ARCH 696 ⮑ Spring 2022
Lynn Mayekawa
- Field Investigations of and Speculations on Hawai'i's Botanical Future-
On Behalf of Plants:
01 Collect 1A
Chronicle
1B
Chart
1C
Tree Portraiture
1D
Tree Phenology + Morphogenesis
02 Collaborate 2A
Plant Practices + Cultural Production
2B
Plant Perspectives
2C
Plant Products
2D
Dimensions of Production + Performance
03 Speculate 3A
Dimensions of Plant Potential
1A
Chronicle
This is a chronicle of Hawaiʻi's only endemic palm: Pritchardia spp. or commonly called loulu in Hawaiʻi . Pritchardia mitiaroana on Mitiaro in the Cook Islands and French Polynesia, P. thurstonii in Fiji and P. pacifica, assumed from Fiji but confidently from the South Pacific are the assumed ancestors of Hawaiian loulu. Pritchardia spp. is genetically similar to Acoelorrhaphe, Brahea, Copernicia, Seremoa and Washingtonia from the Americas and Johannesteijsmannia, Licuala and Livistonia from Asia and the Pacific. The most recognizable symbol of Hawaiʻi might be the coconut palm. It was an important plant for the entire Pacific region so there is no doubt that it should be an icon. The reading about coconut's spread throughout the world is actually pretty helpful in understanding a little about how unusual the loulu distribution is across the islands. Coconuts, when taking care of its own migration and distribution, cluster along shorelines. It is the water that brings them across
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the globe. It is humans that move them away from the shore. As a palm, loulu likely floated on the currents to the islands. We presume that they populated the shorelines. But when human inhabitants first arrived, loulu, in at least 24 species, covered considerable swaths of the islands; they were some of the densest forests on the islands. Somehow they moved from the shore to the mountains but natural forces. Researchers assume birds brought them to mountain tops where they developed their individual, distinguishable traits. There are two remaining loulu forests left across the islands. One on Nīhoa and one on an islet off the northern coast of Molokaʻi, Huelo Islet. The isolation from humans and other predators have preserved these forest ecosystems. Hawaiians, it appears, had only two names for loulu: loulu hiwa and loulu lelo. Western botanists arrived and started differentiating the many different loulu, putting their own names on the plants. Loulu lelo is presumed to the Pritchardia hillebrandii. We will be focusing on loulu lelo and Huelo Islet.
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
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Pritchardia spp. | Timeline
1B
Chart
Hawaiian loulu occur in a variety of habitats high and low, dry and wet in disturbed mixed forests, ravines, canyons, gulches, cliffs, offshore islets, sea level to about 4,000 ft. elevation. Loulu seem happiest between 1,500 to 3,500 ft in wet forests but there are lowland varieties that are well-adapted and thrive at coastlines and at lower elevations. Huelo Islet is an example of a lowland loulu forest. South Pacific species inhabit moist forests on limestone substrates at low elevations, showing much less travel of the plant from coast and lowlands to mountains and valleys. The ancestors of these Pacific fan palms are purported to be carried along the waves or by birds With 24 different species of loulu, each palm has a series of different characteristics: trunk girth, leaf size, leaf surface, color, height, length of flower and frut stalks, how tomentose or glaucose the leaves' underside are, size of seeds, flowers—the list is endless. In the images below, Rock and Beccari recorded the difference in seed size in the A Monographic Study of the Genus Pritchardia. The amount of variability is a reminder of how many different climates and conditions we have on the islands. It is also a good reminder that loulu have been here for a huge swath of time, allowing for the adaptations the genus produced.
Elevation Distribution Across the Islands
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1C
Tree Portraiture
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According to Donald Hodel, a key loulu researcher, there are 24 endemic loulu in Hawaiʻi. The greatest variety of the species developed in these islands and there were suppositions, among Beccari and Rock, that the palm developed here first then traveled to the South Pacific. The palms developed based on microclimates and geology so that many palms would be identified by its location and not necessarily the physical features of the palm.
Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Web
The leaves vary by color, size, length of leaf stalk, whether or not tips droop and if leaves lay flat or undulate. Leaves often fall off in their own but in some cases, they can form a skirt. The leaf blade, the fan section of the leaf, is comprised of induplicate (upward folding) segments joined at the basal part and separated at the tips. The leaves are costapalmate, meaning the leaf stalk extend into the leaf blade. Upperside of the leaf blade are typically green with underside typically being green. Variations in the color under the leaves are dictated by presence and density of lepidia, light-colored scale-like hairs that can make the undersides appear lighter green to almost silvery-white. Blades can be covered in a waxy bloom that make leaf appear grayish-green, as can happen with P. hillebrandii. The length of flower and fruit stalks can also be an indicator of the species and they range from shorter than leaf stalk to extending beyond the leaf blade. Fruits range from as small as 1/2" and as large as lilikoi. Bark can be smooth and gray showing faint leaf scars to a rough, cork-like texture that is grooved vertically to deeply furrowed. Much of the decline of loulu forests were due to humans and other introduced fauna reducing the number of viable seeds able to germinate. Loulu, prior to human contact, appeared to be successful enough to populate forests.
1/4" = 1'-0" 0"
1'
2'
5'
New leaves emerge from the , center of the crown, called a leaf spike. Leaf spikes are usually wooly and leaf is tightly folded and unfurls into the familar fan palm shape.
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022 Leaf Blade
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Leaves emerge full size. up to 4' 4'
Wooly or cottony along ridges on the underside of the leaf.
Fibers usually found at leaf base creating a hairy appearance.
25'
up to 4'
The underside of loulu leaf ridges, their stalks and leaf bases are usually covered in wooly or cottony to fibrous hairs.
Leaf Stalk
up to 4'
Leaf Base
Flower Stalk
Yellow flowers are densly arranged and plant is hermaphroditic with both staminate and pistillate parts. Loulu flowers are very distinct among palms. When ready for pollination flowers are aromatic and the nectar attracts populations of pollinators and nectargatherers such as bees, Kamehameha butterfly and honeycreepers.
1/3"
Loulu means umbrella. Fittingly, leaves were often used as fans or for shade. Leaves are costapalmate with induplicate folds. Blades of this loulu are wavy.
up to 4'
Roots
Fruit Stalk
2'
Pritchardia hillebrandii Loulu Lelo
Roots are fibrous and rather shallow. They spread out from the base of the trunk and up to 2' deep.
Fruit, called hāwane, can be consumed unripe and are rumored to taste like coconut. Endemic loulu have larger seeds than S. Pacific Pritchardia spp.
1/2"
Seed
A.
B.
C.
A. Mature fruit are often dark skinned, almost black. B. Interior of mature fruit and whole seed. C. Interior of seed showing embryo.
Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Plant Portrait
Juvenile Loulu with Leaf Spike
Latin Name
Common Name
Distribution
Number Ecology
Conservation Status
Color
Height
Trunk Crown
Flower Stalk Fruit Stalk
Palm
Pritchardia arecina
East Maui Loulu
Maui
500 wet forest
Species of Concern
underside rust
50'
10-20" ~20 leaves
Palm
Palm
Stalk
Blade
5'
5'
brown to golden Pritchardia bakeri
Bakerʻs Loulu
Oʻahu
≈ 250 wet forest
Endangered
Pritchardia flynii Pritchardia forbesiana
Beccariʻs Loulu Flynnʻs Loulu Forbseʻs Loulu
Hawaiʻi Hawaiʻi Maui, Molokaʻi
≥ 1,000 wet to very wet forest ≈ 250 wet forest ≈ 270 wet forest
Species of Concern
underside silvery to 30'
Species of Concern Species of
underside greenish underside greyish underside green
8-10"
35-40 leaves 1-2'
2-3'
