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RICHMOND,VA., MAY, 1885.

Vol. X. EDITORS.-Mu gian, S. V. FIERY,

Sigma Rho, C. T, CHILD,

J. V.

DICKI)'il'SON,

R. P. L,UCADO.

BUSINESS MANAGER.-W.

BORUM.

A STORM.

The orb of light had left his dazel'd way,. And tÂˇhe plowman's weary tread was homeward bound, To laugh with eyelids clos'd at children's play, That round the hearth-stone glad, made merry sound. The huntsman, tired with . his chase, had bent His conrse to the vine-thatched cottage in the wood, Where clown he threw the game that chance had lent, And for a moment, glad with succeoe he stood. 'rhe star~, the s7n! inels of the skies were out, And the M,ilky Way urch'd the ebon vault, When o'er the western hills a sable cloth Arose, as if to mourn some secr,et fault. An unseen power rolled up the vail, Darker, tlarker, yet darker than the night Driving the merciless wind, hoarse with wail, Before the elements warring in their might, Distant lightnings burned as smother :d 1lre, ,Now darkncfs reigns, and anon the skies are bright, lllmnin'd with the tlush of electvic ire That tc,ld tl1e fury of the coming night. The mutt<'ring thnntlcr's ceaseless roar, ' As liw, it leap'<] in haste from cloud to cloud, Bade too the wal)derer, qnick find a shore, And hear within its pealings wild and loud. . .;.

No.8. Philolo-

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The fury break~ fast in all its might, .Above the tempest-driven clouds stand high, While the lightning, flashi!'lg its brilliant light, • .And the sharp, quick voice of pealing thunders n :gh, Calls to the flying steeds of the chariot cease, .Ancl spend their rage upon defying earth, With structur'd things that boast t~eir time's no lease, For the world in need, would miss their worth. The Etately pine, plant'd on a hill-top near, Heaved long sighs as of deepest grief; '.rrembling fields paid homage to the tyrant fear, .And bowed as if to beg of him ~elief; But the storm breaks, the world commotion is, O'erhanging clouds fast weep clown their vail, .Al)d He who guides the moving spheres that are His Own, made wondrous grand that tempest w!lil. -"

NOTES." __,

DECLINE OF POETRY. ,;

Why the noblest of the fine arts should decline, some do not urnlerstand; but that it has, all must acknowledge. But has this art lost its power to enrapture the soul and ~nchant the world-are men dead to the fire of poesy? Has poetry lost its charms, or have men lost their appreciation of the poetic and beautiful? Is the world dead to feeling and alive only to arid thought-has nature lost the beauty that once fired the soul and gave wings to the poet's fancy? Are heroes less brave, that the poet should no louger sing of their valor-have we no war-scarred heights, no sacred memo:ries of our fallen fathers, that should animate the soul and cause man to give vent to pis· feelings in poetic strains? These questions we cannot answer in the affirmative; but a proper view of this subject leads to other considerations. Truly, poetry is "simple, sensuous, and passionate." For the · first condition, simplicity-we must look at poetry both subjectively and objectively. The first view distinguishes poetry from the arduous processes of science laboring for an end to be attained only by actual mental energy. Without subjective simplicity, poetry is

Decline of Poetry.

without grace and beauty. Poetry must gush from a soul appreciative of the beautiful, and susceptible of the most delicate as well as the most violent emotions. This view of poetry supposes a smooth and finished path, along which the reader is to pass, with murmuring stteams by .his side, and trees, flowers, human dwelling;, to make the journey as pleasant as the end of it is desirable; instead of toiling with the pioneers, and painfully making the way along which others are to,travel. Poetry is designed for the use and enjoyment of all; hence the importance of objective,simplicity. The thoughts, images, and words of the poet must be readily comprehensible by those having attained, at least, some degree of culture. If much mental energy is necessary for the comprehension of thought, then the intellect must be very active, consequently the sensibilities will be less susceptible. But the poet must arouse more feeling than 'thought, or he fails to accomplish his purpose. Poetry is "sensuous." It is not abstract, but eminently concrete. Sensuousness insures that frame-work of objectivity, that imagery, the vivid representatson of the poet's thoughts, without which poetry flattens into mere didactic pi-actice. Poetry should and must be "passionate." Âˇ The simple and picture<l truth must come from a Âˇsoul animated with warm and elevated feeling. If poetry is declining, of course there must be a cause of its declension, and certain results must follow. vVe 'readily grant, that with poetic decli'ne the creative power will be less active, in a certain sense. But we are living ih an age of advanced thought, and the creative power sustains a most important and indispensable relation to thought. Now the question arises, is it possible for poetry to deÂˇcline and thought advance, when the imagination is of great and indispensable service to both? We maintain that the progress of thought is in no way retarded by the decline of poetry. But with poetic declension _is there not an accompanying loss of imagination? There is a loss to some degree, at least, of the poetic imagination. But there must be a clear distinction made between the poetic and philos,ophic imagination. While they are both species of the creative power, the activity of the one is not materially affected.by the inae-

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tivity of the other. There are instances of the combination of thl.' poetic imagination with eminent philosophical genius. We mention Bacon, Newton, Plato, and Kepler. But some men are great philosophers and no poets. e name Descartes, Lock, and Hamilton; while Homer, Virgil, and Spencer were preeminently poets, but no yhilosophers. The two instances last lllf!lltioned seem sufficient to refute tre argument ~hat the dedine of poetry must be productive . of consequences, fatal to philosophical invention and thought. The loss above mentioned is not attributable to the genetic powers as such, hut to the inactivity of these powers . . Now, the inactivity of these powers is caused by the predominant activity of other powers of the soul. All must admit that thought is progessive and the world is becoming more thoroughly scientific. But this scientific spirit of the world is detrimental to poetry, because th~ug\1t is essentially analytic and poetry is synthetic. When the mind views the parts, the attention is less fixed on the whole and riveted on the parts. Consequently any process th .at transfe1ÂˇsÂˇ the attentive mind from the whole to the parts, and thought does1 must iute rfere with poetry, for poetry is essentially synthetic. It is evident that-as in nature so with man-the law of supply is in proportion to the law of demand. The pre.~enturges extensive scientific investigation, which' necessitates extensive analyses and profound thought. The human mind attempts to meet this urgent demand. But the attempt to supply the demand leads the bright intellects into elaborate analyses, and disqualifies them for the making of a " simple, sensuous, und passionate product," such as poetry mtist necessarily ,be. Poetry is the natural forerunner of science, because the human mind naturally looks at things as wholes before it looks at the con- . ~tituent parts. Moreover, it is impossible to proceed with an analysis until we have something to analyze. ,vhen one gazes upon a landscape, he does not first consider the trees, flowers, etc., and then look at them as constituting a whole. This would. be perverting the natural order of things. His first act is to apprehend the landscape as a mathematical whol~; second, to analyze, to distinguish the trees froP1 th~ flowers, and observe more closely the outline.

Decline of Poetry.

