SUPPORT AND ADVICE THROUGH HEALTH SYSTEM FOR HATE CRIMES VICTIMS: A SOCIO-SANITARY APPROACH
COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO DE LA EDITORIAL TIRANT HUMANIDADES Manuel Asensi Pérez
Catedrático de Teoría de la Literatura y de la Literatura Comparada Universitat de València
Ramón Cotarelo
Catedrático de Ciencia Política y de la Administración de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Mª Teresa Echenique Elizondo Catedrática de Lengua Española Universitat de València
Juan Manuel Fernández Soria Catedrático de Teoría e Historia de la Educación Universitat de València
Pablo Oñate Rubalcaba
Catedrático de Ciencia Política y de la Administración Universitat de València
Joan Romero
Catedrático de Geografía Humana Universitat de València
Juan José Tamayo
Director de la Cátedra de Teología y Ciencias de las Religiones Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Procedimiento de selección de originales, ver página web: www.tirant.net/index.php/editorial/procedimiento-de-seleccion-de-originales
SUPPORT AND ADVICE THROUGH HEALTH SYSTEM FOR HATE CRIMES VICTIMS: A SOCIO-SANITARY APPROACH ROBERTO MORENO LÓPEZ CÉSAR ARROYO LÓPEZ Editors
Contributors César Arroyo López Fabienne Baider Andreas Chatzitoffis Eduardo Díaz Herráiz Patricia Fernández de Castro Juan Antonio Flores Martos Mónica Gómez Medrano Natalia Hipólito Ruiz Rosa Marí Ytarte Roberto Moreno López Montserrat Pulido Fuentes Marija Pokos
tirant humanidades Valencia, 2021
Copyright ® 2021 Todos los derechos reservados. Ni la totalidad ni parte de este libro puede reproducirse o transmitirse por ningún procedimiento electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, o cualquier almacenamiento de información y sistema de recuperación sin permiso escrito de los autores y del editor. En caso de erratas y actualizaciones, la Editorial Tirant Humanidades publicará la pertinente corrección en la página web www.tirant.com. This e-book was co-funded by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020) The content of this document represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains. www.stophatedamages.eu
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Varios autores
TIRANT HUMANIDADES EDITA: TIRANT HUMANIDADES C/ Artes Gráficas, 14 - 46010 - Valencia TELFS.: 96/361 00 48 - 50 FAX: 96/369 41 51 Email: tlb@tirant.com www.tirant.com Librería virtual: www.tirant.es ISBN: 978-84-18656-85-9 MAQUETA: Innovatext Si tiene alguna queja o sugerencia, envíenos un mail a: atencioncliente@tirant.com. En caso de no ser atendida su sugerencia, por favor, lea en www.tirant.net/index.php/empresa/politicas-de-empresa nuestro Procedimiento de quejas. Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: http://www.tirant.net/Docs/RSCTirant.pdf
Contents DIGNITY, EQUALITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS ......................................... 9
César Arroyo López, Roberto Moreno López &Juan Antonio Flores Martos
EVOLUTION OF HATE CRIMES IN SPAIN: FACTS, VICTIMISATIONS, ARRESTS, AND INVESTIGATIONS FROM 2014 TO 2019............................ 21
Patricia Fernández de Castro, Natalia Hipólito Ruiz & Eduardo Díaz Herráiz
HATE CRIME AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS .................................................................................... 67
Fabienne Baider & Andreas Chatzittofis
FROM RACISM TO HATE. PLURAL CITIZENSHIP FROM THE INTERCULTURAL MODEL............................................................................. 79
Rosa Marí Ytarte, Roberto Moreno López & César Arroyo López
THE TRAINING OF PROFESSIONALS FOR CARING OF HATE CRIMES VICTIMS. A VIEW FROM THE THIRD SECTOR.................... 89
Roberto Moreno López, Marija Pokos & Mónica Gómez Medrano
HEALTH CARE GUIDELINES AGAINST HATE VIOLENCE................. 101
Montserrat Pulido Fuentes, César Arroyo López, Juan Antonio Flores Martos, Roberto Moreno López & Rosa Marí Ytarte
Dignity, equality and human rights César Arroyo López1 Roberto Moreno López2 Juan Antonio Flores Martos3 The present document is framed within the European project “SHELTER: Support and advice through health system for hate crimes victims”, co-funded by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020) (809541 Ref. ). The document contributes to the dissemination to the general public of the main products of research, training, awareness raising and an specific protocol for the health system.