Pritchardia gordinii
Smooth Loulu Gordonʻs Loulu
Lānaʻi, Maui Hawaiʻi
≈ 200 dry to moist forest < 25 moist to wet forest
Pritchadia hardyi
Hardyʻs Loulu
Kauaʻi
≈ 300 wet to very wet forest
Pritchardia hillebrandii
Loulu Lelo
Molokaʻi
≈ 200 moist forest
Endangered Endangered
underside green underside green
65' 20' 30'
8-10" 8-12" 8-12"
15' 65'
8-12" 10"
30'
8-12"
Critically Endangered
greyish white
Species of Concern
leaf blade green but 25'
6-10"
Candidate for Listing/
underside silvery
Tips
Shape
= Leaf
< Leaf
= Leaf
> Leaf
Stalk
Stalk
Blade
Blade
Blade
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
large spherical
X
X
crown of leaves
X
X
large fruit
X
X
felt like hairs
X
X
abundant fibers at base large moderate fibers at base wavy to nearly flat
25-30 leaves 6' ~25 leaves 20 leaves,
3' 3'
6'
15 leaves, 30 leaves, 30 leaves 35 leaves
2-3' 4'
large, flat
stiff
2' 3'
wavy
stiff stiff
copious fibers at leaf
X
base
X
3' 4' x 6'
Pritchadia kahukuensis
Kaʻala Loulu Kahuku Loulu
Oʻahu Oʻahu
155 dry to moist forest ≈ 250 wet forest
Endangered Endangered
underside green underside silvery
30' 50'
6-10" 8-12"
20 leaves 30 leaves
Woolly Loulu
Hawaiʻi
≈ 300 wet to very wet forest
Species of
underside green
25-45'
6-20"
20 leaves
X
X
X
X
X
small fruit
X
X
fibers at leaf base
pendulous
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
l
X
X
X
small fruit
Hawaiʻi
Pritchardia maideniana
Maidenʻs Loulu
Hawaiʻi
Pritchardia martii
Martiusʻs Loulu,
Oʻahu
≈ 2,000 wet forest ≈ 50 very dry to moist forest ≥ 10,000 moist to wet forest
4' x 3'
flat
stiff
X X
X
4'
4'
flat
stiff
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
large spherical
X
X
crown of leaves
X
X
small fruit
X
X
dense, pinkish brown
5' 3'
4'
wavy drooping
4'
3'
4' x 5'
small fruit
Small Loulu
Species of Concern
underside green
35'
8-10"
25 leaves
3'
4'
Endangered/ Critically
green sometimes
30-70'
6-12"
25 leaves
3-4'
3-4'
Endangered
with very slightly
Species of Concern
underside silvery
30'
6-12"
25 leaves
4'
4'
≈ 500 moist to wet forest
Species of Concern
underside silvery
30'
3-5"
15 leaves
2'
X
X
X
hairless
X
large fruit
X
X
skirt of old/dead
X
X
conspicuously wavy
persistent leaves
X
X
X
X
X
X
large fruit
X
X
dense, pinkish brown
moderate fibers at base wavy to nearly flat
3'
small fruit
diamond-shaped, stiff
of leaf stalk Kauaʻi
flat
stiff
small fruit
greyish white Pritchardia munroi
Munroʻs Loulu
Maui, Molokaʻi
< 50 dry to moist forest
Endangered/Critically
underside green
wooly hairs on branchlets 15'
4-6"
15 leaves
3'
X
X
small fruit
X
X
uniform greyish brown
X
X
small fruit
X
X
hairless
X
X
small fruit, hairless
X
X
hairless
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
lacking cottony hairs on
X
X
ridge folds near
X
X
small fruit
hemispherical
X
X
dense, velvety hairs
crown
X
X
3'
Endangered Pritchadia napaliensis
Nāpali Loulu
Kauaʻi
> 90 moist to wet forest
Endangered/Critically
hairs underside green
30'
7"
15 leaves
3'
3'
nearly flat
Endangered Pritchardia perlmanii Pritchardia remota
Perlmanʻs Loulu Remote Loulu
Kauaʻi Nīhoa, Niʻihau
> 500 wet to very wet forest 680 dry forest
Species of
underside silvery
15'
Concern/Endnagered
greyish white
Endangered
green but with very 30'
8-12" 6-12"
30 leaves 35 leaves
3' 4'
3'
nearly flat
4'
stiff
wavy
slightly waxy greyish Pritchardia schattaueri
Schattauerʻs Loulu
Hawaiʻi
12 moist forest
Endangered/Critically
small fruit
wooly hairs on branchlets
Loulu Hiwa Pritchardia minor
large fruit, wider than
3'
X Lowreyʻs Loulu
small fruit, felt like hairs large fruit
Concern/Endnagered Pritcahrdia lowreyana
large fruit
strongly
greyish white Pritchadia lanigera
large fruit
moderate to abundant
waxy greying Pritchardia kaalae
Notes
< Leaf
of leaf stalk
Concern/Endnagered Pritchadia glabrata
Leaf blade
of leaf stalk
greying white Pritchardia beccariana
Fibers/ Hairy?