Hmce, it is natural for poetry, being synthetic, to precede thought, which is essentially analytic. The events in human affairs are similar in all ages of the world. We further recognize the very important fact, that nature is uniform in her operations. Not to accept the constancy arid unifo~mity of the ageneies, operatious, and laws of nature, is to reject much of our knowledge. Âˇ Nature is unchangeable, and this invariable principle is the very basis of all our knowledge. Some argue that we cannot consistently adhere to this principle and at the same time maintain that poetry is declining. But there is no reason why the decline of poetry should necessitate a change in the uniform operations of, nature. Poetry is the, product of the human powers, and theae powers may vary in their relative activity without destroying the prindple of uniformity in nature at all. vVhilethis uniformity is and must be pre, served, the .mutual' relation and activity of the psychical powers ma~ vary without a corresponding change in the laws and prjnciples of nature. Human powers and not the operation of natural forces make poetry. Human powers do and rnust vary in their activity, or we would have no new products, but simply the repetition of former activities resulting in old products. There would .be progress. But does nature have nothing to do with poetry? Truly, nature inspires the poet, and her beauties are ~10 less to-day than in the past. But this truth .is not discordant with poetic declension. If it elm be shown that the human mind is giving more attention to the antithesis of poetry than to poetry itself, then all must concede the decline of poetry. Further on we, shall attempt to show that the spirit of our age and the natural bent of man are productive of such a result. Men are susceptible. Wbat we are, depends in no small degree upon the age in which we live. Man truly is the child of his age. This leads to us consider our age-its demands upon inen. Being a day of advanced thought and scientific investigation, there is great mental activity. Thought, im,tead of feeling, is holding sway over men. But when thought is predondl'rant, feeling is less intense; and when feeling decreases, poetry must decline, for poetry is essentailly "sensiwus." The decline of poetry cannot be founde& on any native deficiency

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of our age either to produce or receive the poetic. Men are born with native capacities for poetry to-day as much so as ever. We believe "poet'l are born and not made." But in the same sense is it true that doctors, lawyers, and preachers are born, and not made. To be born a poet, is being born with the natural capacities and elements of a poet undeveloped. To become a poet, is to exercise these native powers. What men are by nature must be distinguished from what they become by development. The age ai1d external circumstances have nothing to do with man's native ability and capacities, but they do affect, very materially, the Âˇ deyelopment of his native powers; If the plant is al ways kept in the cellar, it will not put forth strong branches. But expose it to the sun-light, . in the open air, and it will be a healthy plant. The native vitality was the same in both cases, but the different cil'cumstances under which the two plants were developed caused the great . difference. So .with men ; they are born as much poets to-day as ever, but the existing circumstances so modify the development of their powers as to give them capacities very different from those of former ages. Thus we conclude that the decline of poetry is not grounded on a deficiency of 11atural resources. These are ever the same. Nor~must we conclude that poetry is declining because we have no Homer, or even a Virgil. There never has been and never will be moreÂˇthan one Homer. But we have a Longfellow and a Tennyson. The Evangeline and Hiawatha of the former shall ever be read with pleasure, while the Charge of the Light Brigade shall never fail to impress the coming ages with England's poet-laureate. When will the world refrain from admiring the heart-touching ' and soul-reviving Poe? But we must not draw general conclusions from a few individual _ cases alone. The various operating forces must be considered. However, a comparativ~ study of our age with any of the past, will clearly show, as a matter of fact, that poets and poetry are depreciating. It is not our purpose to show in this brief sketch the declension of poetry by a comparative process, but rather to indicate that poetic decline is an inevitable consequence, by virtue of the natural 01Âˇder of thiugs. Because the world seeks for the practical, is not our reason for poetical decline. There is no reason why the

Decline of Poetry.

poet should not be a practical man, simply because he is a poet. In fact, the poetic genius frequently renders the most practical service to man. We think that the poetic is in perfect harmony with the practical. But enough for the negative; let us consider the positive ground of poetical decline. The . quite common and erroneous idea makes poetry the antithesis to prose; bnt prose is opposed to metre, and podry is the proper antithesis to science. The object of poetry 'is the communication of immediate pleasure, but science acquires and communicates truth. The doctrine of the unity of the soul is firmly established and strictly adhered to. We ask the reader to hold this doctrii~e constantly before his mind as we proceed, for it is on this ground thatÂˇ poetic declension is to be established. We proceed on the assumption that all will readily admit that the world is becoming more thoroughly scientific. This scientific advancement necessitates elaborate analyses and compreh~nsive thought. There is another . important truth to be Âˇ observed in conjunction with .psychical unity-namely, that each psychical state is characterized by some preponderating element. The characteristic element of a poetic state is feeling, but the predominant element, when the soul is engaged in scientific research, is thoiight. Ours is an age of scientific research; hence thought is the predominant element. The Âˇconsequences must be evident . to every mind. Not to conclude that poetry is declining, is either to be inconsistent ourselves or to reject a doctrine which is the very foundation of psychological research. To be consistent and treat , the question fairly, we must conclude that the advanced scie1rneof this age is unfavorable to the production of poetry. If 1this be true, poetry must decline; for there are no reasons for believing that the world will ever become less scientific. The longer thought is the predominant element of the soul the weaker will the poetical powers become, for their comparative inactivity will r'ender them less efficient. This conclusion . does not warrant the total extinction of poetry in coming ages. To say that poetry is declining is not affirming that ,the ti}Ileis coming when there will be no more poets and po,etry. Snch a c~nclnsion would sanction the belief that nature is not uniform in the opera-

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tions of her laws and principles, and force us to conclude· that the soul m~st cease to feel and the beauties of nature fail to iuspire. While thought is ·predomiuant, all the other faculties of the soul, alike, sustain a subordinate relation to thought; hence, to argue the tofal extinction of poetry is to argue the extinction· of the poetic faculty. And on the same ground would we be forced to conelude that the soul would soon be capable of only one.capacity-namely, intellectual activity. Such a conclusion would be absurd. No; poetry will never fail to communicate pleasure. The world may not have a Homer or Virgil to-day, but it has p~etical genius of no mean rank. The poet will ever be reverenced. Po.etry can never become altogether a thing of the past, so long as men feel, which they must do, for a strong intellect must be stimulated by strong feeling. But we must not look at ·this question from a single stand-point, and then clraw a general conclusibn. The facts, which must be the premises of our conclusion, are clear. When \ve hold up the doctrine of psychical unity, and recognize the preponderance ·of some one element in every psychical state ; and remembering that the world is becoming more thoroughly scientific, we must conclude that poetry is declining. Decli11i11g-not to die, but simply because men are more scientific to-day than poetic: The world will never see the total extinction of poetry. The universe is full ·of it. The air is itlive with its spirit. The waves dance to the music of its melo~ dies and sparkle in its brightne ss. The earth is veiled and mantled with its beauty. The walls that enclose the universe with crystal are eloquent with voices that proclaim the unseen glories of immensity in harmonies too perfect and too high for aught save beings of celestial mo·uld. · But the present age· is scientific, and scieuce is the antithesis of poetry. H:ence poetry is and must remain in a declining state so long as the world is engaged in the acquisition of knowledge rather than simply in the communication of ·pleasure. That the scientist will ever retir e and give place to the poet, is scarcely presumable. History seems to teach that one among the many · designs of poetry was to prepare the world for science. Poetry ennobled men:_gave them lofty aspirations; it gave reach

The Problcrn of Life.

to the mind and hope to the heart. Men born with God-given capacities and swayed with the heaven-born inspiration of the true poet were tlius to prepar~ for science. Hence poetic declension is not ,the device of man, nor indicative of retrogression, but is obedience to the . laws of nature, 1Vhichfact is confirmed by the past and p1Âˇesent,and this is our only index to the future. Q.

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE . . Man, as he wakes from the dream-like state of the infant into conscious activity and p~sses through certain stages of development, finds himself in a world of life and activity. He finds himself~60 to speak, on a great stage, among beings, like himself in many respects,-moving without order or purpose, seemingly, among each other; but as he observes them more carefully he finds that each acts in a particular sphere, performing definite functions with reference to definite ends. . Thus J:ie learns that man is designed for 1action, and the question very naturally suggests itself to him, What is my work on this stage of action ? Such a question implies his own conviction of his peculiar fitness for some special sphere of activity, and the problem now confronts him, in a fuller form, What . part shall I assume in life's drama in order to the possibility of winning for myself the praise and admiration of the world as an evidence of duty well performed, and of having the consciousness to myself at the close of the sc~me that I have merited such a tribute? This latter is, after all, the supreme test of success. Apart from the eulogies of an admiring world, there must be an inner satisfaction which comes only from an honest conviction of an appointed mission faithfully performed. Without this, success, as it relates to him individually, can never be fully attained. These considerations lead us to remark that the desire for success is one innate in man. Whatever else may be acquired, this is cer_. tainly original. Observations of his actions from the impulsive, thoughtless, and apparently purposeless movements of childhood to the more mature activities of perfected manhood, guided by intelli'

