result the cells die, releasing specific substances call antigens. This release triggers the immune system to target all the cancer cells in the body that have that antigen. The virus does not enter healthy cells. T cells are immune cells that fight infection. In T cell therapy, some T cells are removed from a patient’s blood. Then the cells are changed in a laboratory so they have specific proteins called receptors. These modified cells are returned to the patient’s body. The receptors allow those T cells to recognize the cancer cells

Immunotherapy, also known as biologic cancer, uses the body’s own immune system to attack the cancer cells.

Courtesy photo

and kill them. T cells have been very effective in blood cancers. Researchers are studying this and other ways to modify T cells to treat other cancers. Cancer vaccines are another way to help the body fight disease. A vaccine exposed the immune system to an antigen. It triggers the immune system to recognize and destroy that antigen or related materials. Traditional treatments remain but even those have become less invasive and more manageable than ever before, especially when there’s an early diagnosis. Early diagnosis allows for less chemotherapy use and better supportive medications for those who still need chemotherapy. Radiation therapy also has changed. Traditional radiation therapy is for 36 or more treatments. Today some women can have two radiation treatments for five days, and their therapy is complete; others can have one radiation treatment done at the time of surgery where radiation is applied to the area where the tumor was removed, and their treatment is complete. Traditionally, 25 to 35 lymph nodes were removed from the armpit to see if the cancer had spread from the breast. Today one to two nodes are removed, greatly reducing the risk of lymphedema, which is swelling of the arm, is very painful and is not curable. Many chemotherapies today are in the form of pills that a patient takes at home rather than having to go to a treatment center and have chemotherapy given intravenously. There are lots of exciting new developments in the field of cancer treatment but a lot of work remains before the full potential of these treatments is reached.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Cancer Insurance:

Preparing for the Unexpected

By Wendy Herndon Second vice president of product development and implementation at Aflac

n one day alone, an estimated 4,754 people in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer.1 While cancer remains a prevalent and worrisome disease, medical research has led to improved cancer screenings, treatments and, in turn, higher survival rates. As a result, the number of people living beyond a cancer diagnosis will reach more than 20 million by 2026, according to the National Cancer Institute.2 These positive breakthroughs should bring relief to some. For many, however, the need remains to continue to fight a cancer diagnosis, which often comes at a high cost for millions of Americans. In the U.S., cancer patients paid nearly $4 billion in out-of-pocket costs in 2014, according to the American Cancer Society.3 For an average patient on an employer-sponsored plan, that equates to a total of $6,000 a year, including premiums, deductibles, copayments and coinsurance. These expenses can quickly increase if a patient needs to seek out-of-network care or requires a treatment not covered by their major medical insurance plan. What is more, these costs do not take into account travel expenses or a required medical leave, thereby forgoing regular paychecks. The last thing a cancer patient and their family wants to deal with while undergoing treatment is the stress of figuring out how they will get by financially. What is cancer insurance and how does it work? Cancer insurance helps people manage cancer-related expenses that may not be covered by major medical insurance. Upon a diagnosis, policyholders are paid cash benefits directly, unless otherwise assigned, to help pay for medical expenses like deductibles, copayments and out-of-network care. Policyholders can also choose to apply their benefits to everyday living expenses such as car payments, child care and mortgage or rent payments, so they can focus on getting better.

Be sure to check with a benefits advisor or human resources manager about benefits options, especially as the annual open enrollment period approaches. Look for policies that are continuously evolving with the latest advances. Some progressive benefits for cancer plans include: • Coverage for screening tests and surgeries performed as a result of positive genetic testing. • Wellness payouts for yearly preventative screenings. • Nonsurgical treatments, such as immunotherapy. • Annual care benefits to help manage costs associated with the effects of chemotherapy and radiation. • Coverage for a child diagnosed with cancer, including dependent children being covered at no additional cost. Additionally, to help address the emotional toll a cancer diagnosis can take, some policies provide support services. For example, some cancer insurance plans offer policyholders access to emotional support from oncology social workers and support groups. Some plans also offer cancer patients and their care partners access to educational workshops and publications, as well as to online tools that can help caregivers coordinate volunteers and friends to assist with tasks such as meal preparation or transportation. These holistic services are another way of ensuring those facing cancer go through treatment and recovery as worry-free as possible. A cancer diagnosis may be scary, but by taking steps to help alleviate concerns around finances, you can focus on the most important task at hand: overcoming cancer. Wendy Herndon is second vice president of product development and implementation at Aflac. With more than 20 years of experience in this field, she is responsible for managing and guiding product portfolios through their entire life cycles, including strategy, development and implementation.

“Cancer Statistics 2018 Slide Presentation.” American Cancer Society | Cancer Facts & Statistics, 2018. Accessed Oct. 15, 2018. http://cancerstatisticscenter.cancer.org. National Cancer Institute. “Cancer statistics.” Accessed Oct. 15, 2018. www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics. 3 “How Much Does Cancer Cost? New Report Examines Expected Patient Costs for Common Cancer Diagnoses.” American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, April 11, 2017. Accessed Oct. 15, 2018. www.acscan.org/releases/how-much-does-cancer-cost-new-report-examines-expected-patient-costs-common-cancer. 1 2

This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a solicitation. Aflac herein means American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus and/or American Family Life Assurance Company of New York and/or Continental American Insurance Company and /or Continental American Life Insurance Company.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Eating for PLEASURE Is the By Joel Lamon, M.D., F.A.C.P. cCARE

“

Staying active is great for stimulating appetite, energy and mood.

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What is the best diet for cancer patients? First and foremost, I want eating to be a pleasurable experience for my cancer patients. Many of them ask questions about how to best approach their dietary and nutritional needs while undergoing cancer treatment. Others are convinced that following a certain cancer diet will give them the upper hand on the disease. I certainly acknowledge the value of a balanced, nutrientrich diet and advise my patients to be health conscious as they choose what goes on their plate. But I am also of the belief that the chief pursuit in planning the diet of a cancer patient should be joy-filled, guilt-free eating that provides the body the calories and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) it needs. Plus, sharing a joy-filled meal with family and friends can have immense therapeutic value that extends well beyond the nutrients on the table. To that end, I often determine a specific nutritional plan on a one-on-one basis with each of my patients. There is not a one-size-fits-all approach here. I take into account my patients’ likes, dislikes and sensitivities (particularly those sensitivities that may have arisen recently as a side effect of treatment). Building blocks for a patient’s cancer diet Get those calories The body requires upwards of 1,600 to 1,800 calories each day to maintain weight without any activity. This number increases as exercise and other activities are incorporated into a treatment regimen. Also, while it’s somewhat uncomfortable to think about, the tumor also burns calories. When undergoing treatment for cancer, patients may find that they frequently fall short of their caloric requirement. It is important, however to try and hit this daily minimum in order to avoid fat and muscle loss. I tend to recommend calorierich foods such as dairy, nuts, potatoes, beans, dense whole grains and fruit juices, and even desserts like candies and ice cream to patients who are struggling to get enough calories. Protein forms the building blocks of the human body and it

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Optimal CANCER DIET for Patients plays a big role in cellular repair as well as the formation of new, healthy cells. I direct my patients to eat lean, nutrient-rich protein sources such as fish, poultry, eggs and legumes. I try not to get too prescriptive here, though. If a cancer patient is craving a juicy ribeye steak, they certainly have my blessing. Add a multivitamin Sometimes patients undergoing treatment struggle to consume the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals, even if they are hitting their calorie target. In such cases, I may recommend a multivitamin to ensure that the body is receiving valuable nutrients on a daily basis. It’s important that patients speak with their doctor before adding any supplement to their diet, particularly when undergoing treatment. Combatting low appetite and other side effects Low appetite, nausea, extreme fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation are all common treatment side effects among my patients. While these are unfortunate and unavoidable realities of cancer treatment, a smart approach to diet and nutrition can go a long way in managing them. Additionally, there are some medications available that stimulate appetite and I will often suggest them to work in tandem with the suggestions below. The following are a few key tips for healthful eating while dealing with unpleasant side effects. Eat small meals throughout the day Instead of trying to consume all the day’s calories in two or three meals, it’s often easier to eat five or six small meals spread throughout the day. In addition, I recommend that patients eat their largest, most calorie-dense meal at the time of day when they are hungriest. This hunger can be especially unpredictable as appetite is affected by a range of side effects. This leads me to my next point… Keep your favorite foods within reach Since symptoms and appetite may come and go throughout

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

the day, it can be helpful to keep some favorite, calorie-dense snacks on hand. My advice to my patients is to not overthink this or feel guilty about their snacking preferences. Hydrate A well hydrated body will be better equipped to process and digest nutrients. I often point my patients toward fruit juices or sports drinks, as they’re a good way to get hydration with the added bonus of calories and nutritional value. Plus, staying hydrated keeps energy levels up and staves off diarrhea and constipation. Sipping slowly on a hydrating liquid throughout the day is often a good approach. Stay active While it may seem counterintuitive since activity burns calories, staying active is great for stimulating appetite, energy and mood. Plus, when undergoing treatment, it is easy to lose strength, stamina and muscle mass as even routine activities such as getting dressed and walking to the table to eat are often greatly reduced. For cancer patients, these “daily living” activities can in fact qualify as significant exercise. Unless a patient is experiencing significant pain, shortness of breath or similar warning signs, I advise that patients continue to go about their daily routine as much as they are able. Eat what’s appealing Sensitivities and tastes can swing wildly while undergoing treatment, so it’s important that my patient’s diets are not overly restrictive. Moreover, a cancer patient should never have to feel guilt or anxiety about eating so-called “junk foods.” In many cases, patients can and should eat what their mind and body are craving in the moment. The bottom line is this: eating should be a rich, life-giving experience, even (or perhaps especially) in the midst of the trials of cancer treatment. For more information, visit https://ccare.com.

Patient Navigation Proves to Reduce Cancer Mortality By Michelle’s Place Cancer Resource Center

magine sitting in the doctor’s office and being told that you have cancer. Imagine the thoughts that would go through your mind: How will this affect my family? What is chemotherapy going to be like? Will I lose my hair, my job, my house? Will my insurance cover this treatment? Am I going to die? These are only a few of the things that would begin to consume your thoughts and cloud your ability to handle this type of situation clearly. This situation is why the health care industry and community-based organizations are initiating patient navigation programs – to help patients navigate their diagnosis on a personal level for the best possible outcome. Patient navigation programs are still relatively new in the health care industry. A patient navigator’s primary role is to remove the obstacles patients can encounter in accessing or receiving treatment. Obstacles to quality care fall into a number of categories, including: financial and economic status, language and cultural barriers, communication and education, transportation, fear and bias based on culture, race or age. More hospitals and communitybased organizations are creating A patient patient navigation positions to help patients traverse the oftennavigator’s primary confusing medical system and role is to remove the overwhelming diagnosis. Navigation programs have increased obstacles patients patient participation in cancer screening and adherence to dican encounter in agnostic follow-up care after accessing or receiving the detection of an abnormality, therefore improving the qualtreatment. ity of health care among patients served. Patient navigation was founded by Dr. Harold P. Freeman in 1990, when he initiated and developed the first patient navigation program in Harlem to reduce disparities in access to diagnosis and treatment of cancer, particularly among poor and uninsured people. Freeman outlined significantly better diagnosis and fiveyear survival rates among patients with breast cancer receiving patient navigation when their experience was compared with that

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From left to right, Mercedes Ruiz, Cheryl Lebowitz, Laura Cuevas Lawrence, Jess Young and Dina Duran are patient navigators working with Michelle’s Place Cancer Resource Center. Courtesy photo

of patients diagnosed before the initiation of the program. The percentage of patients diagnosed at stage 3 and stage 4 dropped from 50 percent in 1972–1986 to 21 percent in 1995–2015, and the five-year survival rate rose from 39 percent to 70 percent of patients with low socioeconomic status, of whom half had no medical insurance, according to the Harold P. Freeman Patient Navigator Institute, www.hpfreemanpni.org. The length of time from patient referral to breast cancer treatment completion is trending in favor of patients who are enrolled in patient navigation programs. These programs are demonstrating a positive impact, including diagnosing more women at earlier stages, increasing attendance rates of scheduled medical appointments and decreasing the delays between diagnosis and the beginning of treatment. Despite the evidence that patient navigator programs improve clinical outcomes among vulnerable populations, funding for these programs remains in jeopardy. There is no single source of funding for navigation programs within the U.S. Currently, organizations that provide financial assistance for patient navigation include the federal government, local offices of minority health, nonprofit organizations, private foundations and pharmaceutical companies. The degree of funding for patient navigation can vary depending on the political and economic climate; therefore, it is critically important for the oncology community to support and secure continued funding for these programs. Michelle’s Place is a full-service cancer resource center providing free programs and services to individuals and families impacted by cancer. Led by a vision that no one will face cancer alone, Michelle’s Place has five patient navigators to assist those in need, two are Spanish-speaking. Their patient navigation program is designed to assist clients with coordinating medical care from diagnosis through treatment. If you, or someone you know, are battling cancer, contact Michelle’s Place today to find out how they can help. Visit www.michellesplace.org for more information.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

How to Survive the

Financial Burden of Cancer

By Jami Buchanan McNees

Bladder cancer survivor, health insurance agent and author of “Beautiful Cancer: How to Embrace One of Life’s Greatest Challenges”

s it possible to be more financially secure after cancer than someone was before their diagnosis? The answer is yes. It happened to me, but I had an advantage. I’m a health insurance agent. Catastrophic illness was in my wheelhouse. Let me share the steps to take to insure financial security even while being treated for cancer.

Before being diagnosed, put these measures in place. First, have health insurance. It seems obvious, but I get several calls each year from people who found a lump and suddenly want health insurance. There are specific times each year in which people can apply for health insurance. Pre-existing conditions, including cancer, aren’t an issue. During the open enrollment

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A cancer patient may be eligible to collect disability income from the state of California if they are physically or mentally unable to perform their regular and customary work.

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period or during an employer renewal period, a patient cannot be denied coverage. Even with health insurance a patient can expect that they will pay approximately $3,350-$7,900 per year out of their own pocket toward the cost of care. My expenses for bladder cancer reached over $550,000. I only paid $6,500 out of my own pocket thanks to my health insurance. Upgrade a life insurance policy to include living benefits. Living benefits will pay a claim if diagnosed with cancer or another catastrophic illness even if they survive. I upgraded my life insurance policy six months before my diagnosis. My life insurance policy paid me $79,000 one year later. Purchase cancer insurance. A cancer insurance plan is considered supplemental to a health insurance plan. It is designed to cover out of pocket medical costs such as co-payments and high deductibles. These plans are low cost and application is easy. Some plans reimburse for expenses, other plans pay out a lump sum and can be used for anything. Open a health savings bank account. Setting aside money each month toward the cost of possible medical expenses is wise. A health savings account allows people to deposit money tax deferred with limits. I had fully funded my health savings account for three consecutive years before I was diagnosed. I was easily able to pay my portion of out of pocket expenses without any financial burden. During a cancer diagnosis, stay on top of the details. Understand the health insurance policy. It keeps costs low if patients use doctors, labs and medical services that are “innetwork” with their health insurance policy. Create an online member account with the health insurance company. The account will populate information and search results for the individual policy and network. Before making an appointment with a new doctor, do a “provider search” in the online account to be certain the medical provider is in-network. Some of the specialty cancer drugs cost over $12,000 per month. Many of the pharmaceutical companies have a patient assistance program to offset the cost.

Get finances and paperwork in order. It’s easy to deny the possible outcome of a cancer diagnosis. But organizing all important papers and investments gives greater peace of mind. Update a will or living trust. Create a file for credit cards, loans, bank accounts, investments, 401K and retirement information. Put it all in one box and inform a family member of the location. Add a reliable family member or friend to the checking and savings account. Organize all personal passwords and make them accessible to someone trustworthy. If they haven’t already, patients can set up and use an online banking system for paying bills and set everything to auto pay while undergoing treatment. Remove as many distractions and daily activities as possible and focus on healing. A cancer patient may be eligible to collect disability income from the state of California if they are physically or mentally unable to perform their regular and customary work. Disability benefits will only cover 60-70 percent of their income based on prior income history. File online at www.edd.ca.gov. Don’t wait until the bills pile up to seek financial help. There are organizations that can help with support services and financial resources. Reach out to Michelle’s Place Cancer Resource Center in Temecula who can direct people to organizations such as Cancer Financial Assistance Coalition, Cancer Care, HealthWell Foundation, etc. Look forward to surviving and thriving after cancer. The best day ever is the day the doctor announces someone is cancer free. But they will continue having follow up testing for the next five years. It’s not necessary to waste money buying the “richest” health insurance plan available. Work with a knowledgeable health insurance agent who will research the costs for the follow up tests and “do the math” for a health insurance plan that makes good financial sense. Jami Buchanan McNees is a bladder cancer survivor, health insurance agent and author of “Beautiful Cancer: How to Embrace One of Life’s Greatest Challenges.”

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Palliative Care –

Truths and Misconceptions

By Dr. Carrie Bacon Family Medicine Program Director UHS Southern California Medical Education Consortium

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Palliative care can be a tremendous support if you’re faced with a serious diagnosis such as cancer.

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ou’ve been given the diagnosis all physicians hate to give and all people hate to receive; you have cancer. What’s next? What may have been the most important things in your life suddenly become far less important: things such as that planned trip to Europe or your grandson’s graduation. You may be thinking “how will I tell my family, friends and other loved ones I have cancer? How can I possibly handle all the complicated instructions multiple doctors will be giving me?” Your job and calendar begin to pale in comparison to the complicated schedule now placed in front of you. You want to face this battle strong and beat the cancer; you are determined to be cured. Even though you want to be strong, however, you’re overwhelmed with the circumstances you are now facing. What if I, as a licensed physician, told you that you could have a team to help you on this journey? A team to translate what the doctor said after you heard “cancer” and nothing else; to sort through a complicated calendar of tests and treatments; to help with additional resources as the financial stresses of dealing with your treatments mount; to provide support when dealing with cancer seems overwhelming and to help alleviate your suffering from pain, depression, stress, family problems, financial issues, spiritual concerns or other distressing symptoms? That team is what palliative care provides. Palliative care is a medical specialty defined as “patient and family-centered care that optimizes quality of life by anticipating, preventing and treating suffering. Palliative care throughout the continuum of illness involves addressing physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual needs and to facilitate patient autonomy, access to information and choice.” The basic

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

tenets of palliative care are to support and honor your wishes and improve your quality of life. The palliative care team consists of a physician, nurse, social worker and spiritual counselor, who address all the needs you and your caregivers may have. The team together with you and your caregivers creates an assessment that includes your goals for care. These could be pursuing a cure at all costs, making reasonable attempts at a cure while balancing quality of life or providing comfort measures only. The team partners with your doctors and helps you and your caregivers understand the risks and benefits of offered treatments. With this support, you are empowered to make informed decisions about the treatments you’re offered and ensure they’re aligned with your life goals. You may wonder about the difference between palliative care and hospice care, because the two are often confused. Hospice care is a special type of team-based care for terminally ill people who have an estimated life expectancy of six months or less. The patient or family no longer desire curative treatments for the terminal diagnosis. Palliative care, on the other hand, is intended for patients with serious illnesses who wish to continue curative treatments. Palliative care teams work with the patient’s other doctors and support all patient-desired curative treatments. Both hospice and palliative care seek relief from suffering and improved quality of life for the patients and caregivers they serve. Ultimately, palliative care can be a tremendous support if you’re faced with a serious diagnosis such as cancer. If you feel you could benefit from this additional support system, ask your doctor if your health care coverage provides a palliative care benefit.

What Every Cancer Patient Should Know about and Hospice of the Valleys By Leslee B. Cochrane, M.D. Executive Medical Director Hospice of the Valleys

ancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. behind heart disease. According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 38.4 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with cancer at some point during their lifetime, and in 2018 there were an estimated 1,735,350 new cases of cancer diagnosed in the United States and nearly 610,000 cancer related deaths. It is estimated that there are currently more than 15.5 million cancer survivors in the United States

Cancer is a disease that affects the whole person: mind, body and spirit. The goal of treatment is to cure whenever possible and to treat aggressively when a cure is not possible. Each patient faces a unique battle based on the specific details of their disease and no two cases are the same because no two people are the same. There may come a time during this battle when the burden of continuing to attack the cancer is causing more problems than benefits. When this happens, it

Providing comfort through the aggressive management of symptoms is the chief goal of hospice care. and that number is projected to top 20.3 million by 2026. In addition to the tremendous cost of human suffering caused by cancer, it is estimated that over $147 billion was spent on cancer related treatments in 2017 alone.

may make more sense to change the focus of treatment from attacking the disease to â€œattackingâ€? the symptoms. Providing comfort through the aggressive management of symptoms is the chief goal of hospice care.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Hospice of the Valleys is a local nonprofit hospice which has been serving cancer patients in the community for over 35 years. Our goal is to provide the very best quality of care to each of our patients because that is how we would want our family members to be treated. Hospice of the Valleys achieves this compassionate care with the help of a knowledgeable interdisciplinary team who work together with the patient and family to understand their goals of care and then develop a unique plan of care tailored to meet their specific needs. Expert physicians and nurses make home visits as needed to address physical symptoms such as pain, nausea and difficulty breathing. Other team members including social workers assist patients and their families by providing support to manage the financial and emotional stressors often associated with cancer. Spiritual care providers are also available to participate in providing spiritual support to patients and families as requested in addition to

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

providing bereavement care. Other additional benefits of Hospice of the Valleys include home delivery and coverage of all medications required to manage hospice related conditions, oxygen and other necessary medical equipment in addition to visits from a home health aide to assist with bathing and personal care. As most cancer patients understand all too well, not all health care providers deliver the same quality of care. This is true when it comes to hospice providers as well. Fortunately, there is a website provided by Medicare which enables patients to easily compare how families have rated the care provided by various hospice providers located within our community: www.medicare. gov/hospicecompare. Hospice of the Valleys received the highest overall ratings of all the agencies in our service area. To learn more about Hospice of the Valleys, visit https:// hospiceofthevalleys.org or call (951) 200-7800 with any questions.