underside green
80'
12"
30 leaves
6'
6'
Endangered
abundant fibers @ base
drooping
of leaf stalk
X
small fruit, hairless small fruit large fruit, spherical to longer than wide
Pritchardia viscosa
Viscous Loulu
Kauaʻi
3 wet to very wet forest
Endangered/Critically
underside green
30'
8-18"
25 leaves
3'
4'
stiff
Endangered Pritchardia waialealeana
Waiʻaleʻale Loulu
Kauaʻi
< 250 wet to very wet forest
Species of Concern/
underside green
65'
10-18" 40 leaves
3'
4'
Vulnerable Pritchardia woodii
Woodʻs Loulu
Maui
< 300 moist to wet forest
Endangered
underside green
50'
8-10"
20 leaves
3'
5'
small fruit
X
large fruit
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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Environmental Influences
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Environmental Influences
A B C
D D
E 0"
A. B. C.
This particular P. hillebrandii is located at Foster Botanical Garden. The palm dog legs mysteriously with no obvious environtmental factor to cause the bend. There was a tree that had to be removed which may have created the shaded condition that caused the trunk perturbance. There is also a spot on the elbow of the first curve, possibly insect damage or a branch falling from a taller tree. The freeway is located mauka of Foster Garden, it is about 30-40' below grade of the garden. There is likely affects of pollution on all the plants in the garden.
D. E.
1'
2'
NTS 5'
Loulu are shade tollerant up to 4', allowing them to succeed in the understory of forests. They will shoot up past the faorest canopy. The Rock Palm collection in the UH Arboretum is a nod to the original planting and botanical legacy of the campus. This specimen is located in the shade of a grouping of areca palms and other plants. Since loulu are shade tolerant to 4', this particular palm grew straight to 4' and then started to reach for the sun, resulting in the slight bend to the trunk.
1D
Plant Phenology + Morphogenesis
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All stages are seen concomitantly in a forest setting, ensuring that as older palms reach the end of their life cycle there are successive palms ready to maintain the canopy. Loulu can be integrated as companions within other forest settings, living amongst trees such as ohiʻa lehua, or they can be the forest canopy that encourages its own diverse understory. The fact that isolated and preserved lowland forests such as Huelo or Nīhoa persist allows us to peer into a pre-human Hawaiʻi and perhaps help us to understand one version of an island ecosystem we would never have been able to observe. Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Seedling Study
1:1 0"
1/2"
1"
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022 A. B. C. D. E.
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Loulu seed Germination: 2+ months [outer husk must detriorate for germination to begin, seeds are half exposed] Seedling: first leaves appear over the next few months and start with leaf segments attached through the tip Seedling: leaf segments start to split apart, looking more like traditional fan palm leaves. Full trunk girth achieved with leaf spike: over the next 2
F. G. H.
years palms achieve their full trunk girth. Leaf spike emerges from top crown and pushes older leaves down and out. Hairs along palm tips seen as spike opens. Palms can be fast growing, growing 30" per year, taking up to 10 years to reach full stature. Flowers first appear at 5 years. They can flower year-round. Flowers are hermaphroditic. Fruits appear 3-4 months after flowers, loulu start to produce viable fruit in about 7-8 years.
Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Life Cycle
SEED
A G
FLOWERING STARTS: 5 YRS
GERMINATION
B
E H
FULL HEIGHT WITH RIPE FRUITS
JUVENILE
C
D
SEEDLINGS
F
PALM GROWING
1/4" = 1'-0" 0"
1'
2'
5'
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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Life Cycle
2A
Plant Practices + Cultural Production
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xxxxxxxxxxxxx Loulu seemed mostly ignored in the landscape, having such a ubiquitous presence. In some places, it was treated with so little regard that the population of loulu were consumed and dessimated. Kamole, or Laysan Island, went through this cycle. There is now a concerted attempt to replace the vegetation that once covered the island and restore the flora and fauna Kamole onces sustained. Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Section
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
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Pritchardia remota | Kamole
2B
Plant Perspectives
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As with all plants, everypart of the palm could be used in some way. Seeds, called hawane, could be consumed when unpripe. Palm stems were sturdy and could be used in construction as well as carved into spears. But perhaps the most valuable part of the plant were the leaves. The palm derives its hawaiian common name, loulu, from its function as a shading tool. Loulu, meaning umbrella, have large, sturdy, waxy leaves at least 3' but often wider. They were planted outside hale to provide shade and could be found along the exterioir of heiau. Their leaves could be used as thatching and were used in thatching for temporary ceremonial structures called hale loulu, erected in times of famine. They could be used as fans or to provide shade. There is even lore of the leaves being used like wings for gliding from the top of Huelo Islet.
Cordage from Leaves
Pritchardia spp. | Ethnobotanical Practices
As western travelers arrived in the islands, interest in plaited items led to harvesting leaves, creating a commodity for sale. Some plaited items in the Bishop Museum collection include a fan and hat. Shade from palm crown
Thatching with Leaves
Construction Beams from Trunk
Fans and hats were plaited from loulu
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
Leaves could be broken into strips for use in plaiting and lashings
Lead blades atre waxy, waterproof and large
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Lashings are essential in construction evolution
Loulu heiau were temporary structures used during famine
Thatching on a variety of structures
Providing shade, loulu translates to umbrella
Pritchardia spp. | Plant Products
It is rumored that leaves were used to hang glide down from Huelo Islet
Palm stems were sturdy and useful for carving spears and construction posts
Spear carved from palm stem
Loʻi could be lines with loulu leaves to create a waterproofing membrane Posts in constructing hale
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Ethnobotanical Practices | Thatching Materials
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
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Materials
Step 1: Frame Size + Constructing Frame Determine the size you want your frame. I wanted something that you could comfortable sit under so the finisehd dimensions are 63" tall and 30" wide. Start by attaching one of the 30" rails to the 60" stiles. I used pocket screws for a secure hold that could be dismantled.
Step 4: Attach Bottom Rail Attache the last rail at the bottom of the frame. The frame is complete!
Determine the distance between the midrails. The leaves will attach to the top rail and midrails. For optimal coverage from the leaves, use the leaves to determine the ideal distance. Keep in mind that you want the leaves to overlap when thatching. Here, 15" between midrails was ideal for this sized leaf.
Step 3: Attach Midrails Measure 15" from the top rail, clamping some blocks to help ensure the propoer placement. I clamped some wood to help maintain the correct distance. Repeat for the second midrail.
Thatching is meant to provide shelter from wind, water and sun. Start with the bottom row and overlap the leaves to provide the best protection from these elements. It is important to make sure the leaves are overlapping. Thatched roofs can have upwards of 6" of thatching materials. This portable structure is meant to be lighter and will not be used in the same way. You could opt to harvest many more leaves for a more robust thatch. Adjust leaves to ensure overlap and secure with zip ties once leaves are in position.
Step 7: Lashings Traditionally, the leaves would have been held in place with lashings. Here, loulu leaves were made into lashings and wrapped around the leaf petioles or stems to make them more secure and honor traditional ʻike.
Ethnobotanical Practices | Thatching
Step 5: Placing Leaves Step 2: Midrail placement
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Ethnobotanical Prcatices | Cataglog of Leaf Variety
2C
Dimensions of Collaboration
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Loulu's arguably most important feature was the size of its leaves. Measuring between 3 to 6 ft wide. Fewer leaves were needed to accomplish similar tasks from other plants. Thatching, then, was an easy application for housing structures and even in use for ceremony. Looking at both instances, we can compare how differently the leaves were used for thatching.
Pritchardia | Plant Products
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Dimensions of Collaboration | Plant Products
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Dimensions of Collaboration | Plant Products
2D
Plant Perspectives + Companions
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Loulu are held in high regard as the only endemic palm. Primarily, they are incorporated as part of the landscape or are part of rehabilitation plans. Since their natural growth habit is disturbed by introduced fauna it is difficult to reintroduce the specific species to their originating habitat without creating some safeguards for seedling survival.