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gent purpose, all confirm the truth of this statement. A purpose _in view, along with the desire to accomplish it, is the source of that ceaseless activity which characterizes the life of man. According as this purpose is more or less p;rfectly acconiplishe<l, ·he, in commoi:i with mankind, pronounces his life a success or a . fatlure. What, the:p, is essential to success? One of the prime re-quisites is, that a man shall rightly understand his relation to this world in which he finds himself living and acting. This relation is strictly that of a part to the whole. He is merely a factor. Success depends upon a recognition of this fact. To exalt himself into •the character of a central agent, thereby implying his ability to -control and direct all the complex a~d varied duties in the different ,spheres of life, is to take an erroneous view of life and of his own powers and possibilities, the result of which will be distressing humiliation and total failure. So, then, we hold that each man's work is definite ·and limited. A sufficient reason for this view, -were there no other, would be that his time of action is limited . •To perfect any work a certain periodf>f time is required. As the work is more or less complex and difficult, the time required for its .completion will vary proportionately, and only a few St/ch labors are accomplished, when the actor ceases to act, for his time of action soon reaches its limit. But there is a still higher reason. Men are endowed with different capacities, and hence are peculiarly adapted to special avocations. No truth is more apparent to one who bas pondered the ·problem of man, in all its phases, than that men are born to perform each a separate and distinct work in the world. Nor <;l.oes this appear to the man of · reflection to be merely the result of chance. He sees in it all a divine design-the thought and adaptation of a Divine Designer, the study of the creature thus leading him up to the wisdom and foresight of the omniscient Creator. On this principle alone can we account for the multitudinous variety of the products of man's thoughts and labors. · Our wondrous (civilization, exhibiting a complexity of parts in a rapidly maturing whole, stands like a stnicture, reared and perfected by different -workmen, each ope having performed a separate and distinct part,

The P1'oble"!.1' of Life. '.

yet all the parts mutually essential to its . completion, aiid itself a silent but significant testimony of the individual contribution of each agent in its perfection. The limitations of the human intellect forbid us to believe that so grand a result could have been achieved by a single individual. Every man contributes a part, and only a part, and the character of the contribution is determined by the character and capacity of the contributor. The fact of original and innate capacities,. differing in different individuals, and unmistakably pointing to adaptations to different callings, must be recognized and accepted as an important and indisputable truth .. There is, however, in the present age a growing and pernicious ten_dency among many to disregard and call i~ question such a position. They accept it in part, but deny its universality. , In rnpport of their position they remind us of the expression, "Poetae nascirntu1',scd oratoresfiimt "-poets are born, but orators are rncide. To my mind this expression, in its literal significance, is little less than irreverent .' Those who hold such a position come rightly under that class who would deny the eviden~e ,of design in the universe. It is true) their views are not absolutely extreme, but they evidently tend in that direction. They acknowledge divi1~e adaptation as extending to man, in admitting that some are divineiy appointed to a specific mission, while in other cases they make man --" Supreme master Of his own fol'tune or disaster,"

therein recognizing no higher power as concerned with him. The deliberative and reflective mind cannot and cloes not accept any such theory. Adaptation is a law of the universe. Would. you have an illustration of this fact? Contemplate the order and har'mony which prevails among yon glittering orbs, which move with majestic sweep through the boundless expanse of space. Each one moves in its own appointed orbit, and should one of them deviate th~refrom for a moment, doubtless there would erelong be snch a wreck of worlds and crash of matter as would fill the whole uni~ verse with confusion and ruin. Look again, and behold it in all the forms of life around you. Each plant, each animal, is adapted

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to·a particular locality, ana a violation of this law in the case of the one or the other is either certain, and, in some cases, speedy death, or, at least, is fatal to active and vigorous life. Look again, and this time not at the world around .and beyond you, hut at your own physical structure, and -behold in every member, design and adaptation. Each organ performs a .distinct function, thus displaying a wondrous design; all are mutually _dependent, and in this, adaptation is prominent and unmistakal)le. ,vhat is thus known to be true of physical life we may reasonably infer is pre-eminently true of intellectual Jife. It is true, in a certain sense, that every man is the architect of his own fortune, but as the strei1gth and durability of a building de• pends radically upon ~he nature of the foundation, so the character of every man's work, in whatever sphere of life he may labor, will be determined by the motives which prompt him to the seleO:. tion of his calling, because this is the corner-stone which sustains, firm or insecure, the superstructure he inay erect. ' A mistake here is fatal. He may build carefully and skilfully, but he will never rear a firm and enduring memorial of his toil. It mu.st either perish, · or, which is worse, endure only in the St'ale of mediocrity. Hence, he who would be a successful man, must recognize the supreme importance of making a correct decision as to what shall be his work. This decision each one must make for himself. As no one else can know him as he knows himself, so no one else can make this decision for him. Of course, he should regard sound advice with due consideration, but he should especially guard against being biassed by it. Many a failure in life can be traced to such a · cause. To yield entirely to the opinion of another, instead of heeding the dictates of that inner voice, which should always be the final criterion, is to bejalse to one's self; and this necessarily and rightly involves failure. But there is still another liability to error in this decision. The individual may decide too hastily-that is, before he has studied himself with that c~~eful attention by which alone he can gain a complete knowledge of i,imse_lf. A hasty _or · careless examination

1.'he Probl~m of Life.

must necessarily be imperfect. He who woulcl know himself thoroughly must tnrn his gaze inward, and look deep, and long; mui:;t give due attention to every phase of his inn er being. This every one can do ; this every one miis! do for himself All may not look with the intense and scrutinizing gaze of a philosopher, but every one can perform the act with sufficient exactness for the purpose in view. · He who has made such an examination of himself is fully prepared to decide upon his work, and not until then is he prepared to decide. If his decisipn · is determined by the silent but suggestive whisperings of the inner voice, that compass which points him to the polar star of destiny, it will be based upon a sure foundation-a deep and solemn conviction of his peculiar fitness for this work alone; and thus, with the .consciousness of being in the posi- • tion for which he was designed, there will be the stimulus to action which will finally conduct him to the goal of success. A calling chosen from the promptings of a ·conviction other than this will necessarily b~ associated with inglorious failure, or, at best, .with but partial success; for the most essential element of it will thus be excluded: namely, that of loving one's work. '.rhis is the gre~t stimulm; to that persistent effort which enables one to surmount every difficulty, for it arouses and summons to concentrated activity all the varied powers within him; but with\Jut it many of them must · necessarily lie dormant, or, at most, be aroused to but feeble energy. Vain, absurdly vain, is the hope of success in any calling which does not command the sanction of sober judgment, or excite that passionate interest which is the source of that untiring activity which leads on to fortune. As well look for bright-plumed birds and beauteous flowers where winter reigns, like a king of terror ', or expect desolate fields and snow-crowned mountains where Nature is robed in perennial verdure and sweet-toned sougsters warble their melodies in tropical sunshine. 1Why is it that men so often give up the calling which they had chosen as their life-work? The explanation is obvious. They are false to their first convictions. Prompted by unworthy motfres, they turn a deaf ear to the inner voice; its whisperings soon cease to be heard; and thus losing 'this, the only true guide, they are, like a mariner at sea without a compass, destined to lose 3

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their true course, and perhaps tci be wrecked aud ruined both for time and for etemity. From such a danger they can only save themselves by referring again to this sure guide, which is ever ready to counsel an attentive enquirer. It shows such a one how far he has erred from his appointed course, and directs him thereto again; and following its guidance, he turns from his present course, and in so doing wisely gives up what he bad once erroneously supposed to be his calling. Another explanation is possible, which presents such an error in a more pardonable aspect. A man may have decided upon his work before making that thorough self-examination which we have insisted upon as being of supreme importance as an essential preparation for sucli a decision. The error in either case is equally fatal, and he who has not the manliness to turn from it when it is thus set before him, by giving up his supposed calling, rÂˇegardless of the opinion of the worlq, is disloyal to himself, to his fellow-man, yea, to his God. So, then, having viewed the evils attending an unworthy or hasty decision, we return with greater confidence to our former position, that such a decision must be based upon pure motives and solemn convictions. But just here a fatal mistake may he made which will forever preclude one from attaining fully to the desired goal. Lured on by the bright vision of the future, which fancy paints in gorgeous colors, he may overlook or underrate the difficulties which lie before Âˇ him, and hence fair to make due preparation before entering upon his work. To make such a mistake is to defeat by a single act the ultimate purpo se of his life. It is to be so absorbed in gazing at the olive crown which some Athena .holds out before him, as not to hear the significant words of Virtue, "Nothing without jabor." Amid the stern realities of life, replete with perplexing problems, he will learn, but too late, that great success involves great labor. Of little consequence is it that he has entered the avenue of human activity for which he was designed, if he is deficient in this respect. An ocean steamer may weigh and19r and set sail, in the true course, for some distant port, but if the crew have failed to make the re-

