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ING 600 COURSE BOOK ACADEMIC READING & WRITING

EXPLANATION OF THE COURSEBOOK A variety of resources were compiled in the making of this coursebook, which is intended for the sole use of students of the Escuela de Idiomas of the Universidad de las AmĂŠricas for work inside and outside class. No sale or unauthorized reproduction of this coursebook is permitted. All of the materials reproduced in this coursebook, whether reproduced in part or in whole, have been acknowledged through the use of in-text references. This coursebook is intended for use in ING 600. Escuela de Idiomas Universidad de las AmĂŠricas - Ecuador

Lesson 1.1: Reading Comprehension Read the article below and then complete tasks one to four (reading comprehension). After you have finished, write an opinion paragraph on one of the topics below, using only the third person (this means no using I, me, my, we, us, our, you, your). HUGO CHÁVEZ ROTTEN LEGACY BACK in the 1990s Latin America seemed to have turned the page on military rule and embraced democracy and free-market economics, with the sole, beleaguered exception of communist Cuba. And then along came Hugo Chávez, a bumptious Venezuelan former lieutenant-colonel who, having staged a failed military coup against a democratic government, got himself elected as president in 1998. Mr Chávez proceeded to dominate his country for more than 14 years until his death this week from cancer. His secret was to invent a hybrid regime. He preserved the outward forms of democracy, but behind them he concentrated power in his own hands and manipulated the law to further his own ends. He bullied opponents, and encouraged the middle class to emigrate. He hollowed out the economy by mixing state socialism and populist redistribution with a residue of capitalism. And he glued it all together with the crude but potent rhetoric of Latin American nationalism. Mr Chávez claimed to be leading a “Bolivarian revolution” against the “empire” (i.e., the United States). It did not seem to matter that Simón Bolívar, the Venezuelan hero who liberated much of South America from Spanish colonial rule, was an Anglophile conservative. Chavismo turned out to be a remarkably successful formula: Mr Chávez won four elections by margins ranging from sweeping to comfortable and lost only one of his six referendums. In October he won a new six-year term even though campaigning was restricted by his illness, which was graver than he admitted. He spawned imitators elsewhere in Latin America, financing an anti-American alliance of like-minded leaders and client states. And he was the saviour of communism in Cuba, his aid keeping the Castros in power while slowing the transition to capitalism in a bankrupt island.

Theatre, cunning and oil Two things lay at the heart of Mr Chávez’s success. The first was his own political talent. Born in provincial obscurity, he proved to be a natural performer and communicator, with an unmatched

ability to empathise with ordinary Venezuelans, combined with plenty of cunning. If Nicolás Maduro, his appointed vice-president and anointed successor, possesses any of these skills, he has yet to reveal them. The second and bigger factor was that Mr. Chávez had the immense good fortune to come to power just as an unprecedented commodity boom was about to get under way. As the oil price soared the dollars rolled in, without the Bolivarian revolution having to work for them. Mr Chávez used this windfall to buy himself popular support, with social programmes and handouts. The oil-fuelled bounty seemed to vindicate his claim that before his advent, Venezuelans had been impoverished by “neo-liberalism”. But the writing on the wall for Venezuela is no longer just Bolivarian slogans. Although commodity prices may not be about to fall, they are no longer rising as they did in the 2000s. After ramping up spending ahead of October’s election, the government posted a fiscal deficit of 8.5% of GDP last year, financed in part by mortgaging some of its future oil output to China. Last month it devalued the currency by 32%. As acting president since December, Mr Maduro has continued in his boss’s vein, issuing threats against the opposition and private business and expelling a couple of American diplomats. No doubt Mr Chávez’s death will prompt a sympathy vote that will help Mr Maduro win the election that the constitution now demands. Latin Americans have a necrophiliac streak, and the opposition, though stronger than in the past, is reeling from defeat in presidential and regional elections last year. But Mr Maduro lacks Mr Chávez’s authority. Assuming he wins, he will have to stabilise the economy while imposing his will on his faction-ridden party. The place may unravel. Behind the propaganda, Venezuela’s ugly reality is that of a corrupt, cynical and incompetent regime. It is regrettable that Mr Chávez will not be around to reap the whirlwind he has sown: perversely, the worse things now get in Venezuela, the more this will flatter his memory. So despite its malign effect on Venezuela, chavismo will survive its creator’s demise, much as Peronism has outlived Colonel Juan Perón in Argentina.

