Issuu

lichm~nd@;ollrur ?R~

'Vol. X.

RICHMOND,VA., APRIL, 1885.

E DIT011::3.-.Afo, Sig1na Rho, L. L, PRITCHARD, l'hilologian, J, W. MrrCHELL, E.W. STONE, BUSfNESS MANAGER.-W. A. Boau111.

E. B.

A FA~CY.

1t was a summer's ni.{ht that bade me rise

•

And seek in qniet the lonel .v mountain height, All mantled In anronte, beauty of the skies, 'l'lrnt hung like an oeeaa of golden ligh't, Benenth the branches of a spreading tree 'l'lwre lay a• if by fortune's hanrl, a stone i?or rest to the weary that's come from th11lea In search of solitude, to be alone. Wearied with the winrling pathway, I yirlrled and must ' have slept, for a dream Broken only by the \valdng day, Made lazy hours like fleeting moments seem, Mi~ts that veiled the scenes of other years · ,vere torn a,nncler by some power, Revealing on page the joy~, hopes and fears 'l'hat on my urchm days did shower, Me thought when ambition's zeal, yet unborn, Ove1' the hills I r0mped a careless fad; Contrasted now with hated cares forlorn, '!'hat sometimes stings the souland makes it, sad. 'Twas moonlight that gave me glimpse of homeA cnttage on a green and sloping hill, .And near a voice that seems to gently come Whisperiug thus, in language of the rill:

No.7. POLLARD;

Richmond College Messen,qer. "Oh rnthle~s boy! both, or.her friends antlyou, ort 11longmy pathway rough hnw strayed; Say, tell me nnd won't yon now, i~ it true, '!'hat all are gone and I'm betrnycd?"

'l'o which in pity sole I dreamed, "'l'hc ones for whom yon ask and sigh in min, A1;e seattcre1l far, from home are weaned, Some happy, some marr'd with sc:11'1etstain." "Some the bridal have donn ;d in sacred wed, . Others in the silent tomb m·c slef'ping; Some to 11ist:wt nnknowns, their course have tread, And others in heart, your mem'ry keeping." Bnt hnrk ! nn the stillness there breaks a sound, 'Tis the hnnt~nrnn that bills hi~ hnnters pursue; 'l'hc lamp of hpawn his conrse bcuds sound, And to the fairy Janel I bid adieu. \

"GEUEEN.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE vs. CLASSICS. While the ideas brought before the mind of a student of the classics may do much to improve his style of thought; may even give him an insight into the inspiration of Homer, or reveal to him the beauties of Virgil, they hear no- comparison with those advanced _for his consideration by the physical sciences. To properly obtain benefit from the stndy of the classics he mnst master many fundamental principles, and train his mind to a quick and accurate discrimination in applying them. Of course the mentul discipline to be gained by such a course of study is very g1·cat; but is mental discipline the entire object of education ? The mnn who studies the physical sciences obtains from them an idea of the mechanism or'the universe. He is brought lnrgely into contac~ with mathe- . matics, than which there is no bettc1· mentul discipline known. Certaiuly one who cnn see the rr,ighty 1mh·erse arournl him following its fixed lnws, and perfo1·ming its motions with a perfect regularity, knows more to his advuntage than one who understands thefonr Latin conjugations. The study of nature enoblcs and elevates to n much

Physical Science v. Classics.

greater degree than that of the classics . . It is true that a "great \Hiter," I know not who, has suid that "Studies sc1·,·efor delight, for ornament, and for ability." If this was all the goorl that I could derive from study, I should stop studying. Classical study may ndd grace to conversation, and lend obscurity to the writings of those who quote .much from the dead languages; but they do not give the elevation to the mind that the stndy of physics does. Look at the mighty planets, clothed in sunlight, and rushing through the durkne,ss of space, bearing life and intelligence on their surfaces. Look at the tiuy monad, li\·ing his .little life ,in a drop of water. The records of Geology carry us back into a past so distant that history speaks not of it. Through the darkness of the bygone ages giant forms of mighty monsters loom up and speak to us of th~ history of our planet's growth. The contemplation of the uebular hypothesis alone fills the mincl with a sense of the unupproachable grandeur cf God and of the magnitude of his works. Consider the mighty strides that mankind has made since the study of the sciences wus first regularly organized. Science has gone before, bearing the to1·chwhich cleared away the mists of superstition and ignorance. It has revolutionized mankind and given to 1·eligion a meaning and powe1·hitherto unknown. I should like to ask Q. if he considers more benefit to be derived from reading the Iliad, or from lmowing the theory of the conservation of energy. For my part, I would l'Uthe1·see the workings of the hand of God as displayed in a thunder-storm than know the history of every mythical hero that the imaginatiori of man has ever created. Is it not better to understnnd the rmh of the lightning than the deeds of the Greeks at Troy? Let us not disregard the classics, for they beautify, and, in a measure, give ease and dignity with a sort of polish to conversation. At the same time, however, the infinite gmndeur of !1aturnl forc.-esau<l processes enables one that understands them to •• see through Natur~ up to Nature's God." Many people do not understand the nature of physical study . If our knowledge of science is to be confined to isolated facts and laws, then its .goo~ is merely p1·actical. To fully appreciate the ad-

Richmond College Messenger.

vantages of science we mnst fully understand it. Does Q. think that a man who spends liis life like Herschel or Clerk Maxwell, knows less or is less educated than the greatest lingui~t that ever lived? The study of nature is ever useful, ever present, while that of the classics lead:- us to consider things long since passed Âˇaway, and never to return. I suppose, however, that from a utilitarian point of view, even Q. will admit that science hns the advantage. The difference in mental fraining is the difference between outward polish and inward worth. Any man may study the classics-few indeed can comprehend nature. The discipline given by natural science is not alone of the mind, but of the soul as well. It elevates, purifies, and ennobles ; linguistic study ornaments and polishes. ScrnNTIA.

NATURAL

LAW INVIOLABLE.

In this age, whin the wonders of the world are more than seven; when fuctories are so numerons that political victory is celebrated by the deafening scream of their whistles; when the President in Wasliington, by one toueh of his finger upon an electricalÂˇ key, sets the vast machinery of the New Orl eans Exposition in motion; when the wind sings its requiem upon the }1arp of a thousand wires that overshadows every city; when, in fact, 11othi11gseems impossible to the human intell ect, it would seem that natural law is not inviolable. It ~eems impossible for all these wonders to be accomplished and no law of 11aturebe violatecl. On all sides we are confronted by appare11tly direct violations of these laws; but should we investigate each case we would fi11dthat in n nrnjority of them, thnt law which seems to have Leen violated, has ouly been evaded by means of other known Jaws, and in the remaining cases we have reaso11to believe that that lnw which nppenrs to hnve been broken has also been merely evaded by means of laws which the fogenuity of man has not yet enabled him to determine. How hard it is for men to realize this. They realize the disastrous consequences of the destruction of one of the fundamental laws

NcctmÂˇal Law lnvicl1Ue.,

of nature. They know that should the law of gravitation be destroyed, matter no longer attracting matter, worlds would fly asunder, rend ring space a vast nebulous atmosphere. Knowing this, they do not insist upon violating :my fundamental law,Âˇ yet they would like to violate some of the less important ones. This desire is prompted by various causes; Fome are prompted solely by a cu:riosity to see "what it would do"; this class, however, as curiosity 11ever stimulates a man to undergo much hardship, i'snot very persistent in its attempts to destroy law ; but there is a furrowed brow and sunken eye that points with unmistakable tra('es to the small, silcut hours of the night spent in trying to cheat nature ; there is a wild eye that gleari1s from behind our asylum bars, which has watched wheel after wheel as it took shape beneath the skilful hands of its maker, expecting eacâ€˘h to move on forever ; but the nearest the poor inventor has ever come to perpetual motion is the ceaseless movement of his body, responding to the dictates of a crazed brain. This may seem merely imaginative, but when we investigate it, it is alarming to sae the number of men of power who are sapping themselves of all their vital energies trying to accomplish impo1,sibilities. .Franke11stein is looked upon as a brilliant creation of Mrs. Shelley's imagination. The imaginative power with which she pictures the German student, ami1l the quiet of the night, searching for the secret of life, is wonderful. The interest increases, as after two years of search he disconrs the secret, and with materials snatched from the dissecting-room and grave-yard he sets to work to construct the creature into whom he is to infuse life. Wh,en he has completed this creature-while silence reigns unbroken save by the patter of rain upon the roof and the single chime of the clock-he, stooping, infuses a spark of being into the lifeless ol~ject that lay at his fret, the interest becomes intense. The "dull, yellow eyes of the crf'atnre open,'"' mHI.', '.the whole frame heaves with life. With what melancholy pathos does she picture Frankenstein haunted and dogged through life hy the imperfect object of his creation! This is hilt the work of imaginative tale11t, yet there are Frankensteins to-day spending their time and strength in dark cellars searching