The Problem of Life ;

qnisite preparation for the voyage, they can never reach the desired haven. So he who fails to make due preparation for his life work by developing and disciplining all his powers, will find himself unable to grapple successfully with many of the difficult probl ~ms which will confront him, and thus much that might otherwise have been successfully accomp1ished, will be, at -best, but imperfectly performed. Point not to a few men of towering genius who have risen to .eminence without having had s:ich training. Great as they became, may we not reasonably suppose that with such preparation they would have risen to far loftier heights of fame and celebrity? And even if we are not Âˇwarranted in such a supposition, yet we must . regard these, as they really are, exceptional cases. As. a general rule, the lack of such preparation will ,preclude such a one from ever advancing beyond medi9crity. 1 Si>,then, we maintain that the importance of such training cannot he too strongly insisted upon, nor the neglect of it too strongly condemned. In this extrcm_ely practical age, there is a growing tendency to ignore it, but to give currency to such an opinion would be to bring about certain and speedy retrograde in civilization. Such are some of the errors to which one is liable in deciding upon and entering his work, and the importance of guarding against them cannot well be overrated. If they are carefully avoided, then sucness only depends upon honest and persistent effort. This will naturally follow when one's calling has been properly chosen, for then it will engage the intensest interest of bis being, and thus all his toil will indeed be "a labor of love." Let him not despise humble beginnings, or be discouraged by rebuffs of fortune, but rather gain new strength ,from such experiences and take fresh courage for future duties aud responsibilities, and then his progress will ever be onward and upward. Who, then, do we conclude will be a successful man? He who, after careful examination of himself, decides upon his work from a solemn conviction of his peculiar fitness for this work alone, prepares thoroughly for it before entering upon it, thus fittiug himself to meet and overcome all difficulties, and then enters it, thus fully prepared, and presses forward with . a hero's courage, his gaze ever directed upward, until atÂˇ last the olive crown is placed

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upon his brow, the world calls' him blessed, for he has labored for its welfare and now recei \'CS its benediction, and passing to the scenes beyond, a greater One says to him, " ·well done, good and faithful servant." VAN

TASSEL.

THE FUTURE OF THE FREEDMAN. [A reply to Mr. Gro. W. Cable's nrticl", '' ·rlir Frf'('<lrn:w', Cn~e in Eqnity," in the Century Magazine of Janu:u·y, 1885.J

The problem of tne . presence among us of the negro has beeu, since the decade preceding the ]ate war, an ever present and p,otent cause of trouble and disaster. Constitutional amendment, war with all its horrors, and a period of so-called reconstruction scarcely less horrible than war, have been its outcome. It has been once settledsettled by the arbitration of arm_s, and, as we of the South had devoutly hoped, settled forever. ' But instead of allowing matters to quietly adjust themselves to the existing circumstances, and the two races to gravitate my mutual consent to their relative positions, a fe~ f:rnatical and over-zealous writers have presented to us the dangerous question of the "rights" of the freedman. I say a few, for the masses of the entire land have ncquie,:ced i11the recent decision of our Supreme Court against the Civil Rights bill, ~nd even had the decision been othenvise, deep ·in the hearts of the Southern people would have been found a sentiment that the decision of no court can alter-that neither the force of ai·ms or the persuasion of advocates 'can change-the feeling of superiority over the negro. In Mr. Cable's recently.:published article, he takes the side of the freedmen, and presenting in order their woes, argue~ for social equality and what he calls a perfect equity between the two races. He is a Southern man, an ex-Confederate, and a writer uniting fine and delicate sensibilities with a charming style. Taking the_unique position of a Southerner confessing his errors and speaking for "We of the South," he has done, I fear, an incalculable ·injury to the South, to the cause of the freedman's tru~ rights, and to himself. His exposition of the equities of the issue are altogether from the side of the

The Futute of the Freedman.

freedman. Let us look at both sides of the question, and speak of the real equity--that which recognizes the white man as ~Yellas the blade · Mr. Cable says: "It is the interest of the Southern States first, and consequently of the whol'e land, to discover clearly these equities and the errors that are beiug committed against them." So far; so ,vell; certainly nothing can be more true. It is our duty to recognize the rights of the negro, and to eradicate any errors that may b~ found in the system of equitable action proposed. But what are the equities? Will social equality be really equity? I answer No! a thousand times ~of and every intelligent man of the South, who is not a fanatic or a dreaming theorist, will agree with me. There is a line of distinction between the two races which is sh~rply and abrnptly marked. Tlie negroes feel.their inforiority 1 aud all of them, but those whose heads have been tumed by Northern carpet-baggers and " philanthropists," and Southern renegades; acknowledge it and proclaim it by their servility. <'This instinct of servility is one of the two distinctive characteristics '.of the negro race. The other is mental and moral inferiority. · Mr. Cable has taken as repl·esen't.1tives of the negrn a few of the mm·e highly educated aml aggressivcl as to their "rights :" I propose throughout, when I speak of the negro, to mean the laborer hi our fields and factories, and not the polished theofogian who twenty years ago was a slave. The laboring negro nevel· thinks of social equality, or if he does, ,it is with a smile, for well he knows its impossibility. He is satisfied, aµd it is only his more cultured brothe1·, who has had the light of Northern ideas shed upon him, that becomes dissatisfied when white. people get better seats on the train. Can the master sit · beside and converse with his slave of·· twenty years ago in so cons_ervative a country as the South ? Never; and it is usel~ss ·to att empt to bring about such a state of things. If the movement in that direction is pushed too far, thered hand of revolution may interfere where nothing but pe:1ceand , kindness should reign. Nor could the two races live parallel and. with equal rights, for either the one or the other would assert its .mastery, or, f •hat is· 4

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College Messenger-.

-horrible to contemplate, amalgamation would take place; and I do not think it is reasonable to suppose that six million Africans could he absorbed into our American blood without causing the .utter ruin and physical and mental prostration of our people. One glance at Mexico is sufficient. The ' idea is so repulsive that it seems hardly possible that amalgamation ever could take place, yet for all that there is. danger of it . . I repeat the assertions made above : equality is not equity, 1101' is parallelism of condition and accommodation even possible. The servile instinct is in the very bone and fibre of the uegro race. Some, indeed, say it is rapidly disappearing, but it is merely being concealed. It is <mly necessary for a white man to command, and the negro will obey him. . I agree with Mr. Cable, that justice is due these people; but what is justice? That which he would call justice would be far more detrimental to the real interests of the masses of the negroes than imy other conceivable course of procedure. The South will never grant the equality that he desires so strongly; and if the negro ever obtains it, it ,rill be at the expense of his Northern friends. To again quote Mr. Cable: "To be a free man is his still distant goal. Twice he has been a freeman. In the days of compulsory reconstructisn he was freed in the presence of his master by that master's victorious foe. In these days of voluntary reconstruction, he is virtually freed by the consent of .his master, but the master retaining tl,1e exclusive right to define the bounds of his freedom." This is false. The freedman is a free man-that is, free of everything but his own instinctive and constitutional inferiority. An ox cannot run ns fast as a horse, and it is cr.uelly to try to make him do so. Neither can the negro compreheud the science of the white man, or live long under the social restraints and customs of the superior race. It is death to them to force them into subservience to customs and runn11ersentire~y different from their own. By Mr. Cable'-s own nrgu~ent these people kept together as a distinct race in this country for oyer two hundred and sixty years, alienated, by their o'\\;n brutishness and filthiness, even from companionship with the while man.

The Future of the .Freedman.