Planning on a future S

after Cancer

By Michelle’s Place Cancer Resource Center

urviving cancer is a huge accomplishment on its own. The the future after cancer starts with emotional support, because the twice a week chemo appointments, surgeries and weekly journey never ends. radiation therapy all take a toll on someone. It is the part of the So, planning for the future while in treatment isn’t likely journey that no one talks about. Life after cancer is often times a priority for most. It is, however, a very important part of the the most difficult part of someone’s journey. So why don’t we talk journey. There is scary stuff that no one likes to face, like end of about it? life care. There are resources available that help families cope For many of our clients, they don’t realize that the real struggle with these situations. begins once the cancer is gone. Suddenly everything is different. Five Wishes is a legal document that guides people through Their hair is a different texture; their body may have changed and planning before and during a health crisis. It is a simple booklet they may be dealing with “chemobrain” in which their memory that lets them list their final wishes on how they would like to be is now jolted. After fighting for your life, these may seem like cared for at the end of life, and it is one way that the individual minor adjustments, but for many people, can communicate with their family should they completely change their identity. Yes, anything happen to them. As scary as it they’ve completed treatment, and yes, they may be to face, it helps give the family We celebrate those may have “beat” cancer, but the journey peace of mind that they are giving the never really ends for them. For many, there individual exactly what they would have that have “beat” cancer, is a constant fear of recurrence. A sore wanted. but when throat can send someone into the fearful Another important resource for those state that the cancer is back. We celebrate planning their future after cancer is a local their fight is over? those that have “beat” cancer, but where cancer resource center. People never do we go when their fight is over? know the resources that are available until We hear from many of our clients that they ask. Locally, Michelle’s Place Cancer their friends and families just don’t understand. That they aren’t Resource Center offers a Survivorship Support Circle that brings the same person that they once were. They are angry, sad or together those that have finished cancer and are looking for their afraid. So how do we help our loved ones after their cancer “new normal”. Or, if a career change is in the books, there is a treatments? We listen to them. We hear them out. When they say new program called “The Next Steps.” This career development that they are angry today or just can’t get out of bed, we listen. program brings together influential leaders within the community They are not expecting us to fix it, they just need someone to to mentor the participants through resume writing, mock interviews listen to them and acknowledge their pain. It is a process that and financial literacy presentations. One participant said, “It has all cancer patients will likely go through. Their identity change been an invaluable experience and a great motivator as I move may drive them for other lifestyle changes, like a new job or a to return to the workforce after many years of raising children and new hobby. Nobody plans to get cancer, and they certainly aren’t cancer treatment.” Whatever the needs may be, planning for a prepared for all the changes that come with it. The best anyone future after cancer takes time, patience and self-reflection. This can do is be loving, supportive and compassionate. Planning on time is the part of the story that they get to write.

where do we go

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

LOCAL ONCOLOGISTS PROVIDER

PHONE

CITY

Breastlink

(951) 600-2839

Murrieta

cCARE California Cancer Associates

ONCOLOGISTS Dr. Amy Brennar Breast Surgical Oncology Dr. Alberto Bessudo Hematology and Oncology

(800) 456-5860

Murrieta

Dr. Achala Doraiswamy Hematology and Oncology Dr. Arun Kalra Hematology and Oncology Dr. James Mason Radiation Oncology

City of Hope

(951) 252-9300

Temecula/Wildomar

Dr. Brian Ronson Radiation Oncology Dr. Tara Washington Radiation Oncology Dr. Evelyn Mendoza Hematology and Oncology

Hematology Oncology Consultants

(951) 252-9600

Murrieta

Dr. Kishore D. Sehgal Hematology and Oncology Dr. Stanley Shinke Hematology and Oncology

Kaiser Permanente

(951) 251-6000

Moreno Valley

Dr. Vishal N. Ranpura Hematology and Oncology Dr. Vaishali V. Saste Hematology and Oncology Dr. Alireza Abidi Gynecologic Oncology Dr. Xingting Fu Hematology and Oncology Dr. Melissa Hodeib Gynecologic Oncology Dr. Sherry Xin Hsu Hematology and Oncology

Kaiser Permanente

(833) 574-2273

Riverside

Dr. Sew-Chung Jang Hematology and Oncology Dr. Helen Heng-Shan Moon Hematology and Oncology Dr. Candace Amata Ruby Hematology and Oncology Dr. Sam Su-Hsien Yeh Hematology and Oncology Dr. Ashraf Rifaat Aziz Hematology and Oncology Dr. Sharon S. Lum Surgical Oncology

Loma Linda

(951) 290-4148

Murrieta

Dr. Jukes P. Namm Surgical Oncology Dr. Matthew J. Selleck Surgical Oncology Dr. Maheswari Senthil Surgical Oncology

Southland Hematology Oncology

(951) 696-7632

Murrieta

Dr. James Tsai Hematology and Oncology Dr. Rae Felthouse Oncology Specialist

Dr. Delshad Ahmad Hematology and Oncology The Oncology Institute of Hope and Innovation

Dr. Daniel B. Huang Hematology and Oncology (951) 465-7282

Murrieta

Dr. Mauro Janoski Hematology and Oncology Dr. Ramesh Kumar Hematology and Oncology Dr. Wilbur Nelson Montana Hematology and Oncology

UCSD Health

(800) 926-8273

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Temecula/Murrieta

Dr. Pratibha S. Binder Gynecologic Oncology Dr. Sonia Ramamoorthy Colorectal Oncology Surgery

LOCAL RESOURCES ORGANIZATION

SERVICES PROVIDED

24/7 Family Home Care and Veteran Services

Provides in home care, assisted living, companion care, veteran care, senior care and elderly care.

(951) 244-7622 https://www.247familyhomecareandveteranservices.com 31610 Railroad Canyon Road, Suite 4, Canyon Lake, CA 92587

Advanced Dermatology & Skin Cancer Specialist

Specialize in screening for and treating skin cancer. Specialize in mole and skin growth, mole removal, sun damage and other skin ailments.

(951) 303-6900 https://www.advanceddermspecialists.com 31720 Temecula Parkway, Suite 200, Temecula, CA 92592 26960 Cherry Hills Blvd., Sun City, CA 92586 1011 E Devonshire Ave., Suite 203, Hemet, CA 92543

Provides in home care and assisted living.

(951) 375-4588 https://www.alwaysbestcare.com 41593 Winchester Road, Suite 200, Temecula, CA, 92590

American Cancer Society

Connects you to trained staff to answer questions about diagnosis, identify resources or provide a listening ear and guidance. Offer clinical trials matching service, health insurance assistance and referrals to other services.

(951) 320-2351 https://www.cancer.org 6355 Riverside Ave., Riverside, CA 92506

Arbor Hospice (Formerly Ramona VNA)

Provides hospice care and services for patients with a life expectancy of six months or less.

(951) 658-9288 https://arborhospicecare.org 890 W. Stetson Ave., Suite A, Hemet, CA 92543

Aragon Medical Center

Family practice. Addresses most medical needs for patients of all ages.

(951) 676-9666 27625 Jefferson Ave., Temecula, CA 92590

ASAP Home Health Providers Inc.

Provides high quality home health and hospice care.

(951) 639-8653 http://www.asaphcp.com 41593 Winchester Road, Suite 200, Temecula, CA 92590

Atiga Family Practice

Family practice doctor. Addresses most medical needs for patients of all ages. Provides well woman visits, which include Pap smears.

(951) 695-4688 https://atigafamilypractice.com 25405 Hancock Ave., Murrieta, CA 92562

Breastlink Women’s Imaging Center

Radiology lab, mammograms, biopsies, and breast ultrasounds, breast MRIs.

(951) 600-2839 http://www.breastlink.com 25455 Medical Center Dr., Suite 210, Murrieta, CA 92562

Brookdale Murrieta

Provides high-quality assisted living services to seniors and their families.

(951) 254-7146 https://www.brookdale.com/en.html 24350 Jackson Ave., Murrieta, CA 92562

California Department on Aging

Provides daycare, housing, personal care and other resources for seniors.

(800) 677-1116 https://www.aging.ca.gov 6296 River Crest Dr., Suite K, Riverside, CA 92507

Canine Support Teams

Provides service dogs to increase the mobility and independence of someone with disabilities while simultaneously providing loving companionship.

(951) 301-3625 http://www.caninesupportteams.org 26500 Scott Road, Menifee, CA 92584

cCARE: California Cancer Associates

Offers oncology, hematology, chemotherapy, radiation oncology, infusion and imaging services. Also offers cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, complimentary medicine and other therapies.

(760) 733-9191 https://ccare.com 25405 Hancock Ave., Murrieta, CA 92562

Provides high-quality home health and hospice care services. Also offers compassion and socialization services, personal care, skilled nursing, therapies, pediatric services, long term chronic care, and short term assistance.

(951) 900-4116 https://www.careminders.com 1 Better World Circle, Suite 304, Temecula, CA 92592

Always Best Care Senior Services

CareMinders

CONTACT INFORMATION

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

ORGANIZATION

SERVICES PROVIDED

CONTACT INFORMATION

Caregiver Provider

Provides caregivers that are matched to a person’s particular needs and lifestyle.

(951) 246-2550 https://www.acaregiverhh.com/# 31520 Railroad Canyon Road, Suite A, Canyon Lake, CA 92587

Cassone Wellness

Offers lifestyle counseling, clinical nutrition, acupuncture and herbal medicines.

(951) 693-9355 https://www.cassonewellness.com 28465 Old Town Front St., Suite 324, Temecula, CA 92590

Charity for Charity

Fulfills wishes for individuals with life-threatening illness or traumatic injury.

(951) 77-STARS http://www.charityforcharity.org 41965 3rd St., Suite A, Temecula, CA 92543

Cleaning for a Reason Lizzie Bizzie Cleaning

Provides free cleaning services for female cancer patients.

(714) 624-9959 https://lizziebizziecleaning.business.site 3936 Canterbury Road, Riverside, CA 92504

Comfort Keepers Home Care

Provides home care services for senior citizens. Interactive caregiving, respite care, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease care, 24-hour home care, end of life care and transitioning home.

(951) 401-4045 https://www.comfortkeepers.com 41593 Winchester Road, Suite 200, Temecula, CA 92590

Provides comprehensive cancer treatment, clinical treatment, clinical trials and cancer support.

https://www.cityofhope.org/homepage (951) 252-9300 44274 George Cushman Court, Suite 100, Temecula, CA 92592 (951) 696-0679 36450 Inland Valley Dr., Suite 101, Wildomar, CA 92595 (951) 683-6771 6939 Palm Court, Riverside, CA 92506 (951) 898-2828 1280 Corona Pointe Ct., Suite 112, Corona, CA 92879

Crystal Roses

Provides phone support and home/hospital visits to women facing life-threatening medical conditions.

(951) 205-8671 https://crystalroseshelps.com 414 W. Grand Blvd., Suite 6056, Corona, CA 92878

Dermatology Specialists Inc.

Provides skin care treatment for patients and those with cancer.

(951) 304-7546 http://www.dermspec.com 25495 Medical Center Dr., Murrieta, CA 92562

Provides hospice and palliative care.

(855) 883-3582 http://www.deltainlandvalley.com 41593 Winchester Road, Suite 215, Temecula, CA 92590

Low-cost or no-cost van transportation for seniors and ADA-certified individuals. Travels within threequarters of a mile of a Riverside Transit Authority local fixed route.

(800) 795-7887 https://www.riversidetransit.com 1825 3rd St., Riverside, CA 92507

Provides hospice, palliative care and grief counseling for adults and children.

(800) 797-2050 https://elizabethhospice.org 27720 Jefferson Ave., Temecula, CA 92590

Provides caregiver support, medication support and personal care.

(951) 764-3550 http://www.endlesscaregiving.com 31805 Temecula Parkway, Temecula, CA 92557

Provides counseling and support services.

(951) 369-8036 https://www.fsaca.org 21250 Box Springs Road, Suite 106, Moreno Valley, CA 92557

Provides companion care, personal care, respite care, meal preparation, housekeeping, transportation, mobility, activities and engagement.

(951) 294-5786 https://www.firstlighthomecare.com/home-healthcare-temecula-valley 43218 Business Park Dr., Suite 101, Temecula, CA 92590

City of Hope National Medical Center

Delta Inland Valley

Dial A Ride Riverside Transit Agency

Elizabeth Hospice

Endless CareGiving Services

Family Service Association

FirstLight Home Care

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

LOCAL RESOURCES CONT. ORGANIZATION

SERVICES PROVIDED

Graybill Medical Group

Internal Medicine. Addresses most medical needs for patients of all ages.

(866) 288-2236 https://www.graybill.org 31537 Rancho Pueblo Road, Temecula, CA 92592

Offers imaging services that include 3D CT, bone density testing, high-field MRI, mammography, ultrasound, x-ray, and open MRI.

http://www.healthscanimaging.com/index.html (951) 894-4418 40700 California Oaks Road, Suite 103, Murrieta, CA 92562 (951) 302-2225 31565 Rancho Pueblo Road, Suite 101, Temecula, CA 92592 (951) 245-2700 425 South Diamond Dr., Suite 103, Lake Elsinore, CA 92530 (951) 244-6700 29798 Haun Road, Suite 103, Menifee, CA 92586

Health Scan Imaging

Hemet Valley Medical Center

Full service acute care hospital offering highquality 24-hour emergency care, cardiology and cardiac catheterization lab, oncology care, orthopedic surgery, joint replacement, endoscopy, outpatient surgery, prenatal and newborn services. Also provides physical therapy, radiation therapy, addiction treatment, and speech and occupational therapy.

CONTACT INFORMATION

(951) 652-2811 http://www.hemetvalleymedicalcenter.com 1117 E Devonshire Ave., Hemet, CA 92543

Hematology Oncology Consultants

Provides hematology and oncology cancer treatment.

https://www.hematologyoncologyconsultants.com (951) 252-9600 28078 Baxter Road, Suite 140, Murrieta, CA 92563 (951) 766-6460 301 N San Jacinto St., Hemet, CA 92543

Highgate Senior Living

Provides assisted living services, memory care, respite stays and independent living services.

(951) 308-1885 https://www.highgateseniorliving.com 42301 Moraga Road, Temecula, CA 92591

Hope Hospice and Healthcare

Provides hospice and palliative care. Offers physician services, nursing care, homemaker services, counseling, medication, medical supplies/equipment and physical therapy.

(951) 679-8872 http://thehopehospice.com 29826 Haun Road, Suite 108, Sun City, CA 92586

Horizon Valley Home Health Care Inc.

Full-service home health agency that provides skilled nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, home health aide, medical social worker and registered dietitian.

(951) 699-4017 http://horizonvalleyhomehealth.com 28991 Old Town Front St., Suite 105, Temecula, CA 92590

Hospice of the Valleys

Provides routine, respite and continuous hospice care. Offers bereavement and counseling services.

(951) 200-7800 https://hospiceofthevalleys.org 25240 Hancock Ave., Suite 120, Murrieta, CA 92562

Inland Empire Health Plan (IEHP)

Provides comprehensive healthcare coverage, including primary care, specialist care, hospital care, prescription, behavioral health, care management, disability services, community resources and palliative program for Medi-Cal and dual eligible beneficiaries.

(800) 860-1298 https://ww3.iehp.org 10801 Sixth St., Suite 120, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730

Interim Healthcare

Provides homecare services to residents throughout Southwest Riverside County. Offers home life enrichment programs, personal care and support, Alzheimerâ€™s and dementia care.

(951) 239-4244 https://www.interimhealthcare.com 24640 Jefferson Ave., Suite 206, Murrieta, CA 92562

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Inland Valley Medical Center

General Hospital, addresses medical needs for patients, treats a range of cancers, surgical treatment, regionâ€™s only Level II Trauma Center, diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, CT, MRI, ultrasound, colonoscopies, lab testing, bariatrics, neurosurgery and total joint center.

(951) 677-1111 https://www.inlandvalleymedcenter.com 36485 Inland Valley Dr., Wildomar, CA 92595

Ivy Springs Medical Care

Family Practice. Addresses most medical needs for patients of all ages.

(951) 677-2227 41680 Ivy St., Murrieta, CA 92562

Jacobâ€™s House

Lodging for families and loved ones of those in hospitalized traumatic medical need can find hope, comfort, peace and inspiration.

(951) 452-2627 https://www.jacobshousetemecula.org 31525 Jedidiah Smith Road, Temecula, CA 92592

Kaiser Permanente Medical Offices/Center

Provides various specialty care options and services. Provides cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment and survivorship services.

https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/southern-california (866) 984-7483 2055 Kellogg Ave., Corona, CA 92879 (951) 353-0811 27300 Iris Ave., Moreno Valley, CA 92555 (951) 353-2000 10800 Magnolia Ave., Riverside, CA 92505 (866) 984-7483 28150 Keller Road, Murrieta, CA 92563 (866) 984-7483 27309 Jefferson Ave., Temecula, CA 92590 (866) 984-7483 36450 Inland Valley Dr., Wildomar, CA 92595

Keepsake Companions

Provides light housekeeping, transportation and companionship services. Offers domestic care, cognitive care, comfort care, personal care, culinary companionship, meal prep and free placement services.

(951) 445-8582 http://www.keepsakecompanions.com 27715 Jefferson Ave., Suite 113A, Temecula, CA 92590

Family Practice and Hospital. Addresses most medical needs for patients of all ages.

(951) 514-0461 http://www.rivco-familycarecenters.org 2501 E. Lakeshore Dr., Lake Elsinore, CA 92530

Lake Elsinore Family Care Center

Provides cancer treatment, screening, clinical trials and support services. Has 11 centers to treat every type of cancer. Loma Linda University Health

Provides treatment for a range of cancers. Offers surgical treatment, diagnostics, radiation services, interventional radiology and cancer support groups.

Loma Linda University Health - Cancer Center (909) 558-4126 https://lluh.org/cancer-center 11234 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92354 Loma Linda University Medical Center-Murrieta Campus (951) 290-4000 https://lluh.org/locations/loma-linda-university-medical-centermurrieta-campus 28062 Baxter Road, Murrieta, CA 92563

Provides home cleaning.

(951) 304-6243 https://www.maids.com/170 41775 Elm St., Suite 401, Murrieta, CA 92562

Mary Phillips Senior Center

Provides nutrition programs, senior activities, transportation programs, general medical exams, sick child visits and health screenings for blood pressure, diabetes and vision.

(951) 694-6464 https://temeculaca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Mary-Phillips-SeniorCenter-67 41845 6th St., Temecula, CA 92590

Motion Medical Group

Focusing on both treatment and prevention, Motion Medical Group health care providers offer personal and professional medical care for you and your family.

(951) 790-0107 https://www.motionmedicalgroup.com 25495 Medical Center Dr., Suite 305, Murrieta CA, 92562 27699 Jefferson Ave., Suite 101, Temecula, CA 92590

Maids of Murrieta

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Full-service acute care hospital offering high quality 24-hour emergency care, cardiology and cardiac catheterization lab, orthopedic surgery, endoscopy, joint replacement, outpatient surgery, physical therapy, and speech and occupational therapy.

(951) 679-8888 http://www.menifeevalleymedicalcenter.com 28400 McCall Blvd., Menifee, CA 92585

Michelle’s Place

Michelle’s Place is a full service cancer center offering free resources to families dealing with cancer. Resources include support groups, diagnostic services, financial assistance, educational seminars, wigs and more.

(951) 699-5455 https://michellesplace.org 41669 Winchester Road, Suite 100, Temecula, CA 92590

Murrieta Dermatology and Skin Cancer/LA Laser Center

Provides skin cancer removal and skin therapy services.

(951) 677-5341 https://www.lalasercenter.com 40663 Murrieta Hot Springs Road, Suite C3, Murrieta, CA 92562

Neighborhood HealthcareEvery Woman Counts

Provides free breast and cervical cancer screenings.

(951) 225-6400 https://www.nhcare.org 41840 Enterprise Circle N., Temecula, CA 92590

Neighborhood HealthcareMenifee

Medical Services. Provides variety of health services to all ages.

(951) 216-2200 https://www.nhcare.org/healthcare-centers/menifee-healthcarecenter 26926-B Cherry Hills Blvd., Menifee, CA 92586

Provides private duty nurse, certified nursing assistance, home health aides, personal care attendants, home makers and respite care providers.

(951) 491-0150 http://www.neveralone1.com 28441 Rancho California Road, Suite 2, Temecula, CA 92590

Medical services for Native Americans. Includes medical, dental, pediatric, eye, and behavioral services.

(951) 676-6810 https://www.rsbcihi.org 12784 Pechanga Road, Temecula, CA 92390

Provides in home care, which includes bathing assistance, medication reminders, meal preparation, housekeeping, laundry and companionship.

(937) 684-2667 https://www.care.com/b/l/peggy-s-light/menifee-ca 26100 Newport Road, Suite A12306, Menifee, CA 92584

Provides adult and pediatric patient care, skilled nursing care, medical social work and certified home health aide.

(951) 587-8100 http://www.premier-homehealth.com 32389 Temecula Parkway, Suite 120, Temecula, CA 92590

Provides cancer screenings for breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and thyroid cancer. *Need referral/order from healthcare provider.

https://www.questdiagnostics.com/home.html (951) 301-8743 28125 Bradley Road, Suite 245, Sun City, CA 92586 (951) 672-0852 29798 Haun Road, Suite 206, Menifee, CA 92586 (951) 471-3231 32251 Mission Trail, Suite G1, Lake Elsinore, CA 92530 (951) 461-2315 25405 Hancock Ave., Suite 102, Murrieta, CA 92562 (951) 704-7098 25460 Medical Center Dr., Suite 102, Murrieta, CA 92562 (951) 694-4301 27699 Jefferson Ave., Suite 109, Temecula, CA 92590 (951) 676-5108 28780 Single Oak Dr., Suite 165, Temecula, CA 92590 (951) 719-1140 31150 Temecula Parkway, Suite 203, Temecula, CA 92592

Menifee Valley Medical Center

Never Alone

Pechanga Indian Health Clinic

Peggy’s Light

Premier Healthcare Services

Quest Diagnostics

SERVICES PROVIDED

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Rady Children’s Medical PlazaMurrieta

Provides a variety of pediatric services that include primary care and specialty care services. (Pediatric Surgery, Radiology/Imaging, Rehabilitation Medicine)

(951) 600-1640 https://www.rchsd.org/locations/satellite-locations/murrieta-2/ 25170 Hancock Ave., Murrieta, CA 92562

Rancho Family Medical GroupSun City

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages. Cancer screenings for various types of cancer.

(951) 676-4193 http://www.ranchofamilymed.com 26960 Cherry Hills Blvd., Sun City, CA 92586

Rancho Family Medical GroupMenifee

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages. Cancer screenings for various types of cancer.

(951) 676-4193 http://www.ranchofamilymed.com 30420 Haun Road, Menifee, CA 92584

Rancho Family Medical GroupMurrieta

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages. Cancer screenings for various types of cancer.

(951) 676-4193 http://www.ranchofamilymed.com 24400 Jackson Ave., Suite B, Murrieta, CA 92562

Rancho Family Medical GroupTemecula

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages. Cancer screenings for various types of cancer.

http://www.ranchofamilymed.com (951) 676-4193 28780 Single Oak Dr., Suite 160, Temecula, CA 92590 (951) 225-6827 31150 Temecula Parkway, Suite 200, Temecula, CA 92592 (951) 308-4451 41715 Winchester Road, Suite 101, Temecula, CA 92590 (951) 676-4193 (Urgent Care) 31720 Temecula Parkway, Suite 100, Temecula, CA 92592

Rancho Springs Medical Center

General Hospital, addresses medical needs for patients, treats a range of cancers, surgical treatment, da Vinci Robotics, diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, CT, MRI, ultrasound, colonoscopies, lab testing, pediatric emergency physicians, women’s health.

(951) 696-6000 https://www.ranchospringsmedcenter.com 25500 Medical Center Dr., Murrieta, CA 92562

REINS Therapeutic Horsemanship Program

Provides services that support the physical, mental and emotional health of disabled children and adults with therapeutic equine-assisted activities.