Richmond

College Jfcsscnger.

for-it may not be the secret of life, yet for that which is just as impossible. ·we need not go to Germany, the land of karned lore, where knowledge is sought because of a loYe for it, but here in practical America they may be found; here where knowledge is sought because of the changes it will work. Some, like Frankenstein, succeed in discovering that for which they lmYe so long searched. With what intense interest they near the result of their labors, and when they reach the goal for which they have so long been striving, their joy is too great for them to disturb the sleeping world around by any noisy demonstration, but there is a thrnb of the sluggish heart which sends the blood flushing through the p~le death-like flesh, qn animating the brain, a gleam of thr, weary eye, which indieates grea_ter joy than :my noisy demonstration. With what diligence they then set to work to con·struct theit· subject. At its completion, there comes another crisis: will it move; will it work. It may; like Frankenstein's su~ject, move, but with such an imperfect movement as to haunt its maker the remainder of his life. In afte'r years, when l~etosses upon a sleepless pillow in consequence of fo1·met·nights spent in search of it, it will haunt his dreams like a night-mare. If all the inventive minds which are now spending •their energy in vain attempts to deceive nature, would-instead of trying to destroy-,- study nature's laws, and seek' to invent by their application and expansion-for an invention is but an expansion of one or more natural la,ws-the wonders of the present would but poorly compare with the wonders that wou)J be, yet no law of nature be violated . · "ALASTOR."

DUM YIVJMUS, VIV AMUS.

•

It is an incontrovertible fact that we can enjoy only the flying moments of the present.. ,ve need not concern our selves about the future, nor fancy and magnify dad{ spots on -the picture of life. Of course it is wise to make safe and ample provision for the

Diim Vivi-mus, Vivamus.

future; but WC often make the present moments miserable, which would otherwise be bright and sparklillg, by imagining adversity in the ' path of life just ahead. But this is folly, when we consider the above injunction, to enjoy while we can the golden pt·esent, untar .:. nishC'd by past scenes or future prospects. This maxim should be our guide in all the diffarent spheres of life. It should guide us when trudging the path of duty and labor, or when gayly pat:ing the smiling path of pleasure. It should be om· motto "when treading the rugged steeps of academic lore," so that in after years its neglect may not confront us with a gigantic regret. And it shonlJ be nppreciuted while perrnding the happy period of youth-encouraging us, ns youth is such a transitory and irrevocable portion of life, to dfre deep in the ocean of pure, innocent, and real pleasure. One of the first nnd most prevalent pleasures of youth is to launch out in the '' fathomless abyss of pure affection." "There

is n time for all things."

And while in the "spring-time of youth" we should not fail to drink deep draughts of the pure pearls of plensurc, so that in the decline of life we may draw enchantment from retrospecting that blooming season. And while " ·e are embarking on the stream of life, let us then be thoroughly alh·e and awake that we may choose the proper vessel. The importrmce of life and activity ut this period could not be too fully emphasized, for many men luwe become ruined fm· life by deciding lrnstily their occupation. The choice should be cm·efully made, ns it is so very perilous to change afterwards. It takes about ten years to get fully settled in any business or profession, nnd we haven't many decades to lose in experiment. After · judiciously embarking, let us live-let ns improve our talents. That there have not been men· of equal endowments to the famous charncters of the world, who can doubt? But yet by not applying themselves to their talents they were nnuistin 6 uishec1 and unknown, and tho little word plebs inclutles them all. '' To be or not to be, that is the question."

Richmond College Messenger.

Therefore, while we live let 1ts tive, whether pursuii1g business or pleasure; hut d~ not mix them in trying to mitigate dutjÂˇ, for "the re\l'ards of diligence cannot be obtained without suffering its fptigues." Vwo.

COMMON-SENSE VIEW OF MIND AND BODY. It is not proposed that the subject shall be treated metaphysically. A scientific trelltise is beyond hoth the power and inclination of the writer at this present time. What I propose to deal with is the <'Ommon-senseaspect from a somewhat medical standpoint. Man's mind, metaphysically considered, is an inexplicable thing in many of its ff'atures; and man's body, to the student of anatomy, is considered a lifetime study, and therefore, even presupposing the requisite ability and inclination, the brevity of the space whicl1 I am allmYed would preclude such a treatise. That man's mind and body hold certain well-defined relations to each other, that they are mutually dependent, is an obvious fact. .What are some of' these relations? It has been said that good luck prolong,; life. Longevity and happiness are with many people Bynuuyms, and by a perfectly logical conclusion, with the premise that health is a prerequisite to longevity, health is essential to happiness, disease inimical to both, Jndivid nal effort, the exertion of will-force, has much to do with individual health and happiness . .It is related of Edward Leonard, a patriot soldier, who had received an entirn load of buckshot in a \'ital part, that he absolutely refused to die, living on through the continuance of the fight in which he was engaged Âˇ because, as he said, "he did not have the 1Âˇigltt to die." Men have been known to die <'lll the day, the very day, they had chosen years previously, perhaps, so great is the iufluence of the mind over the body. Good . humor helps a man to long life. The hypochondriacal, by statistics, ne\'er lirn out their days, and it is best, perhaps, for the rest of man~ kind, that they do die earlier. According to the latest scientific investigations, a man's life should extend over a period of 90 years-some say 100-basfog

Common'--Sense View of l,J,ind and Body.

the statement upon the prcst~rnption that a man shonld live five times the length of time required in his physical and mental development, taking twe11ty years as that pel'iod. Thirty-three years is tlic ·a\'erage man's lifo, and it is gro1ring shol'tcr.. Of all profes, sional men the pn!achcr's life is the longest-they say from the effects of_a11 easy conr;cience. Though it good .reason, better ones ure apparent. You cannot begin the administi'ation of the physiological laws of health too soon, for they extend over man's entire life, from infon<'y to the gru,·e. Ignorance of these laws is unive!'sal, and even where ku0wn, they are often entirely disregarded. For instaii'ce, who ever knew _aphysician to follow that old sayiug, " Prautice what yon preach," or who ever knew a physician who restricted lilmself to the diet which he preseribes for his patiimt? , This ignorance of hygienic laws is due in g1·eat part to the many old saws and pro,·erbs of by-gone ages, which have been hm~ded down . from gcnerati<ms back, and which in many cases modem investigation has proven to be wholly false. Take, for example, this old cou'plet, which has in it more poct1'ythan truth: "Early to bed and early to rise, Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."

It has been thoroughly proven that the sun's rays have an effect ~n the atmosphere, purifying it of its deleterious constituents, and it is also a well-lmowr1 foot that malarin, noxious vapors, and the like atmospheric poisions, exert their most powerful and baleful effects while the sun is not shining, in the early morning hour espe<Jially. Follow nature in this, and get up when the birds and animals do. with the stm, hut never before it. Ke<'p in doors after dark, and go to bed enrly, if y(m will, but !€ave out the early in the rising part of the programme. The mother wishes ab~ve all dse health and long lifefor her ehild, nnd yet neglects the Yc1·y means in her powe1·for the furtherance of such desir()s. The woman of fashion · wishes above all other things health for . beauty's sake, and yet she discards the means nt her disposal for its procurement, and replaces with art what might have been done for more beautifully by nature. For beauty and purity, give me the woman who has .. never known · 2

10 .