·Twe11ty-fiveyears ago they were elaves. Now they are worthless as servants, unbearable as our eqnals, incapable of being our superiors, and .physically and morally worse than in ante bellum times. Look at the death rnte in any Southern city or county and you will find it to be about twice as great among the negroes as amring the whites. If the happiness of the freedman is to be considered, it is mnch better to let him quietly fill the place for which God intended him than to fill his mind with lougings destined to be forever ungratified. · · Mr : Cable is particularly anxious to have the freedman in the jury-box. His arguments in this direction are very easily met with the fact that not one negro in a thousanil. prefers to be tried by a jury of his own color. For twenty years the freedman, haviug the United States courts on his side, has had an opportunity to experiment with the condition in which he finds himself, and to seek and occupy his place. In Virgiuia he is not far from his true position in the social scale, and the result is p2ace and contentment. For an illustration of the evils attending his elevation above his trne place, one has only to refer to the '' Black Legislature" of South Carolina. The memory of that saturnalia of crime ought to rise up like Banquo's ghost and confront every writer who dares_ preach social .equality and "rights" that are more like wrongs. To conclude, if equitable treatment to the black man means social equality, either revolution, with its indescribable horrors, or amalgamation, which is scarcely less horrible, must follow. If, however, as I think, equity tneans in this case peace, contentment, · and happiness for all concerned, thei1 the problem is easier of solution. We have merely to let the processes now at work continue to their inevitable ends, and the two races will gravitate into their respective positions with scarcely a jar. The South is ready to give the freedman his rights, and is always ready do whatever is just an<l honorable; but is it uot expedient to first decide what equity means before dispensing it? The conduct of the South towards the negro since his emancipation has been honorable and irreproach- : able, and I venture to predict that, left with the South, the freed-· man's interests will be as carefully considered au<l his rights in equity llS fairly administered as human possibility will' rillow.: 0. .

Richmond,· GollegeMessenger.

IS LIFE A DRAMA? The destiny of every man is d~termined, apart from his "Free Will," by his original nature, and the circumstances which shape that nature : that is, by the element~ of his being, whether strong or wrnk, and by favoring or opposing conditions. Some men, endowed by nature with great power, are baffled by a succession of unft,1vorable circnmstancep, while others, deficient in native ability, float on the tide of favoralile circumstanc~s into power and eminence. Betwern those whose sustained dominance of will makes them, despite Mci.rcumstances,the .architects, in the main, of their own fortune, and · those who float idle and aimless on the current of chance, lies a large intermediate class, variouslv distributed between the two extremes .' Weust~r, it i~ to be suspected, ranks among the higher specimens of this intermediate class. He received from his mother, na-. ture, a godlike form. The firm movement of his Herculean frai;ne inspired awe and respect. His lustrous eye, when fired up, con~· sumed, like the sun-glass, whatever it was concentrated upon. .His mind, not specially quick, but immensely powerful, converged upon a subject under the momentary excitement of his will with the intensity of modern electric light; appealing more to the reason than to the feelings of his heat·ers, it rendered him not the idol, but the pride of the people. His intellectual and emotional endowments were of the very highest order, but his will, though certainly not specially sluggish or feeble, lacked that high-toned, persistent energy necessary to the greatest succes'l. . This great intellectual giant was apparently, to an unhappy extent, the slave of circumstances. When called upon to speak at a dinner-party he would hesitate and repeat himself, like a child when called up for the first time to "speak for the gentleman." But when the eye of a nation turned to him for a reply to Hayne, his whole frame, which the night before rested as calmly as that of a weary child, now heaved with the emotion of a great soul. His whole person beca~e a luminous bar9meter, in?icatiug the storm th!!,t was raging within. His brow g1·e,v dark as the storm~cloud, while be-. neath gleam after gleam of lightning flashed from his blazing ·eyes.

Is Life

Drama f

•These eyes, when in repose, Carlyle has likened to " blast-furnace!' blown out." Now they are no longer in repose, but flash i1.1toa blaze, fanned by all the fury of an indignant soul, lighting home, to their destination, his massive thoughts. Peal afte1·peal of thunder rolled and echoed through the Senate chamber, filling all with awe and solemnity. His mind now shone with all its intensity, argument after argument of his antagonist withered into insignificance under the mighty illumination given them. Every argumentative weapon that he had ever possessed, now came crowding into bis mind, clamoring , for the contest. Selecting the most effective, he stormed and conquered the reason of his audience. In his own l~nguage: "All that I had ever read or thought or acted in literature, in history, in law, in politics, seemed to unroll before me in glo,ving . panorama, and then it was easy, if I wanted a thunderbolt, to reach out and take it, as it went smoking by." Says Mathews: '' A defeat so terrible was never, ,except once, known before. It was when archangel drove Satan from heaven." This display of will-power on the part of Webster was exceptional ; for the greater portion of this intermediate cla8s display no such will. It is true, their will occasionally asserts itself, bringing into prominence, for a time, the individual to whom it belongs, but seldom does it attain to that iut;nsity of excitement which characterized that of Webster on this occasion. The great majority of this class are, in the main, aimless floaters. A few battle feebly against adversity; others strive only to take advantage of favorable surroundings; and still others never even make an effort, either to withstand adversity or take advantage of prosperity; while all, whether struggling or not, float largely upon the sea of circumstance. Now gloomy philosophers, and many poets, that had rather muse under chance impulses than resolve and act, viewing life in the light of such examples, and feeling themselves borne on by the steady flow of ch·cumstances from which their will, so long dormant, is unable to extricate them, with despondent submission, conclude that.. All the worl<.I'~ a stag e, And all the men and worne11mer ely ph1y,.1· s .''

Richrnond College Messenger.

And as the play is fixed for the actor, they imply that man is • merely the helpless creature of circumstance. Man as thus regarded may be likened to a balloon without an reronant, lifted by its own comparative lightness into mid-ah, it i,; drifted by the varying gales. This human balloon may be caught in the whirlwind of µopular opinion m1d lifted to honor's dizzy height; but soon either the current's force diminishes, or it changes its direction, leaving the poor voya 6er without support. Then cpmes the strong, ~teady current . of adversity, which bears it down. Being no longer supported by those gales whieh hurled it aloft, and the original force being almost exhausted, it sinks lower and lower until it settles down, with its kindr€d, will-'o-the-wisp, upon the cold and comfortless marsh. He may be also likened to .a rudderless barque upon the foamcrested sea of life, plowing madly b~fore the winds of circnm-: stance. Being rudderless, it can only go whither the wind may dri,·e, till disabled by repeated gusts, it sinks in mid-ocean, or is wrecked on the bidden rocks which line its shore. The sea recogµizes its voyage nnd its wreck only by momentary ripples, and then heaves 911 as befo1·e, seemingly forgetful that such a craft was ever launched upon its treacherous waters. On the other hand, "Free "\Viii," steady and intense, energizes · power originally ' strong to seize the favoring breezes of prosperty and to make head against opposing storms. He only, who realizes that vVill is the imperial facnlty in man, catches a glimpse of man's mission here on earth. The fatalist allnded to before sees everywhere in history unfi,worable surrnundings accompanying failure, and favorable fmrroundings accompanying success. He does not see, however, the adverse current through which the will has rowed. the native powers into the smooth current of prosperity; nor does he see how those whd are unsuccessful in life, when afloat with the tide · of adveroity running out, but with the winds of prosperity· blowing toward the harbor, instead of hoisting the sails, thus making fur the shore, idly float out upon the tide into the broad ~ea of destruction. Of the circ~motanres w·hich surround the , majority of men, the greater portion are unfavorable; so we have only to cease striving against adversity, consign ourselves to '' fate," and failure is almost sure to be the consequence.

Is Life a Drama 1

23.