The recognition of dignity and equality as constitutive and central elements in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights4, from which the rest of the articles are derived, is one of the great turning points in recent history. On the one hand, because of the implications of its universality and inherence for all human beings (Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, 2015)5, and on the other, because of the ways in which it has led to profound changes in the fundamental bases of contemporary states, as it came to “materialise in texts of international law and
1 2 3 4 5
César Arroyo López. Doctoral student in the Humanities and Education Programme of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Roberto Moreno López, Full Professor at the Universidad Internacional de la Rioja and Associate professor at the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Juan Antonio Flores Martos, Full Professor of Social Anthropology at the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. PPreamble and article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations. 1948. – https://www.un.org/es/universal-declaration-human-rights/ Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights – Universal Declaration of Human Rights, illustrated version (DUDH), https:// www.un.org/es/documents/udhr/UDHR_booklet_SP_web.pdf
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in recent national constitutions” (Jurgen Habermas, 2010) 6, and went on to transcend and permeate many other areas, “becoming an ethical paradigm for contemporary societies and a criterion for assessing the moral development of states” (Martínez Bullé-Goyri, 2013)7. This achievement and the overall expectation that comes with it is not exempt from criticism and revisionism: such as those who argue that the Declaration is nothing more than a Westernised vision that seeks to impose itself in a global sphere, heir to the old colonialism and its moral superiority, in which Eurocentric, androcentric and individualistic values and conceptions prevail8; or those who call for its updating in a changing globalised scenario in which new emergencies, needs or rights arise9. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, dignity is intertwined with the other fundamental rights and values in a manner whereby they all feed into one another. . The rest are derived from its conception, although trying to explain it or determine its objective is difficult without drawing upon the other principles10 (Alberto Oehling de los Reyes, 2015). The concept of dignity has undertaken a long and complex path, historically, philosophically
6
The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights. Jurger Habermas.2010 – http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=s0185-24502010000100001&script=sci_arttext#notas 7 Martínez Bullé-Goyri, Víctor M. Reflexiones sobre la dignidad humana en la actualidad. 2013. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041863313711219#sect0055 8 For more information in this regard, read the interesting article by J. Marcos: These human rights are not everyone’s (2018) https://www.pikaramagazine. com/2018/12/70-aniversario-derechos-humanos/ 9 In this sense, the creators and promoters of the Universal Declaration of Emerging Human Rights have positioned themselves. (DUDHE), 2009. https://www. idhc.org/es/investigacion/publicaciones/derechos-humanos-emergentes/declaracion-universal-de-derechos-humanos-emergentes.php#:~:text=La%20Declaraci%C3%B3n%20Universal%20de%20los,humanos%20en%20el%20nuevo%20milenio. 10 Alberto Oehling de los Reyes – La dignidad de la persona : evolución histórico filosófica, concepto, recepción constitucional y relación con los valores y derechos fundamentales. 2015. Pag 369 https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/54520/1/5328086519.pdf
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and socially (Mejías Quiros, 2005)11 and, at present, its very content and definition is still a matter of debate (García Cuadrado, 2012). So much so that it was not until the end of the Second World War that it was incorporated into a text as a “foundation for fundamental rights and freedoms” (ibidem). We will interpret dignity here as it was defined by the UNHCR (UN Refugee Agency): “the right of all human beings to be valued as individual and social subjects, with our particular characteristics, simply because we are persons” (UNHCR, 2018)12. In this sense, it recognises the right to be oneself and to the development and realisation of one’s identity. The incorporation of dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is one of the great achievements in the shaping of a common and shared ideal, of a humanist nature, in an internationally accepted document, one which has developed ethical norms and subsequently legally binding texts. This is something that to date had not occurred in any of the declarations or codifications of rights that had been developed previously (McCrudden 2008)13. For its part, the notion of equality, another great pillar that supports the weight of the rest of the Declaration, proclaims that all human beings are, without any distinction whatsoever, subjects of rights and therefore consolidates the universalisation of these rights14. Regardless of their particularities and, therefore, “beyond the undeniable differences between human beings –due to physical features, intellectual capacity,