(760) 731-9168 https://www.reinsprogram.org 4461 S. Mission Road, Fallbrook, CA 92028

Right at Home

Provides companionship care, homemaking services, physical assistance, hygiene, wellness, Alzheimer’s and dementia services and home care services.

(951) 506-9628 https://www.rightathome.net 29379 Rancho California Road, Suite 206, Temecula, CA 92591

Riverside Community HospitalCancer Center

Provides cancer treatment and cyber knife technology. Also offers cancer support services, screening, diagnosis and therapies.

(951) 788-3000 https://riversidecommunityhospital.com 4445 Magnolia Ave., Riverside, CA 92501

Riverside University Health System

Provides cancer screening test for breast cancer, cervix cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer.

http://www.ruhealth.org/en-us (951) 766-2450 880 N. State St., Hemet, CA 92543 (951) 272-5445 2813 S. Main St., Corona, CA 92882 (951) 471-4200 2499 E. Lakeshore Dr., Lake Elsinore, CA 92530

Senior Citizens Service Center of Temecula-Murrieta Area

Provides foodbank and financial assistance based on income. Also has a thrift store with clothing and household goods.

(951) 600-9557 http://riverside.networkofcare.org/aging/index.aspx 41538 Eastman Dr., Suite C, Murrieta, CA 92562

Sharing Households Assist Riverside’s Energy (SHARE) & Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP)

Provides utility assistance and energy conservation education.

(951) 955-4900 https://www.capriverside.org/program/utilityassistanceprogram 2038 Iowa Ave., Suite B101/B102, Riverside, CA 92507

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(951) 696-7632 25485 Medical Center Dr., Suite 204, Murrieta, CA 92562

Southland Hematology Oncology Medical Group

Provides hematology and oncology cancer treatment.

Supreme Care Nursing Services Inc.

Provides daily living assistance, Alzheimer’s and dementia, stroke, anxiety, depression, postsurgical, respite and end of life care.

(951) 699-1444 https://supremecarenursing.com 28924 Old Town Front St., Temecula, CA 92590

Susan G. Komen Inland Empire

Provide a network of breast cancer survivors and activists that work together to save lives, empower cancer patients, ensure quality care for all and energize science to find cures.

(951) 676-PINK https://komenie.org 7177 Brockton Ave., Suite 108, Riverside, CA 92506

Synergy Home Care

Provides family support, personal assistance, transportation, meals, housekeeping, companionship, 24-hour care services for seniors.

(951) 296-2214 https://www.synergyhomecare.com 42460 Ridge Park Dr., Suite 200, Temecula, CA 92590

Temecula Center for Integrative Medicine

Provides functional medicine, chiropractic care, lifestyle education, lifestyle therapy, neuropathic medicine and behavioral health services.

(951) 383-4333 https://www.tcimedicine.com 27450 Ynez Road, Suite 100, Temecula, CA 92591

Temecula Valley Family Physicians

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages.

(951) 302-4700 https://drcombs.com 31720 Temecula Parkway, Suite 203, Temecula, CA 92592

Temecula Valley Advanced Imaging-Murrieta

Provides diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, imaging disciplines by body part and specialty care services. (Radiology, Cancer Imaging, Biopsy, Ultrasound, X-Ray)

https://www.radnet.com/temecula-valley (951) 699-7161 25395 Hancock Ave., Suite 110, Murrieta, CA 92562 (951) 894-7056 25455 Medical Center Dr., Suite 100, Murrieta, CA 92562

Temecula Valley Advanced Imaging-Menifee

Provides diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, imaging disciplines by body part and specialty care services. (Radiology, Cancer Imaging, Biopsy, Ultrasound, X-Ray)

(951) 566-5813 https://www.radnet.com/temecula-valley 27168 Newport Road, Suite B, Menifee, CA 92584

Temecula Valley Advanced Imaging-San Jacinto

Provides diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, imaging disciplines by body part and specialty care services. (Radiology, Cancer Imaging, Biopsy, Ultrasound, X-Ray)

(951) 665-1555 https://www.radnet.com/temecula-valley 1695 S. San Jacinto Ave., Suite B, San Jacinto, CA 92583

Temecula Valley Advanced Imaging-Temecula

Provides diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, imaging disciplines by body part and specialty care services. (Radiology, Cancer Imaging, Biopsy, Ultrasound, X-Ray)

https://www.radnet.com/temecula-valley (951) 694-6052 28780 Single Oak Dr., Suite 155, Temecula, CA 92590 (951) 587-8956 31775 De Portola Road, Suite 100, Temecula, CA 92592

Temecula Valley Advanced Imaging-Wildomar

Provides diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, imaging disciplines by body part and specialty care services. (Radiology, Cancer Imaging, Biopsy, Ultrasound, X-Ray)

(951) 461-0596 https://www.radnet.com/temecula-valley 36320 Inland Valley Dr., Suite 303, Wildomar, CA 92595

Temecula Valley Hospital

General Hospital. Addresses medical needs for patients. Treats a range of cancers, surgical treatment, diagnostic imaging, interventional imaging, CT, MRI, ultrasound, colonoscopies, laboratory testing.

(951) 331-2200 https://www.temeculavalleyhospital.com 31700 Temecula Parkway, Temecula, CA 92591

Temecula Valley Primary Care Physicians

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages.

(951) 296-5844 https://www.temeculaprimarycare.com 40285 Winchester Road, Suite 103, Temecula, CA 92591

Temecula Medical Group

Family Practice. Addresses medical needs for patients of all ages. Urgent Care service.

(951) 302-2526 http://temeculamedicalgroup.com 44054 Margarita Road, Temecula, CA 92592

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Temecula Valley Radiation Oncology

Provides radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and surgery.

(951) 200-6874 http://www.tvradiation.com 36320 Inland Valley Dr., Suite 105, Wildomar, CA 92563

Temple Court Senior Care

Residential care for elderly. Alternative to nursing home.

(951) 640-2606 http://templecourtseniorcare.com Hours: 24/7 40009 Temple Ct., Murrieta, CA 92563

Provides hair styling and cutting. Also provides wigs, cranial hair prosthesis.

(951) 698-8444 http://hairgardenmurrieta.com 40119 Murrieta Hot Springs Road, Suite C103, Murrieta, CA 92563

The Oncology Institute of Hope and Innovation

Provides cancer prevention education, diagnosis, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, surgery, and support groups.

(951) 372-2400 https://theoncologyinstitute.com 900 S Main St., Suite 204, Corona, CA 92882

The Pink Ribbon Place

Provides a range of free services to those impacted by cancer, before, during and after treatment. Services include: counseling, education, exercise classes, support groups, patient navigation, therapy through art, wigs, bras and breast prosthesis.

(951) 823-0261 http://pink.rchf.org 4275 Lemon St., Riverside, CA 92501

Trauma Intervention Program Inc.

Provide emotional comfort and support. Help arrange for shelter, clothing, food and transportation. Provide referrals to other agencies for ongoing support.

(951) 698-2453 https://www.tipswrc.org Southwest Riverside County Chapter P.O. BOX 585, Murrieta, CA 92564

Provides adult and pediatric urologic care.

(951) 698-1901 https://www.trivalleyurology.com 25495 Medical Center Dr., Suite 204, Murrieta, CA 92562

TRICARE Outpatient Clinic (TOC)

Offers general family practice care for service members and their families.

(844) 866-9378 https://www.tricare-west.com 43500 Ridge Park Dr., Temecula, CA 92590

United Way Inland Valleys (Riverside Office)

Help childhood patients and young adults achieve their potential, promote financial stability and independence and improving peopleâ€™s health.

(951) 697-4700 https://www.uwiv.org 1835 Chicago Ave., Suite B, Riverside, CA, 92507

United Way Central County (Hemet and Menifee Office)

Help childhood patients and young adults achieve their potential, promote financial stability and independence and improving peopleâ€™s health.

http://www.ccuw.org (951) 929-9691 418 Florida Ave., Hemet, CA 92543 (951) 282-5761 27070 Sun City Blvd., Menifee, CA 92543

Vineyard Ranch at Temecula

Provides assisted living and memory care.

(951) 308-1988 https://www.vineyardranchseniorliving.com 27350 Nicholas Road, Temecula, CA 92591

Visiting Angels

Provides home care, companionship, respite and personal care services.

(951) 639-5949 https://www.visitingangels.com 25090 Jefferson Ave., Suite C, Murrieta, CA 92562

VNA California

Provides home health, hospice, outreach and other related services.

(951) 894-5300 http://vnacalifornia.org 28078 Baxter Road, Suite 240, Murrieta, CA 92563

The Hair Garden

Tri Valley Urology

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211 Community Connect

211 is a toll free, confidential service providing Riverside County residents access and referrals to community and health information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and in many languages.

Dial 211 from your phone. http://connectriverside.org

Air Charity Network serves all 50 states and provides free air transportation to medical facilities for citizens who are financially distressed or otherwise unable to travel on public transportation.

(877) 621-7177 http://aircharitynetwork.org

Connects people to trained staff to answer questions about diagnosis, identify resources, or provide a listening ear and guidance. Offer clinical trials matching service, health insurance assistance and referrals to other services.

(800) 227-2345 https://www.cancer.org

American Childhood Cancer Organization

Dedicated to making childhood cancer a national health priority through shaping policy, supporting research, raising awareness and providing educational resources and innovative programs to children with cancer, survivors and their families.

(855) 858-2226 https://www.acco.org

American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association

Provides education and information on how certain cancers and treatments affect the heart. Also provides a range of online resources on heart disease and stroke.

(800) 242-8721 http://www.heart.org

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)

ASCO promotes and provides lifelong learning for oncology professionals, cancer research, improved environment for oncology practice, access to quality cancer care. Seeks to educate and inform.

(888) 282-2552 https://www.asco.org

Be the Match

Largest bone marrow registry that provides one-on-one support, referrals and free educational resources to patients, caregivers and families dealing with bone marrow transplants.

(800) 627-7692 https://bethematch.org

Offers grants, cancer care kits, counseling, caregiving support and financial assistance to families of terminal cancer patients who are under hospice care.

(877) 323-9762 http://www.belovedfoundation.com

Benefits.gov provides access to information on more than 1,200 federal and state benefit and assistance programs. Benefits.gov can help patients start their search by connecting them to benefits they may be eligible to receive.

(800) 333-4636 https://www.benefits.gov

Provides financial assistance and community based navigation. Also provides community referrals. Eligibility is based on diagnosis and demonstrated financial need.

(866) 960-9222 https://breastcancersolutions.org/bcs

California Hospice and Palliative Care Association

Provides referrals for hospice care services. Provides information on end of life care, coverage, reimbursement and support for caregivers.

(888) 252-1010 http://calhospice.org

California Lifeline Program

Provides discounted home and cell phone services to eligible households.

(877) 858-7463 https://www.californialifeline.com/en

A program of Kesem, Camp Kesem operates free summer camps for children who have been impacted by a parent’s cancer. They provide innovative, fun-filled programs that foster a lasting community.

(260) 225-3736 http://campkesem.org

Cancer.net

Cancer.net brings expertise and resources of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) to people living with cancer and those who care about them. Provides comprehensive information to help patients and families make informed health care decisions.

(888) 651-3038 https://www.cancer.net

Cancer Financial Assistance Coalition

Database that connects cancer patients and their families to organizations providing financial or practical help.

https://www.cancerfac.org

Air Charity Network

American Cancer Society

Beloved Foundation

Benefits.gov

Breast Cancer Solutions

Camp Kesem

CONTACT INFORMATION

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Provides social and emotional support for people impacted by cancer. Administers a toll-free helpline and produces educational resources. Conducts research on emotional, psychological, and financial journey of cancer patients. Advocates at all levels of government for policies to help those battling cancer.

(888) 793-9355 https://www.cancersupportcommunity.org

CancerCare

Professional oncology social workers provide free emotional and practical support for people with cancer, caregivers, loved ones and the bereaved. Offers counseling, support groups, education workshops, publications, and financial assistance.

(800) 813-4673 https://www.cancercare.org

Catholic Charities USA

Offers wide spectrum of integrated health and hunger services for individuals and families in need, regardless of faith. From behavioral health and addiction services to meals on wheels and community farms.

(703) 549-1390 https://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org

Center for Health Care Rights

Provides individual counseling about Medicare and other health care issues. Offers legal assistance with Medicare appeals.

(213) 383-4519 https://healthcarerights.org

Chemo Buddies 4 Life

Connects cancer patients going through chemotherapy to others experiencing the same. Membership services include a safe forum to communicate with other cancer patients.

(951) 501-9939 https://chemobuddies4life.org

Children’s Brain Tumor Foundation

Conducts research, support, education and advocacy to families and survivors of brain and spinal cord tumors.

(866) 228-4673 http://cbtf.org

Children’s Health Insurance Program

Provides free or low-cost health coverage for children 18 and under. Families that earn too much income to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford to purchase private health insurance coverage are encouraged to contact.

(877) 543-7669 https://www.insurekidsnow.gov

Consumer Center for Health Education and Advocacy

Provides free civil legal assistance, advice/counsel, effective referrals and legal representation for low income individuals.

(877) 534-2524 https://www.lassd.org

Co-Pay Relief Program

Provides financial assistance to financially and medically qualified patients, including those insured through federally administered health plans such as Medicare, for co-payments, co-insurance and deductibles required by a patient’s insurer for pharmaceutical treatments and/or prescription medications prescribed to treat and/or manage their disease.

(866) 512-3861 https://www.copays.org

Colorectal Cancer Control Program

Helps states increase colorectal cancer screening rates among those ages 50 and older. Also seeks to educate people on colorectal cancer.

(800) 232-4636 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/crccp

Corporate Angel Network

Provides free flights for cancer patients (both children and adults) to treatment at no cost to them on empty seats on both private and corporate planes.

(914) 328-1313 http://www.corpangelnetwork.org

Dream Foundation

Helps terminally ill patients achieve a dream as simple as paying a bill, purchasing needed equipment or going on a vacation.

(805) 564-1231 http://www.dreamfoundation.org

Eldercare Locator

Eldercare Locator links older adults and their families who need assistance with services such as meals, home care, transportation or caregiver needs training and education.

(800) 677-1116 https://eldercare.acl.gov/Public/Index.aspx

Good Days provides financial support by covering prohibitively costly co-pays for those with life-altering conditions. In some cases, additional financial assistance for health insurance premiums and treatment-related travel expenses. Provides emotional support over the phone and by connecting patients and families to disease-specific resources.

(877) 968-7233 https://www.mygooddays.org

Professional association of nearly 200 unique, nonprofit organizations that provide lodging and support services to patients, families and their loved ones who are receiving medical treatment far from their home communities.

(800) 542-9730 https://www.hhnetwork.org

Cancer Support Community (CSC)

Good Days

Healthcare Hospitality Network

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CONTACT INFORMATION

Healthcare.gov

Database for public programs with information from more than 1,000 private insurance plans. Consumers can search online for health insurance options specific to their life situation and local community.

(800) 318-2596 https://www.healthcare.gov

HealthWell Foundation

Provide financial assistance help with prescription copays, health insurance premiums, deductibles and coinsurance, pediatric treatment costs, travel costs and out-of-pocket expenses.

(800) 675-8416 https://www.healthwellfoundation.org

Jami Buchanan McNees “Beautiful Cancer”

Book written by Jami Buchanan McNees which follows her journey in dealing with cancer and attempts to re-frame the way in which one might choose to process the experience of a cancer journey.

https://www.amazon.com/BeautifulCancer-Greatest-Challenges-Diagnosis/ dp/154985657X

Offers support groups, camps and events for children that have/had a parent with cancer.

(949) 582-5443 https://www.kidskonnected.org

Leukemia & Lymphoma Society

Provide free information, education and support services for those who are impacted by blood cancer. Advocate for lifesaving policy changes at the state and federal level to ensure access to quality, affordable, coordinated care. Fund ground-breaking research to find treatments and cures. Provides blood cancer information, education, financial support and travel assistance.

(800) 955-4572 (714) 481-5640 http://www.lls.org

Life Credit Company

Provides loans and accepts reimbursement through life insurance policies. Life Credit Company will pay all policy’s future premium payments.

(888) 274-1777 http://apply.lifecreditcompany.com

Offers free confidential support through education, referrals and counseling services to help patients and their loved ones manage the effects of cancer.

(855) 220-7777 https://www.livestrong.org

Lymphoma Research Foundation

Provide Lymphoma support network and LRF’s patient aid grant. Staff offer individual support. Search for clinical trials on the Lymphoma Helpline and Clinical Trials Information Services. Provide healthcare professionals and patients with important information on the disease.

(800) 500-9976 https://www.lymphoma.org

National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP)

Provides low-income, uninsured and underserved women access to timely breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic. Services include clinical breast exams, mammograms, pap tests, HPV tests, pelvic exams, diagnostic testing if results are abnormal and referrals to treatment.

(800) 232-4636 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp

The National Children’s Cancer Society

Provides financial support, support networks for families, global outreach by distributing donated cancer-related pharmaceuticals and helping cancer survivors integrate their cancer experience into their lives.

(314) 241-1600 https://www.thenccs.org

National Patient Travel Center

Provides information regarding all forms of charitable, long distance medical transportation and provides referrals to all appropriate sources of help.

(800) 296-1217 http://patienttravel.org

NeedyMeds

NeedyMeds is a national nonprofit organization that maintains a website of free information on programs that help people who can’t afford medications and healthcare costs. Also publish information about resources for specific diseases.

(800) 503-6897 https://www.needymeds.org

Patient Advocate Foundation

Provides patients with arbitration, mediation and negotiation to settle issues with access to care, medical debt and job retention related to their illness. Offers specialized patient programs, co-pay relief, outreach and case management and assistance.

(800) 532-5274 https://www.patientadvocate.org

Ronald McDonald House Charities

Provide housing near a hospitalized child, the expense of staying together in another city and access to getting basic medical and dental care in vulnerable communities.

(630) 623-7048 https://www.rmhc.org

Sarcoma Alliance

Offers financial assistance for expenses related to second option consultations. Offers peer-to-peer networking, provides accurate diagnosis and improves access to healthcare and support.

(415) 381-7236 https://sarcomaalliance.org

Kids Konnected

LIVESTRONG

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

ORGANIZATION

SERVICES PROVIDED

CONTACT INFORMATION

The Salvation Army National Headquarters

Offers community and fellowship, rebuilds lives and provides comfort and support. Offer youth camps, rehabilitation, elderly services and adult day care centers.

(800) SAL-ARMY https://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn

Sisters Network Inc.

National African American breast cancer survivorship organization that addresses the breast health needs of African American women. Provides financial assistance after someone has been diagnosed with breast cancer.

(713) 781-0255 http://www.sistersnetworkinc.org

Monthly income for eligible retired persons, surviving spouses and family members and disabled people. SSI supplements Social Security payments for aged, blind, and disabled people. Provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing and shelter.

(800) 772-1213 https://www.ssa.gov

Provides information, referrals and counseling to Medicare recipients and their families. SHIP counselors provide information on medi gap policies, long-term care insurance, Medicare health plan choices, Medicare rights and protections and assistance with filing an appeal.

https://www.medicare.gov/contacts

Provides pharmaceutical assistance primarily to low-income elderly or persons with disabilities who do not qualify for Medicaid.

(800) Medicare https://www.medicare.gov

Assists cancer survivors in the U.S. between the ages of 17-35. Distributes grants/scholarships in an effort to enable survivors to pursue their education or professional goals. Helps pay for living, job searches and lingering medical expenses.

(800) 4-CANCER https://supportorgs.cancer.gov

Programs include permanent housing solutions, donation centers and raising money for people that are in need of assistance.

(951) 757-5212 https://www.tvphp.org

Trauma Intervention Program

Provides emotional first aid to survivors of tragedy using trained citizen volunteers to respond to traumatic incidents to support victims and their families.

(951) 698-2453 https://tipswrc.org

Stupid Cancer

Comprehensively addresses young adult cancer through advocacy, research, support, outreach, awareness, mobile health and social media. Offers support services and meet ups for young adults.

(877) 735-4673 http://stupidcancer.org

The Ulman Cancer Fund for Young Adults

Offers remote patient navigation programs that provide access to support resources, treatment information, and tips of effective communication with patientâ€™s healthcare team. Offers college scholarships to young adult cancer survivors and loved ones.

(410) 964-0202 https://ulmanfund.org

Raise awareness and host events. Provide grants and fellowships, education and training, regional engagement, advocacy, and resources devoted to all aspects of cancer prevention and control.

+41 22 809 1811 https://www.uicc.org

United Healthcare Childrenâ€™s Foundation

Provides grants for children ages 16 and younger whose health plan does not cover their medical services.

(855) MY-UHCCF https://www.uhccf.org

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Provides grants to help communities with economic development, job opportunities and housing rehabilitation, and HOME Investment Partnership Act block grant to support affordable housing for low-income residents.

(202) 708-1112 https://www.hud.gov

Us Too International Inc.

Provides support and education to prostate cancer patients through free publications, toll-free patient support line, peer-to-peer support, more than 250 local support groups, online discussion communities, and resource kits for newly diagnosed patients.

(630) 795-1002 http://www.ustoo.org

ZERO the End of Prostate Cancer

Provides educational information on prostate cancer, referrals to financial and support resources, and has a national database of free or low-cost prostate cancer screening sites.