The venom behind the bear hugs Elsewhere in Latin America, Mr Chávez’s influence has waned in recent years. Ecuador’s Rafael Correa is best placed to inherit his mantle: in power since 2007, he romped to another four-year term at an election in February—and he has oil. But Ecuador, like Bolivia, where Evo Morales, a fellow socialist, remains unchallenged, lacks Venezuela’s size, wealth and clout. Argentina’s Cristina Fernández, a semi-detached ally, has mounting problems of her own. As for Cuba, which gets around $6 billion a year from Venezuela, the Castros have

manoeuvred to put Mr Maduro, their closest Venezuelan ally, in power. Cuban communism and the Bolivarian revolution have swum together; if Mr Maduro falters, they may sink together. Mr Chávez’s fans claim that, thanks to him, Latin America freed itself from subjection to the United States. The continent certainly grew in confidence while he was in power, but that happened because of better economic management and rising trade with China, not because of anything Mr Chávez did. His scarlet beret may look good on bourgeois T-shirts in Greenwich Village and Islington, but Latin America’s real working-class hero has been Brazil’s Lula. And despite all the bear hugs at Latin 5

American summits, Mr Chávez did not further the continent’s cause. Although Latin America’s leaders—including Lula—have been reluctant to denounce Mr Chávez, they know that he prevented it from fulfilling its potential and uniting behind democracy and open markets. With luck, chavismo will now have lost much of its sting. His death could help break the deadlock that has stalled Latin American integration. The Chávez formula—exploiting inequality and social grievances to demonise the opposition—will remain a powerful one. But now that the man has gone Latin America’s democrats have an easier task.

Adapted from: The Economist. (2013, March 9th). Hugo Chavez’s Rotten Legacy. Retrieved from http://www. economist.com/news/leaders/21573106-appeal-populist-autocra cy-has-been-weakened-not-extinguished-hugo-ch%C3%A1vezs-rotten

Lesson 1.2: Topic Sentence and Controlling Idea For more information see Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2007). Introduction to Academic Writing Level 3. New York: Pearson Education. Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure, pp. 37-43. A well-developed paragraph is composed by a group of several sentences that are closely related: Topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph is about although it never gives details. It has two components: a topic and a controlling idea that is also called a main point; as follows:

The following topic sentences are too general or too specific. Correct them by writing them out again.

President Obama is a good president. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Yasuni should not be exploited because it is going to destroy the natural habitat, by polluting the soil, and also because of the deforestation that will occur in the construction process. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Poverty is caused by inequality. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The World Bank contributes to the underdevelopment of developing countries, as can be seen with the conditional loans, which mandate the allocation of funds to specific projects that are approved only by the World Bank, given to poor countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Read the topic sentences below; identify mistakes and correct them. Smart watches generate good impacts on people´s lives. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Now a days technology development go to fast and people has to adapt. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Playing poker nowadays is considered as a Profession in United States ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise reduce the risk of diseases. In particular, heart diseases and obesity. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… The deforestation implies to destroy the habitat of the special kinds of birds because, it process remove the trees and destroy the home of the birds, this could be kill them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… The smart watches have a really big impact on people’s lives. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… In long term we will not have many trees and rivers that we care. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Africa is ones of the continent that has the highest rates of poverty in the world. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Write topic sentences for the topics given

The Bolivarian Revolution ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Carbon-neutral cities ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. The legacy of Hugo Chávez ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Lesson 1.3: Supporting Sentences Give more details and expand the topic sentence. Supporting sentences usually answer the questions why or how. For instance:

The following were developed by a group of inexperienced students; analyze them to see whether the supporting sentences and details respond to the topic sentence. If sentences are off-topic, rewrite them.

Lesson 1.4: Concluding Sentence The concluding sentence is the last one in a paragraph. It either sums up the supporting sentences or restates the topic sentence.

Choose the sentence that best paraphrases the following topic sentence.

STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTS ARE RELATED TO WORK INEFFICIENCY. Inefficiency is the result of a stressful atmosphere. A pleasant working environment may avoid inefficiency. Inefficient people work in stressful environment. People are inefficient because the environment is stressful.

Write an opinion paragraph on one of the following topics

a. The legacy of Hugo Chavez b. “Chavismo” versus “neoliberalism” c. Latin American socialism d. Stress at work and inefficiency e. The Internet, harmful or useful tool f. The role of examinations

Lesson 1.5: Fixing run-on sentences

For more information go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGqGWMoRJC0

A “run-on sentence” is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses fall within a single sentence, without proper punctuation. In English, the general rule is that a sentence has only one idea or independent clause. Exceptions can be made for lists, or two similar ideas that are joined within a single sentence through the use of a semi-colon (;).

Exercises on run on sentences

For more exercises go to http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/cgi-shl/quiz.pl/run-ons_add1.htm

The periods in this article have been replaced with commas, making run-on sentences. Fix the run-on sentences by replacing the commas (,) with periods (.) where appropriate. When you have finished, define the bolded terms within the context of the article. Make any other changes as necessary. CHINA’S ECONOMY: TIME FOR A PROPERTY TAX CHINA’S economy is so huge, and its significance to the world so great, that it is easy to forget the country’s property market is still in its adolescence, two decades ago most city folk were consigned to dilapidated quarters provided by their state-owned employer, in the years since then house building has boomed and the cult of home ownership has taken a hold on the Chinese psyche, but the market has seen epic swings, and prices are now falling in many big cities. This is having a big impact on China’s local governments, they carry out over four-fifths of the country’s public spending, but pocket only half of the taxes, to help make up the difference, they rely on expropriating land from farmers and flogging it to bullish property developers, but as developers struggle, land sales are dwindling, as a result, local-government revenue is drying up, popular resentment, meanwhile, is not, in Wukan, in the southern province of Guangdong, aggrieved villagers rose up in December against land-grabbing officials, chasing the local party chief away. In other parts of the world local governments raise revenues by taxing homes based on something like their market value, in China taxing property is a touchy subject, the government had tried imposing a variety of levies on the sale, size and historical cost of property, but none on the market value of homes, that changed a year ago, when Chongqing and Shanghai, two giant cities, introduced a pilot tax on some upmarket homes, the tax was largely symbolic, levied at low rates on a few thousand homes in each city, but it nonetheless set a precedent, China should now broaden that tax to as many properties as possible, in cities across the country. For local governments a fully fledged property tax would provide a stable source of revenue, unlike workers or businesspeople, homes cannot up sticks and leave, a property tax raises revenue year after year, in contrast to a land lease, which can be sold only once, what’s more, such taxes allow local authorities to capture some of the value they create: as they invest in local amenities, property values rise, and so do the taxes they are able to collect.

Home truths A property tax could also temper the wild swings in China’s housing market, a recurring levy would make it costlier to buy and hold a second or third home as a speculative bet on rising prices, that would force some absentee homeowners to sell their vacant flats or rent them to the many citizens priced out of the market, some economists believe that the light taxation of land in Japan contributed to its ruinous asset-price bubble in the 1980s. A property tax would by no means be easy to implement in China, it would require homes to be registered, title to be clear and the appraisal of property values to be credible, but similar obstacles have been overcome in other developing economies, including many cities in India. Under Chairman Mao, taxes on private property all but vanished along with private property itself, today’s Chinese set no store by the old socialist doctrine that “property is theft,” but many urban Chinese now think of taxation that way, they feel, with some justification, that they already pay too much to a state that provides too little. This antipathy is not lost on China’s local governments, they are wary of angering the urban middle class, who own their own homes, and the city elites (including party officials and their families), who usually own several, so they continue to cause anger by throwing rural folk off their land, China must now act boldly to reform its taxation of property, otherwise it will have to face the consequences of continued weak local-government finances and even more social unrest.

Source The Economist. (2012, February 4th). China’s Economy: Time for a Property Tax. Retrieved from : http://www.economist.com/node/21546014

Why is a property tax not easy to implement in China?

What may the consequences of continued weak local-government finances be?

How does the government make money by expropriating farmers’ land?

What is China’s tax housing policy at present?