11 José Justo Megías Quirós. Dignidad, universalidad y derechos humanos. 2005 file:///C:/Users/Casa/Downloads/Dialnet-DignidadUniversalidadYDerechosHumanos-2220970.pdf 12 https://eacnur.org/blog/derechos-humanos-articulo-1-tc_alt45664n_o_pstn_o_pst/#:~:text=La%20dignidad%20humana%20es%20el,simple%20hecho%20 de%20ser%20personas. 13 Citado por Jurgen Habermas en The Concept of Human Dignity and the Realistic Utopia of Human Rights. Jurger Habermas. 2010 – http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=s018524502010000100001&script=sci_arttext#notas 14 “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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social class, educational level, skin colour, etc.– the common quality of enjoying basic rights makes them equal as persons” (Torres Falcón, 2009)15. However, the idea of “equality”, as was the case with “dignity”, is also fraught with certain complications and conceptual disagreements, especially when in-depth analyses are carried out using conceptual tools such as, for example, gender (Ibidem – Torres Falcón). It is in the detailed analysis of the issue of equality where possible contradictions arise, since effective equality requires mechanisms that go deeper into the elimination of the structural causes that generate inequality, with measures that are positive in nature (positive discrimination). In this sense, in the international framework, this objective, that States implement such specific measures that protect individuals and foster the promotion of equality for vulnerable or disadvantaged groups, is included and promoted in the main international conventions16. As previously stated in this introduction, dignity and equality (together with the idea of freedom, which we will not go into in depth here), underpin the Declaration, with the other main principles that permeate the text: the universality of its formulation (extension and scope of rights to all human beings), the interdependence and indivisibility of the rights set out in it (necessary and indispensable link between them and rejection of their possible fragmentation)17
15
Marta Torres Falcón. El concepto de igualdad y los derechos humanos. Un enfoque de género. 2009 – https://www.te.gob.mx/genero/media/pdf/25576d9646b18da.pdf 16 – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965) - Articles 1.4 and 2.2. – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) - Articles 3 and 4. – Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) - Article 2. – Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) - Articles 4, 5, 6 and 7. 17 “The enjoyment and exercise of one right is linked to the other rights being guaranteed; just as the violation of one right also puts the other rights at risk.” Los principios de universalidad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y progresividad de los derechos humanos. Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos. 2016. https://www.cndh. org.mx/sites/all/doc/cartillas/2015-2016/34-Principios-universalidad.pdf
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and progressivity (which entails the implementation of measures to achieve full compliance, without retrogression). The Declaration is not the first text to include the notions of human rights, nor to integrate the aspects mentioned above, although we can recognise its value as the first document to achieve a broad international consensus on human rights. This is even more the case if we take into account its subsequent development through successive conventions, protocols and covenants18 that broaden, deepen and consolidate the principles contained therein. However, if we look into the past, we can find some of the historical antecedents that contributed to the advance of past societies in the recognition of human rights, and which, in a way, have served as a foundation for the contemporary formulation we see today. From the cylinder of Cyrus in 539 BC, which contained the first fundamental rights, such as the freedom of slaves and the right to free choice of religion or racial equality (López Castañeda, 2016)19; passing through the Greco-Latin and Christian conceptions of human rights, until reaching the 13th century with the Magna Carta of the Freedoms of England (1215) in which, for the first time in history, the freedom of the individual (in this case, only of the nobility) was protected against the arbitrary power of the king. Centuries later, the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America (1776), which states that “all men are created equal” and that they have “certain inalienable rights” provided by God, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) in revolutionary France, which states in its first article that men “are born and remain free and equal in rights” can also be observed. Both documents marked a break with the Ancien Régime, represented
18 The ten core human rights treaties and associated protocols drafted by the United Nations are available at https://www.ohchr.org/sp/professionalinterest/pages/ coreinstruments.aspx 19 Manuel Carlos López Castañeda. Derechos sexuales y reproductivos: un asunto de Derechos Humanos. 2016. https://archivos.juridicas.unam.mx/www/bjv/libros/11/5177/8.pdf