(202) 463-9455 https://zerocancer.org

Social Security Administration

State Health Insurance Assistance Program State Pharmaceutical Assistance Programs Surviving and Moving Forward: The SAMFUnd for Young Adult Survivors of Cancer Temecula Valley People Helping People

Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

glossary of Cancer Terms (glos-uh-ree)

By National Cancer Institute www.cancer.gov

A abdomen (AB-do-men) The middle part of the body between the chest and the hips. It contains many organs, including the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and others. abdominal (ab-DOM-ih-nal) Having to do with the abdomen – the part of the body between the chest and the hips. It contains the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and other organs. ablation (ab-LAY-shun) Using surgery or radiation to remove or stop the function of an organ or tissue in the body. acupressure (AK-yoo-presh-ur) Putting pressure on, or massaging, specific places on the body. This is done to control symptoms such as pain or nausea, or to stop bleeding. acupuncture (AK-yoo-punk-chur) The technique of inserting thin needles into the skin at specific points. This can help control pain and other symptoms. acute (a-KYOOT) When symptoms start suddenly and last for a relatively short period of time. Not long-lasting or chronic. acute leukemia (a-KYOOT loo-KEY-mee-a) A cancer of the bone marrow cells that can progress quickly. adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o kar-sin-O-ma) Cancer that begins in cells that line the inside of organs. These organs make substances like hormones or milk. Most breast cancers are of this type. They begin in cells that make milk or in the cells that drain the breast milk. adenoid cystic cancer (AD-in-oyd SIS-tik KAN-sir) An uncommon type of invasive breast cancer. It starts in the glands of the breast and grows into the normal surrounding breast tissue. adenoma (AD-in-OH-ma) An overgrowth of breast gland cells without any signs of cancer. adenopathy (ad-in-OP-a-thee) Large or swollen lymph nodes. adjuvant therapy (AD-joo-vant THER-uh-pee) More treatment given to lower the chance of a cancer coming back. It comes after the main treatment plan. It may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immune treatment, and/or newer forms of treatment. adrenal glands (ah-DREE-nul glanz) A pair of small glands on top of each kidney. These glands make the steroid hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body activities. adrenaline (ad-REN-uh-lin) A chemical that helps you respond to danger. It is a neurotransmitter which carries nerve signals from one nerve cell to another. Also called: epinephrine adverse effect (AD-virs EF-fekt) An unwanted side effect of treatment. agonists (A-guh-nists) Drugs or hormones that trigger a response from a cell or another drug. agranulocyte (a-GRAN-yoo-low-site) A type of white blood cell or immune cell. Examples are lymphocytes and monocytes.

alkaloid (AL-ka-loyd) One of a large group of chemicals produced by certain types of nitrogen-containing plants. Some alkaloids can kill cancer cells. They are used as chemotherapy. ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) (a-KYOOT limfoh-BLAS-tik loo-KEY-mee-a)

A rapidly progressing cancer in which a large number of abnormal white blood cells (lymphoblasts) are present in in the blood and bone marrow. Also called: acute lymphocytic leukemia. alternative medicine (al-TER-nah-tiv MED-uh-sin) Alternative medicine includes the use of dietary supplements, special teas, vitamins herbal preparations, and practices such as massage therapy, acupuncture, spiritual healing, and meditation. Alternative medicine includes treatment that may not be fully accepted by the main established medical community. AML (acute myelogenous leukemia) (a-KYOOT myeh-LAJ-ah-nus loo-KEY- mee-a)

A rapidly progressing cancer in which a large number of abnormal white blood cells are present in the blood and in the bone marrow. Also called: acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. anaplastic (an-ah-PLAS-tik) A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and do not look like normal cells. androgens (AN-dro-jens) Hormones that help to develop sex organs in men. They also help to keep up sexual function in both women and men. In women, most of them are changed into estrogen by fat and muscle cells. After menopause, when the ovaries no longer make estrogen, this is the main source of estrogen made in the body. anemia (a-NEE-mee-a) A condition in which the number of red blood cells is too low. anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha) Medication or treatment that makes you lose feeling or awareness. Local anesthesia causes loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthesia puts you to sleep. They are used to prevent pain during operations. aneuploid (AN-yoo-ploid) The number of chromosomes is not normal. There are too many chromosomes or too few. It usually means that the cancer is growing faster than normal cells. angelica root (an-JELL-ick-uh root) The roots of a group of herbs called Angelica. These roots are used in some cultures to treat medical problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas. angiogenesis (an-jee-oh-JEN-eh-sis) The formation of new blood vessels that cancer cells need in order to grow. angiogenesis inhibitor (an-jee-o-JEN-eh-sis in-HIB-i-tor) A substance that stops new blood vessels from forming. It tries to fight cancer by stopping the growth of blood vessels that feed a tumor. As a result, the tumor starves and shrinks. angiography (an-jee-AH-gra-fee) A procedure for imaging blood vessels using x-rays. Dye is injected into the blood vessels. The dye makes the vessels become visible in the x-ray pictures. angiosarcoma (AN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma) A type of cancer that begins in the cells that blood vessels are made of.

anorexia (an-uh-REK-see-a) An abnormal loss of appetite. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (called anorexia nervosa), or other disease. anti-angiogenesis (AN-tee-an-jee-oh-JEN-eh-sis) Blocking the formation of new blood vessels that cancer cells need in order to grow. antibiotics (an-tee-by-AH-tiks) Drugs used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. antibody (AN-tih-BOD-ee) Special fighter protein made by your immune system. Antibodies help protect you from disease. The immune system makes a special protein for each kind of “intruder” that enters the body from the outside. These “intruders” are called antigens. The fighter proteins link up with the antigens like pieces of a puzzle. Once they’re linked, the antigen is killed. antibody therapy (AN-tih-BOD-ee THER-uh-pee) Using fighter proteins (called antibodies) to help the immune system attack cancer cells. antigens (AN-tih-jenz) Substances that are not supposed to be in your body (like viruses, bacteria, or cell changes that are very abnormal). Your immune system’s job is to protect you from such substances. When the immune system discovers them, it springs into action. The immune system makes antibodies (special proteins) to attack the antigens. anti-inflammatory (AN-ty-in-FLAM-ah-tor-ee) Something that reduces swelling, fever, and pain (these are the signs of inflammation). Anti-inflammatory drugs include aspirin, Motrin/Advil (chemical name: ibuprofen), and Tylenol (chemical name: acetaminophen). antineoplastons (AN-tee-nee-oh-PLAST-unz) Substances taken from normal human blood and urine. They are being tested as a treatment for some cancers and for AIDS. antioxidant (AN-tee-OX-id-ant) A substance that stops the harm caused by free radicals. (These are unstable atoms or molecules that damage others as they pass by.) Examples are vitamin C and vitamin E. anus (AY-nus) The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. apheresis (ay-fer-EE-sis) A procedure in which blood is collected, then part of the blood, such as the platelets or white blood cells, is removed, and the remaining blood is returned to the donor. Also called: pheresis. apoptosis (ay-pop-TOE-sis) A normal series of events inside a cell that leads to its death. Also called: programmed cell death areola (a-REE-o-la) The round area of dark-colored skin around the nipple. arthritis (ar-THRY-tis) A condition that involves swelling, pain, and decreased movement of the joints. (A joint is the space between two bones.) ascites (ah-SITE-eez) Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen. The fluid collects in the space around and between the organs in the abdomen. aspiration (ass-per-AY-shun) Taking out fluid or cells from a lump with a hollow needle and a syringe. This may be done to see if the lump is just a fluid-filled cyst. It can also remove cells to see if they are normal cells or cancer cells.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

aspirin (ASS-per-in) A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots. It belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). It can lower the risk of heart disease. It is now being studied to see if it can help lower cancer risk. asymptomatic (AY-simp-tuh-MAT-ik) Having no signs or symptoms of disease. For example, an asymptomatic lump has no associated pain, swelling, or bleeding. ataxia (ah-TAK-see-a) A condition in which you have difficulty controlling the way your muscles move. ataxic gait (ah-TAK-sik gate) When a person has difficulty walking. This can be caused by a problem in the brain, spinal cord, backbone, or legs. autoimmune disease (AW-toe-im-YOON diz-EEZ) A condition in which your immune system attacks tissues in your own body. This happens if the immune system gets signals telling it that your body tissue is an outside invader. autologous (aw-TAHL-ah-gus) Taken from a person’s own tissues, cells, or DNA. autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHLah-gus bone MAR-oh tranz-plan-TAY-shun)

A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from an individual, stored while the individual receives intensive chemotherapy treatment, and is then returned to that individual following treatment. axillary dissection (AK-sil-air-ee dye-SEK-shun) Surgery to remove lymph nodes from the armpit area. Also called: axillary lymph node dissection axillary lymph nodes (AK-sil-air-ee limf nodes) Lymph nodes found in the armpit area. They filter the lymph fluid that drains from the breast through the lymph vessels and goes back to the heart. B B cells (BEE sells) White blood cells that produce antibodies. They are an important part of the immune system. Also called: B lymphocytesB lymphocytes (BEE LIM-fo-syts) SEE: B cells bacteria (bak-TEE-ree-uh) Single-cell organisms that cause infections and disease in animals and people. bacterial toxin (bak-TEE-ree-uhl TOX-in) A substance made by bacteria that can be harmful. It can also be used to kill specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. barium enema (BAHR-ee-um EH-nih-muh) A procedure in which a liquid that contains barium is inserted into the rectum and colon through the anus. Barium is a silverwhite metallic compound that helps show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on x-ray. barium solution (BAHR-ee-um soh-LOO-shun) A liquid containing the chemical barium sulfate. It helps show parts of the digestive system on x-rays. basophil (BAY-zoh-fill) A type of white blood cell. White blood cells are part of the immune system. They help protect the body from infection and disease. benign (beh-NINE) Has no signs of cancer. The growth of the cells in the tumor, cyst, lump, tissue, or cells is under control. There is no spread to nearby tissue or to other parts of the body. beta carotene (BAY-tuh KAHR-oh-teen) Part of the family of vitamins called carotenoids. Some researchers think these vitamins may reduce the risk of getting cancer. Your body uses beta carotene to make vitamin A. bilateral (by-LAT-er-ul) Affecting both the right and left sides of body. bilateral mastectomy (by-LAT-er-ul mass-TEK-tuh-mee) Surgery that removes all of both breasts. biochemical reactions (by-oh-KEM-ih-kul ree-AK-shunz) Chemical activity in living cells that allows them to grow, multiply, and do their daily tasks. biological therapy (by-oh-LAHDJ-ih-kul THER-uh-pee) SEE: immunotherapy

biomarkers (by-oh-MAR-kirz) These substances are normally present in small amounts in the blood or other tissues. Cancer cells can sometimes make these substances. When the amount of these substances rises above normal, cancer might be present in the body. Examples of biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 and 2729 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). biopsy (BY-op-see) Removing cells or tissues to examine under a microscope. There are 3 kinds of biopsy: only a sample of tissue is removed (incisional biopsy or core biopsy); a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle (needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration); a whole tumor or lesion is removed (excisional biopsy). biopsy specimen (BY-op-see SPESS-uh-min) Tissue taken from the body and looked at under a microscope to see if it’s normal or abnormal. blood thinner (blud THIN-ir) A drug that helps stop blood clots from forming. It can also help break down a clot that’s already formed. Also called: anticoagulant blood transfusion (blud trans-FYOO-zhun) When blood, or part of the blood, is injected into a person’s blood vessel. It may be done after you lose a lot of blood. It may also be done when you don’t have enough of a certain part of the blood, like platelets or red blood cells. blood vessels (blud VESS-ilz) Tubes that carry blood through the body. They include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. blood-brain barrier (blud BRAYN BAHR-ee-ir) The brain is surrounded by a special layer that protects it from infection. This layer is made up of a network of blood vessels with thick walls. It is hard for bacteria and viruses to get through the thick walls. It is also hard for some substances (like anti-cancer drugs) to get past the walls and into the brain. bolus (BOH-lus) A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called: bolus infusion bone marrow (boan MAH-row) The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of bones that makes white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. bone marrow ablation (boanMAH-rowa-BLAY-shun) The use of radiation or drugs to destroy bone marrow. bone marrow aspiration (boanMAH-rowas-per-AY-shun) Removing a small sample of bone marrow to examine under a microscope. This is done with a hollow needle, usually from the hip. Also called: bone marrow biopsy bone marrow metastases (boanMAH-rowmeh-TAS-ta-seez) Cancer that has spread from the place where it started to the inside of the bone, where the bone marrow is. bone marrow transplantation (boan MAH-row transplan-TAY-shun)

Bone marrow can be destroyed by high doses of cancer drugs. This is a procedure in which new marrow is put in place of the destroyed marrow. There are three places to get new marrow cells for a transplant: 1) your own bone marrow that was saved before cancer treatment (autologous); 2) bone marrow given by someone else (allogeneic); and 3) bone marrow given by an identical twin (syngeneic). bone metastases (boan meh-TAS-ta-seez) Cancer that has spread from the place where it started to the bone. bone scan (boan skan) A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. It can be used to detect cancer in the bone. It can also show areas where there is arthritis. This test is different from a Dexascan, which measures bone strength. bowel (BOW-uhl) SEE: intestine brachytherapy (BRAKE-ee-THER-a-pee) A procedure in which radioactive material is placed directly into or near the cancer. The radiation is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters. Also called: implant radiation, internal radiation, or interstitial radiation brain metastases (brayn meh-TAS-ta-seez) Cancer that has spread from the place where it started to the brain. brain stem (brayn stem) The part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

BRCA1 (bee are see ay wun or BRA-ka wun) A gene that maintains normal cell growth. If the gene becomes abnormal, then cell growth can become abnormal. The cells can grow out of control, forming a cancer. A woman who inherits an abnormal version of BRCA1 has a higher risk of getting breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA2 (bee are see ay too or BRA-ka too) A gene that normally helps to prevent cell growth, especially the growth of abnormal or defective cells. A person who inherits an abnormal version of BRCA2 has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer. breakthrough pain (BRAKE-throo payn) Pain that shows up in between doses of regular pain control medicine. It can happen for no reason that we know of. It can come from activity, or it can happen because the dose of regular medicine is not strong enough. breast reconstruction (brest ree-cun-STRUK-shun) Surgery to rebuild the breast’s shape after a mastectomy. breast-conserving surgery (brest con-SERV-ing SUR-jer-ee) An operation that completely removes the breast cancer along with a rim of normal breast tissue around it. Most of the normal breast is saved. There are 3 main ways this surgery is done: lumpectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy. BRM therapy (bee are em THER-a-pee) SEE: immunotherapy bronchitis (bron-KITE-is) Swelling and reddening (inflammation) of the air tubes that go into the lungs. These tubes are called bronchi. bronchoscopy (bron-KOSS-kuh-pee) A test that uses a thin tube with a light on the end. It is passed through the nose or mouth into your lungs. This lets doctors look inside the air passages and the lungs. It may be used to find a cancer or to perform a treatment. bronchus (BRON-kus) An air tube that leads from the trachea (the main air tube or windpipe) into the lung. bypass (BY-pass) When a surgeon creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. For example, if blood can’t pass through a blocked artery, a surgeon can bring in a new blood vessel to go around the blockage. C CA-125 (see ay wun-TWEN-tee-five) A protein that can be made by abnormal ovary cells. It can be a tumor marker. If it is present in high levels in the blood or in other body fluids or tissues, it may be a sign of ovarian cancer. cachexia (ka-KEK-see-ah) The loss of body weight and muscle mass often seen in patients with advanced cancer, AIDS, or other diseases. CAD (kad) SEE: computer-aided detection calcification (kal-si-fih-KAY-shun) Calcium that builds up in the tissues of the breast. It looks like grains of salt and can be seen on a mammogram. It cannot be found by touch. calcitonin (kal-sih-TOE-nin) A hormone made by the thyroid gland. It lowers blood calcium levels. calcitriol (kal-sih-TREE-ol) The active form of vitamin D. It is formed in the kidneys. It can also be made in the lab. It is used as a drug to increase calcium levels in the body. This is important to do when kidney or thyroid problems take calcium from the bone or other tissues. calcium carbonate (KAL-see-um KAR-buh-nayt) A mineral taken mostly as a supplement to lower the risk of bone loss (osteoporosis). It is also being studied to see if it can help prevent cancer. cancer (KAN-sir) The name for diseases in which the body’s cells become abnormal and divide without control. Cancer cells may invade nearby tissues. And they may spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. cancer vaccine (KAN-sir vak-SEEN) A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. The vaccine stimulates the body’s immune system to fight a weak cancer agent that’s present in both the vaccine and the cancer.

capsaicin (kap-SAY-ih-sin) A plant substance found in cayenne and red peppers. It can be applied to the skin to relieve nerve pain. carcinogen (kar-SIN-oh-jin) Any substance that causes cancer. carcinogenesis (KAR-sin-oh-JEN-eh-sis) The process by which normal cells turn into cancer cells. carcinoma (kar-sih-NO-ma) Cancer that begins in skin or tissues that line the inside or cover the outside of internal organs. carcinoma insitu (kar-sih-NO-mainSYE-too) Cancer that involves only the small area where it started. It has not spread into normal surrounding breast tissue. cardiac (KAR-dee-ak) Having to do with the heart. cardiopulmonary (KAR-dee-oh-PUL-ma-nair-ee) Having to do with the heart and lungs. cardiotoxicity (KAR-dee-oh-tock-SIS-it-ee) Side effects to the heart. cardiovascular (KAR-dee-oh-VASS-kyoo-lar) Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. carotenoids (ka-ROT-in-oydz) Chemicals found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. They are also found in dark green, leafy vegetables. Some researchers think they may reduce the risk of getting cancer. cartilage (KAR-tih-lidj) A type of tissue that helps your joints move more smoothly. It forms a smooth, firm, and flexible surface at the ends of bones. case report (kayce ree-PORT) A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a patient. It also includes information like age, gender, ethnic origin, symptoms, and doctor’s comments. castration (kass-TRAY-shun) Removing or stopping the function of the testicles or ovaries. This can be done using radiation, surgery, or drugs. cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun) A procedure that destroys tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance (like acid). For example, a blood vessel might be cauterized to stop it from bleeding during surgery. CEA (carcinoembryonicantigen) (kar-SIN-oh-em-breeAHN-ikANT-ih-jen)

A substance that is sometimes found in high levels in the blood of people with certain cancers, in particular colon cancer. High levels of CEA can also indicate breast cancer as well as a number of noncancerous problems (like inflammation of the bowel). CEA assay (cee ee aye AH-say) A laboratory test to measure carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in high levels in the blood of people who have certain cancers. cell (sell) The unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. cell differentiation (sell dih-fir-en-shee-AY-shun) The process during which young, immature cells reach their mature form and function. In this process they turn from unspecialized cells (without individual characteristics) into specialized cells (with characteristics that make them different from other cells). cell proliferation (sell pro-lif-fir-AY-shun) An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. cellular metabolism (SELL-yoo-ler meh-TAH-boh-lizm) The process of making energy that occurs in every cell. Each cell needs this energy to remain alive and active. central nervous system (SEN-trul NIR-vus SIS-tem) The part of your body’s system of nerves that includes the brain and spinal cord. Also called: CNS central venous access catheter (SEN-trul VEE-nus AKsess KATH-eh-ter)

A tube that is inserted into a blood vessel by a surgeon. One end sticks out of the skin. The other end stays inside the vein. It can be used to give fluid and drugs, or to take blood samples. cerebellum (ser-eh-BELL-um) The part of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. It controls balance for walking and standing. It also controls other complex body movements.

cerebral hemispheres (seh-REE-bral HEM-iss-feerz) The two halves of the cerebrum, that part of the brain that controls the body’s muscle functions, as well as learning, speech, reading, writing, and emotions. The right hemisphere controls muscle activity on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle activity on the right side of the body. cerebro spinal fluid (seh-REE-bro-SPY-nalFLOO-id) The fluid flowing around the brain and the spinal cord. It provides a safety cushion for the brain and spinal cord. Also called: CSF cerebrum (seh-REE-brum) The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. It controls the body’s muscle functions. It also controls other things like learning, speech, reading, writing, and emotions. cervical (SER-vih-kul) Relating to your neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck. Cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (SER-vih-kul in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul nee-o-PLAY-zha) A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. cervix (SER-viks) The lower, narrow end of the uterus. It is the opening of the uterus, located at the top of the vagina. chemoprotective (kee-mo-pro-TEK-tiv) The nature of some drugs used in cancer treatment Chemoprotective agents in protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. chemosensitivity assay (kee-mo-sen-sih-TIV-it-ee AH-say) A test to see how well a certain chemotherapy drug kills cancer cells. This is done before the drug is tested in people. Cancer cells and the drug are put in the same lab dish. Then the lab worker counts how many cancer cells are killed by the drug. If many cancer cells are killed, then the drug might work well in a person. chemosensitizer (kee-mo-SEN-sih-tyz-er) A drug that makes it easier for chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. chemotherapeuticagent (kee-mo-ther-a-PYOO-tikAY-jint) A drug used to kill cancer cells or make them less active. chemotherapy (kee-mo-THER-uh-pee) Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells or make them less active. chest wall (chest wahl) The area of the body behind the breast, between the neck and abdomen. It includes ribs, sternum (breast-bone), muscles, and joints. chromosome (KRO-mo-soam) A chain of genes. You have 46 chromosomes in each cell in your body, except your reproductive cells (eggs or sperm). The reproductive cells have only 23 chromosomes. When the egg and sperm combine, they produce a cell that has a full set of 46 chromosomes. This is how you pass genes on to your children. chronic (KRON-ik) A disease or condition that goes on over a long period of time. Often, it cannot be cured but it can be controlled. circulatory system (SIR-kyoo-la-tor-ee SIS-tim) The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels, and moves blood throughout the body. The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. It also helps the tissues get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. clinical resistance (KLIH-nih-kul ree-ZISS-tince) When a cancer does not respond to treatment. The cancer may stay the same size, grow bigger, or involve new areas of the body. clinical trial (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) Research that tests how well new medical treatments or other medical practices work in people. Each study is carefully designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called: clinical study CNS metastases (see en ess meh-TAS-ta-seez) Cancer that has spread from the original/main (primary) tumor to the central nervous system. colitis (KOH-lye-tis) Inflammation of the colon.

colon (KOL-un) A long, tube-shaped organ that carries food from the small intestine to the rectum. In order to fit into your abdomen, it is folded many times. Its job is to remove water, some nutrients, and chemicals that your body needs from the digested food. The leftover solid waste (called stool or bowel movement) moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. colonoscopy (kol-un-AHS-ko-pee) A test that looks inside the colon using a thin tube with a light on the end. The tube is put into the rectum. colony-stimulating factors (KAHL-on-ee STIM-yoo-lateing FAK-tirz)

Substances that stimulate the production of blood cells. Colonystimulating factors include granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim), and promegapoietin. colorectal (koh-lo-REK-tul) Having to do with the colon or the rectum. colostomy (koh-LAHS-toe-mee) An opening into the colon from the wall of the abdomen. It provides a new path for waste (stool) to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. combinationchemotherapy (kom-bin-AY-shunkee-moTHER-a-pee)

Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. comedo (KAH-meh-doe) A type of cancer that does not usually spread outside the part of the breast where it began. It tends to grow faster than normal cells. comedocarcinoma (KAH-meh-doekar-sih-NO-ma) A type of non-invasive cancer that usually does not spread. Some of the cancer cells die off and form small groups, called “comedo necrosis”. (Necrosis means dead cells.) It tends to grow fast and suggests a higher risk of invasive cancer in the future. compassionate use (kum-PASH-un-et yoose) Refers to providing a new, experimental drug to a patient on humanitarian grounds, before the drug has received official approval for patient use. complementary and alternative medicine (kom-pluhMEN-tree and all-TIR-nah-tiv MED-ih-sin)

Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches, used to enhance or complement standard medical treatments. Their purpose is to strengthen your whole mind and body to maximize your health, energy, and well-being. These practices are not considered “standard” medical approaches. They include dietary supplements, vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, acupuncture, spiritual healing, visualization, and meditation. Also called: CAM complete remission (kum-PLEET ree-MISH-in) When all signs of cancer disappear in response to treatment. This is based on your symptoms, physical exam, and radiology and lab tests. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. Also called: complete response compression bandage (kum-PRESH-un BAN-didj) A bandage that puts pressure on a particular area of the body. It is usually used to reduce swelling and increase the flow of blood and lymph fluid. computer-aided detection (kum-PYOO-terAY-diddehTEKT-shun)

A method that turns the image on a mammogram film into a computer image. A computer program can then be used to highlight areas on the image that may be abnormal. A radiologist can look at the highlights and decide if you may need more tests or not. Also called: CAD computerized axial tomography scan (com-PYOOter-eyzd AK-see-al tuh-MAH-gra-fee skan)