Richmond Colltge Messenger.·

what paints and powders, frizzes and bangs are. The mnn of busi11ess,whose sole aim is money, forgets the .fact that good hea~th so acts upon the mind as to increase his mental calibre 100 per cent. : Th,e man who rides ill' his cushioned carriage, lolls idly upon the seat with a cigar in his mouth, and dines nt Delmonico's, liYes a for lesR J,iappy and shorter life th:m the sturdy laborer, who, with well-knit . frame, ,valks to and from his daily labor. Oliver Wendell Holmes says" bad air, had whiskey, :md bad . habits, keep the doctors alive." In my opinion bad cooking is just as good a friend to the dodor. ·The nature of our food is an impor. tant consideration. It is a fact of 1'ongstanding that dw presence · or absence of certain food continually would bring ..abont disease. · Fried meats, for instance, as a constant diet, produces flyspepsin, :md abstinence from veg~hlbles bri11gs 011 ·that dread disease, scurvy• Attention must he .paid also to qum1t-ity. Our feeding is the great <disease-breeder of our people and our day. The best advice on the isuhject is "eat slowly and quit -himgry.-'' The brain has been com' pared to a galvanic buttery and the blood to thP. electric fluid which feeds it. With a tire<l body you have a restless n~ind-the disorganized brain ,,producing such tes11lts. A healthy mind dwells only in a healthy b~dy. This should be recognized and mad(• an aim from eadiest life. Keep both equa-1, or as nearly so as possible, :md you will ;find that., notwithstanding 'the fact that you are growh1g 'Old, your health, like good whiskey, '" will ·increase in value witih

iage.?>'

MEDICUS.

THE SECRET OF SUCCESS. Had I •some mystic genius 01; some poetic muse filling my imagi1nation ,vith inspirative power, I would paint the world a J)i1·t11re 1unriva1ed by any scheme of ancient mythology. I wouM represent /the Deity eHthroned in every age, with all his thoBghts as angels, and all this worl1l therr sphere of 1actfon. Like 'fhite-wiuged moths fo the meadows, they should all emal'IUtefrom the throne and return , again hearing 'home on their silvery wings ,the fulfilment of His ipurpose. I would •paint each angel's mission with the message tliat

The .Secret of Swmess.

he bore, and note the homes in which he lodged while on his ,iotn'ney thrcmgh the earth. His , eyes should shine with heavenly light, his countenance shed forth peace, industry should be his crown, a~1d virtue be his dress. In his left hand he should hold wealth and power as a consequence; in his right ha:1:1dshould he con6ealerl the secret of success as the cause. His jonrney ,vould not he through the citiPs, but among the peasants in the country, ancl his favorite . abode in ,the homes of the poor and in the hearts of the true. I would paint another pictm·e 011 ·the opposite wall, and tepresent a man enthroned with thousands ,of subjects to carry out his wi.11, . and one hundred :;rnd twenty provinces m1der his control. · I would 1paint in glowing colors the r~gal splendors ,of his palace, and in the · background a few years off an humble cottage I would draw, where · ,the angel lodged a l)ight and wher.e the King was born. With these pictures before us, we infer that some men are horn for certain missions i:n 'life; and t'his is an opinion commonly entertained nn1011gthe most en1ig'htened of our time. It cannot be denied lmt th;:itsome nrnia-are created for certain purposes. For if we , deny t-liis, we dethr01ie the C1·eator in ~ur' po int of view. Yet, we can assert that to us it seems that some men are not doing that for whieh God C'reat.edthe1~1.. Ft'r, while the ethical view of man regards him as an active being and as a creature o'f' reason, so made ,that he sets. before himself consci<mslyor unconsciously a divinely,ordained end wlrieh he feels himself bou.nd to attain, it, nevcrthe.Jess, claims tbat the conrJuct or activity hy which man yoluntarily xealizcs tl1is c1_1d in accordnnce with a divine law which points out the way in which this end is to be reached, is the morally good and ,truly sucC1essful. Men who ,battle ~gainst their appointed missio\1 ..in life and try to walk a different road, ca.n hope for success -only so far as they succeed i11failing. For they ,have not only the difficulties to overcome which those have who w.ere born for that pursuit., .but the nddifionnl OJJes of lacldng ta'ct, pm:sonal adaptation, ::md ,r,elish for the pleasures of their vocation. The robust pl1piqne and pract\cnl thought of the fartner, like the 'IPtrong-built, slow-movh1g engine of the freight car, is well adapted to ,the important pm1)0sefor whitih they were created; but in this $wift,

Ri.climond Colle,qeJ,fe.ssrnger.

progrcssiye age, the mind which leadti the masses to and fro accPptably, like the e11g-incof th~ lightning-express train, must be created :rnd trained fm thnt especial pnrpose. Exchange engines, and both are cornp:iratively failures in their unnatural _positions. Likewise we conclude that to be successful in life we must first obev the max:im engraved over the entrance to the temple of Delphi: "I{now thyself." 1\.n<l the sooner we·acquire this knowledge the more briHiant wil: he our career. For this,is our cliurt across the sea of life to the harbor of success; this is our guide up the mountain of science to the pinnacle of fame; arnl this is our compass that points to God. Parci1ts, while you kindle the sparl~s of ambition in the pure bright mirnl of y< ?m' infant boy, and look anxiously forward to the time when it shall be written of him, as did Lucretius write of Epicurus-'•• Qni hnmnnum inp;enio snpernvit et omnis Restincxit, stellas exortus ut aetlierins sol."

·Remember that for him to excel in greatness the rivals of his day, as does the sun excel the stars, he must walk in the path ordained for him and suited ·w his tastes by an inborn gift from heaven. And . when indications sl1ow plainly the avocatioi1 b.est suited to his talents, - thorough p1:eparation is essential for the highest, degree of success. But with all these advantages success· js not certain. _For neither 1 ,vealth, birth, training, nor even genius itself can bestow the crown of success-upon th~ head of a non-industrious, 11011-energet.ic person, Illustrious men iu the evening of their lives have frequently sat ·be11eaththe shade of the trees, where the breezes of heavenly inspiration intermingled their thoughts with the whisperings of angels, and with Canaan in sight, .with Jordan in front, and with the atmosphere of pnrity ai'ound them, thoir golden pens have proudly traced the crowning events of their lives and lef't sign-boards for coming travellers. Ju the reminiscences of great m~n, however much their sign-boarde differ in other particulars, they all agree· in pointing up the hill of science as the 011lyway of success. · 'The God of Sirnti sits enthroned upon this mount, and only such as make all their achievements bend towards the sumniit on which He dwells

The SemÂˇetiof Sii~cess.

will ever be truly successful and leave their names written on tablets of stone for coming generations to reverence. No pathways are open-no Macadamized roads for travellers to journey in ease to this summit. Every man must cut away such obstacles as impede his own chariot of thought; or if this chariot Le drawn to and fro by personal aggrandizement, an impassable gulf will soon be discovered between its possessor irnd the crowning summit of success. The impending rock of the gospel, startled by the confident tread of his arrogant steed, will crush the aspiring infidel as it falls, and "grind him to powder" finer than the atoms of which he held the soul was made. If one desires to be eminently Âˇsuccessful, the most common route is through the sacred forests of the classics where Homer roaiued and Virgil sang, and where Tacitus trimmed an historical quill. The aspiring . student must ofte~ pass unpolluted through black places in these ~ ests where, in the dark shades of ancient night, vice and crime played together at the expense of virtue and human life. H;e must pass through the benighted evergreen spots where skepticism, like a stalking ghost, haunts the grave-yard of a false theology. He mu~t go his journey all alone, not pursuing the tracks of some predecessor, lest as he climbs the hill of science, following the footsteps of some paragon too closely, the switches which gently brushed the garments of the leader will often fly ba0k in the follower's face, stl'ikh1g with full force the keen blow of disappointment. Success is no ideal thing. The fountain of youth was not more eagerly sought for throughout the flowery dells of Flol'ida than has the secret of success been hunted for in the starq realms of ideality. With riches as a balloon, the wealthy have tried in vain to reach the pinnacle of perpetual fame. Energy, perseverance, and mental endowments are essential to such a goal. Thorough educa.. tion only gives a man the same advantage in hisÂˇ mental transactions that capital gives him in carrying on secular business. But education is not thorough unless the brain and heart are both enlarged thereby. For the brain is an agent of the embodied spirit, and may be termed the citadel of the soul. Th i working power of man deduced from the condition of the body is larger or smaller, other 3

Riohmond CollegeMessenger.

things being equal, in proporti~n as this agent is normally great or small. If a man go out to fell timber the result of his day's work will be modified accorJing as his ax is sharp or dull, heavy or light, burnished or unburni shed. The ax is the agent of the cutter, like as the brain is the agent of the embodied spirit. And even if the ax ~e the same, a feebler man or one who has neglected to cultivate his muscles could not accomplish as much work as he would (1therwise do. And likewise we argue that although we may possess an acute mind, a mighty brain, and a polished education, yet if the heart is a dwarf, and if the soul is uncultured, we are not thoroughly educated nor well qualified for great success in life. Failing to cultivate tlie heart has caused the blooming flowers of many a fertile brain to wither and decay. The brightest jewels in their yollege days have often gone forth in â€˘ e world to prove a gold mine on the surface; but a coal mine down beneath. Dark stains on their characters haunt their sweetest slumbers. Without the cultivation of the heart; the blissful aspirations of youth, Shakespeare beautifully represents ai. only"Dreams of success and lrn.ppy victory."