Why would a fully fledged property tax provide a permanent source of revenue?

What does “fully fledged” in the following sentence mean?

What does dwindling in the following phrase mean?

The authors states, “A property tax could also temper the wild swings in China’s housing market…” Do you agree with the author? Why? Explain your answer.

Lesson 1.6: “False-Cognates” Vocabulary Warm up

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4TCIEF7CP0

The following vocabulary words have different meanings in English than the words of a similar Spanish form. Students make flashcards for the vocabulary list below. On one side they write the word, and on the other side they write the definition. Play a class/group game that tests the student´s knowledge of the meanings.

1.Actual/actually 2.Assist 3.Attend 4.Basement 5.Bizarre 6.Billion 7.Body 8.Bother 9.Camp 10.Carpet

21.Embarassed 22.Exit 23.Fabric 24.Futile 25.Inconsequential 26.Introduce 27.Investigation 28.Inversion 29.Investment/invest 30.Molest

11.Choke 12.Complexion 13.Compromise 14.Constipated 15.Contamination 16.Contest 17.Deception 18.Desperate 19.Disgust 20.Destitute

31.Pregnant 32.Pretend 33.Realize 34.Record 35.Sane 36.Sensible 37.Sensitive 38.Support 39.Success 40.Ultimately

Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the vocabulary list above.

My friend has morning sickness; I wonder if she is __________. I hate when the teacher calls me up to the front of the class, I get so __________. I’m sorry teacher, but this Friday I won’t be able to __________ class. I’m sorry teacher, but this Friday I can’t __________ you with class. Quit __________ me, I’m trying to finish my homework. I think you’re right; that seems like the most __________ solution to our problem. I don’t understand that magic trick, it’s so __________. Help her, she’s __________ on her food! Hi everybody. I would like to __________ you all to my friend Carolina. The new socio-economic policies of the government have led to a real __________ of the status quo. The government should __________ more money in public health and education. I brought my video camera, but forgot to __________ the concert.

In two groups, students play a game of Pictionary, Taboo word, bingo, etc. using the “false-cognates” vocabulary.

Writing Portfolio In class, under test conditions, students are to write a 2-3 paragraph piece discussing what they think this course is about and what they hope to learn by the end of it. 150-200 words.

ORAL SECTION

Reading comprehension Is are given 15-20 minutes to read the text below and then they are orally assessed by answering the questions at the bottom. Notes: students may take notes during reading time. These notes will be handed to the teacher immediately after the reading time, along with the article. The notes will then be given back to the student when they begin their oral evaluation. After the evaluation, confiscate and discard the notes of each student.

Today, 40 million workers across advanced economies are unemployed. Yet businesses can’t fill job openings because they can’t find qualified workers. This labor market dysfunction is a manifestation of the rapid evolution of the nature of work and the inability of worker skills -- and labor market institutions -- to keep up with the pace of creative destruction in business. As a result of these changes, many jobs that were lost during the recession may be gone for good -- bad news for the workers who held them and perhaps for the economies in which they live, too. To meet the long-range challenge, wealthy nations will need to find new approaches that go beyond simply stimulating growth. Here are five trends from the McKinsey Global Institute’s latest discussion paper, “Help Wanted: The Future of Work in Advanced Economies,” that explore the forces shaping which jobs are created, who fills them, where they are located, and what they pay.

1. Technology is changing the nature of work. Over the past three decades, technology has altered how production and routine transaction work is done -- substituting machines for assembly-line workers and ATMs for bank tellers; for example. The next frontier is “interaction work,” the fastest-growing employment category, which includes low-skill jobs that must be done face-to to-face (such as day-care work), as well as the managers and professionals who are the costliest corporate resources.

One shift underway is for companies to disaggregate these jobs into multiple tasks-and reassigning the routine tasks to lower-skill employees, the way a paralegal takes on the routine work of attorneys. This model applies to other professions and to corporate roles, such as human-resources managers, which in many companies has been broken down into subspecialties (benefits administration, compensation, etc.). Jobs today are also becoming more “virtual” -- with broadband connections, cloud computing, and other technology, many interaction jobs can be conducted “anytime, anywhere,” making it possible for employers to engage talent (fulltime employees or contract workers) on an as-needed basis.