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles, created by an x-ray machine linked to a computer. Also called: CAT scan, computed tomography, CT scan, and computerized tomography. concurrent therapy (kun-KUR-ent THER-a-pee) A treatment that is given at the same time as another treatment. congestive heart failure (kun-JES-tiv hart FAYL-yur) A condition in which the heart cannot pump blood effectively. This leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

consolidation therapy (kun-sah-lih-DAY-shun THER-uh-pee) Another phase of treatments given to reinforce the response to an earlier phase. This is done to further reduce the number of cancer cells that may be present. continuousinfusion (kun-TIN-yoo-usin-FYOO-zhun) Putting fluid into a blood vessel over a period of time. This is done through a needle. contralateral (kon-truh-LAT-ah-rul) Having to do with the opposite side of the body. contralateral mastectomy (kon-truh-LAT-ah-rul massTEK-tuh-mee)

Removing the breast on the other side, opposite from the first breast that was treated. This may be done to lower the chance of cancer showing up on that side. controlled clinical trial (kun-TROLEDKLIH-nih-kulTRY-ul) A clinical study that compares people getting treatment (treatment group) to people who do not receive this treatment (control group). The patients in the control group get no treatment at all (just a dummy pill, called a placebo), or a different treatment than the one being tested. Also called: controlled study conventionaltreatment (kun-VEN-shun-ulTREET-mint) An accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease. This is based on the results of past research and experience. This term is often used as a contrast to complementary or alternative therapy. You usually get conventional treatment from doctors and nurses in a hospital or clinic. Also called: conventional therapy cooperative group (koh-OP-er-ah-tiv groop) A group of doctors, hospitals, or both, working together to treat a large number of people in the same way. This is done so that new treatment can be tested quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single doctor or hospital can care for. core biopsy (kor BY-op-see) Removal of a tissue sample with a hollow needle. The tissue is then looked at under the microscope to see if it’s normal or abnormal. corticosteroids (kort-ih-KO-stir-oyds) Hormones that fight cancer activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias. Corticosteroids (steroids) may also be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. cortisone (KOR-tih-zoan) A natural steroid hormone made in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can lower your immune system’s ability to respond. cribriform (KRIH-breh-form) A type of non-invasive cancer that is not likely to spread. It usually grows slowly. cruciferous vegetables (kroo-SIH-fir-usVEDJ-tah-bulz) A family of vegetables that includes broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens, and turnips. They contain substances that may protect you against cancer. cryosurgery (KRY-oh-SIR-jer-ee) Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys tissue. It can be used to treat cancer. This is a form of cryotherapy. cryotherapy (KRY-oh-THER-uh-pee) Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. CT scan (see tee skan) SEE: computerized axial tomography scan cutaneous breast cancer (kyoo-TAY-nee-us brest KAN-sir) Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin. cyst (sist) A sac or capsule filled with fluid. cytopenia (sy-toe-PEE-nee-ah) A reduction in the number of blood cells. cytotoxic (sy-toe-TOK-sik) A term used to describe anything that kills cells. cytotoxicchemotherapy (sy-toe-TOK-sikkee-mo-THER-a-pee) Drugs that kill cancer cells. D D&C (dee and see) SEE: dilation and curettage DCIS (deeseeeyeess) SEE: ductal carcinoma in situ or intraductal carcinoma

deep inferior epigastric perforator tissue flap (deep in-FEE-ree-er ep-ih-GASS-trik PER-fer-ay-tir TISH-yoo flap)

A flap of skin and fat taken from the lower abdomen that is used for breast reconstruction. Its advantage over the TRAM flap method of breast reconstruction is that it does not use the abdominal wall muscle and tends to shorten recovery time. Also called: DIEP tissue flap dermatitis (der-mah-TIE-tis) Swelling and redness of the skin that can be uncomfortable or painful. These changes are also sign of inflammation. dermis (DER-mis) One of the main parts of your skin. It forms the inside layer. (The outside layer of the skin is called the epidermis.) DES (deeeeess) An estrogen-like hormone used in the past to help women prevent miscarriage. Daughters of women who used DES have an increased risk of cancer of the vagina. It may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used it, as well as their daughters. Also called: diethylstilbestrol diagnostic procedure (dye-ag-NOSS-tik proe-SEE-djur) A method used to see if a disease is present or not. It is also used to figure out what kind of disease is present. diagnostic trial (dye-ag-NOSS-tik TRY-ul) A research study that looks at methods of detecting disease. dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis) A way to clean the blood when the kidneys are not working properly. (Cleaning the blood is usually the kidneys’ job.) The blood passes through a special machine that removes chemicals, waste products, and toxins. diameter (dye-A-mih-tir) A straight line that starts on one edge of a circle or sphere, passes through the middle (center), and ends on the opposite edge. The diameter of a cancer usually refers to the place where it is the longest. diaphragm (DYE-ah-fram) A thin muscle below the lungs and heart. It separates the chest from the abdomen. It helps you move air in and out of your lungs as you breathe. DIEP tissue flap (deep TISH-yoo flap) SEE: deep inferior epigastric perforator tissue flap differentiation (diff-er-en-shee-AY-shun) Describes how mature the breast cancer cells are compared to normal breast cells. Well-differentiated tumor cells that are mature look a lot like normal breast cells and tend to grow slowly. Undifferentiated, or poorly differentiated, tumor cells do not look or work like normal cells. They grow quickly and have a tendency to spread. dilation and curettage (dye-LAY-shunandKYUR-ih-tahj) A procedure that removes the inside lining of the uterus. First the cervix is opened (or dilated) so that a small spoon-shaped instrument (called a curette) can be put into the uterus. Then the curette is used to take out the uterine lining. Also called: D&C dilator (DYE-lay-ter) A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening or tube. disease-specific survival (dih-ZEEZ speh-SIH-fik sirVYE-vul)

The percentage of people in a study who have survived a particular disease since diagnosis or treatment. Only deaths from the disease are counted. Subjects who died from some other cause are not counted. disseminate (dih-SEM-ih-nate) Scatter or distribute over a large area. distant cancer (DISS-tent KAN-sir) Refers to cancer that has spread from the place where it started to distant organs or distant lymph nodes in the body. DNA (dee en ay) The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information. DNA directs the production of proteins that regulate cell activity and growth. DNA is passed from old cells to new cells. And genes are passed from parent to child, from one generation to the next. Also called: deoxyribonucleic acid dose rate (doce rayt) The amount of a treatment given over a period of time. dose-dependent (doce deh-PEN-dint)

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

Refers to the effects of a treatment like chemotherapy, antibiotics, or radiation. If the effects change when the dose of the treatment is changed, the effects are called dose-dependent. dose-limiting (doce LIM-ih-ting) When side effects of a drug or other treatment are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of treatment. double-blinded (DUH-buhl BLYN-did) A type of clinical trial designed to fairly compare different forms of treatment. Neither the medical staff nor the patient knows which of several possible therapies the patient is receiving. This way, any expectation or prejudice about treatment results can be avoided. duct (dukt) A tiny part of the body shaped like a tube or pipe. Body fluids pass through it— for example: tear ducts, bile ducts, and milk ducts. ductal carcinoma in situ (DUK-tal kar-sih-NO-ma in SYE-too)

Abnormal breast cells that involve only the lining of a milk duct. These cells have not spread outside the duct into the normal surrounding breast tissue. Also called: DCIS or intraductal carcinoma dysplasia (dis-PLAY-zha) Cells that do not look normal under a microscope but are not cancer. E edema (eh-DEE-ma) Swelling caused by too much fluid in body tissues. EGFR (eedjeeeffare) SEE: epidermal growth factor receptor electrolytes (eh-LEK-tro-lyts) Special forms of chemicals that are normally in your body. Each carries a very tiny electrical charge. They maintain the balance of fluids throughout your body. They guide the flow of nutrients into cells and the movement of waste out of cells. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. electron microscope (eh-LEK-tron MY-kruh-skope) A microscope that uses electrons (tiny parts of atoms), instead of light, to make a big image of a tiny part of the body. An electron microscope shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. embolism (EM-buh-lizm) The blockage of an artery. This can be caused by blood clots, small balls of fat, infected tissue, or cancer cells. embolization (em-buh-lih-ZAY-shun) A procedure that blocks an artery with a clot or foreign material. This may be used to block blood flow to a cancer. As a result, the cancer starves, shrivels up, and dies off. This only works if a cancer is fed by one or very few blood vessels. encapsulated (en-KAP-suh-lay-ted) Contained in a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. endocrine therapy (EN-doe-krin THER-uh-pee) SEE: hormone therapy endocrinologist (EN-doe-krin-AH-lo-jist) A doctor who is a specialist in hormone problems. endogenous (en-DADJ-in-us) Produced inside an organism or cell, the opposite of external (exogenous) production. endometrial (en-doe-MEE-tree-ul) Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the inside of the uterus). endometrial biopsy (en-doe-MEE-tree-ul BY-op-see) A test that takes a sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus. Then the tissue is looked at under a microscope to see if it is normal or abnormal. endometrial cancer (en-doe-MEE-tree-ul KAN-sir) Cancer of the inner lining of the uterus. endometrial disorder (en-doe-MEE-tree-al dis-OR-der) Abnormal cell growth in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. endometriosis (en-doe-mee-tree-OH-sis) A condition in which tissue that is like the lining of the uterus grows in abnormal places outside the uterus. This can happen in the pelvis or in the abdomen. This is not a cancer. But it can result in cysts, pain, infertility problems, and other symptoms.

endometrium (en-doe-MEE-tree-um) The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. endoscopy (en-DAHS-koh-pee) The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the body. endothelial cell (en-doe-THEE-lee-ul sell) The main type of cell found on the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. enema (EN-eh-mah) The injection of liquid through the anus into the large bowel. enzyme (EN-zym) A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (ep-ih-DERmul growth FAK-tir ree-SEP-tir)

The receptor protein found on the surface of some cells and to which the epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. EGFR appears to be a cancer stimulant, found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, and may be why these cells divide excessively if the epidermal growth factor is also present. Also called: ErbB1 or HER1. epidermis (ep-ih-DER-mis) The outer layer of the skin. epidermoid carcinoma (ep-ih-DER-moyd kar-sih-NO-ma) SEE: squamous cell carcinoma epidural (ep-ih-DUR-ahl) The space between the lining of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection goes into this space. epidural block (ep-ih-DUR-ahl blok) An injection of a drug that lowers pain. It goes into the space between the lining of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. Also called: epidural injection epithelial (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) Refers to the cells that line the inside and outside surfaces of the body. epithelium (ep-ih-THEE-lee-um) A thin layer of cells that line the inside surface of organs, glands, and other structures within the body. EPO (EEpoh) SEE: erythropoietin ER-, ER-negative (ee-are NEG-eh-tiv) SEE: estrogen receptor negative ER (ee are) SEE: estrogenreceptor ER+, ER-positive (ee-are POZ-eh-tiv) SEE: estrogen receptor positive ErbB1 (erb wun) SEE: epidermal growth factor receptor ERDs (eearedeez) SEE: estrogen receptor down-regulators ERT (eearetee) SEE: estrogen replacement therapy erythro cytes (eh-RITH-roh-sites) SEE: redbloodcells erythropoietin (eh-RITH-ro-POE-eh-tin) A chemical that stimulates the production of new red blood cells. It is made in the kidney. If EPO levels are low, then the number of red blood cells is reduced (a condition called anemia). Also called: EPO esophagram (eh-SOF-ah-gram) A series of x-rays of the esophagus (the tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach). First you drink a solution with the chemical barium, then the x-rays are taken. The barium helps show the inside of the esophagus on the x-rays. esophagus (eh-SOF-ah-gus) The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. estrogen (ESS-truh-jin) The major female sex hormone. It is made mainly in the ovaries for women before menopause. It is made in muscles and fat tissue for women after menopause. estrogen receptor (ESS-truh-jin ree-SEP-ter) A special type of protein found on some cancer cells. Estrogen attaches to it, and this can cause the cancer cells to grow. Also called: ER

estrogen receptor down-regulators (ESS-truh-jin reeSEP-ter down-REG-yoo-lay-ter)

A group of drugs used against estrogen receptors found on breast cancer cells. When the receptors stop working, the cells get fewer signals telling them to grow. This can slow down or stop the growth of the cancer. Faslodex (chemical name: fulvestrant) belongs to this group of drugs. Also called: ERDs estrogen receptor negative (ESS-truh-jin ree-SEP-ter NEG-eh-tiv)

Breast cancer cells without estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors are special proteins that the hormone estrogen binds to. ERnegative breast cancer cells do not depend on estrogen to grow. Anti-estrogen hormonal therapy has no role against this type of cancer. Also called: ERestrogen receptor positive (ESS-truh-jin ree-SEP-ter POZ-eh-tiv)

Breast cancer cells that have estrogen receptors. Estrogen receptors are special proteins that the hormone estrogen binds to. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ depend on estrogen to grow. Anti-estrogen hormonal therapy blocks the receptors or reduces the amount of estrogen that can get into the receptors. As a result, the cancer cells may shrink or die. Also called: ER+ estrogen replacement therapy (ESS-truh-jin reePLAYSS-mint THER-uh-pee)

When the hormone estrogen is given to women after menopause. It is used to ease symptoms of menopause. Also called: ERT etiology (ee-tee-AHL-oh-jee) The cause or origin of disease. etoposide (et-oh-POE-side) An anticancer drug that is a podophyllotoxin derivative and belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. excisional biopsy (ek-SIH-zhun-al BY-op-see) Surgery that takes out an entire lump or suspicious area to be checked under a microscope. external radiation (ex-TIR-nul ray-dee-AY-shun) A type of radiation therapy. It uses a machine to create and aim high-energy radiation at the cancer or the area where the cancer used to be. Also called: external-beam radiation F fallopian tubes (fah-LOW-pee-in toobz) The tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. fatty acids (FA-tee AA-sids) A major part of the fat your body uses for energy and tissue growth. fecal occult blood test (FEE-kul oh-KULT blud test) A test to check for blood in stool. fertility (fer-TILL-ih-tee) Being able to have children. fiber (FYE-ber) The parts of fruits and vegetables that cannot be digested. Fiber may be helpful in lowering the risk of colon cancer. But this is still not proven. Fiber is sometimes called bulk, or roughage. fibrocystic breast disease (FYE-broh-SIS-tik brest dih-ZEEZ) Breast gland tissue build-up or cysts. They can become swollen and painful. They are not cancerous. But some types of fibrocystic changes are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in the future. fibroid (FYE-broyd) A type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor. It is usually found in the wall of the uterus or digestive system. Also called: leiomyoma fibrosarcoma (FYE-broh-sar-KO-ma) A type of cancer. It begins in the fibrous tissue that holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. fibrosis (fye-BROH-sis) The growth of fibrous tissue. fine-needle aspiration (fyn NEE-dul ass-per-AY-shun) A test that uses a hollow needle to remove tissue or fluid. Then the material is looked at under a microscope to see if it is normal or abnormal. Also called: needle biopsy FISH (fish) SEE: fluorescence in situ hybridization

fluorescence in situ hybridization (flur-ESS-ince in SYtoo hi-brid-ih-ZAY- shun)

A lab test that measures the amount of a certain gene in cells. It can be used to see if an invasive cancer has too many HER2 genes. Also called: FISH fluoroscopy (floor-AHS-kuh-pee) An x-ray procedure that shows a moving picture of what’s going on inside the body. folic acid (FOH-lik AA-sid) A vitamin that is part of the B vitamin family. It is found in green vegetables, fruit, and liver. Studies are looking at whether it can help reduce the risk of cancer. Also called: folate fractionation (frak-shun-AY-shun) Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into smaller, equal doses. The smaller doses are usually given over a period of weeks. free radicals (free RA-dih-kulz) The chemicals released in a process called oxidation. Oxidation is when molecules in cells split and become unstable. This unstable activity causes a chain reaction in the surrounding molecules. The resulting free radicals can harm important molecules in the cells, including genes. Free radicals can work both for us and against us: Increased free radical activity might combine with other factors to cause some cancers. On the other hand, radiation therapy works in part by creating free radicals. G gastric (GASS-trik) Having to do with the stomach. gastroenterologist (GASS-troh-en-ter-AHL-uh-jist) A doctor who is a specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. gastrointestinal (GASS-troh-in-TESS-tih-nul) Refers to the stomach and intestines. gastrointestinal tract (GASS-troh-in-TESS-tih-nultrakt) The stomach and intestines. gastroscope (GASS-troh-skope) A thin, lighted tube used to look inside the stomach. gastroscopy (gass-TROS-koh-pee) A test that lets doctors look inside the stomach. A thin tube with a light on the end is passed through the mouth and esophagus into the stomach. It may be used to look for ulcers, find a cancer, or treat a disorder. gene (jeen) The basic unit of a cell that passes on the traits of parents to their children through the egg and sperm. Genes are pieces of DNA. They have information for making specific proteins that control specific traits or activities. Examples of traits controlled by genes are eye color, foot size, and height. Examples of activity include the growth and repair of cells. gene deletion (jeen deh-LEE-shun) The total loss or absence of a gene. gene therapy (jeen THER-uh-pee) Treatment that tries to fix a gene that’s causing a cancer or making the cancer grow. It may also help the body’s ability to fight the cancer. It may help make cancer cells easier to attack with new treatments. gene-modified (jeen MAH-dih-fied) When the genetic material in cells has been changed from what it used to be. genetic (jeh-NEH-tik) The traits that parents pass on to their children. These traits are determined by genes in the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg. genetic counseling (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-suh-ling) Advice from a specially trained counselor who can help you figure out the connection between your family’s genes and your risk of a disease (like cancer). The counselor gets facts about your family and your health. Testing can be the next step. It could help you to understand your own situation and make decisions to reduce the chance of getting cancer. genetic markers (jeh-NEH-tik MAR-kirs) Changes in genes that can be found by a medical test. If these changes are present, they may increase the risk of getting a certain disease. genetic testing (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting) Checking a person’s genes to see if there are changes that could lead to an increased risk for getting a specific disease.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

genitourinary system (jeh-nih-toe-YUR-in-air-ee SIS-tem) The parts of the body involved in sexuality, reproduction and in making and getting rid of urine. In a woman, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, clitoris, vulva. It also includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. germline mutation (JERM-line myoo-TAY-shun) SEE: hereditary mutation ginseng (JIN-seng) An herb root used in some cultures to boost energy and treat some medical problems. Some people believe ginseng can help your body fight cancer. gland (gland) This word has a few different meanings. It can be a group of cells or an organ that makes one or more substances used in the body, like sweat, milk, mucus, hormones, and growth factors. Other glands filter and remove substances from the blood or lymph fluid. Some people use the word “gland” to describe lymph nodes. glucocorticoid (gloo-koh-KOR-tih-koid) A compound that belongs in the family of corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism, and reduce inflammation and the body’s normal immune reaction. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). glutamine (GLOO-tah-meen) A type of amino acid that builds proteins. It is very important for your nutrition. It is also used to make medicine. The benefits of glutamine are being studied in many ways. glycoprotein (gly-ko-PRO-teen) A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. grade (grayd) The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how fast the cancer cells are growing. The pathology report may describe 2 different kinds of grade: nuclear grade and histologic grade. Nuclear grade describes the nucleus (headquarters of the cell that contains the DNA). Histologic grade describes what the rest of the cell looks like. grading (GRAY-ding) A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The point of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the cancer and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade cancers vary with each type of cancer. Grading is important for treatment decisions. granulocyte (GRAN-yoo-loh-site) A type of white blood cell that fights infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all granulocytes. granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (GRAN-yoo-loh-site KOL-uh-nee STIM-yoo-lay-ting FAK-ter)

A substance that turns on the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called growth factors. A hematopoietic agent. granulocytopenia (GRAN-yoo-loh-site-oh-PEE-nee-uh) A condition in which there are not enough granulocytes. These are white blood cells that fight infection. groin (groyn) The area the body between the tops of the legs and the abdomen. Some people use the word “groin” to refer to the genitals between the legs. growth factors (growth FAK-ters) Substances made by the body that control when cells grow, divide, and rest. Some growth factors are also made in the laboratory. They are used to boost the body’s immune system. gynecologic oncologist (guy-neh-koh-LAH-jikon-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive organs. These organs include the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. gynecologist (guy-nih-KOL-uh-jist) A doctor who specializes in taking care of women. This kind of doctor focuses on preventing and treating illnesses of the female reproductive organs. H hematogenous (hee-mah-TAH-jeh-nus) This term refers to something that starts in the blood or spreads through the bloodstream. hematopoiesis (he-MA-toe-poe-EE-sis) The process of forming new blood cells in the body.

hematopoietic tissue (he-MA-toe-poi-EH-tik TISH-yoo) Tissue in which new blood cells are formed. hepatic (heh-PA-tik) Refers to the liver. HER1 (her wun) The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which the epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. This epidermal growth factor receptor is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, and may be why these cells divide as actively as they do. Also called: epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR, or ErbB1 HER2 (her too) SEE: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2/neu (her too new) SEE: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2/neu gene (her too new jeen) The gene that makes the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The protein produced is HER2/neu antigen, which is involved in the growth of some cancer cells. Also called : c-erbB-2 hereditary (heh-REH-dih-tair-ee) Traits that are carried by genes from one generation to the next, parent to child. hereditary mutation (heh-REH-dih-tair-eemyoo-TAY-shun) When a change in a gene is passed from parent to child. This happens when a gene changes in a way that is not normal inside the mother’s egg or the father’s sperm. The child that comes from this egg or sperm gets the gene change in every cell of the body. The change can be passed on from one generation to the next. Also called: germline mutation herpes virus (HER-peez VYE-rus) A virus that can cause skin rash, blisters, and ulcers that are painful, itchy, and burning. It can affect different parts of the body. It often affects the face, lips, or genitals. It is the virus that causes chicken pox and shingles. heterogeneous (heh-ter-oh-JEEN-ee-us) Coming from different sources. For example, a heterogeneous cancer is made up of different kinds of cancer cells. hormonalablation (hor-MOH-nulah-BLAY-shun) Blocking or stopping the ovaries from making hormones. This can be done by taking the ovaries out or with drug treatment. hormonal therapy (hor-MOH-nul THER-uh-pee) SEE: hormone therapy hormone receptor (HOR-moan ree-SEP-ter) A protein on the surface or inside a cell. It connects to a certain hormone and causes changes in the cell. hormone receptor negative (HOR-moan ree-SEP-ter NEG-eh-tiv)

Breast cancer cells without hormone receptors. These receptors are special proteins that the hormones estrogen and progesterone bind to. HR-negative breast cancer cells do not depend on estrogen or progesterone to grow. Anti- estrogen hormonal therapy has no role against this type of cancer.  Also called: HRhormone receptor positive (HOR-moan ree-SEP-ter POS-ih-tiv)