Plant Perspectives + Companions
For Huelo, as an isolated islet, it has preserved its identity as a lowland palm forest. This allows incredible insight into how these forests would have looked and how they would have functioned. In contrast, Kamole Island was devistated by humans and nature as there are repeated attempts to reintroduce the flora and fauna that existed on the island before human disruption. While Huelo is mainly observed and documented, allowing it to age and progress on its own, Kamoleʻs rahabilitation efforst are contstantly monitored and encoraged with the hopes of reestablishing the loulu stand that once existed there. Both are treated with care and concern as, essemtially, seed banks of habitats that once sustained an ecological balnce between flora
Image: Kalaupapa National Historic Park
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Open Cliff Zone Vertical Cliff Pritchardia hillebrandii Loulu lelo
Lipochaea integrifolia Nehe
Eragrostis variabilis Kawelu
Artemisia australis Hinahina kuahiwi
Scaevola sericea Naupaka kahakai
Cyperus phleoides Cyperus
Schiedea globosa Schiedea
Sida falax ʻIlima
Dianella sandwicensis ʻUkiʻuki
Lepidium bidentatum Montin var. O-wahuensis Anaunau
Wikstroemia uva-ursi ʻAkia
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia ʻUlei
Cocculus orbiculatus Huehue
Peucedanum sandwicense Mokou
Brighamia rockii Pua ala
Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Companion Species Catalog
Shrubland
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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Section
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Pritchardia hiliebrandii | Huelo Islet Section
Section zoom in of plant community
3A
Dimensions of Design
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Flowers are fragrant adn attractive to pollinators.
across the urban landscape and researchers are dedicated to reintroducing loulu where they have
disappeared. This palm once inhabited so much of the
Seeds grow in large clumps and take months to germinate though they do germinate easily.
landscape that it was likely overlooked as something to preserve. It's cultural significance seems more
important now than when people first occupied this archipelago. Hawaiians, as reported by European
botanists, only had two names for Pritchardia: loulu hiwa and loulu lelo.
Niu held more cultural significance than loulu. Niu groves at Helumoa on Oʻahu and Kapuaiwi on Molokaʻi serve as inspiration for this suggested design. Loulu tend to be
very site specific, Hodel notes that quite often researchers Because there is already a resurgence in
identified loulu by their location rather than specific
it is already being employed in countless ways. It is
memorial sites that honor the specific loulu and their
and reforestation efforts. It is not quite the type of
will serve as seed banks for the preservation and spread of
unless you create a market for the plant products.
installation on the highest point on Oʻahu.
appreciating and understanding this endemic palm
characteristics. This design proposal would create small
used in streetscapes, home gardens, agroforestry
attendant plant communities. As with Kamole, these sites
plant you would use for orchards or plantations
several endangered species. This proposal will imagine a site
The fruit could be used to create an exotic drink
or the leaves for some plaited product but do we
really want to grow the plant to really just exploit it? No.
Pritchardia kaalae | Lessons from Palms
The community has already embraced planting loulu
Fruits have been eaten by a host of animals, human to avian to rodent to ungulate.
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
Trees
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Shrubs
Pritchardia kaalae | Location + Comapnion Species
Cibotium spp. Hapu'u Pritchardia kaalae Loulu
Research so far has focused on loulu within coastal regions. This section will look at the installation of loulu at a higher elevation: Mt. Kaʻala.
Hibiscus brackenridgei Ma'o Hau Hele
Groundcover
Schiedea hookeri
This is a barren slope along Mt. Kaʻala Road along the edge of the steep cliffs.
Metrosideros polmorpha ʻŌhiʻa Lehua
Fauna
Himatione sanguinea 'Apapane
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Pritchardia kaalae | Dimensions of Design
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Pritchardia kaalae | Dimensions of Design
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Pritchardia kaalae | Seed Dispersal
mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
Pritchardia kaalae | Protection
mayekawa ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
Pritchardia kaalae | Protection
ARCH 696 ― Spring 2022
mayekawa
Process Shots
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