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by the absolute power of the monarchs and the markedly feudal societies, giving rise to modern States and the first Constitutions20. It would take almost another two hundred years and profound social, economic and technological transformations, the organisation of states and their borders, social mobilisation for access to rights (suffragism, the workers’ movement, etc.) and some of the most bloody and violent events in the history of humanity, before it could be universally declared that all human beings were subjects of rights. Nor should we lose sight of the fact that these struggles for access to rights took place in a wider context than that of Western countries, which, although generally overlooked, have their relevance and played an important role in the current conception of rights (Ghandi’s non-violence movement, the Mexican revolution, etc.)21. At the European level, the genesis of the Council of Europe (1949)22, as an international entity with a regional character, was the first political effort on the European continent to articulate de facto the defence, protection and promotion of human rights (in particular civil and political rights), democracy and the rule of law23. A year later, in 1950, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)24, was drafted. Progressively, as economic, political and social integration expanded in the region, new states joined the organisation and ratified the Convention, from the initial 10 member states, to the current 4725.
20
Derechos humanos: historia y conceptos básicos. 2010. Fundación Juan Vives Suriá. http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Venezuela/fundavives/20170102055815/pdf_132.pdf 21 Ibidem 22 Council of Europe Statute (1949). http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/es/PoliticaExteriorCooperacion/ConsejoDeEuropa/Documents/Estatuto%20Consejo%20 Europa.pdf 23 https://www.coe.int/web/portal/home 24 European Convention on Human Rights (1950). https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf 25 At present (2021) the signatories to the Convention are the 46 member states of the Council of Europe, together with Turkey. A complete list of Council of Euro-
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This Convention allows for the legal codification of the principles and rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and is biding for the states that join the organisation. Such is the level of commitment, that Title II of the Convention incorporates the creation of the European Court of Human Rights as an instrument for the prosecution of cases in which there have been possible violations of the rights set out in the Convention in any of the signatory States26. Additionally, the countries that make up the European Union (EU) incorporated as a mandate the adherence to the ECHR in the Treaty on European Union, following the modifications introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon in 200727, as well as the recognition of “the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000”28. Although the EU has its own legal institution to guarantee the uniform interpretation of the law in the member states, the Court of Justice of the European Union, it does not focus its action specifically on the protection of possible violations of human rights. However, a number of rulings have been derived from its actions, that cover the protection of certain human rights (García Espinar)29. It is true that from its inception to the present day, the European Union has committed itself, at least formally, to “support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law throughout the world” (European Commission 2020)30. This commitment has led to the creation of
pe member states is available at https://www.coe.int/es/web/about-us/our-member-states 26 Articles 19 to 51 of the European Convention on Human Rights. 27 Article 6(2) of the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union. 2012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ALL/?uri=celex:12012M/TXT 28 Article 6(1) of the Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union. 2012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ALL/?uri=celex:12012M/TXT 29 https://www.derechoshumanos.net/tribunales/TribunalJusticiaUnionEuropea-TJUE.htm 30 European Commission - Press release Sanctions and human rights: towards a European framework to combat human rights violations and abuses around the
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a Strategic Framework31 accompanied by three successive Action Plans32, which, among other aspects, has laid the foundations for the design and implementation of a sanctions regime33 that allows it to play a leading role in the promotion of human rights and the prosecution of human rights violations throughout the world34. Throughout this historical journey, from the creation of the UDHR, through the materialisation of some of the joint European initiatives (Council of Europe and European Union), to the latest positions conveyed by the main European and pan-European institutions, human rights in Europe have represented the expression of a cultural and identity heritage, of a shared will35, and, although intermittently, they continue to be one of the most relevant issues for European States. So much so that the Union’s public agenda for the current five-year period (2019-2024) includes among its priorities the “promotion of our European way of life”36, explicitly mentioning the defence of the rights of migrants and highlighting the defence of fundamental rights as one of the identifiers of this way of life.