· The capriciousness of Webster's will made him. appear 'the slave of circumstances to a greater extent than he really was: He possessed a:will which, although ii1eonstant in its action, when aroused was capable of stimulating his powers to the highest degree-a will which disdained to excite his mental faculties, to promote the digestion .' of" fine ladies and pampe1·edmon~polists"; but which, when an op~ portunity was afforded, as in a reply to Hayne, for . sounding evei-y. note in the gamut of eloquent debate, with a r~J.ightyeffort aroused all the latent energy of his being, coining . those ideas which have· served eyer since to illustrate to the American youth every phase of eloquent thought. ·Webster's reply to Hayne .was not the unpei::fected product of the occasion, as many would stwpose: For years he had been · answering in thought the arguments for nullification, and when the opportunity was afforded for giving these cdnvictions to the world, he gave forth, not the crude, indefinite thoughts of the moment, but those thoughts which in the light of history, both amid the quiet of his study, and the easy motion o.f his pleasure-boat, he had shaped and sharpened at · every point, so that when hurled · by all the force of the great man, they cut their way into the. very core of human reason. · When we study the mechanism of man in respect to the fulfillment of his life's mission, we are forced to deny his similarity to a balloon without an reronaut. Within each human balloon there is the reronant "Free ·will" who directs its course. It ,vill be stot'med by the winds of _circumstance; it may be at times tossed to a giddy · height, but the great reronaut, realizing that the preservation of a "happy medium" is the only sure means of securing unvarying success in life, pulls the escape cord, by which act he allows some of the flighty gas to escape, and enables . the craft to resume a temperate , height. The winds of adversity may bear it down ·with a g1eat rush, but the rerouaut, because those winds which bore him aloft have been exchanged for their opposites, and the original force 1#, begun to weaken, does not submissively sink: but, throwing out the encumbering sand-bags, he flies upward. And that aeronaui who has an assurance that the voyage of this life is not the only

Richmond College Messenger.

voyage which the human soul must take, so directs his course that when the vital force shall have been expended, and he shall have to alight, it will be in the eternal city of the redeemed. Neither can he be compared to a rudderle~s barque, for there is a rndder, ''Free ,vm,"attaclied t~ every human barqne,Âˇeuabling it to bear up against the gale, to hoist the sails, and thus by the force of the very winds which, otherwise, would blow the vessel on the rocks, to sail in another direction, steering clear of the breaÂˇkers, and by the light of the gospel light-house, after crossing life's sea, to enter heaven's harbor. He alone is truly g1Âˇeat"Who breaks his birth's invidiouR bar, And grasps the skirts of 1'1appychanci>, And breasts the blows of circumstance, And grapples with his evil star." "VOGEL."

MAN. Our sul\ject takes us from the time when Adam walked with his lone companion through the shades of Paradise up to the present. He was created kh1g of all living things, and though he has lost the luxuries of his paradisiacal home, he has never surrendered his invested authority, but still sways his sceptre of influence in a majestic manner, and rules over the created universe. All thinkers l!nd writers upon the subject agree that he is an animal. But is he nothing more? So far as he has attributes peculiar to other animals, he may be classed as such, and if it cannot be shown that he has something more, the classification will be wholly correct. If he is an animal, there must be certain characteristic features that will prove his identity ; but if he is something more, then llstudy of those same features must show in what respect he is 1:uperior to them. Let us notice some of the characteristic differences. In some Aspects the lower animals are far superior to man--as in instinct, speed of locomotion, and sight ..

Man.

The animal does not know that with each exertion of his muscles he causes a waste in his physical balance that must be ,supplied with food and drink. Ye ~ he knows when he is hungry, and instinct tells him when and how to eat. The buffalo, while feeding in quietude upon ' his· prairie home, will scent the enemy for miles, and flee in the opposite direction. The eagle, while soaring on his proud wings high up in the air, above the towering peak and thunder's home, directs his eye with incredible e_)rnctness upon his prey feeding quietly upon the bank of some gentle stream that flows through the valley far_ below, and in an ins\ant descends and seizes it. These give the superiority to the lower animals, but man has yet greater. That he is superior may be shown by the fact, that other anhnals are made in subordination to man's will and use; and by the universal law of condition and conditioning, hy which all things of minor importance were made first, and those of the greatest last. Man is also superior in range of habitation. Animals are confined to certain latitudes, but mah can live anywhere. _ He can dwell in the home of rol')es,within the sunny plains of tropic:il gardens, where the oranges bloom in profusion, and strawberries are always ripe. Or he can provide himself with the warm robes of the grizzly bear, , and live in the polm: regions amid icebergs and drifts of snow, How varied and unbounded bis place of abode! Next, he is superior in· hiti intellectual capacities. As man is the only being that thinks, so he is the only one that has reason. Animals never think, they live only in the present, and never ha\·e have a thought of tomorrow. They never improve their intellects, while man is always making rapid strides in knowledge. He analyzes the sun-light and tells of what it is composed. He looks up and admires the worlds without number, and studies the laws by which they revolve in . such harmony through the infinitude of space, and sees in them the handiwork of his God. He conquers the laws of nature, and makes them subservient to his will. He reduces stern problems to a • science, and smilec, at their simplicity. He has a ·will in connection .with those agencies which he can control that produc~s a cause here, the effect of which is felt on the other side of'the globe and through . 6

Richmond College Jtiessenger.

indefinite periods of time. He utilizes those forces around him to do his work, while animals depend upon their muscular exertion. Then, he is superior in his moral relations. The animal has no idea of worship in its strictest sense. The dog may evince some fond1~essfor any one that will treat it kindly, though he may be a degenerate sot. So the dog's morality is only for kindness received, without thought for the inoral value of the person from whom received. Whereas God-.is an object of worship only so far as His moral charaeter is infinitely superior to ours. Man worships a being for his moral qualities-one whom he has never seen; "whom," says the apostle, "having not seen ye love." No mere animal pan love a being it has never seen, nor can love at all on the Âˇ ground of moral or spiritual excellence. A moral nature implies a knowledge of moral law, and obligations under that law. This prerequisite man has, animal has not. Another distinguishing characteristic is that mau has. the power to choose his own supreme end. As is said before, the animal has no thought for the future, but lives in the present enjoyments of animal ease, and therefore has no particular acts to choose or sins to shun. But man, knowing that his future destiny is dependent upon his present manner of Iiving, is constantly being called upon to select lJetween certain influences, and bid those of an evil tendency " be down," thus cultivating the good and shunning the evil. These facts make man far superior to other animals. He is a spirit embodied; his body is the home of the spirit or soul, and is the instrument with which the soul 'must accompli-.h its end. Although a man's soul may be inflamed with the most intense desire to ,achieve some great and noble end, yet if the body be weakened the soul m~1st make aÂˇ quiet surrender of its great aim and remain in a quiescent state. Âˇ Let us notice his mission. He is cr_eated for some purpose; that purpose is to worship God as the great law-giver; to have absolute submission to his will. He is under the explicit command, "Go." "Go work in my vineyard." "Go preach my gospel." The sin-cursed world is to be redeemed, and that by man's agency. Aud he who fails to utilize his time and talent1:1for this duty fails of his mission.

1'rue Greatness lmper·ish.able.

In the beginning, when the serapl;:iicbeings look~d out, they saw the world with man its inhabitant, and pronounced it good. Then 'the morning zephyrs of creation's dawn wafted the sw~et strains of music in praise of Him who created worlds from nothing-who spake and it was done. I will only me1ition the wonderful im·provements man has made since he first gazed upon the sumblimities of blooming creation. In the primitive ages he could only lisp a few imperfect words to express the promptings of his mind ; hut now, by the aid of a small wire, he can whispei· his sentiments in all the diffei•ent languages through space immense, even through the foaming billows of the mighty deep. He can look out on the broad expanse of starry worlds and measure their distance. He can look bad, in the vista of unknown time and read the advm1cements in creation before there was an historian to record them. Take encour. . agement, oh, man ! from your past · achievements, and press on to the consummation of your divine mission until the wheel of time shall have completed its last revolution, and you shall be called up higher to receive the rewards of the faithful. HoMo. TRUE

GREATNESS

IMPERISHABLE.

I know of" no subject more calculated to incite in us greater aud more energetic efforts to improve our natural talents than the fact that " true greatness is imperishable." But how are we to become great? We must have an unlimited amount of industry and perseverance; must have an enquiring mind, and always be seeking to supply it with useful information; must have an indomitable energy that will triumph over opposing difficulties, and surmount every threatening wave on the ruffled sea of life; must take labor for our w_atch-word, and strengthen our determination for success with the belief that then we will have an imperish·able greatness. Some minds seem to create themselves by springing up under every disadvantage, and working their solitary way through many obstacles, and, as the rolling rivm·s, gathet· strength from their pro, gress.