Breast cancer cells that have hormone receptors. These receptors are special proteins that the hormones estrogen and progesterone bind to. Breast cancer cells that are HR-positive depend on estrogen and progesterone to grow. Hormonal therapy blocks the receptors or reduces the amount of hormones that can get into the receptors. As a result, the cancer cells shrink or die. Also called: HR+ hormone receptor test (HOR-moan ree-SEP-ter test) A test to measure the amount of certain proteins, called hormone receptors, in cancer tissue. A high level of hormone receptors may mean that the cancer will respond well to hormonal treatment. hormone replacement therapy (HOR-moanreePLAYSS-mintTHER-uh-pee)

Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause. They are used to ease symptoms of menopause. Also called: HRT hormone therapy (HOR-moan THER-uh-pee) Cancer treatment that removes, blocks, or adds hormones. Also called: hormonal therapy or endocrine therapy

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

hormones (HOR-moanz) Chemicals made by glands in the body. They circulate in the blood and control the actions of certain cells or organs. For example, estrogen is made in the ovary, travels in the blood to the breast, and can stimulate the growth of breast cells. HR-, HR-negative (aych are NEH-geh-tiv) SEE: hormone receptor negative HR+, HR-positive (aych are PAH-zih-tiv) SEE: hormone receptor positive HRT (aycharetee) SEE: hormone replacement therapy human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HYOOmun eh-pih-DER-mul grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter too)

A gene that helps control how cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. It is important in the control of abnormal or defective cells that could become cancerous. Also called: HER2 or HER2/neu hydrogen peroxide (HI-droh-jen per-OK-side) A chemical used in bleaches, dyes, and cleansers. It is also used to kill bacteria and other causes of infection. In high concentrations it is toxic. hyperbaric oxygen (HY-per-BAR-ik OK-sih-jen) Oxygen that is under extra pressure. Scientists are looking at whether breathing hyperbaric oxygen can make radiation therapy more effective. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen can also improve difficult-to-heal wounds. hypercalcemia (HY-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah) When the level of calcium in the blood is too high. hyperfractionation (HY-per-frak-shun-AY-shun) When radiation therapy is given in smaller-than-usual doses two or three times a day, instead of a larger dose once a day. hyperglycemia (HY-per-gly-SEE-mee-ah) When the level of sugar in your blood is too high. Hypericum perforatum (hy-PAIR-ih-kum per-feh-RAY-tum) SEE: St. John’s wort hyperplasia (HY-per-PLAY-zha) Cells in an organ or tissue that are growing too fast. hypersensitivity (HY-per-sen-sih-TIH-vih-tee) An exaggerated response by the immune system to a drug or other substance. hypertension (HY-per-TEN-shun) When one’s blood pressure is too high. hyperthermia treatment (HY-per-THER-mee-ahTREET-mint) A type of treatment that heats body tissue to a high temperature. It is used to damage and kill cancer cells. Or it can make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and chemotherapy. hypoglycemia (HY-poh-gly-SEE-mee-ah) When the level of sugar in one’s blood is too low. hypotension (HY-poe-TEN-shun) When one’s blood pressure is too low. hypoxic (hi-POK-sik) When there is too little oxygen present. hysterectomy (hiss-teh-REK-tuh-mee) An operation that removes the uterus. I IDC (eyedeesee) SEE: infiltrating ductal carcinomaidiopathic (ih-dee-oh-PA-thik) Describes a disease whose cause is not known. IHC (eye aych see) SEE: immunohistochemistry ILC (eyeellsee) SEE: invasive lobular carcinoma IM (eye em) SEE: intramuscular IM injection (eye em in-JEK-shun) SEE: intramuscular injection imagery (IH-midj-ree) A technique that can help ease anxiety and make you more relaxed. To do this, you fill your mind with images or pictures of beautiful and peaceful places. imaging (IH-midj-ing) Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. Examples of these are X-rays, mammogram, and ultrasound.

imaging procedures (IH-midj-ing proh-SEE-djurz) Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. immune function (ih-MYOON FUNK-shun) The making of cells that fight infection or disease and the action of these cells. immune response (ih-MYOON ree-SPONS) The action of the immune system against invaders from outside the body. immune system (ih-MYOON sis-tem) The complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection or disease. immunocompromised (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-pro-mized) Having an immune system that is weak because of treatment or disease. immunodeficiency (IH-myoo-noh-dih-FIH-shin-see) The ability of the body to fight infection and disease is low. immunohistochemistry (IH-myoo-noh-hiss-toe-KEHmiss-tree)

The science that develops specific antibodies to fight disease, or to mark and detect disease with specific antigens or receptors. For example, the IHC test can be used to detect hormone receptors and the presence of too much HER-2/neu protein in breast cancer cells. Also called: IHC immunosuppression (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-shun) A way to make the body’s immune system weak so it is less able to fight infection or disease. It also makes the body less likely to reject a transplant. Sometimes, if you’ve had a transplant, your doctor may use special drugs to weaken your immune system. At other times, it’s harmful to have a weak immune system. This could happen as a side effect of treatment (like from chemotherapy). Or it can be a part of a disease, like AIDS. immunosuppressivetherapy (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREHsiveTHER-uh-pee)

Engineered assistance to the immune system, using antibodies developed for attacking specific cancer cells. immunotherapy (IH-myoo-noh-THER-uh-pee) Treatment to help the body’s defense system (immune system) fight infection and disease. It is also used to help the immune system heal from the side effects of cancer treatment. Also called: biological therapy, biological response modifier therapy, or BRM therapy implant radiation (IM-plant ray-dee-AY-shun) SEE: brachytherapy IMRT (eyeemaretee) SEE: IntensityModulatedRadiationTherapy in situ cancer (in SYE-too KAN-sir) Early cancer that has not spread into nearby tissue. in vitro (in VEE-troh) A process that takes place in the laboratory – outside the body. (This is the opposite of in vivo, which means “in the body.”) in vivo (in VEE-voh) A process that takes place in the body. (This is the opposite of in vitro, which means “outside the body,” or “in the laboratory.”) incidence (IN-sih-dens) How often something happens – for example, the number of new cases of a disease diagnosed each year. incision (in-SIH-zhun) A cut made through the skin or in the body during surgery. incisional biopsy (in-SIH-zhun-ul BY-op-see) Surgery in which a part of a lump or suspicious area is taken out of the body. It is then looked at under a microscope to see if it’s normal or abnormal. incontinence (in-KON-tih-nens) When a person loses control over urine or stool (bowel movements). He or she becomes unable to stop the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or loss of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). indole-3-carbinol (IN-doal three KAR-bin-ahl) A substance that is being studied to see if it can help prevent cancer. It is found in certain types of vegetables. These include broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts. indolent (IN-duh-lent) Slow-growing, not aggressive.

induction therapy (in-DUK-shun THER-uh-pee) Treatment used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer. It is also used to see how the cancer responds to specific drugs and other agents. It is followed by more therapy to get rid of any remaining cancer. infertility (in-fer-TIH-lih-tee) Not being able to have children. infiltrating cancer (IN-fil-tray-ting KAN-sir) SEE: invasive cancer infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IN-fil-tray-ting DUK-til karsih-NO-ma)

A cancer that can invade other tissue. It begins in the milk duct but grows into the surrounding normal tissue inside the breast. It is the most common kind of breast cancer. Also called: IDC inflammation (in-flah-MAY-shun) The body’s reaction to injury or disease. This reaction includes swelling, pain, heat, and tenderness. inflammatory breast cancer (in-FLAH-mah-tor-ee brest KAN-sir)

A fairly rare type of breast cancer. The breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may look like the skin of an orange. Sometimes a lump is also found in the breast. infusion (in-FYOO-zhun) SEE: intravenous infusion ingestion (in-JES-tshun) Taking something into the body by mouth. insomnia (in-SOHM-nee-uh) When it’s difficult to get to sleep or stay asleep. insulin (IN-suh-lin) A hormone made by the pancreas. It controls the amount of sugar in the blood. It also helps control the fat in your body. Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (in-TEN-sihtee MAH-djuh-lay-tid ray-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

When many treatment fields are used to give a concentrated dose of radiation to the area at risk for cancer. Normal tissue is largely spared. Also called: IMRT interferon (in-ter-FEER-on) A substance that stimulates the body’s natural response to disease. It can stop the production of new cancer cells and slow down cancer cell growth. It is normally made in the body. But it can also be made in the lab for use in treating cancer and other diseases. internal radiation (in-TER-nal ray-dee-AY-shun) SEE: brachytherapy interstitial radiation (in-ter-STIH-shul ray-dee-AY-shun) SEE: brachytherapy intestine (in-TESS-tin) The last part of the digestive system. Food moves into it from the stomach. It’s shaped like a long folded tube. It’s found in the lower part of the abdomen. First there is a small bowel, then a large bowel. Also called: bowel intracellular (in-truh-SELL-yoo-ler) Inside a cell. intracranial tumors (in-truh-KRAY-nee-ul TOO-merz) Tumors that occur in the brain. intraductal carcinoma (in-truh-DUK-tul kar-sih-NO-ma) SEE: ductal carcinoma in situ intraepithelial (in-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul) Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. intrahepatic (in-truh-heh-PA-tik) Within the liver. intramuscular (in-truh-MUS-kyoo-lur) Within or into muscle. Also called: IM intramuscular injection (in-truh-MUS-kyoo-lurin-JEK-shun) Injection into a muscle. Also called: IM injection intraoperative radiation therapy (in-truh-OP-er-ah-tiv ray-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

Radiation treatment aimed directly at a cancer during surgery. Also called: IORT intrathecal (in-truh-THEE-kal) The space inside the sac that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This space is filled with fluid. Drugs can be injected into the fluid. Or a sample of the fluid can be taken for testing.

intrathecalchemotherapy

(in-truh-THEE-kalkee-mo-

THER-uh-pee)

Anticancer drugs that are injected into the space surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. This space contains fluid. intravenous (in-truh-VEE-nis) Injected into a blood vessel. Also called: IV intravenousinfusion (in-truh-VEE-nisin-FYOO-zhun) Using a needle to put fluids into the bloodstream. The fluids may be drugs or other substances the body needs. Also called: infusion invasive cancer (in-VAY-siv KAN-sir) Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it started. It grows into the normal surrounding tissues. Also called: infiltrating cancer invasive lobular carcinoma (in-VAY-siv LAH-byoo-ler kar-sih-NO-ma)

Cancer that starts in the milk glands. It grows into the normal surrounding tissues. Between 10% and 15% of all breast cancers are of this type. Also called: ILC IORT (eye oh are tee) SEE: intraoperative radiation therapy ipsilateral (ip-sih-LA-tir-ul) Having to do with the same side of the body. irradiation (ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun) SEE : radiation therapy irreversible toxicity (ir-rih-VER-sih-bul tok-SIH-sih-tee) Side effects that do not go away. isoflavones (eye-soh-FLAY-vones) Plant compounds found in soy products that can act like a weak estrogen. They are being studied to see if they can help prevent cancer. IV (eye vee) SEE: intravenous J jaundice (JAWN-diss) When there is too much bile in the blood. This occurs when the liver is not working well or when a bile duct is blocked. The extra bile makes the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. The urine darkens and the stool becomes clay- colored. K keloid (KEY-loyd) A thick, irregular scar. This is caused by too much tissue growth along an incision or wound. kidneys (KID-neez) A pair of organs in the abdomen that removes waste from the blood (as urine), produces erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production), and plays a role in blood pressure regulation. killer cells (KIH-ler sellz) White blood cells that attack cancer cells and body cells that have been invaded by foreign substances. L laboratory test (LA-bor-uh-tor-ee test) A medical procedure that tests a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time. laparoscope (LA-pah-rah-skope) A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen. Also used to remove part or all of the colon through small incisions made in the wall of the abdomen. laparoscopy (la-pah-ROSS-kuh-pee) A test that uses a thin tube with a light and a special lens on the end. The tube is passed through the wall of the abdomen. The doctor looks through the tube into the inside of the abdomen or pelvis. It may be used to evaluate a potential problem, take tissue samples, or perform surgery (for example: to remove a gall bladder or appendix). laparotomy (la-pah-RAH-toe-mee) A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. laser (LAY-zer) A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

latissimus dorsi flap (lah-TIZ-ih-mussDOR-seeflap) A breast reconstruction procedure in which skin, fat, and muscle is taken from the person’s abdomen, back, or buttock. The tissue can be detached as a free piece and moved, or it can remain attached as a “flap” and slid under the skin to a new location on the chest. In either case, the tissue is sewn into place as a new breast. The advantage of keeping the tissue flap attached to its original source is that it remains connected to its own blood supply. This increases the chance that the transplanted tissue will thrive and do well in its new location. LCIS (ellseeeyeess) SEE: lobular carcinoma in situ leiomyoma (LIE-oh-my-OH-mah) SEE: fibroid leptomeningeal cancer (LEP-toe-meh-NIN-jee-ul KAN-sir) A cancer that involves the tissues that cover the brain and the spinal cord. leptomeningealmetastases (LEP-toe-meh-NIN-jeeulmeh-TASS-tah-seez)

Cancer that has spread from where it started to the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. lesion (LEE-zhun) An area of abnormal tissue change. For example, a lump, wound, or area of injury. leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites) SEE: whitebloodcells leukopenia (loo-koh-PEE-nee-yah) A condition in which the number of white blood cells in the blood goes down. Li-Fraumeni syndrome (lee froh-MEE-nee SIN-droam) A rare, inherited tendency to develop multiple cancers, caused by an abnormal or defective p53 tumor suppressor gene. liver (LIH-ver) A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. liver cancer (LIH-ver KAN-sir) A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. liver metastases (LIH-ver meh-TASS-tah-seez) Cancer that has spread from the original main (primary) tumor to the liver. liver scan (LIH-ver skan) An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in areas that are suspected to be abnormal. The scanner identifies these areas of concern. lobe (lobe) A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. lobectomy (loh-BEK-toe-mee) The removal of a lobe. lobular carcinoma in situ (LOB-yoo-lar kar-sih-NO-ma in SYE-too)

An overgrowth of cells in the lobules of the breast. These cells are not likely to turn into an invasive cancer. But having them means a higher risk of getting breast cancer in either breast. Also called: LCIS lobule (LOB-yool) A tiny part of the breast that makes milk. It looks like a bunch of grapes. The breast has millions of lobules in it. After the milk is made, it drains from the lobules to the nipple through milk pipes, called ducts. local cancer (LOH-kul KAN-sir) An invasive malignant cancer confined entirely to the organ where the cancer began. local therapy (LOH-kul THER-uh-pee) Treatment that affects cells in the cancer and the area close to it. localization (LOH-kul-ih-ZAY-shun) Finding or marking the spot where a lesion or disease is. For example, a breast lump can be found by feel (physical examination). Or it can be found using mammography or other imaging tests. localized (LOH-kul-eyzd) Keeping to the site of origin, without any sign of spread to other areas.

locally advanced cancer (LOH-kuh-lee ad-VANST KAN-sir) Cancer that has spread to large parts of the breast or the nearby lymph nodes. lubricants (LOO-brih-kents) Oily or slippery substances. lumbar puncture (LUM-bar PUNK-tcher) A procedure that puts a needle in between the bones of the lower back, directly into the fluid sac around the spinal cord. It may be done to take fluid and check it for abnormalities. It can also be done to give anticancer drugs. Also called: spinal tap lumpectomy (lum-PEK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove the cancer and a small amount of normal tissue around it. lung metastases (lung meh-TASS-tah-seez) Cancer that has spread from the main (primary) tumor to the lung. lycopene (LY-koh-peen) A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. It may help protect you against cancer. lymph (limf) SEE: lymphatic fluid lymph node (limf node) A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a covering of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, and act as a filter system for the lymphatic fluid (lymph). lymph node dissection (limf node dy-SEK-shun) Surgery in which lymph nodes are removed and looked at to see if they have cancer in them. Also called: lymphadenectomy lymph node drainage (limf node DRAY-nidj) The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a particular lymph node. lymph node mapping (limf node MA-ping) The use of dyes and radioactive substances that flow through the lymph vessels and serve to identify and locate lymph nodes that contain cancer cells. lymphadenectomy (LIM-fah-deh-NEK-tuh-mee) SEE: lymph node dissection lymphadenopathy (LIM-fah-deh-NAH-puh-thee) Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram) X-rays of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray image. lymphangiography (lim-FAN-jee-AH-grah-fee) An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray image. lymphatic fluid (lim-FA-tik FLOO-id) The special fluid that travels through the lymphatic channels or vessels. It carries cells that help fight infection and disease. Also called: lymph. lymphatic invasion (lim-FA-tik in-VAY-zhun) When cancer cells break out of the place where they started and go into the lymph and blood vessels inside the breast. This is how cancer cells can travel to other areas of the body. lymphatic system (lim-FA-tik SIS-tum) The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and disease. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. It also includes the network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, and pass through all tissues of the body. lymphedema (LIM-feh-DEE-mah) A condition in which too much lymph fluid collects in tissue. This causes swelling. It can happen in the arm after lymph nodes in the underarm are removed. It can also happen if there is radiation to the lymph nodes or chemotherapy. It can get worse if the arm is hurt in any way. lymphocyte (LIM-foh-site) A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease. lymphocytic (lim-foh-SIH-tik) Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

lymphosarcoma (lim-foh-sar-KOH-mah) An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue. lymphoscintigraphy (lim-foh-sin-TIG-rah-fee) A method used to identify the sentinel lymph node, the first draining lymph node nearest a cancer. A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the breast cancer. Then a doctor tracks the movement of this substance from the location in the breast over to the lymph nodes on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes on the path from the cancer take up the substance and are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if in fact the cancer cells have moved into the lymph nodes. M macrophage (MAK-roe-fahj) A type of white blood cell. It helps remove unwanted substances from the blood, including old or abnormal cells, bacteria, and viruses. It is an important part of the immune system. magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NEH-tik REZ-ahnents IH-mah-djing)

A test that looks at areas inside your body. Detailed pictures are made by a magnet linked to a computer. These are read by a radiologist. Also called: MRI maintenance therapy (MAYN-tih-nents THER-uh-pee) Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. malignancy (mah-LIG-nun-see) An uncontrolled growth of cells. It can spread into nearby normal tissue. It can also travel to other parts of the body. malignant (mah-LIG-nent) Cancerous; a growth that tends to spread into nearby normal tissue and travel to other parts of the body. malignant ascites (mah-LIG-nent ah-SY-teez) A condition in which fluid containing cancer cells collects in the abdomen. malignantmeningioma (mah-LIG-nentmeh-NIN-jee-OH-muh) A rare, quickly growing cancer that occurs in the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord (meninges). mammogram (MA-moh-gram) An x-ray picture of the breast. mammography (ma-MAH-grah-fee) Using x-rays to create a picture of the breast. MammoSite (MA-moh-site) A device that helps deliver internal radiation after lumpectomy to the area where the cancer was. marker (MAR-ker) A diagnostic indicator for where disease may develop. mastectomy (mass-TEK-tuh-mee) Surgery that removes the whole breast. measurabledisease (MEH-zhur-ah-buldih-ZEEZ) A cancer whose size can be accurately measured. This information may be used to judge how treatment is working. median (MEE-dee-in) A term used in statistics. The middle value in a set of measurements. median survival time (MEE-dee-in ser-VY-vul time) That point in time, from diagnosis or from start of treatment, when half of the patients with a given disease are found to be, or are expected to be, still alive. In a clinical trial, median survival time is one way to measure how effective a treatment is. mediastinoscopy (MEE-dee-ahs-tih-NAHS-koh-pee) A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest, through an incision above the breastbone, to view the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes. The procedure is usually performed to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the right side of the chest. mediastinum (mee-dee-ah-STYE-num) The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the esophagus (your food tube), the trachea (your main airway), the bronchi (smaller airways), and lymph nodes. medical oncologist (MEH-dih-kul on-KAH-luh-jist) A kind of cancer doctor. This type of doctor gives treatment to the whole system, like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immune therapy. After these treatments are over, this doctor follows you over time to make sure you are well.

membrane (MEM-brayn) A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface somewhere in or on the body. meningeal (meh-NIN-jee-ul) Refers to the meninges, the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord. meningeal metastases (meh-NIN-jee-ul meh-TAS-tuhseez)

Cancer that has spread from the original main (primary) tumor to the tissue covering the brain, spinal cord, or both. meninges (meh-NIN-jeez) The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord. menopause (MEH-noh-pawz) The time of life when a woman stops getting her period, or menstruating. This is sometimes called “change of life.” menstruation (men-stroo-AY-shun) The discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus, when a woman is not pregnant. This usually happens once a month, from puberty to menopause. Also called: menstrual period metabolic (meh-tuh-BAH-lik) Having to do with metabolism. metabolism (meh-TA-buh-lizm) All of the chemical changes that take place in the cells of the body. These changes produce the energy and nutrition the body needs for living. metaplasia (meh-tuh-PLAY-zhuh) Cells that change in appearance from normal to abnormal for that particular tissue or organ. metastases (meh-TAS-tuh-seez) The spread of cancer from one part of the body to other parts. When there is one site of spread, it is called metastasis (meh-TAS-tuh-sis). metastasis (meh-TAS-tuh-sis) The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. When there is more than one metastasis, they are called metastases (pronounced: meh-TAS-tuh-seez). metastasize (meh-TAS-tuh-size) To spread from one part of the body to another. metastatic cancer (meh-tuh-STA-tik KAN-sir) Cancer that has spread from the place where it started to other parts of the body. microcalcification (MY-krow-kal-sih-fih-KAY-shun) A tiny build-up of calcium in the breast. It cannot be felt but it can be seen on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may mean that cancer is present. milligram (MIL-lih-gram) A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. milliliter (MIL-lih-lee-tir) A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. millimeter (MIL-lih-mee-tir) A measure of length. A millimeter is approximately 26-times smaller than an inch. mineral (MIH-neh-rul) A nutrient required to maintain health. mistletoe lectin (MIH-sil-toe LEK-tin) A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant, being studied as a treatment for cancer. Lectins can bind to the outside of a cell, behaving like an antigen. mitochondria (my-toh-KAHN-dree-uh) The parts of a cell that oxidize nutrients to release energy for the activity of the cell. mitomycin (my-toh-MY-sin) An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. mitoxantrone (my-toh-ZAN-tron) An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. modified radical mastectomy (MAH-dih-feydRA-dihkulmass-TEK-tuh-mee)

A type of breast cancer surgery. The whole breast and some of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed.

molecule (MAH-lih-kyool) A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. monoclonal antibodies (mah-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tih-bah-deez) Special fighter proteins made in the lab. Each one is made to target only one substance. They can be used in many ways, because they can find and connect to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. They can be used to find or treat cancer. Or they can be used to take drugs, toxins, or radioactive material straight to a cancer. morphine (MORE-feen) A drug that relieves pain. It belongs to a group of drugs called narcotics. morphology (more-FAH-lih-jee) The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). motor (MOE-ter) In medicine, having to do with the movement of body parts. MRI (em are eye) SEE: magnetic resonance imaging mucinous (MYOO-sin-us) Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. mucinous carcinoma (MYOO-sin-us kar-sih-NO-mah) A cancer that spreads into the normal tissue around it. It makes a sticky substance called mucin, that builds up right next to the cells that make it. The mucin itself does not cause any major problems. mucositis (myoo-koh-SY-tis) The mucosa is the lining of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. Mucositis is a condition in which the mucosa becomes swollen, red, and sore — for example, sores in the mouth that can be a side effect of chemotherapy. mucus (MYOO-kus) A thick, slippery fluid produced by the membranes that line certain organs of the body such as the nose, mouth, throat, and vagina. multicenter study (MUL-tee-SEN-tir STUH-dee) A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. multidrug resistance (MUL-tee-DRUG ree-ZIS-tins) When cancer cells are able to survive despite the effects of anticancer drugs. This means the drugs become less effective. For example, sometimes cancer cells figure out how to change so they can go on living despite chemotherapy drugs. multidrugresistanceinhibition (MUL-tee-DRUGreeZIS-tinsin-hih-BIH-shun)

Treatment used to make cancer cells more vulnerable to the effects of anticancer drugs. multimodality treatment (MUL-tee-moe-DAL-ih-tee TREET-mint)

Therapy that combines more than one method of treatment. musculoskeletal (MUH-skyu-low-SKEH-lih-tul) Having to do with muscles, bones, and cartilage. mutate (MYOO-tate) When a gene changes in a way that is not normal. The change can result in a damaged gene, missing gene, or a gene that ends up in the wrong place. It may be caused by mistakes when a cell divides. It may be caused by something in the environment. The change (called a mutation) can be harmful, good, or have no effect. mutation (myoo-TAY-shun) Any change that is not normal in the genes in a cell. The change can result in a damaged gene, missing gene, or a gene that ends up in the wrong place. It may be caused by mistakes when a cell divides. It may be caused by something in the environment. It can be harmful, good, or have no effect. If this happens in a mother’s egg or a father’s sperm, it can be passed on to the parent’s child. Some of these changes can lead to cancer or other diseases. myelosuppression (my-low-suh-PREH-shun) A condition in which the bone marrow makes fewer blood cells. This means there are fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is a side effect of some cancer treatments. myelosuppressive therapy (my-low-suh-PREH-siv THER-uh-pee)

Treatment that slows or stops the growth of new blood cells. myometrium (my-oh-MEE-tree-um) The outer layer of the uterus that is made of muscle.