Clouds of mystery may obscure one's mission in life, but t.hey often make the sun set more gorgeous. and beautiful, while a stain UJ?Oll the character is a cloud too dark to liave a silvery edge, and too dark to break asunder before the' sett-ing sun of life. With health well preserved we are now ready to hear the secret of success, and to understand its 111eani11g.But without the above equipments it is an incomprehen sible secret. Parents who possess it are often unable to make their own children understand it. It is neither an inheritance nor patrimony. It belongs to that class which Millon terms,, All secrets of the deep, all Natme' s works."

If the ability .to apply what one knows could be represented by an engine, success would be the steam ready to burst forth into what~ ever channel its creator has provided. Âˇ The secret of success is the knowledge of the engineer in controling his engine. Currents of electricity encircled the earth for ages before men captured it and

Porter on Siibstance and Attribute.

taught it how to speak. Steam was in the world perhaps in greater quantities than 110w long before it became the servant of man. Convex lenses were formed by Nature in the beginnin~ of creation, but remained in obscnrity for centuries before their w.orth w.as known . But when thinking men learned how to apply the things ·around them they found the secret of success, and left their names immortal. The teachers in our free schools have 110 · difficulty in getting the children to learn the rules of arithmetic ; but even when these are committed to memory, no ·child ever gets through long division successfully t1ntil he learns how to apply the rule. This knowledge is the secret of his success. In attempting lo hand it down to posterity, failure has often sat enthroned beneath the crown ~f a nation's king . . It is inherent and inexplainable . .. Like some metropolitan city, success has many roads leading to its citadel, but the secret of success lies in the ability of one to make the best use of those things which nature and nature's God has given him. SIMULAC.

PORTER ON SUBS'rANCE AND ATTRIBUTE.

In the world of thot1ght, much which is mere mystification passes curt'ent for· genuine profundity; much which is the mere vapor of exhalation, and which rises bnt to obscure, is mistaken for a larger substantiality. ' As a consequence of the limitations imposed upon mind by mattet• and its clepen<letmethereon, the:re is an essential atmosphere of vagueness and mystery enwrapping the sphere of purely mental phenomena. In this consists its peculiar attraction for men of more ambition than intellect; since here men of e,·en Liliputian mold may sport with shadows as immense as their vain imaginations can create, aml, alas! persuade themselves and the world for a time that they are hurling the very thunderbolts of the Titans. In these regions, brnad and shadowy, thel'e have ever been certain favorite battle-grounds. Such a famous ground of conflict has been the .relation of substance and attribute. On this time-honored field are, h1deed, abundant evidences of past conflicts

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on a scale sublime; but the Titan warriors ,have long since rested from their mighty labors, and the very scene •Of their struggles is now the arena in ,vhich the countless hordes of pigmies uplift their pQny arms against the discordant throats of the shrieking cranes. On this scene of conflict steps forth one indeed of far loftier mien, and armed cap a piewith visor down and lance in rest. Yet may we be permitted to express some faint misgiving, lest this selfsame knight, like the illustrious Don Quixote of old, be not better equipped in spirit than with the external appurtenances of war, lest his glittering visor prove also but painted pasteboard. Observe attentively the ground this gallant knight has chosen: "The substance or substratum with which we have to do is the real substance or substratum. As such it should be carefully distinguished from the logical substance or subject. A logical subject is anything which is conceived in thought as a substance with attributes, whether it does or does not . exist in fact. * * * Real substance ought also to be distinguished from the grammatical subject. The grammatical su~ject is any word which is used in language as though it denoted a logical subject." (Psych. § 325.) That this is most unexceptional ground, we .readily admit; but the author proceeds to define substance as follows: "Any .being with ~elations so discerned and applied as to distinguish it from other beings, is conceived as a suhstance-i. e., a substance is a being distinguishable and definable by a complex of relations." (Psych. § 326.) Here we fail to find the limitation imposed upon substance in the outset; for, as the author has elsewhere repeatedly asserted, being may be as truly affirmed of that which is merely conceived in thought as of that which is actually and of itself. But we take it for granted that actual being is intended, and that it is but just to test the definition on such a basis. Here, again, we fail to catch the ground of distinction between substance arnl being. Such a distinction the author pointedly attempts : "Abstractly considered, the concept substance is less general than that of simple being. Being has already been explained as every object that is, or that is conceived to be, knowable or known. But I

Po1·ler on Substance and Attribute.

everything that is known is not not only known to be, but is also known as related. * * * * A substance is a being distinguishable and definable by a complex of relations." (§ 326.) We gather, then, what is elsewhere expressly stated, that both being and substance exist only as having relations (so far as we know), and that neither can be actually separated from its relations. S~ far, then, substance is distinguished by nothing from simple being. Bnt we have the anthor's authority for the statement that being may be separated from its relations in tho_ught. Is this, then, the differentiating proper .ty of being? We reply in the language of the author : "But, though substance and attribute do not exist apart, they can be conceived of and defined as abstracted from one another." (§ 326.) Falling back now on the above definition or substance, we can perceive nothing whereby substance and being are distinguished. The author asserts a differeuce, but in attempting to explicate that difference he conclusively proves their identity. Moreover, from the definition of substance above given-i. e.,a being defined by relations-and keeping in view a previous statement of the author; that "it is essential to the definition of knowledge not only that we know objects as existing, but that we know them as related," &c., (vide § 45,) we naturally infer that the relation of substance and attribute is original : something stronger than mere inference obtains in our minds when we recall a very acute and just observation in § 58: "It is as essential that the connecting relations should be apprehended as the parts which they bind or connect. * * * In other words, we can analyze or separate only what is given as united in the concrete or real. If the parts and connecting relations are not discerned together by an intv,itive act, they can neither be separated , nor united by any other act or process." Substance and attribute is certainly a connecting relation, and therefore, from the author's standpoint, must be intuitively given. But we quote again : " It deserves to be noticed here that there are also as many dif4

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ferent substances as there are beings distinguishable in kind by combinations of relations. Âˇ An individual iiiubstanceis known only by the individual relations which it shares with no other. The substance is not, however, made up or constituted by its relations. It is not the same thing as a collection of attributes. It is distinguished and defined only by these relations. From this it is manifest that the category of substance and attribute is not simple and original like tbe other relations or categories which we have considered, but is complex and derived." ( Vid ~ Â§ 326.)

If the category of substance and attribute is complex and derived, we hopelessly fail to appreciate Âˇ the force of Mr. Porter's argument. Whatever the hidden meaning Mr. Porter might be pleased to attach, its whole content, BO far as we have been enabled to gather, is that substances are many, and each is definable by its o,vn peculiar relations, and it is only possible to attain to a know ledge of any substance bi means of its d0fining relations. Therefore, the category of snbstance and attribute is complex and derived. Passfog over previous statements of the author, that substance is being definable by relations, and that all being, if known at all, must be known intuitively, both as to its being and its rclatfons, we submit that he has manifestly mistaken the question at issue. Clearly, the -question of the originality of the category of substance and attribute does not involve the determination of any particular suhstnnr.e by means of any particular relations, but only that the mind does presuppm;e and assume this relation as inhering in all the objeuts of its cognition. The relation of substance and attribute must 11ot be grossly identified with actual being IN actual relations. Porter's definition of attribute is, "Every relation by which a being is known or .distinguished _ is an attribute." The definition of substance has already been given. Both definitions, we readily admit, are in thems,elves unexceptional; but surely M1. Porter himself would not deny that there is a very great difference between actual substance and actual attributes and the subjective law of mind by which attributes are attributed to substances. If he did not make this distinction he would not have treated substance and attribute as a relation or ,category-a form under which the mind connects its cog11ition :