Richmond College Messengei·.

Let our genius be ever so limited, yet with a strong · will it is within th~ reach of every young aspirant, whose aim is to be great to inscribe his name upon the tablet of fame, that will be lost to the world only when men cease to read. There are names upon the records of history that will fill its pages and inspire its readers with new zeal and admiration so long as time shall last. Virginia has reared up sons who are a standing reputation to. her, and ·who are know1i the ~orld over for their great genius, courage, a,nd loyalty. Can these men be forgotten? Nay! For in the halo of their visible greatness they sent forth such a concourse of rays as not only illumined brightly their time: bnt will be seen and felt in time to come. As the poet says of our great hero: "Oh ! Washington! thy name revered shall be, As long as man shall glory to be free. · On every pillar of each rising state, That name engrafLCd shall partake its fate :"

And though these men in their greatness may, perchance, do and 1caysmall things, yet they will be remembered by their admiring friends, and handed down to posterity as precious and costly jewels that glitter as diamonds in the fond memory of their past greatness. The world recognizes different kinds of .greatness. Those now nre remembered as great heroes, who defend their country from the invasion of foreign foes, and pour their heart's blood into the channels of public prosperity. Others as great, who with their wit and eloquence defend the reputation of their country, and impart a correct knowledge <;>fr-ight government to the people; and still others who give the bJnefit of their great learning to the public minds by the use of the pen . . Consider the inexhaustible supply of knowledge stored away in the world's lib\·ary by famous authors, who, though dead, yet live and breathe in the hearts of their countrymen, and whose productive genius has been looked upon by the ast011ishedgaze of an admiring world. It quickens our aspirations and expands our minds when we contemplate the gr~at host of authors ; who stimulate us for greatness whei), with their examples, they paint before us "what we can be."

True Greatness Imperishable.

The able general, as he leads to victory his invincible army, is acquiring a fame that will never cease to be remembered. See Hannibal leading his gt'eat army across the almost impassable Alps. Where is he goin,2;? Wait a moment, and we see hirn standing bJfore the walls of Rome, disputing her right of supremacy over the dominions of the civiliz ed \Vorld. Next, CoosarIived ; his path was conque3t, .aud dreadful was the fate of that army that disputed hi:; rights. Napoleon "rose like a mighty giant from his slumbers. He pointed the thunder of his artillery at Italy, and she fell before him." His life was a short one, but, like the flash of a meteor across the starry heavens, it was brilliant, reminding us '' that a short life has been given us by nature, but the memory of a well-spent life is eternal." Turn you to Hollywood, and there behold the noble dust of a nohler people that repose in their quiet grave. But are these men dead? Is the light of their glory J xtinguished by their last expiring breath? Nay. The records of their past great,ness answer, Nay. Unborn generations will rise up to perpetuate their glory, and as the vibrating sournl goes flittering down the shore of time, they, with one accord, will exclaim; Nay. Can the memory of men expire who have breathed their spirits into the_institutions of their country, who have stamped their characters upon tlie pillars of the age? Nay, bury the rivers, the mountains; yea, bury this old continent in oblivion, but their memory will still live, surviving the refics of ruined worlds. For that which made these men, and men like these, cannot die. " 'l'llese shall resist the em plre of decny, When time . is o'er, and wodds have passed away; Cold in the dust the perished heart may lie, But that which warmed it once can never die."

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Jjl,ichmond College Messengel'.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. The pase-~all fever seems to be rnging fiercely at College this vear. The wenther has been · of a highly extraordinary character, well calculated to ke('.p the ball-players in doors, but they are irrepressible. Every afternoon, from four o'clock until the supper-bell rings, a •parti-colored and coatless crowd of boys are collected on the north side of the campus, or in front of that classic institution which proudly stands overlooking the fertile field of Boschen. \Vhcnever they congregate, they rend the circum-ambient atmospher<~into hideous yells of fow-1 ! Come i11! ! Three-ec bawls! ! ! etc. When the game becomes exciting-which, thank fortune, is rnre,the only description of the soun<ls which they emit is, that they are similar to those referred to in Milton's lines" The ii1fernal doors ' cpon their hinges creak And grate liarsh thnnllers --.''

Occasionally . the ball, in its mad career, plunges through somebody' _s window with an appalling crash, or playfully comrs into contact with the material portio11of some unsuspecting student, who is almost always caused thereby to speak in several foreign languages and use exclamations of a highly incand~scent character. All the · various nines, for we have several, are in beautiful playing trim, as may llie inferred from the fact that a home run has frequently been made on three strikes, and other brilliant playing of a similar character is not uncommon. These noble bands reflect great credit upon the college, and if they persist they will soon win the bright laurels of fame and go down to posterity as the most miserable or.: ganizations of the sort that the world has ever seen. J:'he faculty, after some deliberation, have decided to let us have the customaryjollification. It will take place on or about Friday night, J uue 12th, in the chapel. ,Ve understand that admittance will be exclusively by tickets of invitation. If this be the case, the disagreeqble crowding and pushing of the '83 jollification will not be repeated.

Editor-in_!Di1partm,Âˇnt .

We Americans have the great advantnge of isolation, and can look calml_vupon the four wars now agitating mankind. It is true that one of these is in America-the Canadian revolt under Riel-but that is on British soil, m1d is not therefore very interei'tins to us . W hat we particulnrly referred to is the great war which Heerrn;imminent between England and Rw;sia. We see in tbe distance a great war-cloud; read every day in the uewspaper8 of the great preparations by both nations for the impending conflic:t; hear reports of a battle on the Afgkm frontier. Seemingly, such great things must have some great muse, we think, and proceed to investigate, only to be disappointed . The cause of all the trouble is a piece of land not larger than Hanover connty-ancl one tif the most arid and deserted places in the world. Too poor to nourish vege:-tation, it is yet thought suffic-ie11t cause for a war which must mean death to thousands of men. It icems to be too unimportant a matter to refer to the nrbitration of arms, yet England is ready to sacrifice her sons, not â€˘so much to settle the Afghan boundary, but to get possession of territory. It is our opinion that the grasping poliey of the English Government will finally overthrow that government, unless the English are immeasurably superior to all the other nations of the earth. Her possessions are found in every climate, and she owns a portion of every continent, but the present crisis seems to demonstrate that even England finds a vast deal of trouble in carrying on tliree wars-one in Africa, one in America, and one in Asia. The new hall in the second story of the new south wing is being pushed on to completion. This hall is forty-seven by one hundred feet and twenty-two feet pitch. The ceiling will be of oiled wood, and the trimmings of galvanized iron. It will be even more beautiful than the lower hall in the same building now used for the library and museum. As Roon ::isthe new hall is completed, the museum a11dworks of art belonging to the college will be moved into it. It is to be dedicated to the late Jas. Thomas, Jr., whose generosity has added so greatly to the material progrei,s of the college.. If our lecture-rooms, dormitories, and gymnasium, were half so handsome

Richmond Colwge }Iessenger.

or well adapted to their pnrposes as these beautiful rooms, we would have one of the finest college buildings in the country. ,vrite boys, write, write with can', Âˇwrite for the pages of the lrlessengafr.

LOCALS, Base-ball! Examinations!

E-x-a-m-i-n-a-t-i-0-11-s! ! !

