NUMEROUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE DOCUMENTED THE DETECTION OF TCS IN URINE, BLOOD, AND BREAST MILK IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD, SUGGESTING THAT THE GENERAL POPULATION IS EXPOSED TO TCS (YUEH & TUKEY, 2016).
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THE SAFETY LEVEL OF INTAKE CAN BE COMPUTED USING CRITERIA FROM THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (USEPA) OR THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). THE USEPA CRITERIA, DESCRIBED BY THE REFERENCE DOSE (RFD), AND THE WHO CRITERIA, DESCRIBED BY THE ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE (ADI).
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE MAJORITY OF TCS AND TCC INTAKE COMES FROM FOOD CONSUMPTION RATHER THAN DERMAL EXPOSURE OR DRINKING WATER INGESTION.
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Figure 2. Risk from tcc exposure through foods and other routes of exposure.
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THE MASS OF TCS IN THE BLOOD IS ALMOST THREE TIMES HIGHER THAN THAT OF TCC. THIS DIFFERENCE CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE MORE WIDESPREAD USE OF TCS AS A BACTERICIDE.
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It begins with their presence in various household products such as soaps, detergents, clothing, carpets, paints, plastics, toys, school supplies, and pacifiers (Halden, 2014).
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Subsequently, these chemicals can be transported through water to sewer systems, ultimately becoming part of the influent in wastewater treatment plants.
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tcs and tcc can be retained in the biosolids produced during the treatment process, then can be used as fertilizer for crops, potentially leading to food contamination. If biosolids are sent to landfills, there is a risk of infiltration, which could eventually reach the groundwater table.
As a result, these substances are likely to end up in surface water and could eventually contaminate groundwater, posing a risk to potential sources of drinking water.
BIOAUGMENTATION PRESENTS A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO THE POLLUTION ISSUE POSED BY TCS AND TCC. IT INVOLVES THE ADDITION OF PRE-GROWN MICROBIAL CULTURES TO ENHANCE MICROBIAL POPULATIONS AT A SITE, IMPROVING CONTAMINANT CLEANUP EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING CLEANUP TIME AND COSTS.
Regina Mijares Fajardo
Licenciada en Ingeniería Civil por la Universidad de las Américas Puebla (udlap). Actualmente es estudiante del Doctorado en Ciencias del Agua en la misma institución. Es miembro de la Cátedra unesco en Riesgos Hidrometeorológicos, donde participa como coordinadora-editora del blog «Agua y riesgos hidrometeorológicos». Su trabajo de investigación está enfocado hacia el estudio de las teleconexiones entre sequías y oscilaciones climáticas. regina.mijaresfo@udlap.mx
David Eduardo
Guevara Polo
Licenciado en Ingeniería Civil por la Escuela de Ingeniería de la udlap y candidato a doctor en Ciencias del Agua en la misma institución. Está asociado a la Cátedra unesco en Riesgos Hidrometeorológicos, con sede en la udlap, y es miembro del Comité del Agua del Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de México. Actualmente desarrolla su proyecto de investigación doctoral, en donde utiliza el enfoque de dinámica de sistemas para estudiar el efecto de oscilaciones climáticas en acuíferos. david.guevarapo@udlap.mx