Poi-ter on Substance and Attribute. "Percepts are united into things by two successive steps or stages, to each of which there is an appropriate product. By the first, theÂˇ mind unites these percepts into a material thing or whole, under the relations of space and time. By the second, it connects the parts of the whole under the relation of substance and attributed quality,"

&c. (116.) That Mr. Port _er accepted both these views of substance and attribute, does not admit of a doubt; bnt it is eq nally manifest that he grossly confounds the two when he comes 'to treat the question of the originality of this relation. If the relation of substance and attribute is complex, Mr. Porter has foiled to show, or even to name, the elementary relations of which it i3 composed. If this relation is derived, it is altogether impossible for one occupying Mr. Porter's standpoint to accept it as such without committing intellectual suicide; for one of his staunch principles (as before stated) is that the mind cannot, by any act of analysis or synthesis, attain to a knowledge of a connecting relation not intuitively given in direct cognition . . And if this relation cannot be derived, it is both simple an<l original. Moreover, according to the author, every act of direct cognition involves the reality of both being and relations, and thei-e relations ar~ intuitively affirmed of the being cognized-i. e., being is known as related-i. e., we directly cognize a being as distinguishable by relations intuitively conneding the being with its relations. But does not this express the relation of substance and attribute? In conclusion of this pRrt of our subject, we quote what Mr. Porter himself has to say on this matter in different parts of the same work: "But logic is itself subject to another science-viz., metaphysics, or spcculatiYe philo sophy, iunsmnch as thi s is the science of those necessary conceptions ancl fundamental relations on which the rules and the processes of logic are founded. Such are the conceptions of substance an!f attribute, of cause and effect, of means and ends, and the relations of influence, causation, and design. Unless these . are aswrncd, the concept, the judgment, the syllogism, the inductive process, and the system can have no meaning and no application." (Â§ 11.)

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"As the discerner, or the discoverer, by intttition of certain necessary conceptions or relations, the thinking power is said to know, or assume certain forms of being, according to which it performs its operations and constructs its products or forms of thought. These are called, indifferently, forms of being and forms of knowledge; for the reason that the mind can only know what is or exists, and according to the relntions in which it exists. Some of these f1mns of being, or forms of knowledge, are time and space, substance and attribute, cause and effect, means and end." Âˇ ( Vide Â§ 191.) These quotations might be continued, hut we think we have cited enough to show that Mr. Porter occupies dual and contradictory positions with regard to the originality of the category of substance and attribute. In his treatment of the question of "underlying substance," the norruenon of Kant the author is equally inconsistent. His pronounced dictum is as follows : "The 'underlying substance' of the schools, the 'thing in itself' of Kant, are mere names which signify either being in the abstract or being in the concrete. If it is being in the abstract, then it must be synonymous with matter as knowable-i. e.,it is a concept only, which can be separated from its relations in thought, but never in fact. If it is being in the concrete, then this must be known with its relations, and never apart from them. In either case the substance, or thing in itself, cannot b~ known by itself."

It is not very clear what Mr. Porter means by saying that _substance cannot be known by itself, right in the wake of his assertion that we know it abstractly in thought, as apart from its relations. He must mean that we cannot intuitively know it apart, which is equivalent to saying that it cannot exist apart. We admit that substance and relations cannot exist apart, but this has no real bearing on the question at issue. A ruler cannot exist apart from its correlate subject, and vice versa; but they are by no means therefore identical. Being cannot, as far as we know, exist apart from relations, but being and relations are not necessarily the same thing. Porter himself admits this. "The substance is not, however, made up or constituted by its relations. It is not t4e same thing as a collection of attributes."

Porter on Substance and Attribute.

Again: "Being or existence is not, however, an attribute or a relation." What, then, can being be but an underlying substance in which relations must inhere? This leads to the inquiry: Do we directly know being as related or relations - only? Mr. Porter's reply is emphatic and unmistakable. " Besides this knowledge of the 'mutual relations of matter and spirit, we have also a k1J.owledgeof both directly as beings; of matter by percepti011,and of spirit by consciousness" (Â§ 335.) It is frequently asserted, and with ~ deceitful appearance of plausibility, that it is absurd to say that .we can perceive directly . the relation and not the thing related. Manifestly the absurdity does not lie in the statement that we may perceive relation, but only in the supposition that we may not immediately and intuitively refer perceived relations to a substance under the category of substance and attribute. vVe cannot know relations apart from substance, but we directly cognize only relations, the knowledge of substance being given a p1'ioi-i upon occasion of the direct and empirical knowledge of relations. What is the difference between saying that we perceive a thing as related and that we perceive the relations of a thing ? In the above quotation from Mr. Porter, it is stated that we have a direct knowledge of being or substance in addition to that of relations, but in a preceding quotation it was stated that we can have no knowledge of being apart from relation. In the treatment of the act of knowing (Â§45) the same doctrine is affirmed. It 1s reiterated that we can only know being as related. I q note again : "A substance is a being distinguishable and definable by a complex of relations. * * * Every relation by which a being is known or distinguished is an attJ.Âˇibute. * * * An individual substance is known only by the individual relations which it shares with no other." These are sufficient to show that, even from Mr. Porter's stand5

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point, we cnn, know nothing directly of a substance beyond its relations except the mere existence or being of it. 1Ve can know simply that it is; what it is, we learn through and by means of its relations. This • being or existence, according to Mr. Porter, is directly cognized independently of relutions; not indl:lpendently in the •sense of apart from relations, but in the sense of not by meaus of. This, at least, is the only logical inference. Now comes the question, How can we directlycognize existence? If. -possible at , all, it must be by one of two methods-either by sense-perception or consciousness. If by sense-perception, it must be known through one or more of the five senses. The sense of touch can givo only relatiom;, such as extension, hardness, &e. It is trne that we cannot conceive of extension apart from being, and so.we say that we' perceive extended being; bnt : in the act of perception through touch we can -only kn~w extension in common with the relations rnanift!St to touch. Trne, we are compelled by an a· priori form of knowledge to attribute these relations to a substance or being. It is this a priori necessity of mind ::tlo11ewhich accounts for · the · inseparable union in every act of knowledge of being an<l relations. If the mind directly cognizl's being as well as relations and the category of substance and attribute is derived, there is 110 reason .under the sun, that we can find, why being and relntions shonld be inseparable in every act of knowledge. Again, in the sense of sight, nothing can be-directly given exl'ept color am! extellsion (visibility). In tho other three senses it is n10st clear that we can only directly knQW relations. But may 110tbeing be directly known to consciousness? Any mental analysis the least careful would, I think, reveal the fact that the soul cannot even know itself except in so far as it is the subject of action or pas sion, iutuiti vely attributing theee relations to itself. Hear Mr. Porter : "The object of consciousness has alreacly been defined to be an act or state of the soul ; more exactly, the soul a<:t.ingand suffering in an individual state. * * * The states nre fleeting. * * * The individual self remains unchanged, referring all these changes to itself." (§ 57.) Moreover, Mr. Porter treats being at length as a formal category. Now, we would simply ask, · If being is known directly, why in the

Edit01·ial Depm·tment.

name of reason should it be given a priori as a necessary form of being? Finally, Mr. Porte -r struck a death-blow to the very core of his system when he accepted' the doctrine that we directly cognize being, and that substance and attribute is a derived relation. Mr. Porter is a natural realist, who holds that the object immediately known in sense-perception is the excited sensorium. It is perfectly transparent, we think, that under this view we cannot with any show of consistency suppose a direct cognition of being (at least extra-corporeal being), but only a direct knowledge of relations. But, alas! Mr. Porter undert'bok the superhuman effort of provi11g that we imme<liateJy cognize being, and, even ngainst himself, ' that the trne category of substance and attribute is derived. It was thus not only ont of 'his power to establish a direct cognition of exti·a-corporeal substai1ce, but he also put it beyond his power to reach a knowledge of the extra-corporeal at all. Manifestly the only legitimate method by which a natu~al realist may reach the extra-corporeal is to ground his system on the doctrine of the direct cognition of relations only, and rest upo11 an a p1'ioi·i relation of substance and attl'ibute, whereby every relation must be conceived as inhering in a substance. Of course, it is not i11tended t~at ' this alone will bridge the chnsm, but this is the important foctor in such a result. In summing up, we are unable to see anything that Mr. Porter has. cl('arly brought out in c01mection with the category of substance and ' attribute. We selected this point fot· criticism becau,::eit is the one most vital to his system, ns we ha\·e Very briefly endeavored to indicate. B.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. Unlike most of our predecessors, we, the pre sent edito1·s of the