N nasal (NAY-zul) By or having to do with the nose. natural killer cells (NA-tchur-ul KIH-ler sellz) A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill cancer cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes. Also called: NK cells necrosis (neh-KROH-sis) Dead cells. needle biopsy (NEE-dul BY-op-see) SEE: fine needle aspiration negative axillary lymph nodes (NEH-geh-tiv AK-sih-lairee limf nodes)

Lymph nodes in the area of the armpit that are free of cancer. You find this out by having surgery that removes some of the nodes. They are then looked at under a microscope to see if they have cancer cells in them. neoadjuvant therapy (nee-oh-A-djoo-vent THER-uh-pee) Treatment that’s given first to help make the next treatment step go more smoothly. For example, chemotherapy, radiation or hormones may be given before surgery. In breast cancer, this therapy is mainly used to shrink a large tumor so that it’s easier to take out. neoplasia (nee-oh-PLAY-zha) Uncontrolled growth of cells. It can be benign or cancerous. neoplasm (nee-oh-PLAH-zim) A collection of cells that are growing in an uncontrolled way. It can be benign or cancerous. neurologic (noor-oh-LAH-jik) Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. neurologist (noor-OL-uh-jist) A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system. neuropathy (noor-OP-uh-thee) A problem with any nerve in the body outside the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by infection, very strong drugs, or disease. For example, Taxol can affect the nerves, causing pain and numbness in the hands and feet. neurotoxicity (NOOR-oh-tahk-SIH-sih-tee) Side effects to your body’s system of nerves (called the nervous system). neurotoxin (noor-oh-TAHK-sin) A substance that is poisonous/harmful to nerve tissue. neutropenia (noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh) When the number of blood cells called neutrophils is too low. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that fights infection. neutrophil (NOO-troh-fil) A type of white blood cell that fights infection. nipple (NIH-pul) The soft tissue projection in the middle of the breast. This is where the breast milk ducts come together and empty to feed a baby. The nipple is also very sensitive and can be a source of sexual pleasure. nipple discharge (NIH-pul DIS-chardj) Fluid that comes out of the nipple. NK cells (en kay sells) SEE: natural killer cells NMRI (en em are eye) SEE: nuclear magnetic resonance imaging node-negative (node NEH-geh-tiv) When there is no cancer in the lymph nodes. node-positive (node PAH-zeh-tiv) When there is cancer in the lymph nodes. nonblinded (non-BLYN-ded) Describes a clinical trial or other experiment in which the scientists doing the experiment know what treatments are being given to each study subject or experimental group. If human subjects are involved, they know what treatments they are receiving. nonmalignant (non-muh-LIG-nent) Not cancerous. nonmetastatic (non-meh-tuh-STA-tik) Cancer that has not spread from the place where it started to other places in the body.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

nonrandomized clinical trial (non-RAN-dum-eyzdKLIHnih-kulTRY-ul)

A clinical trial in which the participants are assigned to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers. Chance assignments have no place in this kind of trial. nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NOO-klee-er mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nents IH-mah-djing)

A magnet hooked up to a computer is used to make pictures of areas inside the body. This is an older term for MRI. Also called: NMRI O observation (ob-zer-VAY-shun) Carefully watching and recording a patient’s condition but not giving any treatment until some change takes place or symptoms show up. Also called : watchful waitingobstruction (ob-STRUK-shun) The blockage of a passageway. omega-3 fatty acid (oh-MEH-guh three FA-tee AA-sid) A type of fat that is found in certain foods, like salmon, that may help bolster immunity. oncogene (ON-koh-jeen) A gene that controls cell growth. If the gene is abnormal it can allow cells to grow out of control. This can result in cancer. oncogene overexpression (ON-koh-jeenOH-vir-ekSPREH-shin)

The job of an oncogene is to control the growth of cells. When it stops working as it should, it tells the cells to make too much protein. The extra protein makes the cells grow out of control. This can result in cancer. oncologist (on-KAH-luh-jist) A doctor who specializes in taking care of people with cancer. Some specialize in one type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist treats cancer with radiation, and a medical oncologist treats cancer with medications. Some oncologists also specialize in one kind of cancer. For example, a breast cancer oncologist diagnoses and treats breast cancer. oncology (on-KAH-luh-jee) An area of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of cancer. oophorectomy (oo-foe-REK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. oral (OR-ul) By or having to do with the mouth. organism (OR-gun-ih-zum) A living thing, such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus. osteoporosis (OSS-tee-oh-puh-ROH-sis) When one’s bones become weaker. When this happens, the bones are more likely to break. ovarian (oh-VAIR-ee-in) Relating to the ovaries. These are the two glands in a woman’s pelvis that make eggs and hormones. ovarian ablation (oh-VAIR-ee-in ah-BLAY-shen) Surgery, radiation therapy, or a drug treatment to stop the ovary from making hormones. Also called: ovarian suppression ovarian cancer (oh-VAIR-ee-in KAN-sir) Cancer of the ovary. ovarian epithelial cancer (oh-VAIR-ee-in eh-pih-THEELee-ul KAN-sir)

Cancer that starts in the cells lining the ovaries. ovarian suppression (oh-VAIR-ee-in suh-PREH-shun) SEE: ovarian ablation ovaries (OH-vah-reez) The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. ovary (OH-vah-ree) The female reproductive gland in which the ova, or eggs, and the female hormones that regulate female sex characteristics develop. overall survival (OH-ver-all ser-VY-vul) The percentage of people in a study who have survived for a certain period of time, usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Also called : survival rate

overexpress (OH-ver-ek-SPRESS) An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell, a protein that might be related to a high number of abnormal or defective cells. ovulation (ov-yoo-LAY-shun) When an egg is released from an ovary during the menstrual period. P p53 gene (pee FIF-tee-three jeen) A gene that keeps cells under control and growing normally. If this gene is abnormal, cell growth may get out of control. This may result in the start of a cancer. Paget’s disease of the nipple (PA-jitz dih-ZEEZ uv thuh NIH-pul)

A type of breast cancer that involves the nipple. The cancer cells start in the milk-pipes or ducts at the surface of the nipple. As the cancer grows on top of the nipple, it forms a dry, crusty, bumpy rash. It can cause itching and burning around the nipple. Sometimes it can also cause oozing or bleeding. Some doctors might think it is just eczema or dry skin. But if you have these changes, and they don’t go away, be sure to see a breast specialist. palliative therapy (PA-lee-uh-tiv THER-uh-pee) Treatment to relieve symptoms caused by advanced cancer. Its purpose is to improve the quality of life. palpation (pal-PAY-shun) When your doctor presses on the surface of your body to feel the organs or tissues underneath. Pap smear (pap smeer) The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. Also called : a Pap test partial response (PAR-shul ree-SPONS) A decrease in the size of a cancer, or in the range of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. Also called : partial remission pathologic fracture (pa-thuh-LAH-djik FRAK-tchur) When a bone breaks because it is weakened by disease. This might be caused by cancer in the bone. pathologist (pa-THAH-luh-jist) A doctor who checks tissue or fluid taken from the body to see if it is normal or abnormal (diseased). Pathologists use a microscope to do this. If the tissue is abnormal, they describe the nature and extent of disease. They also have special tests that look at cell activity, proteins, and genes. They take all of this information and put in a pathology report. pathology report (pa-THAH-luh-jee ree-PORT) A report that describes what was found in tissue removed from the body. The cancer and surrounding normal tissue are checked with a microscope and other special tests. The report tells you many things about the extent and nature of the disease. peau d’orange (poe dor-AHNJ) This term means “orange skin” in French. It’s when the skin of the breast looks like the skin of a navel orange: It gets swollen and the hair follicles look like lots of little dimples. This can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer. pedigree (PEH-dih-gree) A record of your family over the generations. It includes your ancestors, grandparents, parents, siblings, children, and their children. It may be used to check for certain patterns of disease that can be passed from parents to children within the family. pericardialeffusion (pair-ee-KAR-dee-uleh-FYOO-zhun) When fluid builds up inside the sac that surrounds the heart. This puts pressure on the heart, making it hard for the heart to pump blood. perineural (pair-ee-NOOR-uhl) Around a nerve or group of nerves. Sometimes breast cancer cells grow around the little nerves that are in the breast. This is called perineural invasion. perioperative (pair-ee-OP-ir-ah-tiv) The period of time around surgery. This usually refers to the first few days right after surgery. peripheral blood (per-IH-fer-ul blud) Blood circulating throughout the body. peripheral stem cell support (per-IH-fer-ul stem sell suh-PORT)

SEE: peripheral stem cell transplantation

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

peripheral stem cell transplantation (per-IH-ferulstemselltranz-plan-TAY-shun)

A method of replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer treatment. Immature blood cells (stem cells) in the circulating blood that are similar to those in the bone marrow are given after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual’s own blood cells saved earlier), allogeneic (blood cells donated by someone else), or syngeneic (blood cells donated by an identical twin). Also called: peripheral stem cell support peripheral stem cells (per-IH-fer-ul stem sellz) Immature cells that develop into new blood cells. They circulate in the bloodstream. peritoneal (pair-ih-toh-NEE-ul) Having to do with the peritoneum. This is the tissue that lines the inside wall of the abdomen. It also covers the outside surface of some organs in the abdomen. peritoneal cavity (pair-ih-toh-NEE-ul KA-vih-tee) The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. peritoneum (pair-ih-tuh-NEE-um) The tissue that lines the inside wall of the abdomen. It also covers the outside surface of some organs in the abdomen. PET scan (pet scan) SEE: positron emission tomography scan petechiae (peh-TEH-kee-ah) Tiny, flat, round red spots under the skin. They are caused by bleeding. phase I trial (fayz wun TRY-ul) Phase I trials are the first step in testing a new treatment in humans. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection), and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of the treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of patients who have not been helped by other treatments. phase II trial (fayz too TRY-ul) Phase II cancer trials test whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a cancer or improves blood test results) and whether it works against a certain type of cancer. phase III trial (fayz three TRY-ul) Phase III trials compare the results of people taking a new treatment with the results of people taking the standard treatment (for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III trials only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people. phase IV trial (fayz for TRY-ul) After a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial. phlebitis (fleh-BY-tis) Inflammation of a vein. physiologic (fih-zee-uh-LAH-jik) Having to do with the normal functions of the body. pilot study (PIE-lut STUH-dee) The first study that looks at a new method or treatment. pituitarygland (pih-TOO-ih-tair-eegland) A gland that makes hormones that control the production of other hormones in your body. In this way, it supervises many of your body’s functions, including growth and the production of sex hormones by the ovaries or testicles. placebo (plah-SEE-boh) A fake pill or treatment that looks the same and is taken in the same way as a drug or treatment in a clinical trial. It contains no active ingredients. Also called : dummy pill plasma (PLAZ-muh) The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that does not contain blood cells. plasma cells (PLAZ-muh sellz) A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. (These are special proteins that protect you against infection.)

plastic surgeon (PLAS-tik SIR-jun) A doctor who does special types of surgery to improve how you look. Examples of plastic surgery are breast reconstruction after mastectomy and repairing tissue after an accident. Face lifts and “nose jobs” are also examples. platelets (PLAYT-lits) Blood cells that help stop bleeding. They do this by forming blood clots. Also called: thrombocytes pleomorphic (plee-oh-MOR-fik) Refers to cells that vary in their size, shape, and inside structure. pleura (PLOOR-uh) A thin layer of tissue that covers the outside surface of the lungs and the inside wall of the chest cavity. pleural cavity (PLOOR-ul KAV-vih-tee) A space between the outside of the lungs and the inside wall of the chest cavity. pleuraleffusion (PLOOR-uleh-FYOO-zhun) When there is too much fluid between the thin layers of tissue that line the outside of the lungs and the inside wall of the chest cavity. pleurodesis (ploor-oh-DEE-sis) A type of surgery that gets rid of the open space between the lung and the chest cavity. This is done to stop fluid from building up in this space. When cancer cells are growing in this space, they make fluid that can collect and cause difficulty breathing. During this surgery, a chemical is placed in the space. Your body’s reaction to the chemical causes the lining around the lung to stick to the inside lining of the chest wall. This can cause pain for several days. Be sure to ask for pain medication to get you through it. ploidy (PLOY-dee) The number of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. pneumonia (noo-MOH-nyah) An infection of the lung. port (port) A small device placed under the skin. It empties into a blood vessel and makes it easier to give chemotherapy and to take blood for tests. Also called: Port-a-cath Port-a-cath (PORT-uh-kath) SEE: port positive axillary lymph nodes (PAH-zih-tiv AK-sih-lairee limf nodes)

Lymph nodes in the area of the armpit that contain cancer cells. This is determined by having surgery that removes some of the nodes. They are then looked at under a microscope to see if they have cancer cells in them. positron emission tomography scan (PAH-sih-tron ee-MIH-shun tah-MAH- gruh-fee skan)

A computerized image of the energy producing activity of body tissues, used to determine the presence of disease. Also called: PET scan postmenopausal (post-meh-noh-PAW-zul) The time of life after a woman goes through menopause. Menopause is when a woman stops getting her period, or menstruating. This is sometimes called “change of life.” postmenopausal bleeding (post-meh-noh-PAW-zul BLEE-ding)

Vaginal bleeding that occurs after a woman’s periods have stopped. It may be caused by something that’s not a cancer (like an endometrial polyp). Or it may be caused by a cancer. Tell your doctor if you have this problem. postoperative (post-AH-pih-ruh-tiv) After surgery. PR-, PR-negative (pee are NEH-geh-tiv) SEE: progesterone receptor negative PR+, PR-positive (pee are PAH-zih-tiv) SEE: progesterone receptor positive precancerous (pre-KAN-sir-us) A term used to describe a condition that may, or is likely to become, cancer. Also called: premalignant premalignant (pree-muh-LIG-nent) SEE: precancerous premenopausal (pree-meh-noh-PAW-zul) The time of life between puberty and menopause. During this time a woman gets her period, or menstruates.

preventive (prih-VEN-tiv) Refers to something that tries to stop or delay a disease from occurring. preventive mastectomy (prih-VEN-tivmass-TEK-tuh-mee) SEE: prophylactic mastectomy primary endpoint (PRY-mair-ee END-poynt) The main result measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment has worked. For example, researchers might look at survival or risk of recurrence as primary endpoints. The study then compares these factors in the treatment group and the control group. The primary endpoints need to be determined before the study begins. primary tumor (PRY-mair-ee TOO-mer) The main original cancer. progesterone (pro-JES-teh-rown) A female hormone. progesterone receptor negative (pro-JES-teh-rown ree-SEP-ter NEH-geh-tiv)

Breast cancer cells without progesterone receptors. These receptors are special proteins that the hormone progesterone binds to. PR negative breast cancer cells do not depend on progesterone to grow. Also called: PRprogesterone receptor positive (pro-JES-teh-rown reeSEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv)

Breast cancer cells that react to the hormone progesterone. They need it to grow. Hormone treatments can work with these cells. Also called: PR+ prognosis (prog-NOH-sis) How you are expected to do after a disease is diagnosed. It is based on many things, including stage of disease, kind of disease, response to treatment, and your general state of health. It may be presented as a kind of forecast by your healthcare provider. prognostic factor (prog-NOH-stik FAK-ter) A situation or condition that can affect your prognosis. This means it can be used to estimate the chance of recovering from a disease, or the chance of the disease coming back. programmed cell death (PRO-gramd sell deth) SEE: apoptosis progression (pruh-GREH-shin) When the cancer gets bigger or spreads to other parts of the body. progressive disease (pruh-GREH-siv dih-ZEEZ) Cancer that is getting bigger or spreading more. prophylactic (proh-fih-LAK-tic) A drug, device, or procedure that protects the body from disease or infection. It can also refer to something that prevents pregnancy. prophylactic mastectomy (proh-fih-LAK-ticmass-TEKtuh-mee)

Surgery to remove one or both breasts to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called: preventive mastectomy prophylacticoophorectomy (proh-fih-LAK-ticoo-fohREK-tuh-mee)

Surgery to remove the ovaries in order to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer. prophylaxis (proh-fih-LAK-sis) An attempt to prevent disease. prospective (proh-SPEK-tiv) A type of study or clinical trial. The researchers find participants and then follow them for a certain time period. protein (PRO-teen) A type of molecule that the body needs to work properly. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin, muscle, and hair. psoriasis (sore-EYE-ih-sis) A chronic disease of the skin. It causes red patches covered with white scales. Q quadrantectomy (kwad-ran-TEK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove the part of the breast with cancer. Usually about one quarter of the breast is removed. quality of life (KWAH-lih-tee uv lyf) Overall pleasure, comfort, and enjoyment in being alive. Many clinical trials look at the effects of cancer and its treatment on a person’s quality of life.

R radiation fibrosis (ray-dee-AY-shun fy-BRO-sis) The scar tissue that forms as a result of radiation therapy. radiation oncologist (ray-dee-AY-shun on-KAH-loh-jist) A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. radiation surgery (ray-dee-AY-shun SIR-jer-ee) A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly to the cancer while sparing healthy tissue. Also called: radiosurgery, stereotactic external beam radiation, stereotactic radiation therapy, or stereotactic radiosurgery radiation therapy (ray-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee) The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (externalbeam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called : irradiation, radiotherapy, or x-ray therapy radical mastectomy (RA-dih-kul mass-TEK-tuh-mee) Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this was the most common operation for breast cancer. It is rarely performed today. Also called: Halsted radical mastectomy radioactive (RAY -dee-oh-AK-tiv) Giving off radiation. radioactive drugs (RAY -dee-oh-AK-tiv drugz) Drugs that have a radioactive substance in them. They are used to diagnose and treat cancer. For example, they can help decrease pain from cancer that has spread to the bone. Also called: radiopharmaceuticals radioactive iodine (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv EYE-oh-dine) A form of the chemical iodine that gives off radiation. It is often used for imaging tests or as a treatment for thyroid cancer. radioimmunotherapy (RAY-dee-oh-ih-MYOO-noh-THER-uh-pee) Treatment with a radioactive substance linked to an antibody that attaches to the cancer cells when injected into the patient. radioisotopes (RAY-dee-oh-EYE-suh-topes) Unstable chemicals that give off radiation as they break down. They can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. radiolabeled (RAY-dee-oh-LAY-buld) Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. radiologist (ray-dee-AH-loh-jist) A doctor who specializes in taking pictures of areas inside the body and figuring out what they show. The pictures are made with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy. This kind of doctor can also use imaging studies to guide procedures. For example, ultrasound can help a radiologist do a breast biopsy. radiology (ray-dee-AH-loh-jee) Using radiation (such as x-rays) or other imaging methods like ultrasound or MRI) to diagnose or treat disease. radiopharmaceuticals (RAY-dee-oh-far-mih-SOO-tih-kulz) SEE: radioactive drugs radiosensitization (RAY-dee-oh-sen-sih-tih-ZAY-shun) Using a drug to make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. radiosensitizers (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-ty-zirz) Drugs that make radiation work better in destroying cancer cells. radiosurgery (RAY-dee-oh-SIR-jer-ee) SEE: radiation surgery radiotherapy (RAY-dee-oh-THER-uh-pee) SEE : radiation therapy randomized clinical trial (RAN-dum-eyzd KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul) A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group they may join. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups can be compared objectively. At the start of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. The patient can choose to be part of a randomized trial – or not. ras gene (raz jeen) A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is abnormal. Chemicals or drugs that block the abnormal form of the gene may slow down or stop the growth of cancer.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

RBC (arebeesee) SEE: red blood cells receptor (ree-SEP-ter) A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance that appears on the outside the cell and that causes a specific reaction in the functioning of the cell. reconstruction (ree-kun-STRUK-shun) Rebuilding or repairing an area of the body that has been damaged or removed. rectal (REK-tuhl) Having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last part of the large intestine. It is about 6 inches (13 cm) long and ends at the anus. rectum (REK-tum) The last part of the large intestine. It is about 6 inches (13 cm) long and ends at the anus. recurrence (ree-KER-ents) When a cancer comes back after treatment. It can come back in the same place as the original one or in a different part of the body. red blood cells (red blud sellz) Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. Also called: RBCs re-excision (ree-ek-SIH-zhen) Surgery to remove extra tissue around the place where the cancer used to be. This is done to get clear margins around the cancer and to make sure no more cancer cells are left behind. Also called: re-excision lumpectomy re-excision lumpectomy (ree-ek-SIH-zhen lum-PEK-tuh-mee) SEE: re-excision refractory cancer (reh-FRAK-tor-ee KAN-sir) Cancer that has not responded to treatment. regimen (REH-jih-min) A treatment plan. The plan includes which treatments and procedures will be done, medications and their dose, the schedule of treatments, and how long the treatment will take. regional (REE-juh-nuhl) In oncology, it’s the area of the body right around a cancer. regional cancer (REE-juh-nuhl KAN-sir) Cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) cancer to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues. regional chemotherapy (REE-juh-nuhlKEE-moh-THER-uh-pee) Treatment with anticancer drugs directed to a specific area of the body. regional lymph node (REE-juh-nuhl limf node) A lymph node that drains lymph fluid from the area around a cancer. regression (reh-GREH-shun) A decrease in the size of a cancer, or in the extent of the cancer in the body. relapse (REE-laps) The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. relative survival rate (REH-luh-tiv sir-VY-vul rayte) A particular way to measure survival. In cancer, the rate is calculated after removing all causes of death except cancer and then figuring the survival rate in the patients with cancer. The rate is figured at specific time intervals, such as 2 years and 5 years after diagnosis. remission (reh-MIH-shun) A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer cells present in the body. reproductive system (ree-pruh-DUK-tiv SIS-tim) In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. The reproductive system is that part of the body that is devoted to bringing new individuals into being. resected (ree-SEK-tid) When tissue has been removed by a surgeon. resection (ree-SEK-shun) Using surgery to take out tissue, part or all of an organ. residual disease (reh-ZID-joo-ul dih-ZEEZ) Cancer cells that are left over after surgery. resistance (ree-ZIS-tints) When a cancer does not respond to treatment.