31 32 33
34 35
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world. Brussels, 19 October 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/es/ip_20_1939 EU Strategic Framework on Human Rights and Democracy (2012). European Union. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11855-2012-INIT/es/pdf EU Action Plans for Human Rights and Democracy (2012-2014, 2015-2019 y 2020-2024) COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2020/1998 of 7 December 2020 concerning restrictive measures against serious human rights violations and abuses https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.LI.2020.410.01.0001.01. ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A2020%3A410I%3ATOC EU Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy 2020-2024, pag.6 https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/10101/2020/EN/JOIN-2020-5-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF Natalia Ochoa-Ruiz. La dignidad humana como fundamento de la identidad europea: la labor del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en la delimitación de la noción de dignidad humana. 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331403635_La_dignidad_humana_como_fundamento_de_la_identidad_ europea_la_labor_del_Tribunal_Europeo_de_Derechos_Humanos_en_la_delimitacion_de_la_nocion_de_dignidad_humana Six priorities of the European Commission for 2019-2024. https://ec.europa.eu/ info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024_es
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Despite the fact that human rights form part of the priorities of the European institutions, phenomena persist that undermine the enjoyment of these rights by citizens, or new threats emerge that shake the basic pillars of European societies. In this sense, social organisations that defend human rights have highlighted that37, during 2019, judicial independence has been undermined; the persecution of human rights activists has worsened; freedom of expression and assembly have been seriously threatened; the outsourcing of the management of asylum seekers and migrants to states that do not guarantee the protection of their fundamental rights has continued; and acts of intolerance, discrimination and violence towards those who are different continue to be of appalling virulence. Regarding this latter aspect, hate crimes and discriminatory acts are a very present reality throughout the European Union38, despite the institutional safeguards and legal frameworks in place that establish guidelines for their prosecution39. In fact, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODHIR) of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)40, in its latest compilation of data on hate crimes, states that for the 45 states for which data is available, the number of recorded incidents has increased by around 25%, from 5,735 in 201841 to 7,278 in 201942.
37 Europe and Central Asia Report 2019. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/es/countries/europe-and-central-asia/report-europe-and-central-asia/ 38 Fundamental Rights Report 2019. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-fundamental-rights-report-2019_en.pdf 39 In particular those concerning anti-discrimination and equal treatment: Directive 2000/43/EC - Racial Equality Directive - and Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA - Framework Decision on racism and xenophobia. 40 ODHIR is the office within the OSCE focused on the promotion of democracy, the rule of law, human rights and tolerance and non-discrimination among member states and civil society organisations. 41 Data on the year 2018 extracted from https://hatecrime.osce.org/infocus/2018-hate-crime-data-now-available 42 Data on the year 2019 extracted from https://hatecrime.osce.org/infocus/2019-hate-crime-data-now-available
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Even bearing these figures in mind, one must not lose sight of the fact that, due to the particularities of these crimes, it is estimated that a high number of hate crime incidents are never reported43. Hate crimes represent one of the most common expressions of attacks on fundamental rights, especially with regard to dignity, equality and non-discrimination and “constitute the expression of intolerance and rejection of people for the mere fact of being different”44. They differ from ordinary crimes, due to their impact on both the victim and the group with which he or she is identified45, as well as due to their social significance. For the victim, the primary impact is the result of the aggression itself, which can entail physical, emotional, psychological and material harm, with a differentiating character because it is caused by the rejection of the victim’s identity. Moreover, the group with which it is identified is also strongly impacted, in that this group also becomes the recipient of the message of rejection and discrimination with which the aggression associated. For society as a whole, this type of incident undermines the fundamental values on which contemporary democracies are based. Thus, present day Europe is based on the firm foundations and construction of human rights, and their embodiment in the legal and administrative frameworks that make them effective. These alone are insufficient to eradicate the intolerant and violent manifestations that persist in our societies. It is therefore necessary, not only to strengthen institutional commitment or obligation, but also invest socially structures, in education and awareness-raising, which will allow these values to permeate, contribute to social cohesion and promote coexistence with one another46. Training that is not only
43 44 45 46
Manual práctico para la investigación y enjuiciamiento de delitos de odio y discriminación. Miguel Ángel Aguilar García. 2015. Pag 68. https://www.inclusion.gob. es/oberaxe/ficheros/documentos/manual_investigacion_delitos_odio.pdf Ibidem pag.15 The short and longer term impacts of hate crimes experienced directly, indirectly and through the media Jenny L. Paterson, Rupert Brown, & Mark A. Walters. 2013. Pag.3 Delitos de odio. guía práctica para la abogacía. Pag 8. Fundación para la abogacía.