2. The growing skills mismatch. The divergence between the prospects of highly educated workers with advanced skills and those with less education is growing. In the United States, the unemployment rate for college graduates has never topped 5 percent since 2008, while the unemployment rate for high school dropouts rose to more than 15 percent at its peak in 2009 and 2010. Across OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, the trend is clear: jobs that are being created are increasingly for workers with more education and skills. As a result, many workers are being left behind. By 2020, MGI projects that the United States may be short 1.5 million workers with college or graduate degrees -- and face a surfeit of nearly 6 million workers who have not completed high school. Similarly, France’s employers could be looking for 2.2 million more baccalaureate holders than will be available, while that nation will have an oversupply of 2.3 million workers who do not have their “bacs.” If this skill mismatch persists, advanced economies will face a growing pool of permanently unemployed. 19

3. Geography matters. Exacerbating the skilled vs. unskilled problem are geographic mismatches: workers with desired skills are often in short supply where companies are hiring, while places with the highest unemployment may have little job creation. This geographic imbalance is occurring both across national borders and within them. In the United States, while unemployment stands at more than 12 percent in Nevada (which was badly hurt by a massive real estate bubble), only three states away, Nebraska has only 4 percent of the workforce out of a job. And surprisingly, compared with their parents and grandparents, todayâ€™s working-age Americans are less likely to relocate to find work. Other advanced economies, such as Britain, France, and even Germany, have similarly stark differences in regional levels of growth and employment. Unemployment in southern Europe is almost twice as high as in northern Europe. Within Britain, for example, the unemployment rate is 6 percent in the southeast and 12 percent in the northeast. Policymakers must find new ways to encourage mobility, for instance through tax incentives, such as generous tax deductions for moving expenses incurred in connection with employment. Some companies are creating virtual jobs that allow them to hire people wherever they are located -- gaining access to a broader base of talent and saving on real estate costs in the process.

4. Growing pools of untapped talent. Because of changes in the nature of work and demographics, many advanced economies have growing pools of untapped talent, especially among the young, women, and people approaching retirement age. The growing number of unemployed youth poses a serious long-range challenge. Across the OECD, youth unemployment has risen to nearly 18 percent -- and in some countries it is twice that average. Young people who cannot find work suffer life-long handicaps; their earnings never catch up and they are far more likely to rely on government assistance down the road. Unemployment among Spanish youth has continued to rise since the debt crisis and now stands at close to 50 percent, which could lead to many years of joblessness -- and diminished career opportunities -- for millions of young Spaniards as well as additional costs for a government that is trying to reduce its fiscal deficits. Creating pathways to employment for these young people must be a priority. Raising the labor force participation of women and older workers also presents an opportunity and can help fill the skill gap. Workers older than 55 will be an increasingly important 20

resource in advanced economies. In Europe, where the population is aging rapidly, the potential loss of talent is significant. Advanced economies that can raise the employment rate for older workers -- rather than seeing them pensioned off -- will have an easier time filling the high-skill jobs that will drive growth and productivity. In many countries, women represent an under-utilized labor pool, too. For instance, if Germany raised the labor participation rate of women (currently 53 percent) to Swedenâ€™s level (61 percent) it could cut its anticipated shortage of skilled workers by one-third.

5. Disparity in income growth. Trends in job creation are contributing to growing income polarization across advanced economies. Households at the bottom of the distribution have seen little or no income growth in many countries over the last decade, raising questions about aggregate demand, living standards, and social stability. As we have seen, globalization and technology have greatly increased demand for highly skilled workers, pushing up wages for these people and reducing demand for the less-skilled. Other factors are driving growing income disparity as well. One is shifting patterns in family formation: across the OECD, the proportion of single-headed households (single adults with and without children) has risen by 25 percent since the 1980s, limiting the growth of household income. At the same time, marriage rates rise along with educational attainment -- and with high earners more frequently marrying one another, it further widens the income gap. As a result, most advanced economies have seen incomes grow faster for the highest earners than for the lowest. *** As a result of these trends, advanced economies face a long-term jobs problem that they will not be able to address adequately with standard solutions. Both policy makers and business leaders will need to find new approaches. Of course, governments will need to continue to encourage overall economic growth -- using fiscal and monetary policy, and removing barriers to business expansion. But restoring aggregate demand alone may not be enough to put all of todayâ€™s unemployed back 21