respiratory system (RESS-pih-rah-tor-ee SIS-tim) The organs involved in breathing. These include the air passages (nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi), and the lungs. Also called: respiratory tract response rate (ree-SPAHNS rayt) The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears because of treatment. retroperitoneal (REH-troh-peh-rih-tuh-NEE-ul) Having to do with the area in back of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the main compartment inside the abdomen). ribonucleic acid (rye-boh-noo-KLAY-ik AA-sid) A complex molecule found in all living cells. It reads genetic information on the DNA inside the cells. Then it takes the information to the part of the cell that makes vital proteins based on this information. Also called: RNA risk factor (risk FAK-tir) A habit, trait, condition, or genetic abnormality that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease. RNA (areenay) SEE: ribonucleic acid S saline (SAY-leen) A solution of salt and water. saline implant (SAY-leen IM-plant) A soft packet filled with saline that is inserted under the skin to replace or enhance breast tissue. salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-PIN-gooo-foh-REK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove the fallopian tubes and ovaries. salvage therapy (SAL-vidj THER-uh-pee) Treatment given after the cancer has not responded to other treatments. sarcoma (sar-KOH-mah) A cancer of connective or supportive tissue. These types of tissue include bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, and blood vessels. scleroderma (skler-uh-DIR-mah) An uncommon chronic disorder that causes hardening and thickening of the skin. It can occur in one limited area (localized) or it can affect the entire body (systemic). screening (SKREE-ning) Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. second cancer (SEH-kund KAN-sir) A new primary cancer in a person with a history of another cancer. secondary cancer (SEH-kun-dair-ee KAN-sir) Cancer that comes back where it first started or cancer that has spread to another part of the body. For example, breast cancer cells may recur in the breast area or spread (metastasize) to the lung. When this happens, the disease is called recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. The return of cancer in the breast and the spread of cancer in the lung is called a secondary cancer. Also called: secondary tumor segmental mastectomy (seg-MEN-tul mass-TEK-tuh-mee) The removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the cancer and the lining over the chest muscles below the cancer. Usually some of the lymph nodes under the arm are also removed. Also called: partial mastectomy seizures (SEE-zherz) Convulsions; sudden movements of the muscles that you can’t control. selection bias (seh-LEK-shun BY-iss) A problem that results when individuals or groups are improperly chosen to take part in a study. For instance, an overbalance of women from a certain age group. This can spoil the reliability of the study findings, and means that the conclusions may not be sound or apply to the women concerned. Ideally, the subjects in a study should be similar to one another and to the larger population (for example, all individuals with the same disease or condition) from which they are drawn. If there are important differences or similarities in those subjects that have not been disclosed, the results of the study may not be valid. selenium (seh-LEH-nee-um) An important mineral in your diet. sensory (SEN-sir-ee) Having to do with your senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste).

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

sentinel lymph node (SEN-tih-nul limf node) The first lymph node that cancer is likely to spread to from the place where it started. sentinel lymph node biopsy (SEN-tih-nul limf node BY-op-see) A procedure in which a dye and/or radioactive substance is injected near the cancer. The dye or radioactive substance flows into the lymph nodes. The first lymph node that it reaches is called the sentinel lymph node. It is also the first lymph node that cancer cells might spread to after breaking away from the main cancer in the breast. Sometimes there is more than one sentinel node. A surgeon finds the sentinel lymph node, or nodes, by looking for the dye or detecting the radioactive substance. Then the node or nodes are removed and checked to see if there are cancer cells in them. sentinel lymph node dissection (SEN-tih-nul limf node dy-SEK-shun)

Surgery to find and take out the sentinel lymph node. This node is the very first lymph node that is reached by lymph fluid from the site of a breast cancer. Cancer cells sometimes break away from the main cancer and travel through the lymph system. If this happens, this node is more likely than other lymph nodes to filter out and trap these cells. To find out if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in women with early breast cancer, doctors take out just this lymph node. This has been found to work just as well as taking out many lymph nodes. sentinel lymph node mapping (SEN-tih-nul limf node MA-ping)

The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify the first (or sentinel) lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary main cancer. sepsis (SEP-sis) The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. sequential treatment (seh-KWEN-shul TREET-mint) One treatment after the other. serous (SEER-us) Having to do with serum. This is the clear liquid part of blood. serum (SEER-um) The clear liquid part of the blood. This is what remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. side effects (side eh-FEKTS) When treatment for a disease causes problems for healthy cells. Common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores. sigmoidoscope (sig-MOY-dah-skope) A thin, lighted tube used to look inside the colon. sigmoidoscopy (sig-moy-DOSS-koh-pee) A test that looks inside the lower colon using a thin tube with a light on the end. It can also be used to take samples of tissue or cells to look at under a microscope. Also called: proctosigmoidoscopy silicone (SIH-lih-kone) A stable, inert synthetic product that is often used to imitate and replace breast tissue in a device placed under the skin or in a breast-shaped sac in a bra. silicone implant (SIH-lih-kone IM-plant) A soft packet filled with silicone that is inserted under the skin to replace or enhance breast tissue. simple mastectomy (SIM-pul mass-TEK-tuh-mee) SEE: total mastectomy skeletal (SKEH-lih-tul) Having to do with the skeleton (the boney frame of the body). skeleton (SKEH-lih-tun) The frame of bones that supports the soft tissues of the body. It also protects many of the internal organs. skin graft (skin graft) Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. skin test (skin test) A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. skin-sparing mastectomy (skinSPAIR-ingmass-TEK-tuh-mee) A type of surgery to remove the breast that keeps all of the skin of the breast where it is, except for the nipple and areola. This allows for a more even skin tone if the breast is rebuilt. In other types of mastectomy, the breast tissue and skin are all removed. Then, if the breast is rebuilt, it looks patchy because skin is taken from another part of the body.

small intestine (smawl in-TES-tin) The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. soft tissue (soft TIH-shyoo) Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. solid tumor (SAH-lid TOO-mer) Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. somatic mutations (soh-MA-tik myoo-TAY-shens) Changes to the DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to the next generation. These changes can (but not always) cause cancer or other diseases. somnolence syndrome (SOM-noh-lens SIN-drome) Periods of drowsiness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and irritability in children following radiation therapy treatment to the head. sonogram (SAW-nuh-gram) SEE: ultrasound speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum) An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside. For example, gynecologists use a speculum to look inside the vagina. spiculated (SPIK-yoo-lay-ted) Edges are irregular. Used to describe the appearance of cancer on a mammogram. spinal tap (SPY-nul tap) SEE: lumbar puncture spleen (spleen) An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. squamous cell carcinoma (SKWAY-mussellkar-sih-NO-mah) Cancer that begins in squamous cells, or cells that line the surfaces of the skin and line the air and food tubes. They also line some organs. These are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. This type of cancer rarely occurs in the breast. It is a common type of lung and skin cancer. Also called: epidermoid carcinoma squamous cells (SKWAY-mus sellz) Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. St. John’s wort [chemical name: hypericum perforatum] (saint jonz wort) An herbal product sold as an over-the-counter treatment to improve mood, boost interest in sex, and reduce depression. Scientists are still studying it to see if it really can do these things. It is also being studied to see if it can lessen certain side effects of cancer treatment. stable disease (STAY-bul dih-ZEEZ) Cancer that is neither decreasing nor increasing in its range or severity. stage (staydj) The range of a cancer, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of a disease in order to plan the best treatment. staging (STAY-djing) Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment. standard therapy (STAN-derd THER-uh-pee) A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. statistically significant (stah-TISS-tik-leesig-NIH-fih-kint) In scientific studies, different groups are compared to see if there is a meaningful difference in outcome between them. This means that researchers want to know if one group will do the same, worse, or better than the other group or groups. A difference between groups is meaningful if it is bigger than what you would expect if it were just up to chance. When the difference is meaningful this way, it is called statistically significant. stellate (STELL-ate) Star-shaped. This term is used to describe what some cancers look like on a mammogram.

stem cell transplantation (stemselltranz-plan-TAY-shun) A method of replacing blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The new cells are injected into a person’s bloodstream after treatment. Over time, the stem cells turn into the different kinds of blood cells the body needs. stem cells (stem sellz) The cells from which all blood cells originate stent (stent) A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and to keep the structure open. stereotactic biopsy (stair-ee-oh-TAK-tik BY-op-see) A way to take a piece of tissue from an abnormality that is seen on a test but that cannot be felt. Since you can’t feel the abnormality, you have to use another way to find it. This is done with a computer and a three-dimensional scanning device. Once the tissue is removed, it is examined under a microscope to see if it is normal or abnormal. stereotactic external beam radiation (stair-ee-oh-TAKtik ek-STER-nul beem ray-dee-AY-shun)

SEE : radiation surgery stereotactic radiation therapy (stair-ee-oh-TAK-tik raydee-AY-shun THER- uh-pee)

SEE: radiationsurgery stereotactic radiosurgery (stair-ee-oh-TAK-tik RAY-deeoh-SIR-jir-ee)

SEE: radiationsurgery stereotaxis (stair-ee-oh-TAK-sis) A technique that uses a computer and scanning device to localize an area of concern within three-dimensional pictures of the body. It can be used to help do a biopsy, give external radiation, or put in radiation implants. sterile (STER-uhl) This word has different meanings. It can mean that something is very clean and free of germs, like an operating room. Or it can mean that a person is unable to produce children. steroid therapy (steer-oyd ther-uh-pee) Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation. steroids (stair-oyds) Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. stromal tumors (STROH-mul TOO-merz) Cancers that arise in the supporting connective tissue of an organ. strontium (STRON-tee-um) A metal often used in a radioactive form for imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. subcutaneous (sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us) Under the skin. subcutaneous port (sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us port) A tube that is placed under the skin which goes into a blood vessel. A special needle can be put into the end of the tube. The port is used to give drugs directly into the blood. It can also be used to take blood samples. sun protection factor (SPF) (sun proh-TEK-shun FAK-tir) A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it provides. Sunscreens with an SPF value of 2 through 11 provide minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with an SPF of 12 through 29 provide moderate protection, which is adequate for most people. Those products with an SPF of 30 or higher provide high protection against sunburn and are sometimes recommended for people who are especially sensitive to the sun. sunscreen (SUN-screen) A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun’s harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter both UVA and UVB radiation. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that can lead to skin cancer. superficial (soo-pir-FIH-shul) Affecting cells on the surface. Not invasive. supplementation (suh-plih-men-TAY-shun) Adding nutrients to the diet. support group (suh-PORT groop) A group of people with similar disease (or issues) who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment (or issues).

supportive care (suh-POR-tiv kair) Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. supraclavicular lymph nodes (SOO-prah-klah-VIC-yooler limf nodes)

Lymph nodes found above the collarbone between the neck and the shoulder. surgeon (SIR-jun) A doctor who removes or repairs a part of the body by operating on the patient. surgery (SIR-jer-ee) A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. survival rate (sir-VY-vul rayt) SEE: overall survival symptom (SIM-tum) An sign or indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain. symptomatic (sim-toe-MA-tik) Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. symptoms (SIM-tumz) Things you feel or see about your body that may be a sign of a disease or disorder. systemic (sis-TEH-mik) Affecting the entire body (your whole system). systemic disease (sis-TEH-mik dih-ZEEZ) Disease that affects the whole body. systemic therapy (sis-TEH-mik THER-uh-pee) Treatment that affects the whole body (your whole system). T Tcell (teesell) One type of white blood cell that attacks virus-infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells. T cells also produce a number of substances that regulate the immune response. telangiectasia (tel-AN-jee-ek-TAY-zha) Permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. testosterone (tes-TOS-ter-own) A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. therapeutic (ther-uh-PYOO-tik) A way to treat disease and help healing. thermal ablation (THER-mul ah-BLAY-shun) A procedure that uses heat to destroy tissue or to stop a part of the body from working. thoracentesis (thor-ah-sen-TEE-sis) Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a hollow needle inserted between the ribs. thoracic (thoh-RA-sik) Having to do with the chest. thoracoscopy (thor-ruh-KOS-koh-pee) The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the chest. thoracotomy (thor-uh-KAH-tuh-mee) An operation to open the chest. thrombocytes (THROM-boh-sites) Blood cells that help stop bleeding. They do this by forming blood clots. Also called: platelets thrombocytopenia (THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nee-uh) When the number of platelets in the blood is too low. Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. This condition may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds. It may also cause bleeding in the inside lining of your mouth and intestinal tract as well as in other tissues. thrombophlebitis (THROM-boh-fleh-BY-tis) When there is inflammation of a vein around a blood clot. thrombopoietin (throm-boh-POY-eh-tin) A growth factor that gets bone marrow to start making more platelets and other types of blood cells. It may be used to increase low blood counts during or after chemotherapy. Also called: TPO

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

thrombosis (throm-BOH-sis) The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. thrush (thrush) An overgrowth of yeast in the mouth. Usually white spots appear in the mouth and throat. It is a relatively common side effect of chemotherapy or long-term steroid use. thyroid (THYE-royd) A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces the thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. tissue (TISH-yoo) A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. tissue expander (TISH-yoo ek-SPAN-dir) An enlarging balloon that stretches the skin after mastectomy. It is used so that an implant can fit in place and have a natural shape. It is put under the skin and chest muscles where the breast used to be. Salt water is injected into the expander every two to three weeks for about three to four months. This is done until the chest skin has stretched to the desired size. The expander is usually removed and replaced by an implant. Some expanders can be kept in place like an implant. tomography (tuh-MAH-grah-fee) A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. topical (TAH-pih-kul) On the surface of the body. topical chemotherapy (TAH-pih-kul KEE-moe-THER-uh-pee) Treatment with anticancer drugs contained in a lotion, cream, ointment or special bandage. These are applied to the skin. topoisomerase inhibitors (TOH-poh-ih-SA-mir-ace inHIH-bih-terz) A family of anticancer drugs. Topoisomerase enzymes can make cancer cells grow and multiply. By acting against these enzymes, these drugs may kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. totalestrogenblockade (TOH-tulESS-truh-jinblah-KAID) Therapy used to get rid of all estrogen in the body. This may be done with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination of these treatments. total hysterectomy (TOH-tul hiss-teh-REK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove the entire uterus. total mastectomy (TOH-tul mass-TEK-tuh-mee) Surgery to remove the whole breast. Also called: simple mastectomy toxic (TOK-sik) Poisonous or harmful to the body. Drugs used to kill cancer cells can also have toxic effects on normal tissue. toxins (TOK-sinz) Substances that are poisonous or harmful to the body. They are made by certain animals, plants, or bacteria. They can also be made in the laboratory. tracer (TRAY-sir) A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures to track the progressive spread of a condition or the pathway of medication. TRAM flap (tram flap) SEE: transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap transformation (trans-for-MAY-shun) The change that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant. transfusion (trans-FYOO-zhun) When part or whole blood is put into a person’s bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person or it may have been taken earlier from the person who is receiving the transfusion and stored until needed. transvaginalultrasound (tranz-VA-jih-nulUL-trah-sound) A procedure used to examine the vagina, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina. It produces tiny sound waves. These sound waves bounce off organs inside the pelvic area and create echoes. A computer picks up the echoes and uses them to create a picture, called a sonogram. Also called: TVS transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (trans-VIRSREK-tusab-DAH-mih-nismy-oh-cyoo-TAY-nee-usflap)

The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous muscle tissue is located in the lower abdomen. In most women there is enough skin, fat, and muscle here to reconstruct a new breast. The tissue can be detached and moved, or the tissue can remain attached as a flap

and slid under the skin up to the chest. In either case, the tissue is sewn into place as a new breast. The excess skin and fat that are removed from the lower abdomen can be considered a “tummy tuck”, which some women appreciate as a fringe benefit from the surgery. Also called: TRAM flap tubal ligation (TOO-bul ly-GAY-shun) An operation to close the fallopian tubes. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. tumor (TOO-mer) An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from an overgrowth of cells. It may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). tumorheterogeneity (TOO-merHEH-teh-roh-jeh-NAY-ih-tee) Describes the fact that one tumor can have many different types of cells in it. This happens because tumor cells can have genes and proteins that are very different from one another. And they can grow at different rates. For this reason, you need to combine treatments to destroy the different cancer cells that can be in one tumor. tumor markers (TOO-mer MAR-kirz) SEE: biomarkers tumor suppressor genes (TOO-mer suh-PREH-ser jeenz) Genes in the body that can suppress or block the start of cancer. U ultrasonogram (UL-trah-SAW-nuh-gram) SEE: ultrasoundultrasonography (UL-trah-suh-NAH-grah-fee) A procedure in which sound waves (called ultrasound) are bounced off tissues. A computer uses the echoes to create a picture, called a sonogram. ultrasound (UL-trah-sound) A test that uses sound waves to create images of structures within the body. The pictures appear on a computer screen. They can also be put on film. Also called: sonogram or ultrasonogram ultrasound test (UL-trah-sound test) A test that bounces sound waves off tissues and internal organs and changes the echoes into pictures (called sonograms, ultrasounds, or ultrasonograms). ultravioletradiation (UL-trah-VY-oh-letray-dee-AY-shun) Invisible rays called UVA and UVB that come from the sun. Scientists believe that these sun rays cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer, as well as premature aging. Skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. Also called: UV radiation uncontrolled study (un-kun-TROLD STUH-dee) A clinical study that does not have another group under study to compare results objectively. unilateral (yoo-nih-LA-tir-ul) Having to do with one side of the body. unresectable (un-ree-SEK-tuh-bul) Tissue that cannot be removed with surgery. ureter (YER-eh-ter) The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. urethra (yoo-REE-thrah) The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. urinalysis (yer-ih-NAL-ih-sis) A test that determines the content of the urine. urinary (YER-ih-nair-ee) Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. urinary tract (YER-ih-nair-ee trakt) The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. urine (YOOR-in) Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. urologist (yur-AHL-oh-jist) A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. uterine sarcoma (YOO-teh-rin sar-KOH-mah) A very rare cancer in which cancer cells grow in the muscles or other supporting tissues of the wall of the uterus.

Southwest Riverside County Cancer Resource Guide 2019

uterus (YOO-ter-us) The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis. This is the organ in which a baby develops. Also called: womb UV radiation (yoo vee ray-dee-AY-shun) SEE: ultraviolet radiation V vaccine (vak-SEEN) One or more substances that cause the immune system to fight an enemy. The enemy could be a bacteria, virus, or cancer. The vaccine can be made from a weak form of the bacteria or virus or a part of a cancer cell. This piece of the enemy excites the immune system. The immune system begins to make antibodies (fighter proteins). This means the immune system is ready to act if it is exposed to the full-strength disease. Researchers are trying to make a vaccine that works against breast cancer. vagina (vah-JY-nah) The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called : the birth canal. vaginal (VA-jih-nul) Of or having to do with the vagina (the birth canal). vascular endothelial growth factor (VAS-kyoo-ler endoh-THEE-lee-ul growth FAK-tir)

A substance made by cells that causes new blood vessels to form. Also called: VEGF VEGF (vee ee gee eff) SEE: vascular endothelial growth factor ventricles (VEN-trih-kulz) Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. virus (VY-rus) A submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses can be used to make vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, cancer cells. vital (VY-tul) Necessary to maintain life. For example: breathing is a vital function. It also means what’s really important to you. vitamin A (VY-tuh-min ay) A substance that contributes to health, sometimes used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. vitamin E (VY-tuh-min ee) A substance that contributes to health, sometimes used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called tocopherols. vitamin K (VY-tuh-min kay) A substance that promotes the clotting of blood. vocal cords (VOH-kul kords) Two small bands of muscle within the larynx that vibrate to produce the sound of the voice. vulva (VUL-vuh) The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. W wart (wort) A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. WBC (DUH-bul-yoobeesee) SEE: white blood cells white blood cells (wite blud sellz) Cells that help the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. Also called: WBC or leukocytes womb (woom) SEE: uterus X x-ray (EKS-ray) High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer.x-ray therapy (EKS-ray THER-uh-pee) SEE: radiation therapy. 123 3-dimensional (three dih-MEN-shuh-nuhl) Seeing an image all-round, as we do in real-life. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to get a 3-dimensional picture of the cancer. This allows doctors to target the highest possible dose of radiation to the cancer, with the least possible radiation to normal tissue.

WE’RE BRINGING WORLD-CLASS CANCER TREATMENT

TO MORE PATIENTS LOCALLY

The level of treatment City of Hope gives patients and their families is second to none. We believe everyone should have access to the highest level of cancer care, including our pioneering research, knowledge and clinical trials. And we’re making it possible with more than 30 City of Hope clinical network locations throughout Southern California. To make an appointment or find out more, visit CityofHope.org/NearYou

COMMITTED TO A HEALTHIER COMMUNITY Inland Empire Health Plan (IEHP) is the largest not-for-profit Medi-Cal and Medicare health plan in the Inland Empire, California. With a network of more than 6,400 Providers and 2,100 Team Members, we provide quality, accessible and wellness-based healthcare services to more than 1.2 million residents of Riverside and San Bernardino counties who are enrolled in Medi-Cal or Cal MediConnect Plan (Medicare-Medicaid Plan). Our Vision, Mission and Core Values guide us in the development of innovative programs for our Members in partnership with our Providers.

Improving health

Promoting health equality

Increasing health access

Investing in the community

Building dynamic partnerships with our Providers and Community

Transforming health care delivery

Developing innovative programs

Delivering top-rated customer service

Learn more at:

www.iehp.org

Safe, Supportive The City of Temecula is a proud participant of the Southwest Riverside County Cancer Treatment Task Force. Our Valley encompasses the fastest growing medical community in Southern California. We support you and your family while seeking health and healing, and hope this Resource Guide is helpful.

113,181 Population

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$109,659 Avg Household Income

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d Healthcare Community Focuse

Top Performing School District in County

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TOP 5% Lowest Cost CA Cities to Do Business In

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5 Hospitals, 2 Regional Medical Office Centers

WITHIN A 15 MILE RADIUS

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