Messcn_qCI', give up our positions with a certain degree of sadnessand reluctance. It has been a pleasure to us to write for her colnrnns. Our connection with this grand old college organ has been characterized throughout by perfect harmony and good feeling. We came, we saw, we have not conquered, but we have clone our best

Ric!J,mond College Messenger.

to promote the best interests of the JIIcssengcr~nd to fill her columns with entertaining matter. Every man hath an appointed time to serve, and as,our term of office expires with this issue, we make you our most profound and respectful salaam and retire; casting one last, long, lingering look at our old editorial chair. The 4th of March being the regular day in tl1ecourse of Biblical lectures, a dissertation on "Moses, the Law-Giver," was delivered before the young men of the Institution by Gen. Field, and a rare lecture it was., such as it has seldom been路 our pleasure to l{ear. The lecturer began with the birth of Moses, graphically depicting the child in the cradle of rushes gently resting in the flags on the banks of the Nile, and then the rescue by the daughter of Pharaoh, who adopt~d the infant. He gave a short biographical sketch of the forty years of Moses' life that was spent in the palace 路of the E~yptian king. He then painted the scene of combat bet"路een the Hebrew and the Egyptian, the part that Moses acted, and then his flight into the land of Midian. Here the lecturer took up the second period in the life of the great man of Hebrew history. He spoke of the gallantry of Moses at the well, for wearied and worn as he sat, there came to draw water for their father's flocks the daughters of the Midian priest. Moses stands up, assists them, and drives away the shepherds. The damsels return to their father, and Zipporah is given as wife to Moses. He then spoke of Moses feeding the flocks of Jethro, his father-in-law; how on Mount Horeb "the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush." It was here that Moses received his commission to go to .the Kiug of Egypt and bid him let the Israelites go free. The lecturer also spoke of the plagt'tes, ancl concluded this period of Moses's life with an allusion to his conducting out from under the bondage of the cruel despot the hosts of Israel. The third and last period was then taken up. The great law-giver leading the people in the wilderness-making sweet the bittn路 waters of Marah-speaking to the murmuring multitudes and allaying their fears with the assurance that " the Lord would provide "-the armies of Israel

Editorial.J)epar:tmerit . .,

overcome Amalek-Jethro's .counsel to )\foses and . his acceptance. He theii spoke of the delivery of the Ten Copimandments, and also of the wel'l-k:riowncircum8tances corihected :with that 'delivery. He also mentioned the ,delivery of other laws that had regard to . the government of the people. The constructicn1 of the tabeqiacle and many other inciden~s in the life of Moses were commented upon. He closed with a fine description of Moses on Mount Pisgah surveyiug the Promised Land, and his burial in a valley of Moab by the angel of the Lord. A new edition of Victor Hugo 1s works is just out.. It embraces forty-six volumes of poetry, history, drama, fiction, biography, philosophy, and travel. Victor Hugo is one of the oldest of living

litterateurs. A contemporary criticises a young spring-poet on the use of the expression, "the carol of the barn-yard hen." J3ut it seems to us that the young poet knew what he was talking about. We have ourseh:es heard "barn °yard hens" carol many a lay. The different estimates which different men put on books will be illustrated by the following story told of the great essayist Carlyle . .It is said that when Mr. Dickens determined to write "A Tale of Two Cities," knowing that Mr. Carlyle had given much study to the · French Revolution, the former asked the latter to lend him a few hooks benring on the proposed subject. Mr. Dickens was much surprised next day when a wagon drove ·up loaded with volumes in several different languages. !t was Carlyle's idea of a few boolcs. It may have been oftm1supposed by the reader of Robert Browning's thrilling poem, "How we Ca,rried the Good News from Ghent to Aix," that it has its basis in history. But the poem has really no foundation in fact, but is entirely a product of the poet's imagi·nation. It is said that Mr. Browning composed it w4ile sailing on the Mediterranean off the coast of A,frica. Having been for several days on ~he sea and tiring of the monotony, he eagerly longed to 6,

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College Messenger.

exchange his then mode of riding for the back of his favorite horse York. This suggested a hasty ride from Ghent to Aix, between which places many important messages must have once been sent . . The luxuriantly imaginative style, wh1ch is characteristic of nearly all young writers, and the exemplification Âˇof the same in reading some of the articles submitted to us for publication, reminds us to relate a little bit of history. Before the Messenger was Âˇ published the name of our college organ was the Monthly Miisings, an eight-page paper-its pages being about twice as large as the pages of the Messenger. When the Musings was started-January, 1876-it struck the new editors that it would be well to place an appropriate motto just under the title. They accordingly went to one of the professors to ask him to make a sugestion. He proposed very promptly-for he is always ready on such occasions~ a quotation from Shakspeare, "Maiden meditations fancy free," as a very appropriate motto for their paper. The young editors seemed not to have seen the point of its fitness. Yet they adopted it on the consideration of its source, and did not recognize that it was only a jocular suggestion. But the fitness 9f the motto nevertheless remained unshaken, for the "Maiden meciitations"

ot the young college writer is in fancy exceedingly free. Some of our students, notwithstanding the fact that so much has been said about it, still persist in trying to annoy and embarrass those of our young men who bring ladies out to our public entertainments. This is a thing which must be stopped at once. Every student at this college is supposed to be a thorough gentleman; and is treated as such by all, both professors and students. It grieves us to have to say, that there are a few, very few, who do not seem to know now to deport themselves on such occasions. We would advise these young men to go home and try to learn how to behave. We stopped a friend of ours the other day and asked him if he was going to bring a lady up to our publi,c debate. 11 Oh, no," he said; "I am afraid to bring one up. I cannot subject any lady to insult.': Perhaps some of these young men do these things thoughtlessly ; if such be the cas~, we entreat you to exercise your mental capacities (if you have any) at least one hour before the entertainment begins. If after this one hour's cogitation you are still undecided as to how you shall act, whether you shall try to be a gentleman or act the foolish man's part, why, go to some young man

Locals . .

whom you think to be a gentleman and get hirn to write you out a little programme. Study your programme carefully, and try to come up to it in every sense of the word. Richmond College has eve1Âˇbeen noted for its polite and courteous yonug men. Let us all take a special pride in maintaining this fine arid enviable reputation. We are always delighted to see the young ladies from down-town at our public exercises, and we think we can safely promise them that hereafter they will not be su~jected to such annoyances, but will always find the Richmond-College boys ready to extend any and every courtesy to the ladies. It is said that the painter Ary Scheffer having read the story of "Little Nell," was so charmed by it that he was seized by the desire to paint a pictu,re of the author. Mr. Dickens promised that w;henhe next visited Paris he would give the artist a sitting. Accordingly on the day appointed he appeared before the house of the artist; knocked and asked for admittance, and was refused on the ground ' that the day was set apart for Mr. Dickens. But assuring the servant that he was the veritable Dickens, he was admitted to the master's studio. When the artist saw the ugly chin whiskers, and a form and appearance so different from that which he had supposed could have been the creator of "Little Nell," he broke into . sobs and said : "You are not Charles Dickens." "I am, indeed, Charles Dickens," replied the author. Then, cried the painter, in faltering tones, " Oh ! mon Dieu ! oh ! mon Dieu ! Withdraw yourself~ for heaven's sake, and come not again till I have forgotten the Charles Dickens of my dreams!" Mr. Dickens withdrew, and presumably forever, for the ideal picture of Charles Dickens standing on a cloud in a night-gown, holding Little Nell by the hand and pointing heavenward, was never painted. LOCALS. , Base-ball! Alphonso's battery comes next in order. The ladies were very much fatigued by the rapidity of the Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan, the night of the public debate. Mr. C., our former assistant librarian, was asked if he had ever read "Ivanhoe." "Yes," said he, "I have read some of his works, and like them very much."

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College Messen,qer.