A few days ago Mr. S., who is the proud and happy possessor of a new boat, invited M1Âˇ.X. to go wjth. him in it and shoot the falh; of James river. '' I would like very mnch to go," replied Mr. X., "but I haven't any gun." One of the boys, coming home from the city at a late hour the other night, accosted a lamp-post :and inquired the way to college. After several futile inquiries, he turned away disgusted, and remarked, "Yon needn't be so blame :,tuck-up if you have got on a glass hat!" About a month ago Mr. H. received a letter to which was signed the name of his best girl, requesting him to call on her that day at two o'clock, and stating that she had a highly interesting secret to impart to him. Having attired himself in his best dyke, and with a smile of anticipation upon his countenance, he wended his way t,o the abode of the damsel. After conversing about an hour, Mr. H. gathered up sufficient courage to ask for the se~ret which had been promised in the letter. "What letter?" said the young lady in great amazement; <'I didn't send you any letter." Mr. H. drew the letter from his poeket, and, flourishing it triumphantly, he showed her the passage to which he had referred. " Why," exclaimed she, "this is not my writing; and see, it is dated April 1st. Some of the college boys have played a joke on you." Hastily

Locals.

gathering up his overcoat and hat, Mr. H. returned to collrge a sadder I.Juta wiser man. He sahl afterwards that he didn't mind the joke but for the fact that he got back too late for diriuer. ¥,Teprofoundly regret thnt some of the students are not more gallant. \Ve are told that Mr. X., after taking tea with two young Indies, escorted the111to the public debate of the M. S. R. Society. Upon reaching the campus gate he directed them to the hall by saying, " That is the way," and disappeared in the gathering darkness. The two liter11rysocieties of the college held their elections Friday night, April 3d. In the Mn Sigma Rho Society the honor of the final presidency was conferred upon Mr. E. B. Pollard, of Richmoml. Mr. Daniel H. Kerfoot,, of Clarke ,·ounty, Va., was elected term president, and Mr. John V. Dickinson, of Louisa, vicepresident. The other elections were: Recording Secretary, Mr. Nelson S. Groome, of ·wnrwick county; .Corresponding Secretary, Mr. J.P. Massie, of Amherst county; Trt·asurer, Mr. \V. A. Ed~vards, of South Carolina; Censor, Mr. Benjamii1 F. Barrett, of Goochland county; Critic, Mr. L. L. Pritclrnrd, of North Carolina; editors of the Mes.~cn_gu, Messrs. Jno. V. Diddnson, of Louisa county, and Charles T. Child, of Richmond; · Sergeant-at-Arms, Mr. John N. Hume, of Port;::rnouth; Chaplain, Mr. J. 0. Alderman, of North Carolina; Hall Committee, l\Ir. R. A. Tucker, of Amherst cou11ty. the Phi}ologian Soriety Mr. John G. Paty; of Tennessee, was elected final president, and Mr. John H. Pem·cy, of Pittsylvania county, term president. . The other officers are: Vice-President, Mr. W. A. Bor.um, of Norfolk; Recordiug E,ecretary, Mr .• J. T. Noel, pf Bedford county; Corresponding Secretary, Mr. L. B. Fontaine, of Norfolk; Tr.ensurer, Mr. E. ,f. vVoodville, of Ora11gecoLJnty; Censor, Mr. Fred. W. Boatwright, of Smyth county; Critic, Mr. E. W. Stoue, of Montgorm·ry county; Editors of the ]11[cssengp1•, Messrs. Samuel V. Fiery, of West Virginia, an<l Mr. Robt. P. Lucado, of Tennessee; Chaplain, Mr. H. N. Phillips, of Nottoway county; Sergeant-atArms, Mr. Robt. G. Austin, of Tennessee; Hall Committee, Messrs. W. E. Robertson, of Charlotte county, and · Mr. J. H. Willis, of Culpeper county. At a joint meeting of the societies, held the same night, Dr. I. B. Lake, of Fauquier county, was elected to preside at the final celebration, and Mr. Edgar Allan, of Richmond, to deliver the medals.

. In

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Richmond College J-Yfessen,qer. •

PERSONALS.

E. L. Scott, M. A., session 82-4, called to see us the other day. He is looking well; he seems now to be taking stock in calico, but whether that was what brought him to Richmon<l or not we will leave for others to surmise. We learn that George Young, session 81-3, is now teachi11gschool near Ripley, Tenn. Success to you, George. Rev. W. S. Penick, -session 55-6, the first' prPsident of Phililogian Society, :rnd now pastor of a church in Baltimore ·, m-iit ed his daughter in marriage to a noble young man in Lynchburg on tlrn 15th instant.' We are informed that Messrs. Tribble and Rudd, session 83-4, are carrying on a revival meeting in connection with their studies at the Semiuary. T. J. Shipman and \V. C. Tyree were both ordained on the 5th Sabbath in March, the former at Greenville, the latter at Amherst C. IL, Va. Tliey have good fields, and we predict for them much succei:;s. J. H. Hall, better known as Solomon, returned last night after an absence of several days on a 'visit to his home. We were asked this morning what made Solomon go home so often. \Ve judge from the many smiles that play upon his countenance, just after each visit, that he goes home to see his --Rev. · W. W. Landrum, pastor of Serond Baptist church, and one of the best friends of the college, filled his pulpit last Sabbath · after an absence of several weeks. During his abscence he visited the ·world's Fair at New Orleans. \Ve welcome you back,Bro. Landrum, and hope you will soon honor us with your presence on the campus. Rev. C. S. Gardner, session '81-'2, iEsnow pastor of a church at Brownsville ,,, Tenn. L. R. Hamberlin, session. '82-'4, is teaching in Brownsville, Tenn . . \Ve see in the Brownsville Democrnt several excellent poems from "Clinton." ·

ExchaTigts.

EXCHANGES. The Blair Jiall L-itcrary Ma_qazinr.shows evidc-mi signs of literary and scientific talent among its contributors . vVe have not found in al l our exchangrs a more interesting contribution to science than "The \Veathrr arnl the Barnmeter." 111 fact, we are indebted to it for a knowledge of at least a goodly nnrnbcr of -ometers we never heard of Lefore. The Wl'itcr's descr iption of the workings of the barometer shows that he is well up on the subject. The other pieces :ire all short but good. Next time give us more literary matter, and not so much: in the way of Editorials, Jiall Ite·ms, etc . And here is the I-Iami(ton College Mrmthly again. We are much interested in it, because it is a good paper. We are intrnd need to its literary matter by a poem, real sweet "Eighteen." Now, it is Just like a parcel of nice school-gir ls to start off in that way. "Her Intercepted Letter," "American Aristocracy," and "Life is vVhat we Make it," are all we!I written, readable articles. The April number of the FislcHernl<l is. enlarged one half, and contains quite a number of Yery i11teresting pieces. The matter is well chm;en and ahl_ydiscussed. The I-Jerald takes a bold stand, and by its "greatfaith" will doubtless surmount every obstacle. The Collc,r;e Banner is the mime of a paper published by the Female Institute at Brownsville, Tenn. It is a neat paper, and. has a splendid motto-" Light, More Light." We were very much impressed ,Yith the appropriateness of this motto after we had scanned over its delicate pages in se,m:h of light and found 11one; and we were about to offer up a prayer to Phrebus to let the fair editors have his char iot nt least for a day, but fear seized us lest the delicate hands could not govern the fiery ste.eds, and we changed our petition, and prayed that they might be permitted to wander in the groves of 'the :Muses, and quench their thirst at the Pierian fount . vVe have seldom been more elated than when we tore open a wrapper and unfolded a paper-yes, to be sure,' the Instiiiiie Goz ·ttei~ before us-a 11Pnt,radiant, spark ling sheet, which really cloes show the inflne110eof "dolt ,rs and sense." Its chief article is an exeellent essny on language hJ H. 0 . These letters came near npsetting us, and carrying us fl'Om the domain of literature to that of chemistry . We were aLDut to sar, If this combination should take on another particle of H, we would have H 20-not that the article was at all watery, but it did flow right fluently down the '' Trench"-" as

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Richmond College MelSsenger.

some small rivulet .which rises iu a distant hill and glicles peacefully along." Fond sister, come again very, very soon. "Niilfo vestigia rcfrorsnm."

\.Ye gratefully acknowledge the receipt of The ·wake Forest Student, Vanderbilt Observer, Roanoke Colleginn, College Speculum, Hag<:>rstown Seminary Monthly, Bethnuy Collegian, Carsonian, Torch, Wilmington Collegian, College Record, StaJ"-Crescent, Album, College Journal, College Message, Fordhnm College Monthly, Indiana Student, Aurora, College Index, Seminary Leaflet, Occiden~, Lutherville Seminary, San Jacinto. W.W.

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