to work. To do so, governments will need to adopt policies and strategies aimed directly at preparing the workforce -- making sure there are bodies and skills ready for the jobs of tomorrow. Itâ€™s of fundamental importance for national competitiveness. Continuing to improve primary and secondary education and overhauling post-secondary and vocational education for young people who are not headed to college and for mid-career workers who need retraining must be a priority. Relatively simple steps like creating a national jobs database -- to enable students and workers to see what jobs are in demand and what credentials are needed -- would help. In addition, policy makers can unlock growth and job creation by promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, catalyzing investment in infrastructure, and streamlining regulatory approval processes. Business also has a critical interest in finding solutions to the jobs challenge. In a global economy, companies will continue to seek talent wherever they can find it and at the most attractive cost. But this formula is becoming more complex and simply finding the best-priced labor is no longer always the optimum solution. Companies have rising concerns about supply chain risk -- from natural disasters and other causes -- and are seeing wages rise in coastal China and in Indiaâ€™s offshoring capitals. One strategy is for companies to make talent development a competitive advantage; when the critical resource is talent, companies that can find a steady supply of highly qualified workers and teach them distinctive skills should outperform rivals who canâ€™t. This will require stepping up investments in workforce training to levels we have not seen previously. Infosys, the Indian IT services giant, has become one of the top training institutions in the world, capable of putting 14,000 new employees at a time through its 23-week program. This capability has given Infosys a competitive advantage and has helped enable its rapid growth. Companies can also tap into new pools of skilled talent by using technology to bridge the geographic divide -- offering flexible, remote work arrangements to workers they could not hire otherwise. In the coming years, companies that can build up their own supplies of the best trained and motivated workers will win -- and so will the economies in which they operate. Adapted from: Auguste, B., Lund, S. & Manyika, J. (March 16, 2012) Help Wanted. FP The Magazine. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/16/help-wanted/

Define the bolded terms within the context of the article (Optional - may be allocated as a homework task after the oral is completed).

Pace:

The speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes

Long-range:

Far-reaching

Shaping:

Form

Costliest:

The most expensive

Shift:

Change

Attorney:

Lawyer

Mismatch:

Not suitable

Drop-outs:

To stop doing something

Surfeit:

Surplus

Exacerbating:

To make something that is already bad even worse

Relocate:

Move/transfer

Untapped:

Unexploded

Diminished:

Reduced

Pensioned off :

Retired

Shortage:

Lack

Attainment:

Achievement

Overhauling:

Inspect

Streamlining:

Coordinate

Offshoring:

The moving of various operations of a company to another country for reasons such as lower labor costs or more favorable economic conditions in that other country

Steady:

Stable

Tap into:

Take advantage

How does this article suggest that technological development can simultaneously destroy and create jobs?

Why do unemployed youth suffer â€œlife-long handicapsâ€??

How does this article suggest that geography can exacerbate unemployment and what recommendations are made to address this problem?

What factors does this article suggest are driving income disparity across advanced economies?

What are some of the recommendations that this article makes to increase employment in advanced economies?

What is the explanation the article gives regarding the disparity in income growth?

The article states that workers with desired skills are often in short supply where companies are hiring. What can be done in order to solve this problem? Written Task

Analyse all the body paragraphs from the essay HELP WANTED. Insert each paragraph information in the paragraph outline format. The amount of supporting sentences and examples may vary in each paragraph. Reproduce this format as many times as you need.

References Auguste, B., Lund, S. & Manyika, J. (March 16, 2012) Help Wanted. FP The Magazine. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/03/16/help-wanted/ Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2007). Introduction to Academic Writing Level 3. New York: Pearson Education. Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure, pp. 37-43. The Economist. (2013, March 9th). Hugo Chavezâ€™s Rotten Legacy. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21573106-appeal-populist-autocra cy-has-been-weakened-not-extinguished-hugo-ch%C3%A1vezs-rotten The Economist. (2012, February 4th). Chinaâ€™s Economy: Time for a Property Tax. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/21546014>

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