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aimed at the population, but also at professionals is also necessary, so that they can integrate a rights-based approach in their professional practice, so that it favours the promotion and protection of the rights of all, for all. Europe’s historical and cultural heritage, the shared identity on which contemporary European democracies are based and on which human rights are founded, depends on this crucial social investment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ACNUR Comité Español (2018). Derechos humanos: artículo 1, igualdad, libertad y dignidad. Aguilar García, Miguel Ángel (2015). Manual práctico para la investigación y enjuiciamiento de delitos de odio y discriminación. Amnistía Internacional (2019) Informe Europa y Asia central 2019. Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (1948). La Declaración universal de Derechos Humanos. Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (2016). Los principios de universalidad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y progresividad de los derechos humanos. Comisión Europea (2020) – Comunicado de prensa Sanciones y derechos humanos: hacia un marco europeo para combatir las violaciones y abusos contra los derechos humanos en todo el mundo. Comisión Europea (2019). Seis prioridades de la Comisión Europea para 20192024. Consejo de Europa (1949). Estatuto del Consejo de Europa. Consejo de Europa (1950). Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2019) Informe sobre los Derechos Fundamentales 2019. Fundación Juan Vives Suriá (2010). Derechos humanos: historia y conceptos básicos. Fundación para la abogacía (2018). Delitos de odio. Guía práctica para la abogacía. Habermas, Jurger (2010) The concept of human dignity and the realistic utopia of human rights. Institut de Drets Humans de Catalunya (2009). La Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos Emergentes (DUDHE)
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Justo Megías Quirós, José (2005). Dignidad, universalidad y derechos humanos. L. Paterson, Rupert Brown, & Mark A. Walters (2013). The short and longer term impacts of hate crimes experienced directly, indirectly and through the media. López Castañeda, M. Carlos (2016). Derechos sexuales y reproductivos: un asunto de Derechos Humanos. Marcos, J. (2018). Estos derechos humanos no son los de todas Martínez Bullé-Goyri, Víctor M (2013). Reflexiones sobre la dignidad humana en la actualidad. Ochoa-Ruiz, Natalia (2019). La dignidad humana como fundamento de la identidad europea: la labor del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en la delimitación de la noción de dignidad humana. Oehling de los Reyes, Alberto (2015) La dignidad de la persona : evolución histórico filosófica, concepto, recepción constitucional y relación con los valores y derechos fundamentales. Ra’ad Al Hussein, Zeid (2015). Prólogo a la edición ilustrada de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos. Torres Falcón, Marta (2009). El concepto de igualdad y los derechos humanos. Un enfoque de género. Unión Europea (2020). COUNCIL REGULATION (EU) 2020/1998 of 7 December 2020 concerning restrictive measures against serious human rights violations and abuses. Unión Europea (2012). Marco Estratégico de la UE sobre Derechos Humanos y Democracia (2012).