Report has it 'that one of ou;r,students at the'·inaug~ration was seen .sitting on .the curb-stone on Pennsylvania avenue, just in front of the White House, a ji-ig ,of molasses in one·hand and a "corndodger" in the other, quietly enjoying the ·sea breeze from the gutter. The same young man had in his pocket when he }eft $12.00, and when he came back he had $13.00: · · Messrs. E. and G., being of a decidedly dyspeptic tendency, concluded that they could no longer stand " Miss Hall grub," and resolved to boarcl. with our worthy Prof. of Prep. Math. In one week Mrs. -reported that Mr. G. ate thirteen rolls for breakfast and Mr. E. ate a few more. It was unanimously decided that these yonng men have a case of galloping consumption. On Friday evening the 13th of March, the college chapel was filled with an eager and charming audience, which had gathered itself together to do honor to the public debate of the Mu Sigma Rho Literary Society. Promptly at 8 o'clock the debaters were conducted up the centre aisle to the rostrum by the marshals-Mr . . Childs playing the Tannhaeuser March. After the prayer by the chaplain, Mr. Redd, the president, delivered the address of welcome, which was quite a happy effort, being neither too short nor too long: It struck us as being one of the best addresses of the kind we have ever heard. Messrs. Childs and Mercer then played a duet piano and violin, which was beautifully rendered and very highly appreciated. Mr. Gilliam, the reader, gave us a remarkably fine reading of one of Uncle Remus's yarns. He elicited much applause, and deserved it all. After announcing the question, the president introduced the first speaker on the affirmative, Mr. J. V. Dickinson. This gentleman was laboring under di'fficulties,having prepared upon the wrong side of the question; and although he had only two days in which to prepare, he yet made a good speech. He might have added greatly to his speech if he had spoken faster and with more animation. The first gentleman on the negative, Mr. Geo. H. Edwards, made a very good speech, one which was full of sense and sound argument. It was indicative of much care and attention. Second on the affirmative, Mr. J. 0. Alderman, acquitted himself handsomely. About two thirds of his speech was written in rhyme, and he hit his mark almost every time 1 He kept the audience in a roar ' the whole time he was on the floor, and when he retired and took his seat we made up our minds that he couldn't be beat. Mr. Pollard then told us a great many little anecdotes, distributing some good argu-

upon

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·29

ment in between. He also evoked the mirth of the crowd and got off a good many capital things. His speech was very good indeed. The president then called for music from the orchestra, but owing to the breaking of a few fiddle stl'ings the orchestra was non com at ibus in collego up stairum, so we had to ·postpon'e that part of our programm~ till next time. The announcement was made that ·the halls and library had been lighted up and were thrown open to the public. The audience began to disperse. Here and there could be seen some love-sick youth talking to his sweetheart in that low monotone which is so familiar to us older boys. Cupid's little darts were sticking everywhere. We could see him flitting here and there, ever and anon, discharging an 'arrow into some luckless youth's heart. He even had the audacity to approach us once, but we frightened him off with a look. At a late hour the crowd began to thin out, until finally there was only on( couple in ·the hall, and as they passed out we happened to hear the young lady exclaim, " Oh ! what a delightful time I have had." · At the regular meeting of the Y. M. C. A. of Richinond College, for February, the following officers were elected for the second term of the session '84-5: President, J. G. Paty, Tennessee; VicePresident, R. A. Tucker, Amherst county; Recording Secretary, E. W. Stone, Montgomery county; Corresponding Secretary, J. G. Dickinson, Louisa county; Treasurer, J. R. Comer, Pittsylvania county. PERSONALS. We regret the loss of our friend and fellow-student B. E. Cogbill, who was called home recently by the death of his mother. Can't you come back, Ben? · C. W. Pritchett, session '83-:4, paid us a short visit last week, en route for his home, from the Baltimore Medical College. James ,R Fiel~l, ,Tr., session '82-3, is attending the Richmond Medical College. He expects to graduate this session. Success to you, Jim! E. L. Waldrop, session '82-3, is living in connubial bliss in the city of Richmond, near which place he is pastor of two churches. W. J. E. Cox, session '81-2, with his fair 'young bride, paid us a short visit a few days ago. · L. D. Shumate, session '82-3, has just embarked on the matrimonial sea.

Richmond ' College Messenger.

· J . D. Martin, who left · college at Christmas, is at his home in Pittsylvania county, having a good time.· The old students of the college will be glad ·to know that Rev, ~- C. Burnet has returned to the 01<}Dominion, and is now pastor at Blacksburg, Va. · Another son of Richmond College has gone to North Carolina. This time it is Rev. J. W. Wildman, former pastor of Roanoke.

EXCHANGES. Raving quite a number of exchanges, we cannot, as a matter of course, peruse them all carefully, but we endeavor n•t to overlook those edited by "fair hands," The Hagerstown Seminary is a real ·attractive little journal. The February No. begins with a pretty little poem, "From My Window." The sentiment of the article "The Place I Live In" is good,.but it seems to us that "My Residence," "My Rome," or even "Newberry," would have been a more appropriate caption. The Editorial Notes are good, and the Locals, girl-like. We welcome the Indiana Student to our sanctum. In the February No., which we have just been reading, appears quite a lengthy yet interesting reminiscence of pioneer life. But by far · the best article in this No. is "The Gracchi," which is indeed an honor to the Student. The Roanoke Colle,qian comes to us more as a popular magazine than a college journal. It would please the promiscuous reader at the cost of the student, for it contains few of the .students' produc-· tions sa,re the editor, and abounds in selections and matter obtained from other sources. Our idea of a college journal is that the students' training should b.e to the reader's entertainment as fout is to one. The Wake Forest Student for February abounds in interesting and solid matter on the current topics of the day. It is the largest and in some respects the most readable college paper that comes to our table. · The February No. of the Alma Mater contains ·several very interesting pieces, but niost of the subject:..matteris nothing but schoolgirl bosh. We would advise the young damsels to select literary questions, and discuss them in such a way as to inform as well as please. The writer of the piece entitled "Bachelors" looks at life

[txchanges.

from an intelligent standpoint, and we think it would be well for every bachelor to take het advice and thus prevent being disturbed by " refractory buttons," even if he is sometimes treated to " curtain lectures. We gratefully acknowledge th(! receipt of the Rugby Monthly, Randolph-Macon Monthly, Hamilton College Monthly, Fordham College Monthly, San Jacil'1to Monthly, Star Crescent, College Chips, Carsonian, P. ' M. J. Cadet, Normal News, Album, Academica, College Journal, College Message, Occident, College Banner, Oakdale Student. W, W, FOSTER,

C, 0, CAMPBELL,

B, S, CAMPBELL,

Artist and late M'g'r Davis' Art Gal'ry. Artistic Photog'r, OhiefOn1r, late Davis' Art Gal'ry,

FOSTER.

CAMPBELL

& CO.,

ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHERS, 525 E. BROADSTREET, RICHMOND, VA. Strictly Fi1·st-Class Work at moderate ·prices. Cabinet Photos. a specialty. Portraits finely finish ed in Oil, Pastel, Crayon, In "k, and Water Colors. All work inspected by a thorough artist before delivery.

TAYLOR,

IMPORTER

AND DEALER

CHINA, GLASS,QUEENSWARE, House· FurnishingGoods, STUDENT LAMPS, AND STUDENTS' SUPPLIES, RICHMOND,VA.

1011 E. MAIN STREET,(OppositePost-Office,) .-

JO:S:N'"

:Lv.[0::R..TC>~,

FI Ll 0 -1R 111 S !Tl, CORNER MAIN AND RESERVOIR S'fREETS. A large collection of Ros~s and Green-house and Bedding PlantF. ·cut Flowers a Specialty. Baskets and Ornamental Designs filll-'dat short notice at low rate s . All orders promptly attended to.

• XE

S & D-U NM

MIGIICll.i~N1! 1!~JJ!ki(!)Jl8•

211 E. BROAD STREET. RICHMOND. VA. ifO[I\)@ ~@r~ ~'It l!.@<w@t ·'\t IPro(C@le '\

' ..

ROBERTSON,

~:a

A. EL B

:a. ,~

(FORMERLY ' WITH IIECHLER,)

NO~

SEVENTH

307

STREET.

· I respectflilly ·'so'licit the patronage of Richmond College Students. and guarantee sati~faction.

Il~$.~ea.B.~ Cha$: ~-iteel,· ~DENTISTS,~ 723 MAIN STREET,

RICHMOND, VA.

JOHN.

& CO.

H. TYLER

. ' DIAMONDS, WATCHES, «JEWELRY,&C. Badge Pins and Society Medals a Sp,ecialty. WATCH REP AIRING DONE .JN 'l'HE BEST MANNER.

1003 MAIN STREET, RICHMOND VA.

[PACE BLOCK,]

GRIGG,

CORNER MAIN AND S'l'H S'l'REE'.J'S.

BOOTS, SHOES, TRUNKS, SATCHELS, &c. ALL THE NEW STYLES FOR YOUNG GENTS.

•

FLORSHEIJY-I:. I

I a.m now fully prepared to offer to Students

of Richmond College a Large Stock of

FALL AND ,vrNTER .A.N'.D

~.A.TS

CLOTHING. 0.A.PS.

GENTS'FURNISHINGGOODS , A SPECIALTY. PRIC;ES VERY LOW.

A CALL sotICITED.

B. FLORSHEIM, No. 328 B8,0AD STREET, CORNER FOURTH. ...-special

deductions

to Stud ents.

D::COX::

OL::C~E

_B,

111 · East Broad Street,

lllll

Hair Cutting; Shaving, and Dyeing done in the most artistic manner. Popular prices charged.

. F. D. JOHNSON & SON, WHOLESALE

JE-W-

•

AND RETAIL

,ELLERS,

No. 802 Main St., LYNCHBURG,VA.

•rders promptly fli!ed for all kinds of goods !Ii otir line '' All kinds of Diamond and Jewelry W01·k made to order. Watches ancl Jewelry Repaired in best mauner. · One of the ftnest expert IJe~igners and Engravers In thla conntry on Monograms, Fancy and Plain Work. Coins tor Bangles done In flue style. Write for our new Illustrated Catalogue and Price-List. Medals and Badges made to orde .r. ·

·:..'OlOIAlLI. CRUMP. & WESTj 1719 E. CARY STREET,

RICH~QND, THOS, J, STARKE.

VA. E, D. STARKE.

H. M. STARKE.

THOS. J, STARKE & SONS, Bar,Jt~fJJllfJJll§J ~ ~tJa.tiollJlfJJPSJ!J _PIANOS AND ORGANS, 909 E. MAI.JV' STREET,

RICHMOND,

V.ii..

~Miscellaneous and Religious Books, Sunday-School Supplies and . Requisites always on hand. Orders promptly filled.

ffl~&a1D111tleim & Son,

·. N'o

.. _ aaa

l~a.i.n.

E11:•. .a.::i:0~1\1.1:~N'::c:>

-v..a..

FINE WATCHES,JEWELRY,AND SILVERWARE,HOI:.IDAY AND WEDDINGPRESEN1S,.PLAIN GOLDRINGS,&c, CALL AND SEE OUR NEW INITIAL RING AND '!'EN-DOLLAR , , SIL VER WA 'rCH.

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in

·CIOIAIL 1&1 -WIO ·IOIDI ', Y~rds: Nineteenth and Cary Sts. and Broad St., above Elba Depot, RICH.MO.ND,

VIRGI.NI.d.-

G.W.LATIMER,

$5.00FOB85c A Volumeof UniversalReference. THE R, M, & CO, STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA,

This Cyclopedia is a new and valuable book for popular use, compiled by competent editors, after consultation of the best authorities, printed from new, large ., clear type, and handsomely bound In leathe1·ette iu Imitation of crocodile skin. It contains information on every conoetvable subj<>ct, and its reliability has been assured by the most careful preparation. It is of the greatest use in answering the 10,000 questions that constantly arise In regard to dates, places, persons, incidents, statistics, etP., etc. Complete In one volume. Finely illustrated. ' We want agents and canvassers, and In order that you may have n.copy to exhibit and canvass with, we make this

SPECIAL

OFFER.

To any one who will agree book to their friends and making sales, we will, upon one-cent stamps, to prepay ~;c;;/~f.• etc., forward

¥;fJi';~ CALL

PUBLISHING

to show this assist us in receipt of 35 postage ex• one copy by

CO., dmCAGO,

ILL,

•

DRUGGIST,

TOILE'r

•

ARTICLES,

CIGARS

and

TOBACCO.

Prescriptions carefully compound• ed at all hours, day or night. 'l'ele• phone orders, and C. 0. D. orders by mail or telegraph, promptly exe· cuted.

800 W. :MARSHALL ST.,

Richmond: Va. Telephone

No., 87.

RICHMOND STRAIGHT--CUT No.

1 C:CGAEETTES.

CIGARETTE SMOKERS who are willing to pay a little more for Cigar• ettes than the price charged for the ordinary trade Cigarettes, will find the RICHlUOND

STRAIGHT-CUT

No. 1.

superior to all others, . 'l'hey are made from the brightest, m0st delicately flavored and highest cost gold leaf grown in Virginia, and are absolntely without arlulteration or drugs. We use the GENUINE !<'RENCH RiuE PAPER, of own direct importation, which is made especially f, ,r us, watermarked with the name of the brand-RICHMOND STRAIGH'.r-CU'.f No. I-on each Cigarettf', without which none are genuine. Base imita• tions of this brand have been p11ton sale, and Cigarette Smokers are cautionerl that this is the OLD and ORIGIN AL brand, and to observe that each package or box of. RICHMOND S'l'RAIGH'.r-CU'.r CIGARET'l'ES bears the signature of

ALLEN&, GINTER, :Manuf'rs, Richmond, Va. Also Manufacturers of the "RICHMOND GEM," '' OPERA PUFFS," and "LITTLE BEAUTIES" CIGARET'l'ES and IUCHMO~D GEM CURLY CU'.r, OLD RIP LONG CU'l' and RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT BRANDS OF SMOKING TOBACCOS. '

PRIDDY

& T .A YLOR, DEAL1ERSI¥

. <

.GROCERIES, WIN ES, .LIQ,UORS: TOBACCO

ANJ)

CIGARS,

,.No. 717 BRO.il.D STREET,

---

- RICHJl,fO.ND, V.il..

'-11111. IAOlllllr~ . DEALER

.China, Glass,, aQ .d ijouse-F urnishing Goods, 000

·VV.

El:Et.C>AD

STR.E;E':J.11.

E3;. . :PX :E :El-C El,

403 EAST BROAD STREET,

. RICH.MO.ND. ' ' JOSEPH UWIS, with W. H. PIEJtOfil, respectfully

Invit es his fr iends to examine the tl.ne stock: of Shoes J>Ul'Chased dir ectly from factories, and made of material of the ir own sel ec ti on, at prices as low as can b e had.

ffJBB JE(g)lf]l;{g)B JJIABKBffl~ .LL

,·'.

.. . FRESH

KI~DS

AND SALTED , . M;EATS, · .

,,.

. .

Fresh·& Canned Fruits& Vegetables, Fou..ltxy,Fish.,Oystexs, And :everything usually , found in a Frll,ST -,CLASS MARl{ET at

I. WATSON PHILL,IFS\ ··

. 'ibOlW.._Gr~~e.St.

WGive Mea Trial.

E , C. MAYO•

. D , J. BURR. t

•·

& CO.,

H. T. CABQ020 921 East lllain St1·eet,

Richmond,

Va.,

SULE AGENTS FOR

DUNLAP'SCl!;LEBRATED NEWYORKHATS, Also a full line of other style hats at all pric es, Qmbrellas, · great variety, , · 1

Cane8, &c., in

FA VOitI'I'ECIG.AitE'I''l'ES '

ARE THE MILDEST, PUREST, AND BEST CIGARETTE ON THE MARKET FOR THE PRICE, · .

Only

10 -0ents

Cor 20 Cigarettes, Or :i Cent8 Cor 10 Cigarettes.

Pure VirginiaTobacco andPurestRicePaper.

· For the Finest

Made

Try · Our

~TRAIGHT WEB LIGARETr MA.~UF A.CJTURED

FINEST

BRIGHT

AND

FROM

•rHE

TOBACCO GROWN,

A REAL

PLEASURE.

,·

Purity Smoking 'I'obacco, THE PUREST, FINEST, AND BEST SMOKING MADE,

ONLY

10 CENTS

GlJA.RA.NTEED

FOR A 2oz

BAG.

A.LL NOT INJ 'lJRIOlJS.

ONLY A TRIAL AND YOU WILL BE CONVINCED.

-PACE&. ManuCactnrers,

SIZER, •

•

Richmond,

·· Va.

FORSALEBYALLRICHMOND DEALERS, A.SK FOR

THEM.